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Lemcke R, Sjökvist E, Visentin S, Kamble M, James EK, Hjørtshøj R, Wright KM, Avrova A, Newton AC, Havis ND, Radutoiu S, Lyngkjær MF. Deciphering Molecular Host-Pathogen Interactions During Ramularia Collo-Cygni Infection on Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:747661. [PMID: 34745181 PMCID: PMC8570322 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.747661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ramularia collo-cygni is the causal agent of Ramularia leaf spot disease (RLS) on barley and became, during the recent decades, an increasing threat for farmers across the world. Here, we analyze morphological, transcriptional, and metabolic responses of two barley cultivars having contrasting tolerance to RLS, when infected by an aggressive or mild R. collo-cygni isolate. We found that fungal biomass in leaves of the two cultivars does not correlate with their tolerance to RLS, and both cultivars displayed cell wall reinforcement at the point of contact with the fungal hyphae. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified that the largest transcriptional differences between cultivars are at the early stages of fungal colonization with differential expression of kinases, calmodulins, and defense proteins. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified modules of co-expressed genes, and hub genes important for cultivar responses to the two R. collo-cygni isolates. Metabolite analyses of the same leaves identified defense compounds such as p-CHDA and serotonin, correlating with responses observed at transcriptome and morphological level. Together these all-round responses of barley to R. collo-cygni provide molecular tools for further development of genetic and physiological markers that may be tested for improving tolerance of barley to this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Lemcke
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Elisabet Sjökvist
- Crop and Soils Systems, Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Visentin
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Kamble
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Euan K. James
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kathryn M. Wright
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Avrova
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C. Newton
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D. Havis
- Crop and Soils Systems, Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael F. Lyngkjær
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Negri S, Commisso M, Avesani L, Guzzo F. The case of tryptamine and serotonin in plants: a mysterious precursor for an illustrious metabolite. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5336-5355. [PMID: 34009335 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Indolamines are tryptophan-derived specialized metabolites belonging to the huge and ubiquitous indole alkaloids group. Serotonin and melatonin are the best-characterized members of this family, given their many hormonal and physiological roles in animals. Following their discovery in plants, the study of plant indolamines has flourished and their involvement in important processes, including stress responses, growth and development, and reproduction, has been proposed, leading to their classification as a new category of phytohormones. However, the complex indolamine puzzle is far from resolved, particularly the biological roles of tryptamine, the early serotonin precursor representing the central hub of many downstream indole alkaloids. Tryptophan decarboxylase, which catalyzes the synthesis of tryptamine, strictly regulates the flux of carbon and nitrogen from the tryptophan pool into the indolamine pathway. Furthermore, tryptamine accumulates to high levels in the reproductive organs of many plant species and therefore cannot be classed as a mere intermediate but rather as an end product with potentially important functions in fruits and seeds. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of tryptamine and its close relative serotonin, emphasizing the need for a clear understanding of the functions of, and mutual relations between, these indolamines and their biosynthesis pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Negri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Commisso
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| | - Linda Avesani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| | - Flavia Guzzo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
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Winters M, Arneborg N, Appels R, Howell K. Can community-based signalling behaviour in Saccharomyces cerevisiae be called quorum sensing? A critical review of the literature. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 19:5528315. [PMID: 31271429 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing is a well-described mechanism of intercellular signalling among bacteria, which involves cell-density-dependent chemical signal molecules. The concentration of these quorum-sensing molecules increases in proportion to cell density until a threshold value is exceeded, which triggers a community-wide response. In this review, we propose that intercellular signalling mechanisms can be associated with a corresponding ecological interaction type based on similarities between how the interaction affects the signal receiver and producer. Thus, we do not confine quorum sensing, a specific form of intercellular signalling, to only cooperative behaviours. Instead, we define it as cell-density-dependent responses that occur at a critical concentration of signal molecules and through a specific signalling pathway. For fungal species, the medically important yeast Candida albicans has a well-described quorum sensing system, while this system is not well described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is involved in food and beverage fermentations. The more precise definition for quorum sensing proposed in this review is based on the studies suggesting that S. cerevisiae may undergo intercellular signalling through quorum sensing. Through this lens, we conclude that there is a lack of evidence to support a specific signalling mechanism and a critical signal concentration of these behaviours in S. cerevisiae, and, thus, these features require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Winters
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Nils Arneborg
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Rudi Appels
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Kate Howell
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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Claytor SC, Gummer JPA, Grogan LF, Skerratt LF, Webb RJ, Brannelly LA, Berger L, Roberts AA. Susceptibility of frogs to chytridiomycosis correlates with increased levels of immunomodulatory serotonin in the skin. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13089. [PMID: 31373151 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a skin disease responsible for the global decline of amphibians. Frog species and populations can vary in susceptibility, but this phenomenon remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated serotonin in the skin of infected and uninfected frogs. In more susceptible frog populations, skin serotonin rose with increasing infection intensity, but decreased in later stages of the disease. The more resistant population maintained a basal level of skin serotonin. Serotonin inhibited both Bd sporangial growth and Jurkat lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. However, serotonin accumulates in skin granular glands, and this compartmentalisation may prevent inhibition of Bd growth in vivo. We suggest that skin serotonin increases in susceptible frogs due to pathogen excretion of precursor tryptophan, but that resistant frogs are able to control the levels of serotonin. Overall, the immunosuppressive effects of serotonin may contribute to the susceptibility of frogs to chytridiomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieara C Claytor
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Joel P A Gummer
- Separation Science and Metabolomics Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia, Western Australia Node, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Laura F Grogan
- Griffith Wildlife Disease Ecology Group, Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Webb
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Laura A Brannelly
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | - Alexandra A Roberts
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Chytridiomycosis causes catastrophic organism-wide metabolic dysregulation including profound failure of cellular energy pathways. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8188. [PMID: 29844538 PMCID: PMC5974026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis is among several recently emerged fungal diseases of wildlife that have caused decline or extinction of naïve populations. Despite recent advances in understanding pathogenesis, host response to infection remains poorly understood. Here we modelled a total of 162 metabolites across skin and liver tissues of 61 frogs from four populations (three long-exposed and one naïve to the fungus) of the Australian alpine tree frog (Litoria verreauxii alpina) throughout a longitudinal exposure experiment involving both infected and negative control individuals. We found that chytridiomycosis dramatically altered the organism-wide metabolism of clinically diseased frogs. Chytridiomycosis caused catastrophic failure of normal homeostatic mechanisms (interruption of biosynthetic and degradation metabolic pathways), and pronounced dysregulation of cellular energy metabolism. Key intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were markedly depleted, including in particular α-ketoglutarate and glutamate that together constitute a key nutrient pathway for immune processes. This study was the first to apply a non-targeted metabolomics approach to a fungal wildlife disease and specifically to dissect the host-pathogen interface of Bd-infected frogs. The patterns of metabolite accumulation we have identified reveal whole-body metabolic dysfunction induced by a fungal skin infection, and these findings have broad relevance for other fungal diseases.
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González B, Vázquez J, Cullen PJ, Mas A, Beltran G, Torija MJ. Aromatic Amino Acid-Derived Compounds Induce Morphological Changes and Modulate the Cell Growth of Wine Yeast Species. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:670. [PMID: 29696002 PMCID: PMC5904269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts secrete a large diversity of compounds during alcoholic fermentation, which affect growth rates and developmental processes, like filamentous growth. Several compounds are produced during aromatic amino acid metabolism, including aromatic alcohols, serotonin, melatonin, and tryptamine. We evaluated the effects of these compounds on growth parameters in 16 different wine yeasts, including non-Saccharomyces wine strains, for which the effects of these compounds have not been well-defined. Serotonin, tryptamine, and tryptophol negatively influenced yeast growth, whereas phenylethanol and tyrosol specifically affected non-Saccharomyces strains. The effects of the aromatic alcohols were observed at concentrations commonly found in wines, suggesting a possible role in microbial interaction during wine fermentation. Additionally, we demonstrated that aromatic alcohols and ethanol are able to affect invasive and pseudohyphal growth in a manner dependent on nutrient availability. Some of these compounds showed strain-specific effects. These findings add to the understanding of the fermentation process and illustrate the diversity of metabolic communication that may occur among related species during metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz González
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Vázquez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paul J Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Albert Mas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gemma Beltran
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Torija
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Immunomodulatory effects mediated by serotonin. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:354957. [PMID: 25961058 PMCID: PMC4417587 DOI: 10.1155/2015/354957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) induces concentration-dependent metabolic effects in diverse cell types, including neurons, entherochromaffin cells, adipocytes, pancreatic beta-cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells, and leukocytes. Three classes of genes regulating 5-HT function are constitutively expressed or induced in these cells: (a) membrane proteins that regulate the response to 5-HT, such as SERT, 5HTR-GPCR, and the 5HT3-ion channels; (b) downstream signaling transduction proteins; and (c) enzymes controlling 5-HT metabolism, such as IDO and MAO, which can generate biologically active catabolites, including melatonin, kynurenines, and kynurenamines. This review covers the clinical and experimental mechanisms involved in 5-HT-induced immunomodulation. These mechanisms are cell-specific and depend on the expression of serotonergic components in immune cells. Consequently, 5-HT can modulate several immunological events, such as chemotaxis, leukocyte activation, proliferation, cytokine secretion, anergy, and apoptosis. The effects of 5-HT on immune cells may be relevant in the clinical outcome of pathologies with an inflammatory component. Major depression, fibromyalgia, Alzheimer disease, psoriasis, arthritis, allergies, and asthma are all associated with changes in the serotonergic system associated with leukocytes. Thus, pharmacological regulation of the serotonergic system may modulate immune function and provide therapeutic alternatives for these diseases.
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Du Fall LA, Solomon PS. The necrotrophic effector SnToxA induces the synthesis of a novel phytoalexin in wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:185-200. [PMID: 23782173 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis produce the effector ToxA that interacts with the dominant susceptibility gene in wheat, Tsn1. However, the way in which ToxA induces cell death and causes disease is unclear. Here, we performed comprehensive metabolite profiling of ToxA-infiltrated wheat (Triticum aestivum) to observe the secondary metabolite response to this effector. A strong induction of secondary metabolism subsequent to SnToxA infiltration was observed, including the monoamine serotonin. We established a novel role for serotonin as a phytoalexin in wheat and demonstrated that serotonin strongly inhibited sporulation of S. nodorum. Microscopy revealed that serotonin interferes with spore formation and maturation within pycnidial structures of the fungus. Subsequent analysis of S. nodorum exposed to serotonin revealed metabolites changes previously associated with sporulation, including trehalose and alternariol. Furthermore, we identified significantly lower concentrations of serotonin during infection compared with infiltration with ToxA, providing evidence that S. nodorum may suppress plant defence. This is the first study demonstrating induction of plant secondary metabolites in response to a necrotrophic effector that have significant antifungal potential against the pathogen. While it is generally accepted that necrotrophs exploit host cell responses, the current research strengthens the notion that necrotrophs require mechanisms to overcome plant defence to survive initial stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Du Fall
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
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Kang K, Wong KS, Jayampath Seneviratne C, Samaranayake LP, Fong WP, Tsang PWK. In vitro synergistic effects of metergoline and antifungal agents against Candida krusei. Mycoses 2009; 53:495-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Perkhofer S, Niederegger H, Blum G, Burgstaller W, Ledochowski M, Dierich MP, Lass-Flörl C. Interaction of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) against Aspergillus spp. in vitro. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29:424-9. [PMID: 17276041 PMCID: PMC3010239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the direct interaction of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) with Aspergillus species. Accumulation of 5-HT in aspergilli was investigated by immunofluorescence staining and laser confocal scanning microscopy. The influence of 5-HT on fungal ergosterol content, cell membrane integrity, fungal growth and hyphal elongation was determined. 5-HT was localised in the cytoplasm of Aspergillus spp., as 5-HT fluorescent signals appeared after 30min at 4 degrees C and in the presence of inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. 5-HT treatment of Aspergillus spp. significantly affected ergosterol synthesis, fungal cell membrane integrity and hyphal elongation (P<0.05). 5-HT treatment for 4h resulted in a lag of re-growth (post-antifungal effect). In conclusion, our findings suggest that 5-HT affects hyphal growth and diminishes fungal cell membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Perkhofer
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
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Mayr A, Hinterberger G, Dierich MP, Lass-Flörl C. Interaction of serotonin with Candida albicans selectively attenuates fungal virulence in vitro. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 26:335-7. [PMID: 16157477 PMCID: PMC2980867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated whether the direct interaction between Candida albicans CBS 5982 and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) alters candidial virulence. Hyphae elongation, phospholipase activity and the production of secreted aspartyl proteinases (Saps) following 5-HT treatment were investigated. 5-HT treatment of C. albicans significantly (P < 0.05) affected hyphal extension, phospholipase activity and the production of Saps at concentrations of 118-0.46 mM. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the interaction between 5-HT and C. albicans may diminish the virulence properties of this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mayr
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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