1
|
Che S, Xie X, Lin J, Liu Y, Xie J, Liu E. Andrographolide Attenuates RSV-induced Inflammation by Suppressing Apoptosis and Promoting Pyroptosis after Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection In Vitro. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:1776-1787. [PMID: 37957849 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073256465231024075452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is the predominant viral pathogen responsible for causing acute lower respiratory tract infections in children, currently lacks specific therapeutic drugs. Despite andrographolide's demonstrated effectiveness against various viral infections, its effects on RSV infection remain unclear. METHODS In this study, RSV infection and andrographolide-intervened A549 cell lines were used. The virus load of RSV and the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the cell supernatant were quantified. The potential targets of andrographolide in the treatment of RSV-infected airway epithelial cells were analyzed using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the PharmMapper Database, and the changes in mRNA expression of these target genes were measured. To further illustrate the effect of andrographolide on the death pattern of RSV-infected airway epithelial cells, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis assays and Western blotting were conducted. RESULTS Andrographolide decreased the viral load and attenuated IL-6 and IL-8 levels in cell supernatant post-RSV infection. A total of 25 potential targets of andrographolide in the treatment of RSV-infected airway epithelial cells were discovered, and CASP1, CCL5, JAK2, and STAT1 were identified as significant players. Andrographolide noticeably suppressed the increased mRNA expressions of these genes post-RSV infection as well as IL-1β. The flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that andrographolide alleviated apoptosis in RSV-infected cells. Additionally, RSV infection decreased the protein levels of caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1, cleaved IL-1β, N-terminal of GSDMD, and Bcl-2. Conversely, andrographolide increased their levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that andrographolide may reduce RSV-induced inflammation by suppressing apoptosis and promoting pyroptosis in epithelial cells, leading to effective viral clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Che
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jilei Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Natural Medicine and TCM Injections, Jiangxi Qingfeng Pharmaceutical co. LTD, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yuan J, Wang M, Wang C, Zhang L. Epithelial cell dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:959-968. [PMID: 37386882 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2232113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a type of epithelial cell dysfunction, which is widely present in the nasal mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), especially CRS with nasal polyps, and contributes to pathogenesis of the disease. EMT is mediated via complex mechanisms associated with multiple signaling pathways. AREAS COVERED We have summarized the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways promoting EMT in CRS. Strategies or drugs/agents targeting the genes and pathways related to the regulation of EMT are also discussed for their potential use in the treatment of CRS and asthma. A literature search of studies published in English from 2000 to 2023 was conducted using the PubMed database, employing CRS, EMT, signaling, mechanisms, targeting agents/drugs, as individual or combinations of search terms. EXPERT OPINION EMT in nasal epithelium not only leads to epithelial cell dysfunction but also plays an important role in nasal tissue remodeling in CRS. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying EMT and the development of drugs/agents targeting these mechanisms may provide new treatment strategies for CRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengshuo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
- Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Talukdar SN, McGregor B, Osan JK, Hur J, Mehedi M. RSV infection does not induce EMT. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532506. [PMID: 36993657 PMCID: PMC10055011 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection does not cause severe disease in most of us despite suffering from multiple RSV infections in our lives. However, infants, young children, older adults, and immunocompromised patients are unfortunately vulnerable to RSV-associated severe diseases. A recent study suggested that RSV infection causes cell expansion, resulting in bronchial wall thickening in vitro. Whether the virus-induced changes in the lung airway resemble epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is still unknown. Here, we report that RSV does not induce EMT in three different in vitro lung models: the epithelial A549 cell line, primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells, and pseudostratified airway epithelium. We found that RSV increases the cell surface area and perimeter in the infected airway epithelium, which is distinct from the effects of a potent EMT inducer, TGF-β1-driven cell elongation-indicative of cell motility. A genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed that both RSV and TGF-β1 have distinct modulation patterns of the transcriptome, which suggests that RSV-induced changes are distinct from EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sattya N. Talukdar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Brett McGregor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jaspreet K. Osan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Masfique Mehedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alfaro-García JP, Granados-Alzate MC, Vicente-Manzanares M, Gallego-Gómez JC. An Integrated View of Virus-Triggered Cellular Plasticity Using Boolean Networks. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112863. [PMID: 34831086 PMCID: PMC8616224 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-related mortality and morbidity are due to cell/tissue damage caused by replicative pressure and resource exhaustion, e.g., HBV or HIV; exaggerated immune responses, e.g., SARS-CoV-2; and cancer, e.g., EBV or HPV. In this context, oncogenic and other types of viruses drive genetic and epigenetic changes that expand the tumorigenic program, including modifications to the ability of cancer cells to migrate. The best-characterized group of changes is collectively known as the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, or EMT. This is a complex phenomenon classically described using biochemistry, cell biology and genetics. However, these methods require enormous, often slow, efforts to identify and validate novel therapeutic targets. Systems biology can complement and accelerate discoveries in this field. One example of such an approach is Boolean networks, which make complex biological problems tractable by modeling data (“nodes”) connected by logical operators. Here, we focus on virus-induced cellular plasticity and cell reprogramming in mammals, and how Boolean networks could provide novel insights into the ability of some viruses to trigger uncontrolled cell proliferation and EMT, two key hallmarks of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Paola Alfaro-García
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (J.P.A.-G.); (M.C.G.-A.)
| | - María Camila Granados-Alzate
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (J.P.A.-G.); (M.C.G.-A.)
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (J.C.G.-G.)
| | - Juan Carlos Gallego-Gómez
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (J.P.A.-G.); (M.C.G.-A.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (J.C.G.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vedagiri D, Gupta D, Mishra A, Krishna G, Bhaskar M, Sah V, Basu A, Nayak D, Kalia M, Valiya Veettil M, Harshan KH. Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I-Like Receptors Activate Snail To Limit RNA Viral Infections. J Virol 2021; 95:e0121621. [PMID: 34379517 PMCID: PMC8513471 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01216-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs) are important cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense viral RNA before mounting a response leading to the activation of type I IFNs. Several viral infections induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), even as its significance remains unclear. Here, we show that EMT or an EMT-like process is a general response to viral infections. Our studies identify a previously unknown mechanism of regulation of an important EMT-transcription factor (EMT-TF) Snail during RNA viral infections and describe its possible implication. RNA viral infections, poly(I·C) transfection, and ectopic expression of RLR components induced Snail levels, indicating that RLR pathway could regulate its expression. Detailed examination using mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein knockout (MAVS-KO) cells established that MAVS is essential in this regulation. We identified two interferon-stimulated response elements (ISREs) in the SNAI1 promoter region and demonstrated that they are important in its transcriptional activation by phosphorylated IRF3. Increasing the levels of Snail activated RLR pathway and dramatically limited replication of the RNA viruses dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and vesicular stomatitis virus, pointing to their antiviral functions. Knockdown of Snail resulted in a considerable increase in the JEV titer, validating its antiviral functions. Finally, transforming growth factor β-mediated IFNB activation was dependent on Snail levels, confirming its important role in type I IFN activation. Thus, EMT-TF Snail is transcriptionally coregulated with type I IFN by RLRs and, in turn, promotes the RLR pathway, further strengthening the antiviral state in the cell. Our work identified an interesting mechanism of regulation of Snail that demonstrates potential coregulation of multiple innate antiviral pathways triggered by RLRs. Identification of antiviral functions of Snail also provides an opportunity to expand the sphere of RLR signaling. IMPORTANCE RLRs sense viral genomic RNA or the double-stranded RNA intermediates and trigger the activation of type I IFNs. Snail transcription factor, commonly associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), has been reported to facilitate EMT in several viral infections. Many of these reports are based on oncoviruses, leading to the speculation that EMT induced during infection is an important factor in the oncogenesis triggered by these infections. However, our studies reveal that EMT or EMT-like processes during viral infections have important functions in antiviral response. We have characterized a new mechanism of transcriptional regulation of Snail by IRF3 through interferon-stimulated response elements in their promoters, and this finding could have importance in nonviral contexts as well. We also identify that EMT-TF Snail promotes antiviral status of the infected cells through the RLR pathway. This study characterizes a new regulatory mechanism of activation of Snail and establishes its unidentified function in antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiviya Vedagiri
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Divya Gupta
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anurag Mishra
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Gayathri Krishna
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | | | - Vishal Sah
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Mohanan Valiya Veettil
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Krishnan Harinivas Harshan
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vimentin as a Cap of Invisibility: Proposed Role of Vimentin in Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071416. [PMID: 34372621 PMCID: PMC8310380 DOI: 10.3390/v13071416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is an intermediate filament, a cytoskeleton protein expressed mainly in cells of mesenchymal origin. Increasing evidence indicates that vimentin could play a key role in viral infections. Therefore, changes in tissue and extracellular vimentin expression and associated signal trails may determine/protect the fate of cells and the progression of disease caused by viral infection. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), genotype GI.1, is an etiological agent that causes a severe and highly lethal disease—RHD (rabbit hemorrhagic disease). This article evaluates the gene and protein expression of vimentin in the tissues (liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys) and serum of rabbits experimentally infected with two RHDV variants (GI.1a). The VIM mRNA expression levels in the tissues were determined using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). In addition, the amount of vimentin protein in the serum was analyzed by an ELISA test. We observed significantly elevated expression levels of VIM mRNA and protein in the liver and kidney tissues of infected rather than healthy rabbits. In addition, VIM mRNA expression was increased in the lung tissues; meanwhile, we observed only protein-enhanced vimentin in the spleen. The obtained results are significant and promising, as they indicate the role of vimentin in RHDV infection and the course of RHD. The role of vimentin in RHDV infection could potentially rely on the one hand, on creating a cap of invisibility against the intracellular viral spread, or, on the other hand, after the damage of cells, vimentin could act as a signal of tissue damage.
Collapse
|
7
|
Linfield DT, Gao N, Raduka A, Harford TJ, Piedimonte G, Rezaee F. RSV attenuates epithelial cell restitution by inhibiting actin cytoskeleton-dependent cell migration. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L189-L203. [PMID: 34010080 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00118.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium's ability to repair itself after injury, known as epithelial restitution, is an essential mechanism enabling the respiratory tract's normal functions. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. We sought to determine whether RSV delays the airway epithelium wound repair process both in vitro and in vivo. We found that RSV infection attenuated epithelial cell migration, a step in wound repair, promoted stress fiber formation, and mediated assembly of large focal adhesions (FA). Inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK), a master regulator of actin function, reversed these effects. There was increased RhoA and phospho-myosin light chain (pMLC2) following RSV infection. In vivo, mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with naphthalene to induce lung injury, followed by RSV infection. RSV infection delayed re-epithelialization. There were increased concentrations of pMLC2 in day 7 naphthalene plus RSV animals which normalized by day 14. This study suggests a key mechanism by which RSV infection delays wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nannan Gao
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, United States
| | - Andjela Raduka
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, United States
| | - Terri J Harford
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, United States
| | | | - Fariba Rezaee
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, United States.,Center for Pediatric Pulmonology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in neutrophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 21:30-37. [PMID: 33284158 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Barrier dysfunction, tissue fibrosis, and remodeling are essential processes of the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been assessed in various studies in CRS. In this review, we summarized the pathophysiologic mechanisms of EMT related to CRS, particularly neutrophilic CRS. RECENT FINDINGS Loss of epithelial characteristics due to EMT makes leaky epithelium, and transformed mesenchymal cells cause fibrosis and remodeling. Hypoxia, allergens (house dust mites), infections, and air pollutants were related to the pathogenesis of neutrophilic CRS, and these factors are known to induce barrier dysfunction and EMT in sinonasal epithelia. Some molecular pathways related to EMT have been recognized in CRS, including interferon-γ/p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, high-mobility group box 1/receptor of advanced glycosylation end-products, TGF-β1/SMAD, and Wnt/β-catenin-signaling pathways. Apart from, several microRNAs (miR-21, miR-761, and miR-30a-5p) have been identified to regulate EMT in CRS. SUMMARY EMT is considered to be an important pathogenesis mechanism for CRS. The factors cause EMT in CRS, and the associated molecular mechanisms are related to neutrophilic inflammation. Further studies on CRS endotype and/or phenotype are needed to clarify the implication of EMT on CRS pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Knight DA, Grainge CL, Stick SM, Kicic A, Schuliga M. Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Respiratory Disease: Fact or Fiction. Chest 2020; 157:1591-1596. [PMID: 31952949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Australian Respiratory Epithelium Consortium, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Christopher L Grainge
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Australian Respiratory Epithelium Consortium, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, WA, Australia; Australian Respiratory Epithelium Consortium, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, WA, Australia; Australian Respiratory Epithelium Consortium, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Schuliga
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Australian Respiratory Epithelium Consortium, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou W, Wu Y, Pan M, Liu D, Liu B. Proliferation and Migration of Lung Cancer Could be Inhibited by Oxymatrine through the Regulation for miR-520/VEGF. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:865-878. [PMID: 31091971 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that Oxymatrine (OMT) has excellent effects in anticancer. The mechanism, however, remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the potential mechanism of OMT against cancer. The differential expression of miRNA was screened by miRNA array. The expression of miRNA-520 and VEGF in lung cancer was assayed by real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The direct interaction between miRNA-520 and VEGF was assayed by luciferase activity assay and their roles in lung cancer proliferation, invasion and migration were analyzed in vivo and in vitro. We found that miR-520 was markedly down-regulated and VEGF was markedly up-regulated in lung cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, which had significant negative correlation. Dual-luciferase assays confirmed that miR-520 directly targeting VEGF by binding to its upstream promoter region. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we found that different doses of OMT could up-regulate miR-520, selectively inhibit VEGF and thus inhibit the proliferation and migration of lung cancer. Our findings indicate that OMT inhibited cancer progression and metastasis by upregulation of miR-520 and downregulation of VEGF, which provide new support for OMT may be as a novel anticancer drug for the treatment of lung cancer in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- * Department of Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Shantou University, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, P. R. China.,† Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 55 Neihuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yunshan Wu
- ‡ Department of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Miao Pan
- * Department of Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Shantou University, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, P. R. China
| | - Daojun Liu
- * Department of Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Shantou University, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- † Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 55 Neihuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pleet ML, DeMarino C, Stonier SW, Dye JM, Jacobson S, Aman MJ, Kashanchi F. Extracellular Vesicles and Ebola Virus: A New Mechanism of Immune Evasion. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050410. [PMID: 31052499 PMCID: PMC6563240 DOI: 10.3390/v11050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease can result in a range of symptoms anywhere from virtually asymptomatic to severe hemorrhagic fever during acute infection. Additionally, spans of asymptomatic persistence in recovering survivors is possible, during which transmission of the virus may occur. In acute infection, substantial cytokine storm and bystander lymphocyte apoptosis take place, resulting in uncontrolled, systemic inflammation in affected individuals. Recently, studies have demonstrated the presence of EBOV proteins VP40, glycoprotein (GP), and nucleoprotein (NP) packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs) during infection. EVs containing EBOV proteins have been shown to induce apoptosis in recipient immune cells, as well as contain pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this manuscript, we review the current field of knowledge on EBOV EVs including the mechanisms of their biogenesis, their cargo and their effects in recipient cells. Furthermore, we discuss some of the effects that may be induced by EBOV EVs that have not yet been characterized and highlight the remaining questions and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- Department, Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA.
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute for Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - M Javad Aman
- Department. Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Qin L, Qiu KZ, Hu CP, Wu GJ, Wang LL, Tan YR. Bronchial Epithelial Cells Promote the Differentiation of Th2 Lymphocytes in Airway Microenvironment through Jagged/Notch-1 Signaling after RSV Infection. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 179:43-52. [PMID: 30943513 DOI: 10.1159/000495581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Notch-1 signaling through Notch-1 ligands on bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) in regulating the development of T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes after RSV infection. METHODS Firstly, we analyzed the expression of cytokines and Notch-1 ligands in BECs by using real-time PCR. Then, RSV-infected BECs were co-cultured with CD4+ T cells in a transwell chamber for 48 h, and differentiation of T cells in the lower chamber was determined using flow cytometry and real-time PCR. JAG1 siRNA was then used to determine the effects of Jagged/Notch-1 signaling on the differentiation of Th2. An RSV-infected mouse model was also used to analyze the secretion of Th differentiation-associated cytokines in serum and lung tissues using ELISA, the histopathological changes using HE staining, and the expression of JAG1 and JAG2 in BECs. RESULTS The results showed that RSV promoted the expression of Th2-type cytokines and Jagged-1 and inhibited the expression of Jagged-2 in normal BECs. RSV-infected BECs induced Th2 differentiation. In addition, JAG1 downregulation inhibited the differentiation of Th2 and promoted differentiation of Th1. In the RSV-infected mouse model, the RSV titer, inflammation decreased with time. IL-4 and IL-17 increased on day 28 and 60, while IFNγ increased on day 7 and 28. Moreover, the expression of Jagged-1 increased and that of Jagged-2 decreased in BECs, which was consistent with IL-4 production in lung tissues. CONCLUSION Our data showed that BECs had the potential to promote the differentiation of Th2 lymphocytes through Jagged-1/Notch-1 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qin
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke-Zi Qiu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng-Ping Hu
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Jun Wu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Rong Tan
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, .,Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pleet ML, Erickson J, DeMarino C, Barclay RA, Cowen M, Lepene B, Liang J, Kuhn JH, Prugar L, Stonier SW, Dye JM, Zhou W, Liotta LA, Aman MJ, Kashanchi F. Ebola Virus VP40 Modulates Cell Cycle and Biogenesis of Extracellular Vesicles. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:S365-S387. [PMID: 30169850 PMCID: PMC6249571 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ebola virus (EBOV) mainly targets myeloid cells; however, extensive death of T cells is often observed in lethal infections. We have previously shown that EBOV VP40 in exosomes causes recipient immune cell death. Methods Using VP40-producing clones, we analyzed donor cell cycle, extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis, and recipient immune cell death. Transcription of cyclin D1 and nuclear localization of VP40 were examined via kinase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Extracellular vesicle contents were characterized by mass spectrometry, cytokine array, and western blot. Biosafety level-4 facilities were used for wild-type Ebola virus infection studies. Results VP40 EVs induced apoptosis in recipient T cells and monocytes. VP40 clones were accelerated in growth due to cyclin D1 upregulation, and nuclear VP40 was found bound to the cyclin D1 promoter. Accelerated cell cycling was related to EV biogenesis, resulting in fewer but larger EVs. VP40 EV contents were enriched in ribonucleic acid-binding proteins and cytokines (interleukin-15, transforming growth factor-β1, and interferon-γ). Finally, EBOV-infected cell and animal EVs contained VP40, nucleoprotein, and glycoprotein. Conclusions Nuclear VP40 upregulates cyclin D1 levels, resulting in dysregulated cell cycle and EV biogenesis. Packaging of cytokines and EBOV proteins into EVs from infected cells may be responsible for the decimation of immune cells during EBOV pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - James Erickson
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Robert A Barclay
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Maria Cowen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | | | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Laura Prugar
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rout-Pitt N, Farrow N, Parsons D, Donnelley M. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT): a universal process in lung diseases with implications for cystic fibrosis pathophysiology. Respir Res 2018; 19:136. [PMID: 30021582 PMCID: PMC6052671 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that arises due to mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene, which encodes for a protein responsible for ion transport out of epithelial cells. This leads to a disruption in transepithelial Cl-, Na + and HCO3− ion transport and the subsequent dehydration of the airway epithelium, resulting in infection, inflammation and development of fibrotic tissue. Unlike in CF, fibrosis in other lung diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has been well characterised. One of the driving forces behind fibrosis is Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), a process where epithelial cells lose epithelial proteins including E-Cadherin, which is responsible for tight junctions. The cell moves to a more mesenchymal phenotype as it gains mesenchymal markers such as N-Cadherin (providing the cells with migration potential), Vimentin and Fibronectin (proteins excreted to help form the extracellular matrix), and the fibroblast proliferation transcription factors Snail, Slug and Twist. This review paper explores the EMT process in a range of lung diseases, details the common links that these have to cystic fibrosis, and explores how understanding EMT in cystic fibrosis may open up novel methods of treating patients with cystic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Rout-Pitt
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia.
| | - Nigel Farrow
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia.,Australian Respiratory Epithelium Consortium (AusRec), Perth, Western Australia, 6105, Australia
| | - David Parsons
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia.,Australian Respiratory Epithelium Consortium (AusRec), Perth, Western Australia, 6105, Australia
| | - Martin Donnelley
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|