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Matsubara T. Peptide mimotopes to emulate carbohydrates. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8160-8173. [PMID: 36128765 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00470d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates on animal cell surfaces are involved in numerous biological functions and diseases, especially the adhesion/metastasis of cancer cells, infection, and the onset of glycan-related diseases. In addition to glycoantigen detection, the regulation of glycan (carbohydrate)-protein interactions is needed to develop therapeutic strategies for glycan-related diseases. Preparation of a diverse range of glycan derivatives requires a massive effort, but the preparation and identification of alternative glycan-mimetic peptide mimotopes may provide a solution to this issue. Peptide mimotopes are recognized by glycan-binding proteins, such as lectins, enzymes, and antibodies, alternative to glycan ligands. Phage-display technology is the first choice in the selection of "glycan (carbohydrate)-mimetic peptide mimotopes" from a large repertoire of library sequences. This tutorial review describes the advantages of peptide mimotopes in comparison to glycan ligands, as well as their structural and functional mimicry. The detailed library design is followed by a description of the strategy used to improve affinity, and finally, an outline of the vaccine application of glycan-mimetic peptides is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Matsubara
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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Sun Q, Liu X, Li X. Peptidoglycan-based immunomodulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:981-993. [PMID: 35076738 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a unique component in the cytoderm of prokaryotes which can be recognized by different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in eukaryotes, followed by a cascade of immune responses via different pathways. This review outlined the basic structure of PGN, its immunologic functions. The immunomodulation pathways mediated by PGN were elaborated. PGN induces specific immunity through stimulating different cytokine release and Th1/Th2-dominated immune responses during humoral/cellular immune response. The nonspecific immunity activation by PGN involves immunomodulation by different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including PGN recognition proteins (PGRPs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). The sources and classification of PGRPs were summarized. In view of the stimulating activities of PGN and its monomers, the potential application of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected. This review provides systematic information on PGN functionalities from the point of immunoregulation, which might be useful in the deep exploitation of PGN.Key points. The immunological functions of PGN were illustrated. Cellular and humoral immunomodulation by PGN were outlined. The use of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshen Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiuliang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 enhances the antibacterial functions of GM-CSF induced neutrophils to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2019; 130:204-212. [PMID: 30885749 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A proliferation of studies have demonstrated that the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) pathway affects the chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and cytokine release of neutrophils when pathogens invade. Our previous studies have demonstrated that pretreatment with high doses of Pam3CSK4 (>25 μg/ml) improves the antimicrobial activity of neutrophils, however, short-lived neutrophils limit their therapeutic functions. Here, we used granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to generate neutrophils from murine bone marrow, and assessed their effect on the immune response against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. As comparing with classical method of generating neutrophils directly from murine bone marrow, our findings show that pretreatment with Pam3CSK4 enhanced the phagocytic and killing activities against MRSA by the GM-CSF induced neutrophils (GM-CSF neutrophils). Chemotaxis of GM-CSF induced neutrophils was significantly increased after the pretreatment with Pam3CSK4. Furthermore, Pam3CSK4 pretreatment enhanced iNOS, CRAMP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6 expression. Finally, we observed that p38MAPK and Akt phosphorylation kinases were increased significantly in GM-CSF neutrophils pretreatment with Pam3CSK4 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas p38MAPK inhibitor (SB2021190) and PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) attenuated the antimicrobial activities including phagocytosis, killing activity, respiratory burst, and the release of lactoferrin(LTF) by the GM-CSF induced neutrophils. Together, these findings suggest that pretreatment with Pam3CSK4 enhances the antibacterial function of GM-CSF neutrophils against MRSA, and this could be related to the p38MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways.
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Serum Amyloid P and IgG Exhibit Differential Capabilities in the Activation of the Innate Immune System in Response to Bacillus anthracis Peptidoglycan. Infect Immun 2018. [PMID: 29531132 PMCID: PMC5913848 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00076-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed that human IgG supported the response by human innate immune cells to peptidoglycan (PGN) from Bacillus anthracis and PGN-induced complement activation. However, other serum constituents have been shown to interact with peptidoglycan, including the IgG-like soluble pattern recognition receptor serum amyloid P (SAP). Here, we compared the abilities of SAP and of IgG to support monocyte and complement responses to PGN. Utilizing in vitro methods, we demonstrate that SAP is superior to IgG in supporting monocyte production of cytokines in response to PGN. Like IgG, the response supported by SAP was enhanced by phagocytosis and signaling kinases, such as Syk, Src, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, that are involved in various cellular processes, including Fc receptor signaling. Unlike IgG, SAP had no effect on the activation of complement in response to PGN. These data demonstrate an opsonophagocytic role for SAP in response to PGN that propagates a cellular response without propagating the formation of the terminal complement complex.
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Li X, Sun Q, Wang Y, Han D, Fan J, Zhang J, Yang C, Ma X, Sun Q. The regulatory effects of L. plantarum peptidoglycan microspheres on innate and humoral immunity in mouse. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:635-643. [PMID: 28862074 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1375037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Lactobacillus Plantarum cell wall peptidoglycan (LPG) microspheres on mouse intestinal flora changes, peptidoglycan recognitions protein (PGRP) and cytokines expression levels. METHOD Plate counting was used for enumeration of the intestinal flora. Real-time PCR was used for quantification PGRP in different tissues. Cytokines content were determined by ELISA kits. RESULT The mouse administered orally with LPG microspheres showed significantly higher number of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in caecum contents (p < 0.01). The amount of PGRP expression in different organs was highest in LPG microspheres-treated group. IL-4, 12, IFN-γ, TNF-α contents in serum from LPG microspheres-treated mouse were significantly higher than those in normal saline-treated group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the LPG microspheres can regulate intestinal flora imbalance and improve systemic immunity, improve both Th1 and Th2 immune response, which provide some basis for the use of LPG as potential adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuliang Li
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Quan Sun
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Yawei Wang
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Dequan Han
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Chunhai Yang
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Xiaoxiong Ma
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Qingshen Sun
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
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Rahbarnia L, Farajnia S, Babaei H, Majidi J, Veisi K, Ahmadzadeh V, Akbari B. Evolution of phage display technology: from discovery to application. J Drug Target 2016; 25:216-224. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1258570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rahbarnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Babaei
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kamal Veisi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Ahmadzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Akbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, University Of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Wen L, Yang S, Zhu P, Yu Y, Qiu X, Fu N, Liu Y. Peptide mimics of a carbohydrate‑associated epitope expressed by cancer cells: Identification of vaccine candidates. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5237-5244. [PMID: 27779668 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated antigen 215 (CA215) is an immunoglobulin molecule expressed by numerous tumor types. Membrane‑bound and soluble CA215 have been detected in the majority of cancer cells and rarely identified in normal tissues. In addition, CA215C is a carbohydrate‑associated epitope in the variable region of CA215, which is specifically recognized by the monoclonal antibody, RP215. However, CA215C is not a suitable vaccine candidate as it is a thymus‑independent antigen. In the present study, RP215 was used as a target to screen short peptide mimics of CA215C from a phage display peptide library. Following three rounds of screening, 30 positive phage clones that specifically bound to RP215 were identified and sequenced. The result of amino‑acid sequence analysis revealed five conserved sequence groups for seventeen of the positive phage clones. The sequences of phage clones 2, 13 and 42 were selected for peptide synthesis and binding analysis. The synthetic peptides R2 and R42 specifically bound RP215. Antisera from mice immunized with R2‑BSA or R42‑BSA bound purified CA215C and innate CA215C expressed on human hepatic and rectal carcinoma tissues, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, R2‑BSA and R42‑BSA antisera inhibited RP215 binding to cancer tissues. These results revealed that R2‑BSA and R42‑BSA antisera had similar characteristics to RP215 and that the synthetic peptides R2 and R42 may mimic the CA215C epitope. R2 and R42 peptides may therefore have potential for development into a tumor vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Sha Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Ning Fu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Ohsawa H, Baba T, Enami J, Hiramatsu K. Successful selection of an infection-protective anti-Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody and its protective activity in murine infection models. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:183-92. [PMID: 25659598 PMCID: PMC5029779 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials to develop anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) therapeutic antibodies have met unsuccessful sequels. To develop more effective antibodies against MRSA infection, a panel of mAbs against S. aureus cell wall was generated and then screened for the most protective mAb in mouse infection models. Twenty-two anti-S. aureus IgG mAbs were obtained from mice that had been immunized with alkali-processed, deacetylated cell walls of S. aureus. One of these mAbs, ZBIA5H, exhibited life-saving effects in mouse models of sepsis caused by community-acquired MRSA strain MW2 and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus strain VRS1. It also had a curative effect in a MW2-caused pneumonia model. Curiously, the target of ZBIA5H was considered to be a conformational epitope of either the 1,4-β-linkage between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or the peptidoglycan per se. Reactivity of ZBIA5H to S. aureus whole cells or purified peptidoglycan was weaker than that of most of the other mAbs generated in this study. However, the latter mAbs did not have the protective activities against S. aureus that ZBIA5H did. These data indicate that the epitopes that trigger production of high-yield and/or high-affinity antibodies may not be the most suitable epitopes for developing anti-infective antibodies. ZBIA5H or its humanized form may find a future clinical application, and its target epitope may be used for the production of vaccines against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Ohsawa
- Central Research Laboratory, Zenyaku Kogyo, 2-33-7, Ohizumi-machi, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 178-0062; Department of Bacteriology, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunnkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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A Multiple Antigenic Peptide Mimicking Peptidoglycan Induced T Cell Responses to Protect Mice from Systemic Infection with Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136888. [PMID: 26317210 PMCID: PMC4552945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the enormous capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to acquire antibiotic resistance, it becomes imperative to develop vaccines for decreasing the risk of its life-threatening infections. Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a conserved and major component of S. aureus cell wall. However, it has not been used as a vaccine candidate since it is a thymus-independent antigen. In this study, we synthesized a multiple antigenic peptide, named MAP27, which comprised four copies of a peptide that mimics the epitope of PGN. After immunization with MAP27 five times and boosting with heat-inactivated bacterium one time, anti-MAP27 serum bound directly to S. aureus or PGN. Immunization with MAP27 decreased the bacterial burden in organs of BALB/c mice and significantly prolonged their survival time after S. aureus lethal-challenge. The percentage of IFN-γ+CD3+ T cells and IL-17+CD4+ T cells in spleen, as well as the levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A/F and CCL3 in spleen and lung, significantly increased in the MAP27-immunized mice after infection. Moreover, in vitro incubation of heat-inactivated S. aureus with splenocytes isolated from MAP27-immunized mice stimulated the production of IFN-γ and IL-17A/F. Our findings demonstrated that MAP27, as a thymus-dependent antigen, is efficient at eliciting T cell-mediated responses to protect mice from S. aureus infection. This study sheds light on a possible strategy to design vaccines against S. aureus.
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Generation of a Novel Staphylococcus aureus Ghost Vaccine and Examination of Its Immunogenicity against Virulent Challenge in Rats. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2957-65. [PMID: 25964469 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00009-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogen that causes a wide range of infections in humans and animals. Bacterial ghosts are nonliving, empty cell envelopes and are well represented as novel vaccine candidates. In this study, we examined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of S. aureus ghosts (SAGs) against a virulent challenge in rats. Nonliving SAGs were generated by using the MIC of sodium hydroxide. The formation of a transmembrane lysis tunnel structure in SAGs was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. To investigate these SAGs as a vaccine candidate, rats were divided into four groups, A (nonimmunized control), B (orally immunized), C (subcutaneously immunized), and D (intravenously immunized). The IgG antibody responses were significantly stronger in the SAG-immunized groups than in the nonimmunized control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, a significant increase in the populations of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was observed in all three immunized groups (P < 0.05). We also found that serum bactericidal antibodies were significantly elicited in the SAG-immunized groups (P < 0.05). Most importantly, the bacterial loads in the immunized groups were significantly lower than those in the nonimmunized control group (P < 0.01). These results suggest that immunization with SAGs induces immune responses and provides protection against a virulent S. aureus challenge.
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Musie E, Moore CC, Martin EN, Scheld WM. Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation before or after Streptococcus pneumoniae induced sepsis improves survival and is dependent on T-cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86015. [PMID: 24465843 PMCID: PMC3897608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endotoxin tolerance improves outcomes from gram negative sepsis but the underlying mechanism is not known. We determined if endotoxin tolerance before or after pneumococcal sepsis improved survival and the role of lymphocytes in this protection. Methods Mice received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle before or after a lethal dose of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Survival, quantitative bacteriology, liver function, and cytokine concentrations were measured. We confirmed the necessity of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) for endotoxin tolerance using C3H/HeN (TLR4 replete) and C3H/HeJ (TLR4 deficient) mice. The role of complement was investigated through A/J mice deficient in C5 complement. CBA/CaHN-Btkxid//J mice with dysfunctional B cells and Rag-1 knockout (KO) mice deficient in T and B cells delineated the role of lymphocytes. Results Endotoxin tolerance improved survival from pneumococcal sepsis in mice with TLR4 that received LPS pretreatment or posttreatment. Survival was associated with reduced bacterial burden and serum cytokine concentrations. Death was associated with abnormal liver function and blood glucose concentrations. Endotoxin tolerance improved survival in A/J and CBA/CaHN-Btkxid//J mice but not Rag-1 KO mice. Conclusions TLR4 stimulation before or after S. pneumoniae infection improved survival and was dependent on T-cells but did not require an intact complement cascade or functional B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Musie
- University of Venda, Department of Microbiology, Venda, South Africa
| | - Christopher C. Moore
- University of Virginia, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Edward N. Martin
- University of Virginia, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - W. Michael Scheld
- University of Virginia, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Potential of peptides as inhibitors and mimotopes: selection of carbohydrate-mimetic peptides from phage display libraries. J Nucleic Acids 2012; 2012:740982. [PMID: 23094142 PMCID: PMC3474289 DOI: 10.1155/2012/740982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugates play various roles in biological processes. In particular, oligosaccharides on the surface of animal cells are involved in virus infection and cell-cell communication. Inhibitors of carbohydrate-protein interactions are potential antiviral drugs. Several anti-influenza drugs such as oseltamivir and zanamivir are derivatives of sialic acid, which inhibits neuraminidase. However, it is very difficult to prepare a diverse range of sugar derivatives by chemical synthesis or by the isolation of natural products. In addition, the pathogenic capsular polysaccharides of bacteria are carbohydrate antigens, for which a safe and efficacious method of vaccination is required. Phage-display technology has been improved to enable the identification of peptides that bind to carbohydrate-binding proteins, such as lectins and antibodies, from a large repertoire of peptide sequences. These peptides are known as “carbohydrate-mimetic peptides (CMPs)” because they mimic carbohydrate structures. Compared to carbohydrate derivatives, it is easy to prepare mono- and multivalent peptides and then to modify them to create various derivatives. Such mimetic peptides are available as peptide inhibitors of carbohydrate-protein interactions and peptide mimotopes that are conjugated with adjuvant for vaccination.
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Bazan J, Całkosiński I, Gamian A. Phage display--a powerful technique for immunotherapy: 2. Vaccine delivery. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1829-35. [PMID: 22906938 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display is a powerful technique in medical and health biotechnology. This technology has led to formation of antibody libraries and has provided techniques for fast and efficient search of these libraries. The phage display technique has been used in studying the protein-protein or protein-ligand interactions, constructing of the antibody and antibody fragments and improving the affinity of proteins to receptors. Recently phage display has been widely used to study immunization process, develop novel vaccines and investigate allergen-antibody interactions. This technology can provide new tools for protection against viral, fungal and bacterial infections. It may become a valuable tool in cancer therapies, abuse and allergies treatment. This review presents the recent advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic applications of phage display. In particular the applicability of this technology to study the immunization process, construction of new vaccines and development of safer and more efficient delivery strategies has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Bazan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw, Poland
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Ploegaert TCW, Tijhaar E, Lam TJGM, Taverne-Thiele A, van der Poel JJ, van Arendonk JAM, Savelkoul HFJ, Parmentier HK. Natural antibodies in bovine milk and blood plasma: variability among cows, repeatability within cows, and relation between milk and plasma titers. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:88-94. [PMID: 21839523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity plays an important role in preventing (barrier function) or combating infection (effector function). An important humoral component of innate immunity is formed by natural antibodies (NAb). The objectives of this study were to determine presence, variation among cows and repeatability within cows over time of total NAb titers directed to the pathogen-associated molecular patterns lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan, and titers of NAb directed to the glycoprotein keyhole limpet hemocyanin in milk and plasma of individual cows. Furthermore in milk the antibody isotypes IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA binding LTA were analyzed. Ten milk and blood samples were obtained from each of 20 clinically healthy dairy cows from first to seventh parity during a period of 3 weeks. Total NAb binding lipopolysaccharide, LTA, peptidoglycan, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin were detected in milk and plasma, with titers considerably higher in plasma than in milk. Total NAb titers showed significant variation among cows, and repeatability within cows over time (ranging from 0.60 to 0.93). Titers of NAb in milk and plasma were positively correlated (correlation ranging from 0.69 to 0.91). Natural antibodies in milk binding LTA were of all 4 isotypes tested, although IgG2 was on average only present at low titers. All 4 isotypes in milk binding LTA also showed variation among cows, and repeatability within cows over time (ranging from 0.84 to 0.92). We conclude that NAb can be measured in a consistent and repeatable manner in bovine milk and blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C W Ploegaert
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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