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Tang KWK, Millar BC, Moore JE. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Br J Biomed Sci 2023; 80:11387. [PMID: 37448857 PMCID: PMC10336207 DOI: 10.3389/bjbs.2023.11387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has now emerged as a chronic public health problem globally, with the forecast of 10 million deaths per year globally by 2050. AMR occurs when viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites do not respond to antimicrobial treatments in humans and animals, thus allowing the survival of the microorganism within the host. The prominent cause contributing to the current crisis remains to be the overuse and misuse of antimicrobials, particularly the inappropriate usage of antibiotics, increasing the global burden of antimicrobial resistance. The global consumption and usage of antibiotics are therefore closely monitored at all times. This review provides a current overview of the implications of strategies used by international governmental organisations, including the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to address the problem of antibiotic resistance, as well as the "One Health Approach," a system incorporating a multidisciplinary effort to achieve the best possible health outcome by acknowledging the clear connections between humans, animals and their shared environment. The importance of public awareness and health literacy of lay audiences still needs to be further emphasised as part of global and local action plans. Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a major global public health dilemma of the 21st century. Already this topic is receiving substantial political input from the G7 countries and continues to be on the agenda of numerous political conferences. The consequences of failure to adequately address AMR are profound, with estimations of a return to the pre-antibiotic era, where everyday infections relating to childbirth, surgery and open fractured limbs could be potentially life-threatening. AMR itself represents a microcosm of factors, including social anthropology, civil unrest/war, diasporas, ethnic displacement, political systems, healthcare, economics, societal behaviour both at a population and individual level, health literacy, geoclimatic events, global travel and pharmaceutical innovation and investment, thus finding a solution that adequately addresses AMR and which helps stem further AMR emergence is complicated. Success will involve individuals, communities and nations all working together to ensure that the world continues to possess a sufficient armamentarium of effective antimicrobials that will sustain human and animal health, both now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wah Kelly Tang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Beverley C. Millar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
- Laboratory for Disinfection and Pathogen Elimination Studies, Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - John E. Moore
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
- Laboratory for Disinfection and Pathogen Elimination Studies, Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Hussain MS, Vashist A, Kumar M, Taneja NK, Gautam US, Dwivedi S, Tyagi JS, Gupta RK. Anti-mycobacterial activity of heat and pH stable high molecular weight protein(s) secreted by a bacterial laboratory contaminant. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:15. [PMID: 35093096 PMCID: PMC8799974 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis currently stands as the second leading cause of deaths worldwide due to single infectious agent after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The current challenges of drug resistance in tuberculosis highlight an urgent need to develop newer anti-mycobacterial compounds. In the present study, we report the serendipitous discovery of a bacterial laboratory contaminant (LC-1) exhibiting a zone of growth inhibition on an agar plate seeded with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTS We utilized microbiological, biochemical and biophysical approaches to characterize LC-1 and anti-mycobacterial compound(s) in its secretome. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing and BIOLOG analysis, LC-1 was identified as Staphylococcus hominis, a human bacterial commensal. Anti-mycobacterial activity was initially found in 30 kDa retentate that was obtained by ultrafiltration of culture filtrate (CF). SDS-PAGE analysis of peak fractions obtained by size exclusion chromatography of 30 kDa retentate confirmed the presence of high molecular weight (≥ 30 kDa) proteins. Peak fraction-1 (F-1) exhibited inhibitory activity against M. bovis BCG, but not against M. smegmatis, E. coli and S. aureus. The active fraction F-1 was inactivated by treatment with Proteinase K and α-chymotrypsin. However, it retained its anti-mycobacterial activity over a wide range of heat and pH treatment. The anti-mycobacterial activity of F-1 was found to be maintained even after a long storage (~12 months) at - 20 °C. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the identified peptide masses do not match with any previously known bacteriocins. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlights the anti-mycobacterial activity of high molecular weight protein(s) present in culture filtrate of LC-1, which may be tested further to target M. tuberculosis. The heat and pH stability of these proteins add to their characteristics as therapeutic proteins and may contribute to their long shelf life. LC-1 being a human commensal can be tested in future for its potential as a probiotic to treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sajid Hussain
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
- School of Vocational Studies and Applied Sciences, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Atul Vashist
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
- Department of Infection & Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
| | - Mahadevan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Department of Microbiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Medical College, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Neetu Kumra Taneja
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, NIFTEM, Sonipat, Haryana, 131028, India
| | - Uma Shankar Gautam
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Seema Dwivedi
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Jaya Sivaswami Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Gupta
- School of Vocational Studies and Applied Sciences, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India.
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Heupink TH, Verboven L, Warren RM, Van Rie A. Comprehensive and accurate genetic variant identification from contaminated and low-coverage Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole genome sequencing data. Microb Genom 2021; 7:000689. [PMID: 34793294 PMCID: PMC8743552 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of the genomic variants that allow Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb ) to acquire drug resistance, or tolerance, and increase its virulence are important factors in controlling the current tuberculosis epidemic. Current approaches to Mtb sequencing, however, cannot reveal Mtb ’s full genomic diversity due to the strict requirements of low contamination levels, high Mtb sequence coverage and elimination of complex regions. We have developed the XBS (compleX Bacterial Samples) bioinformatics pipeline, which implements joint calling and machine-learning-based variant filtering tools to specifically improve variant detection in the important Mtb samples that do not meet these criteria, such as those from unbiased sputum samples. Using novel simulated datasets, which permit exact accuracy verification, XBS was compared to the UVP and MTBseq pipelines. Accuracy statistics showed that all three pipelines performed equally well for sequence data that resemble those obtained from culture isolates of high depth of coverage and low-level contamination. In the complex genomic regions, however, XBS accurately identified 9.0 % more SNPs and 8.1 % more single nucleotide insertions and deletions than the WHO-endorsed unified analysis variant pipeline. XBS also had superior accuracy for sequence data that resemble those obtained directly from sputum samples, where depth of coverage is typically very low and contamination levels are high. XBS was the only pipeline not affected by low depth of coverage (5–10×), type of contamination and excessive contamination levels (>50 %). Simulation results were confirmed using whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from clinical samples, confirming the superior performance of XBS with a higher sensitivity (98.8%) when analysing culture isolates and identification of 13.9 % more variable sites in WGS data from sputum samples as compared to MTBseq, without evidence for false positive variants when rRNA regions were excluded. The XBS pipeline facilitates sequencing of less-than-perfect Mtb samples. These advances will benefit future clinical applications of Mtb sequencing, especially WGS directly from clinical specimens, thereby avoiding in vitro biases and making many more samples available for drug resistance and other genomic analyses. The additional genetic resolution and increased sample success rate will improve genome-wide association studies and sequence-based transmission studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim H. Heupink
- Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lennert Verboven
- Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robin M. Warren
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research and DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Annelies Van Rie
- Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Linnane B, O'Connell N, Obande E, Dunne S, Clancy C, Kiernan M, McGrath D, O'Sullivan K, O'Sullivan L, Dunne C. Assessment of the microbial load of airway clearance devices used by a cohort of children with cystic fibrosis. Infect Prev Pract 2021; 3:100153. [PMID: 34647008 PMCID: PMC8498708 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2021.100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) devices are an important element of the management of cystic fibrosis, and of other respiratory diseases. Whereas there have been reports in the literature of contamination of airway clearance devices and their surfaces by microbial pathogens, there is little evidence available regarding such contamination and its contribution to respiratory infection. Aim To establish whether pathogenic bacteria can contaminate PEP devices in the context of normal cleaning and maintenance practices. Methods Patients' home-use clearance devices were brought to a routine clinic appointment and collected for microbiology sampling and analysis. The patients were provided with replacement devices. Nineteen such devices were collected from 17 patients, reflecting use of multiple devices by some patients. Swabs were taken and cultured from each patient's used device, the patient's airway, as well as from new unopened and unused devices that acted as controls. Results Seven of 19 devices (37%) tested positive for presence of pathogenic bacteria. Device-cleaning methods varied among patients and non-sterilization methods were found to be ineffective at removing pathogens. Microbial species found on the devices did not correlate with those identified from airway swabs. Conclusion This study demonstrates the presence of pathogens on positive expiratory pressure devices. The potential for transmission of these pathogens to the patient's airway and the risk of infection remains unclear and requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Linnane
- Paediatric Cystic Fibrosis Department, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i) and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - N.H. O'Connell
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i) and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Limerick Hospital Group, Limerick, Ireland
| | - E. Obande
- Paediatric Cystic Fibrosis Department, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i) and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - S.S. Dunne
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i) and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - C. Clancy
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i) and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - M.G. Kiernan
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i) and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - D. McGrath
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i) and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - K.J. O'Sullivan
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i) and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Rapid Innovation Unit – Confirm Centre for Smart Manufacturing, School of Design & Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - L. O'Sullivan
- Rapid Innovation Unit – Confirm Centre for Smart Manufacturing, School of Design & Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - C.P. Dunne
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i) and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Corresponding author. Address: School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland. Tel.: +353-(0)86-0430739.
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Moore JE, Millar BC. The day the agar stopped working: what emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR) means for microbiology laboratory testing-potential effects on infectious disease reporting. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:973-975. [PMID: 32360776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Moore
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK; School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - B C Millar
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK; School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast Northern Ireland, UK
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Molecular Bacterial Load Assay Concurs with Culture on NaOH-Induced Loss of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Viability. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01992-18. [PMID: 31018981 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01992-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective methods to detect viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the main causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), are urgently needed. To date, cultivation of M. tuberculosis is the gold standard, which depends on initial sample processing with N-acetyl-l-cysteine-sodium hydroxide (NALC-NaOH), chemicals that compromise M. tuberculosis viability and, consequently, the performance of downstream tests. We applied culture and the novel molecular bacterial load assay (MBLA) to measure the loss of M. tuberculosis viability following NALC-NaOH treatment of M. tuberculosis H37Rv pure culture and clinical sputum samples from pulmonary TB patients. Compared to the bacterial loads of untreated controls, NALC-NaOH treatment of M. tuberculosis reduced the MBLA-detectable bacillary load (estimated number of CFU [eCFU] per milliliter) by 0.66 ± 0.21 log10 at 23°C (P = 0.018) and 0.72 ± 0.08 log10 at 30°C (P = 0.013). Likewise, NALC-NaOH treatment reduced the viable count on solid culture by 0.84 ± 0.02 log10 CFU/ml at 23°C (P < 0.001) and 0.85 ± 0.01 log10 CFU/ml at 30°C (P < 0.001), respectively. The reduction in the viable count was reflected by a corresponding increase in the time to positivity of the mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT) liquid culture: 1.2 days at 23°C (P < 0.001) and 1.1 days at 30°C (P < 0.001). This NaOH-induced M. tuberculosis viability loss was replicated in clinical sputum samples, with the bacterial load dropping by 0.65 ± 0.17 log10 from 5.36 ± 0.24 log10 eCFU/ml to 4.71 ± 0.16 log10 eCFU/ml for untreated and treated sputa, respectively. Applying the model of Bowness et al. (R. Bowness, M. J. Boeree, R. Aarnoutse, R. Dawson, et al., J Antimicrob Chemother 70:448-455, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku415) revealed that the treated MGIT time to culture positivity of 142 ± 7.02 h was equivalent to 4.86 ± 0.28 log10 CFU, consistent with the MBLA-measured bacterial load. Our study confirms the contribution of NALC-NaOH treatment to the loss of viable bacterial counts. Tests that obviate the need for decontamination may offer an alternative option for the accurate detection of viable M. tuberculosis and treatment response monitoring.
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Kaboré A, Tranchot-Diallo J, Hien H, Zouré O, Zingué D, Sanou A, Gomgnimbou MK, Daneau G, Ouédraogo GA, Méda N, Sangaré L. Identification of spore-forming bacteria isolated from contaminated Lowenstein Jensen media and effectiveness of Vancomycin to reduce Mycobacterial culture contamination in Burkina-Faso. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7194. [PMID: 31076625 PMCID: PMC6510733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The type of commensal microorganisms can influence the efficiency of sputum decontamination for TB diagnosis. A basic characterization of contaminants from LJ contaminated media showed that Gram positive Spore Forming Bacteria (SFB) were the major contaminants. This study aims to identify the species of this contaminants and to evaluate the effectiveness of VCNT at 10 µg of vancomycin to reduce mycobacterial culture contamination mainly linked to SFB. Fifty-three SFB isolated between February 2016 and May 2017 were used. The effectiveness of LJ with VCNT at 10 µg of Vancomycin were evaluated with sputum collected in the same period. SFB had been stored at -20 °C and identified after subculture onto 5% sheep blood Columbia agar and incubated at 37 °C during 24 h. Bacteria cells and isolated colonies were described. API 50CH/B was performed and MALDI-TOF MS was used for external quality control. Thirty- five (66%) isolates representing 4 genera (Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Brevisbacillus and Lysinibacillus) including 10 species were identified. The most important species were Bacillus cereus (30%) and Bacillus licheniformis (21%). Eighteen (34%) isolates were non-reactive Bacillus. The overall contamination rate on LJ with VCNT at 10 µg of vancomycin was statistically lower than which without VCNT (18.7% versus 43.8%) (p = 0.01). The most important SFB identified were B. cereus and B. licheniformis. Almost all identified strains were similar to those currently isolated in fermented traditional food suggesting in part food related contaminants. VCNT containing 10 µg of vancomycin is a good alternative method to reduce mycobacterial culture contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Kaboré
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre MURAZ, Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Juliette Tranchot-Diallo
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre MURAZ, Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- UFR/ST, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hervé Hien
- Département de Santé Publique, Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Ousséni Zouré
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre MURAZ, Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dezémon Zingué
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre MURAZ, Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Sanou
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre MURAZ, Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- UFR/ST, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Michel Kireopori Gomgnimbou
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre MURAZ, Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- UFR/ST, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Nicolas Méda
- Département de Santé Publique, Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU Yalgado OUEDRAOGO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- UFR/SDS, Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Kabore A, Tranchot-Diallo J, Sanou A, Hien H, Daneau G, Gomgnimbou MK, Meda N, Sangaré L. Why oral antiseptic mouth rinsing before sputum collection cannot reduce contamination rate of mycobacterial culture in Burkina-Faso. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:1321-1328. [PMID: 31148957 PMCID: PMC6531976 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis by culture in most resource-limited settings is hampered by high contamination rate varying up to 31%. Reduction of oral microorganism loads by mouth rinse with antiseptic before sputum collection showed a reduction of contamination. Moreover, knowing the characteristic of residual contaminant microorganisms would be an asset to understand contamination issues. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine on mycobacteria culture contaminations and to characterize morphologically the residual contaminants. Methods We consecutively included 158 patients in a TB center. Each of them supplied two sputa: The first before mouth rinse, and the second after 60sec of mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine (0.1%). Petroff method and Lowenstein-Jensen media were used for sputum decontamination and inoculation respectively. The contamination rates were compared, and the type of residual contaminants were characterized and compared. Results The contamination rate did not differ before and after the mouth rinse (respectively 58/150 (39 %) vs 61/150 (41 %), p=0.7). The major residual contaminants were Gram positive spore forming bacteria (94%). Conclusion Chlorhexidine mouth rinsing before sputum collection did not reduce mycobacterial culture contamination rate. This is probably due to spore forming bacteria, highlighted as major residual contaminants.
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Rapid culture-based detection of living mycobacteria using microchannel electrical impedance spectroscopy (m-EIS). Biol Res 2017; 50:21. [PMID: 28601089 PMCID: PMC5466763 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple techniques exist for detecting Mycobacteria, each having its own advantages and drawbacks. Among them, automated culture-based systems like the BACTEC-MGIT™ are popular because they are inexpensive, reliable and highly accurate. However, they have a relatively long “time-to-detection” (TTD). Hence, a method that retains the reliability and low-cost of the MGIT system, while reducing TTD would be highly desirable. Methods Living bacterial cells possess a membrane potential, on account of which they store charge when subjected to an AC-field. This charge storage (bulk capacitance) can be estimated using impedance measurements at multiple frequencies. An increase in the number of living cells during culture is reflected in an increase in bulk capacitance, and this forms the basis of our detection. M. bovis BCG and M. smegmatis suspensions with differing initial loads are cultured in MGIT media supplemented with OADC and Middlebrook 7H9 media respectively, electrical “scans” taken at regular intervals and the bulk capacitance estimated from the scans. Bulk capacitance estimates at later time-points are statistically compared to the suspension’s baseline value. A statistically significant increase is assumed to indicate the presence of proliferating mycobacteria. Results Our TTDs were 60 and 36 h for M. bovis BCG and 20 and 9 h for M. smegmatis with initial loads of 1000 CFU/ml and 100,000 CFU/ml respectively. The corresponding TTDs for the commercial BACTEC MGIT 960 system were 131 and 84.6 h for M. bovis BCG and 41.7 and 12 h for M smegmatis, respectively. Conclusion Our culture-based detection method using multi-frequency impedance measurements is capable of detecting mycobacteria faster than current commercial systems.
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Owusu E, Newman MJ, Akumwena A, Bannerman E, Pluschke G. Evaluating decontamination protocols for the isolation of Mycobacterium ulcerans from swabs. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:2. [PMID: 28056807 PMCID: PMC5217313 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium ulcerans (M. ulcerans) is the causative agent of Buruli Ulcer (BU) disease. In order to inhibit the growth of the microbial contaminants during culture of M. ulcerans, it is necessary to decontaminate BU samples with effective chemical agents. This study aimed at investigating some selected chemicals as potential decontamination agents for the isolation of M. ulcerans from swabs. Results Povidone iodine at 0.5 and 1% exhibited the lowest contamination and recovery rate for microbial contaminants and M. ulcerans. The most effective decontamination method was the protocol using 2% cetylpyridinium chloride/4% sodium chloride (recovery rate = 53%, contamination rate = 14%). The observed difference between the recovery rate of 2% CPC/4% NaC and the other protocols was however not statistically significant (p = 0.76). Conclusions Two percent (2%) cetylpyridinium chloride/4% sodium chloride can be conveniently used as an alternative decontamination method for the isolation of M. ulcerans from swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enid Owusu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Mercy J Newman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Amos Akumwena
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Elizabeth Bannerman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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