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Jin X, Zhang M, Fu B, Li M, Yang J, Zhang Z, Li C, Zhang H, Wu H, Xue W, Liu Y. Structure-Based Discovery of the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Noncovalent Inhibitors from Traditional Chinese Medicine. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:1319-1330. [PMID: 38346323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been extensively employed for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, there is demand for discovering more SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors with diverse scaffolds to optimize anti-SARS-CoV-2 lead compounds. In this study, comprehensive in silico and in vitro assays were utilized to determine the potential inhibitors from TCM compounds against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, which is an important therapeutic target for SARS-CoV-2. The ensemble docking analysis of 18263 TCM compounds against 15 SARS-CoV-2 Mpro conformations identified 19 TCM compounds as promising candidates. Further in vitro testing validated three compounds as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and showed IC50 values of 4.64 ± 0.11, 7.56 ± 0.78, and 11.16 ± 0.26 μM, with EC50 values of 12.25 ± 1.68, 15.58 ± 0.77, and 29.32 ± 1.25 μM, respectively. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicated that the three complexes remained stable over the last 100 ns of production run. An analysis of the binding mode revealed that the active compounds occupy different subsites (S1, S2, S3, and S4) of the active site of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro via specific poses through noncovalent interactions with key amino acids (e.g., HIS 41, ASN 142, GLY 143, MET 165, GLU 166, or GLN 189). Overall, this study provides evidence indicating that the three natural products obtained from TCM could be further used for anti-COVID-19 research, justifying the investigation of Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients as bioactive constituents for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Ministry of Education, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Beibei Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Mi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Hospital of TCM, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Weiwei Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yongqi Liu
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Ministry of Education, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Zhang S, Sun F, Zhu J, Qi J, Wang W, Liu Z, Li W, Liu C, Liu X, Wang N, Song X, Zhang D, Qi D, Wang X. Phillyrin ameliorates influenza a virus-induced pulmonary inflammation by antagonizing CXCR2 and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Virol J 2023; 20:262. [PMID: 37957672 PMCID: PMC10644626 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an acute viral respiratory illness with high morbidity rates worldwide. Excessive pulmonary inflammation is the main characteristic of lethal influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Therapeutic options for managing influenza are limited to vaccines and some antiviral medications. Phillyrin is one of the major bioactive components of the Chinese herbal medicine Forsythia suspensa, which has the functions of sterilization, heat clearing and detoxification. In this work, the effect and mechanism of phillyrin on H1N1 influenza (PR8)-induced pneumonia were investigated. We reported that phillyrin (15 mg/kg) treatment after viral challenge significantly improved the weight loss, ameliorated pulmonary inflammation and inhibited the accumulation of multiple cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid on 7 days post infection (dpi). In vitro, phillyrin suppressed influenza viral replication (Matrixprotein and nucleoprotein messenger RNA level) and reduced influenza virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Furthermore,chemokine receptor CXCR2 was confirmed to be markedly inhibited by phillyrin. Surface plasmon resonance results reveal that phillyrin exhibits binding affinity to CXCR2, having a binding affinity constant (KD) value of 1.858e-5 M, suggesting that CXCR2 is a potential therapeutic target for phillyrin. Moreover, phillyrin inhibited the mRNA and protein expression levels of Caspase1, ASC and NLRP3 in the lungs of mice with H1N1-induced pneumonia.This study reveals that phillyrin ameliorates IAV-induced pulmonary inflammation by antagonizing CXCR2 and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation partly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Fengzhi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jinlu Zhu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Jianhong Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Ziming Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Wenqian Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Chuanguo Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xuehuan Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Nonghan Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xinyu Song
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Dongmei Qi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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Sun B, Wang P, Guan M, Jia E, Li Q, Li J, Zhou Z, Ma P. Tissue-specific transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal candidate genes for lignan biosynthesis in the medicinal plant Schisandra sphenanthera. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:607. [PMID: 37821824 PMCID: PMC10568845 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Schisandra sphenanthera is an extremely important medicinal plant, and its main medicinal component is bioactive lignans. The S. sphenanthera fruit is preferred by the majority of consumers, and the root, stem, and leaf are not fully used. To better understand the lignan metabolic pathway, transcriptome and metabolome analyses were performed on the four major tissues of S. sphenanthera. A total of 167,972,229 transcripts and 91,215,760 unigenes with an average length of 752 bp were identified. Tissue-specific gene analysis revealed that the root had the highest abundance of unique unigenes (9703), and the leaves had the lowest (189). Transcription factor analysis showed that MYB-, bHLH- and ERF-transcription factors, which played important roles in the regulation of secondary metabolism, showed rich expression patterns and may be involved in the regulation of processes involved in lignan metabolism. In different tissues, lignans were preferentially enriched in fruit and roots by gene expression profiles related to lignan metabolism and relative lignan compound content. Furthermore, schisandrin B is an important compound in S. sphenanthera. According to weighted gene co-expression network analysis, PAL1, C4H-2, CAD1, CYB8, OMT27, OMT57, MYB18, bHLH3, and bHLH5 can be related to the accumulation of lignans in S. sphenanthera fruit, CCR5, SDH4, CYP8, CYP20, and ERF7 can be related to the accumulation of lignans in S. sphenanthera roots. In this study, transcriptome sequencing and targeted metabolic analysis of lignans will lay a foundation for the further study of their biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Sun
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Guan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Entong Jia
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ziyun Zhou
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Qi JH, Xu DC, Wang XL, Cai DY, Wang Y, Zhou W. Micro-simulation insights into the functional and mechanistic understanding of glycyrrhizin against asthma. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1220368. [PMID: 37711178 PMCID: PMC10497961 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1220368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease, which causes inflammation and airway stenosis, leading to dyspnea, wheezing and chest tightness. Using transgelin-2 as a target, we virtually screened the lead compound glycyrrhizin from the self-built database of anti-asthma compounds by molecular docking technology, and found that it had anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-asthma pharmacological effects. Then, molecular dynamics simulations were used to confirm the stability of the glycyrrhizin-transgelin-2 complex from a dynamic perspective, and the hydrophilic domains of glycyrrhizin was found to have the effect of targeting transgelin-2. Due to the self-assembly properties of glycyrrhizin, we explored the formation process and mechanism of the self-assembly system using self-assembly simulations, and found that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were the main driving forces. Because of the synergistic effect of glycyrrhizin and salbutamol in improving asthma, we revealed the mechanism through simulation, and believed that salbutamol adhered to the surface of the glycyrrhizin nano-drug delivery system through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, using the targeting effect of the hydrophilic domains of glycyrrhizin to reach the pathological parts and play a synergistic anti-asthmatic role. Finally, we used network pharmacology to predict the molecular mechanisms of glycyrrhizin against asthma, which indicated the direction for its clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Chuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ding-Yuan Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Ye L, Fan S, Zhao P, Wu C, Liu M, Hu S, Wang P, Wang H, Bi H. Potential herb‒drug interactions between anti-COVID-19 drugs and traditional Chinese medicine. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023:S2211-3835(23)00203-4. [PMID: 37360014 PMCID: PMC10239737 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread worldwide. Effective treatments against COVID-19 remain urgently in need although vaccination significantly reduces the incidence, hospitalization, and mortality. At present, antiviral drugs including Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PaxlovidTM), Remdesivir, and Molnupiravir have been authorized to treat COVID-19 and become more globally available. On the other hand, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for the treatment of epidemic diseases for a long history. Currently, various TCM formulae against COVID-19 such as Qingfei Paidu decoction, Xuanfei Baidu granule, Huashi Baidu granule, Jinhua Qinggan granule, Lianhua Qingwen capsule, and Xuebijing injection have been widely used in clinical practice in China, which may cause potential herb-drug interactions (HDIs) in patients under treatment with antiviral drugs and affect the efficacy and safety of medicines. However, information on potential HDIs between the above anti-COVID-19 drugs and TCM formulae is lacking, and thus this work seeks to summarize and highlight potential HDIs between antiviral drugs and TCM formulae against COVID-19, and especially pharmacokinetic HDIs mediated by metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters. These well-characterized HDIs could provide useful information on clinical concomitant medicine use to maximize clinical outcomes and minimize adverse and toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Shicheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510006,China
| | - Chenghua Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Menghua Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Shuang Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Peng Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
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Park YI, Kim JH, Lee S, Lee IS, Park J. Eupatin, a Flavonoid, Inhibits Coronavirus 3CL Protease and Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119211. [PMID: 37298159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused more than six million deaths worldwide since 2019. Although vaccines are available, novel variants of coronavirus are expected to appear continuously, and there is a need for a more effective remedy for coronavirus disease. In this report, we isolated eupatin from Inula japonica flowers and showed that it inhibits the coronavirus 3 chymotrypsin-like (3CL) protease as well as viral replication. We showed that eupatin treatment inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CL-protease, and computational modeling demonstrated that it interacts with key residues of 3CL-protease. Further, the treatment decreased the number of plaques formed by human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) infection and decreased viral protein and RNA levels in the media. These results indicate that eupatin inhibits coronavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea-In Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hoon Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumsung 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyun Lee
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Soo Lee
- Km Covergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsoo Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
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Chien TJ, Liu CY, Chang YI, Fang CJ, Pai JH, Wu YX, Chen SW. Therapeutic effects of herbal-medicine combined therapy for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:950012. [PMID: 36120361 PMCID: PMC9475194 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.950012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Since 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has been a devastating disease affecting global health to a great extent. Some countries have added on herbal medicines as a complementary treatment for combating COVID-19 due to the urgency of stopping the spread of this viral disease. However, whether these herbal medicines are effective is uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of herbal medicine combined therapy in the treatment of COVID-19. Methods: A literature search was performed following the PRISMA Statement and without language restrictions. Seven databases were searched from inception through December 2021. All selected studies were randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Comparing the effects of herbal medicine combined therapy with conventional western medicine, including improvement of clinical symptoms, chest CT images, viral conversion rate, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6. Cochrane criteria were applied to examine the methodological quality of the enrolled trials; and meta-analysis software (RevMan 5.4.1) was used for data analysis. Results: In total, the data of 5,417 participants from 40 trials were included in this systematic review; and 28 trials were qualified for meta-analysis. The trials had medium-to-high quality based on GRADE system. Meta-analysis showed that combining herbal medicine vs conventional treatment in 1) coughing (1.43 95% CI:1.21, 1.71, p = 0.0001), 2) fever (1.09 95% CI:1.00, 1.19, p = 0.06), 3) fatigue (1.21 95% CI:1.10, 1.33, p = 0.0001); 4) CT images (1.26 95% CI:1.19, 1.34, P ≤ 0.00001), 5) viral conversion rates (1.22 95% CI:1.06, 1.40, p = 0.005) and 6) viral conversion times (-3.72 95% CI: -6.05, -1.40, p = 0.002), 7) IL6 change (1.97 95% CI: -0.72, 4.66, p = 0.15) and 8) CRP change (-7.92 95% CI: -11.30, -4.53, P ≤ 0.00001). Conclusion: Herbal medicine combined therapy significantly reduces COVID-19 clinical symptoms, improving CT images and viral conversion rates. Reported adverse events are mild. However, for certain biases in the included studies, and the need for further study on effective components of herbal medicine. Further large trials with better randomized design are warranted to definite a more definite role of herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Ju Chien
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Branch of Zhong-Zhou, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Tsai-Ju Chien,
| | - Chia-Yu Liu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-I Chang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Fang
- Medical Library, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Department of Secretariat, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Juo-Hsiang Pai
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Branch of Zhong-Zhou, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Xuan Wu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuoh-Wen Chen
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Qi JH, Chen PY, Cai DY, Wang Y, Wei YL, He SP, Zhou W. Exploring novel targets of sitagliptin for type 2 diabetes mellitus: Network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and SPR approaches. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1096655. [PMID: 36699034 PMCID: PMC9868454 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1096655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes has become a serious global public health problem. With the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the incidence of complications of T2DM is also on the rise. Sitagliptin, as a targeted drug of DPP4, has good therapeutic effect for T2DM. It is well known that sitagliptin can specifically inhibit the activity of DPP4 to promote insulin secretion, inhibit islet β cell apoptosis and reduce blood glucose levels, while other pharmacological mechanisms are still unclear, such as improving insulin resistance, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-fibrosis. The aim of this study was to explore novel targets and potential signaling pathways of sitagliptin for T2DM. METHODS Firstly, network pharmacology was applied to find the novel target most closely related to DPP4. Semi-flexible molecular docking was performed to confirm the binding ability between sitagliptin and the novel target, and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) was carried to verify the stability of the complex formed by sitagliptin and the novel target. Furthermore, surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to explored the affinity and kinetic characteristics of sitagliptin with the novel target. Finally, the molecular mechanism of sitagliptin for T2DM was predicted by the enrichment analysis of GO function and KEGG pathway. RESULTS In this study, we found the cell surface receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) most closely related to DPP4. Then, we confirmed that sitagliptin had strong binding ability with ACE2 from a static perspective, and the stability of sitagliptin-ACE2 complex had better stability and longer binding time than BAR708-ACE2 in simulated aqueous solution within 50 ns. Significantly, we have demonstrated a strong affinity between sitagliptin and ACE2 on SPR biosensor, and their kinetic characteristics were "fast binding/fast dissociation". The guiding significance of clinical administration: low dose can reach saturation, but repeated administration was needed. Finally, there was certain relationship between COVID-19 and T2DM, and ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor (MasR) axis may be the important pathway of sitagliptin targeting ACE2 for T2DM. CONCLUSION This study used different methods to prove that ACE2 may be another novel target of sitagliptin for T2DM, which extended the application of ACE2 in improving diabetes mellitus.
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