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Prygiel M, Mosiej E, Polak M, Krysztopa-Grzybowska K, Wdowiak K, Formińska K, Zasada AA. Challenges of Diphtheria Toxin Detection. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:245. [PMID: 38922140 PMCID: PMC11209151 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Diphtheria toxin (DT) is the main virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis. Moreover, new Corynebacterium species with the potential to produce diphtheria toxin have also been described. Therefore, the detection of the toxin is the most important test in the microbiological diagnosis of diphtheria and other corynebacteria infections. Since the first demonstration in 1888 that DT is a major virulence factor of C. diphtheriae, responsible for the systemic manifestation of the disease, various methods for DT detection have been developed, but the diagnostic usefulness of most of them has not been confirmed on a sufficiently large group of samples. Despite substantial progress in the science and diagnostics of infectious diseases, the Elek test is still the basic recommended diagnostic test for DT detection. The challenge here is the poor availability of an antitoxin and declining experience even in reference laboratories due to the low prevalence of diphtheria in developed countries. However, recent and very promising assays have been developed with the potential for use as rapid point-of-care testing (POCT), such as ICS and LFIA for toxin detection, LAMP for tox gene detection, and biosensors for both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aleksandra A. Zasada
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (M.P.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (K.K.-G.); (K.W.); (K.F.)
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Araújo MRB, Ramos JN, de Oliveira Sant'Anna L, Bokermann S, Santos MBN, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Azevedo V, Prates FD, Rodrigues DLN, Aburjaile FF, Sacchi CT, Campos KR, Alvim LB, Vieira VV, Camargo CH, Dos Santos LS. Phenotypic and molecular characterization and complete genome sequence of a Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain isolated from cutaneous infection in an immunized individual. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1325-1334. [PMID: 37597133 PMCID: PMC10485220 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diphtheria is an infectious disease potentially fatal that constitutes a threat to global health security, with possible local and systemic manifestations that result mainly from the production of diphtheria toxin (DT). In the present work, we report a case of infection by Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a cutaneous lesion of a fully immunized individual and provided an analysis of the complete genome of the isolate. The clinical isolate was first identified by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. The commercial strip system and mPCR performed phenotypic and genotypic characterization, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined by the disk diffusion method. Additionally, genomic DNA was sequenced and analyzed for species confirmation and sequence type (ST) determination. Detection of resistance and virulence genes was performed by comparisons against ResFinder and VFDB databases. The isolate was identified as a nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae biovar Gravis strain. Its genome presented a size of 2.46 Mbp and a G + C content of 53.5%. Ribosomal Multilocus Sequence Typing (rMLST) allowed the confirmation of species as C. diphtheriae with 100% identity. DDH in silico corroborated this identification. Moreover, MLST analyses revealed that the isolate belongs to ST-536. No resistance genes were predicted or mutations detected in antimicrobial-related genes. On the other hand, virulence genes, mostly involved in iron uptake and adherence, were found. Presently, we provided sufficient clinical data regarding the C. diphtheriae cutaneous infection in addition to the phenotypic and genomic data of the isolate. Our results indicate a possible circulation of ST-536 in Brazil, causing cutaneous infection. Considering that cases of C. diphtheriae infections, as well as diphtheria outbreaks, have still been reported in several regions of the world, studies focusing on taxonomic analyzes and predictions of resistance genes may help to improve the diagnosis and to monitor the propagation of resistant clones. In addition, they can contribute to understanding the association between variation in genetic factors and resistance to antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Roberto Batista Araújo
- Operational Technical Nucleus (Microbiology), Hermes Pardini Institute, Vespasiano, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nunes Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lincoln de Oliveira Sant'Anna
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Bokermann
- Center of Bacteriology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Luiza Mattos-Guaraldi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Diniz Prates
- Operational Technical Nucleus (Microbiology), Hermes Pardini Institute, Vespasiano, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego Lucas Neres Rodrigues
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia Figueira Aburjaile
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luige Biciati Alvim
- Operational Technical Nucleus (Research and Development), Hermes Pardini Institute, Vespasiano, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Verônica Viana Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Medical Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Louisy Sanches Dos Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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3
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Polymorphisms of dtxR Gene of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Isolated from Diphtheria Outbreak in Indonesia. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-121534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the dtxR gene plays a role in regulating diphtheria toxin synthesis. The dtxR gene is often used as a marker for identifying C. diphtheriae by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method because it is present in all strains of this bacterium. Mutations in the dtxR gene can cause the over-synthesis of diphtheria toxin and reduce PCR assays' sensitivity. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the polymorphisms in the dtxR gene of C. diphtheriae isolated from a diphtheria outbreak in Indonesia. Methods: Forty-eight isolates of C. diphtheriae were obtained from clinical samples (throat/nasopharyngeal swabs) of diphtheria cases and close contacts. The isolates were revived on a Blood Agar Plate (BAP), bacterial colonies were harvested, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted. The DNA sequencing was carried out using a Whole-genome Sequencing (WGS) approach. The data were converted and analyzed with U-gene software. The dtxR gene analysis was performed with C. diphtheriae PW8 as references. Results: There were 59-point mutation locations in 48 isolates examined. None of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) coded for amino acid changes. Based on the mutation pattern, seven clades/groups of the dtxR gene of 48 C. diphtheriae isolates were examined. Conclusions: At least seven types of DNA sequences and more than 50 SNPs of the dtxR gene were identified in 48 C. diphtheriae isolates from a diphtheria outbreak in Indonesia. Although all of them are silent mutations, they must be considered in the design of PCR examination in diphtheria laboratories.
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Batista Araújo MR, Bernardes Sousa MÂ, Seabra LF, Caldeira LA, Faria CD, Bokermann S, Sant'Anna LO, Dos Santos LS, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Cutaneous infection by non-diphtheria-toxin producing and penicillin-resistant Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Access Microbiol 2022; 3:000284. [PMID: 35018328 PMCID: PMC8742586 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphtheria is a potentially fatal infection, mostly caused by diphtheria toxin (DT)-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains. During the last decades, the isolation of DT-producing C. diphtheriae strains has been decreasing worldwide. However, non-DT-producing C. diphtheriae strains emerged as causative agents of cutaneous and invasive infections. Although endemic in countries with warm climates, cutaneous diphtheria is rarely reported in Brazil. Presently, an unusual case of skin lesion in a Brazilian elderly diabetic patient infected by a penicillin-resistant non-DT-producing C. diphtheriae strain was reported. Laboratory diagnosis included mass spectrometry and multiplex PCR analyses. Since cutaneous diphtheria lesions are possible sources of secondary diphtheria cases and systemic diseases and considering that penicillin is the first line of antimicrobial agent for the treatment of these infections, the detection of penicillin-resistant strains of diphtheria bacilli should be a matter of concern. Thus, cases similar to the presently reported should be appropriately investigated and treated, particularly in patients with risk factor (s) for the development of C. diphtheriae invasive infections, such as diabetes. Moreover, health professionals must be aware of the presence of C. diphtheriae in cutaneous lesions of lower limbs, a common type of morbidity in diabetic patients, especially in tropical and subtropical countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Roberto Batista Araújo
- Operational Technical Nucleus, Microbiology, Hermes Pardini Institute. Av. das Nações, 3801 - Parque Jardim Itaú, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mireille Ângela Bernardes Sousa
- Operational Technical Nucleus, Microbiology, Hermes Pardini Institute. Av. das Nações, 3801 - Parque Jardim Itaú, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luisa Ferreira Seabra
- Operational Technical Nucleus, Microbiology, Hermes Pardini Institute. Av. das Nações, 3801 - Parque Jardim Itaú, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia Aparecida Caldeira
- Operational Technical Nucleus, Microbiology, Hermes Pardini Institute. Av. das Nações, 3801 - Parque Jardim Itaú, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carmem Dolores Faria
- Bacterial and Fungal Diseases Service, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Bokermann
- Center of Bacteriology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Secretary of Health of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lincoln Oliveira Sant'Anna
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, The Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Diphtheria, National Health Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Louisy Sanches Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, The Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Diphtheria, National Health Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza Mattos-Guaraldi
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, The Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Diphtheria, National Health Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of outbreak-associated Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Thailand, 2012. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:104007. [PMID: 31472364 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae remain endemic in many countries. Since the implementation of the DTP (Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis) vaccination program in 1977, only sporadic diphtheria cases have been reported in Thailand. In 2012, a diphtheria outbreak occurred in rural Thailand and 38 cases were reported, with the majority being adults (mean 22.1 years, range 5-72 years). The current study determined the genetic diversity of C. diphtheriae isolated from 83 individuals associated with either sporadic (n = 34) from 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2012, and 2018, or 2012 outbreak (n = 49) diphtheria occurrences in Thailand. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 41/83 isolates using broth microdilution. All sporadic (n = 27) and epidemic (n = 14) C. diphtheriae isolates (41/41; 100%) were susceptible to erythromycin (≤0.5 μg/ml), clindamycin (≤0.5 μg/ml), gentamicin (≤ 4 μg/ml), ciprofloxacin (≤1 μg/ml), and vancomycin (2 μg/ml), except tetracycline with a resistance rate of 34.1% (14/41 isolates). All isolates were intermediately resistant to penicillin (MIC range, 0.25-2 μg/ml). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed 17 sequence types (STs) among 83C. diphtheriae isolates. For the 2012 outbreak isolates, the predominant ST was ST243 (n = 34/49; 69.4%), followed by ST245 (n = 5/49; 10.2%) and ST244 (n = 4/49; 8.1%), whereas the main STs among the sporadic isolates were ST248 (n = 15/34; 44.1%), followed by ST209 (n = 7/34; 20.6%) and ST258 (n = 3/34; 8.8%). The ST243 outbreak strain was a single-locus variant of sporadic ST258. Phylogenetic analysis using concatenated sequences of 7 MLST genes from 17 STs revealed that ST243, ST248, and ST258 were located in the same cluster and ST243 appeared to have evolved from ST258, an endemic strain. This study highlights the importance of epidemiological surveillance together with characterization of C. diphtheriae strains to help inform the future control and prevention of diphtheria.
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Santos AS, Ramos RT, Silva A, Hirata R, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Meyer R, Azevedo V, Felicori L, Pacheco LGC. Searching whole genome sequences for biochemical identification features of emerging and reemerging pathogenic Corynebacterium species. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 18:593-610. [PMID: 29752561 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical tests are traditionally used for bacterial identification at the species level in clinical microbiology laboratories. While biochemical profiles are generally efficient for the identification of the most important corynebacterial pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae, their ability to differentiate between biovars of this bacterium is still controversial. Besides, the unambiguous identification of emerging human pathogenic species of the genus Corynebacterium may be hampered by highly variable biochemical profiles commonly reported for these species, including Corynebacterium striatum, Corynebacterium amycolatum, Corynebacterium minutissimum, and Corynebacterium xerosis. In order to identify the genomic basis contributing for the biochemical variabilities observed in phenotypic identification methods of these bacteria, we combined a comprehensive literature review with a bioinformatics approach based on reconstruction of six specific biochemical reactions/pathways in 33 recently released whole genome sequences. We used data retrieved from curated databases (MetaCyc, PathoSystems Resource Integration Center (PATRIC), The SEED, TransportDB, UniProtKB) associated with homology searches by BLAST and profile Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to detect enzymes participating in the various pathways and performed ab initio protein structure modeling and molecular docking to confirm specific results. We found a differential distribution among the various strains of genes that code for some important enzymes, such as beta-phosphoglucomutase and fructokinase, and also for individual components of carbohydrate transport systems, including the fructose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase (PTS) and the ribose-specific ATP-binging cassette (ABC) transporter. Horizontal gene transfer plays a role in the biochemical variability of the isolates, as some genes needed for sucrose fermentation were seen to be present in genomic islands. Noteworthy, using profile HMMs, we identified an enzyme with putative alpha-1,6-glycosidase activity only in some specific strains of C. diphtheriae and this may aid to understanding of the differential abilities to utilize glycogen and starch between the biovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- André S Santos
- Bioinformatics Post-Graduate Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rommel T Ramos
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Artur Silva
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Raphael Hirata
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana L Mattos-Guaraldi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto Meyer
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Bioinformatics Post-Graduate Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Liza Felicori
- Bioinformatics Post-Graduate Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luis G C Pacheco
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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7
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Okamoto K, Hatakeyama S, Sugita C, Ogura K, Ueda R, Kouda H, Nakata J. Nasal diphtheria (chronic carriage) caused by nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J Infect Chemother 2018; 24:759-762. [PMID: 29487033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae cause the majority of respiratory diphtheria cases. However, nontoxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae can also cause diseases, and have become increasingly common. Infection that is limited to the anterior nares (nasal diphtheria) is a well-described but rare condition, even for toxigenic C. diphtheriae. We report a case involving chronic carriage of nasal diphtheria caused by nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae, as well as a review of other reported nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae cases in Japan. Mild or asymptomatic nasal diphtheria involving nontoxigenic strains, which can be the source of transmission, may be underrecognized. Our case highlights the importance of awareness regarding nontoxigenic diphtheria among clinicians, especially in the era of improved diphtheria vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Okamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation Okubo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Hatakeyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation Okubo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Chise Sugita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation Okubo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ogura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation, Okubo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Ueda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation, Okubo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kouda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation, Okubo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Nakata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation Okubo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Hacker E, Antunes CA, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Burkovski A, Tauch A. Corynebacterium ulcerans, an emerging human pathogen. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1191-208. [PMID: 27545005 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While formerly known infections of Corynebacterium ulcerans are rare and mainly associated with contact to infected cattle, C. ulcerans has become an emerging pathogen today. In Western Europe, cases of respiratory diphtheria caused by C. ulcerans have been reported more often than infections by Corynebacterium diphtheria, while systemic infections are also increasingly reported. Little is known about factors that contribute to host colonization and virulence of this zoonotic pathogen. Research in this field has received new impetus by the publication of several C. ulcerans genome sequences in the past years. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the basic knowledge of C. ulcerans, as well as the recent advances made in the analysis of putative virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hacker
- Professur für Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Camila A Antunes
- Professur für Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Laboratory of Diphtheria and Clinically Important Corynebacteria (LDCIC), Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana L Mattos-Guaraldi
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Clinically Important Corynebacteria (LDCIC), Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Professur für Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Tauch
- Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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9
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Selim SA, Mohamed FH, Hessain AM, Moussa IM. Immunological characterization of diphtheria toxin recovered from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 23:282-7. [PMID: 26981011 PMCID: PMC4778578 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphtheria toxin (DT) is a potent toxin produced by the so-called diphtheria group which includes Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae), Corynebacterium ulcerans (C. ulcerans), and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis). The present investigation is aimed to study in detail the production of DT by C. pseudotuberculosis. Twenty isolates were obtained from sheep diseased with caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) and twenty-six isolates were obtained from 26 buffaloes diseased with oedematous skin disease (OSD). All isolates were identified by standard microbiological and DT production was assayed serologically by modified Elek test and immunoblotting. All sheep isolates were nitrate negative, failed to hydrolyze starch and could not produce DT, while all buffalo isolates (biotype II) revealed positive results and a specific band of 62 kDa, specific to DT, was resulted in all concentrated cell fractions (CF), but was absent from non-toxigenic biotype I isolates. At the same time, another band of 31 kDa specific to the PLD gene was obtained with all isolates of biotype I and II. Moreover, all isolates showed positive synergistic hemolytic activity and antagonistic hemolysis with β-hemolytic Staphylococci. The obtained results also indicated that C. pseudotuberculosis could be classified into two strains; non-toxigenic biotype I strain, which failed to produce DT as well as being negative to nitrate and starch hydrolysis, and toxigenic biotype II strain, which can reduce nitrate, hydrolyze starch as well as produce DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salha Abdelkareem Selim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. 2446, Cairo, 14242 Giza, Egypt
| | - Farida Hessain Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. 2446, Cairo, 14242 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashgan Mohamed Hessain
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. 2446, Cairo, 14242 Giza, Egypt
- Department of Health Science, College of Applied Studies and Community Service, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22459, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihab Mohamed Moussa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. 2446, Cairo, 14242 Giza, Egypt
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Santos LSD, Antunes CA, Santos CSD, Pereira JAA, Sabbadini PS, Luna MDGD, Azevedo V, Hirata Júnior R, Burkovski A, Asad LMBDO, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Corynebacterium diphtheriae putative tellurite-resistance protein (CDCE8392_0813) contributes to the intracellular survival in human epithelial cells and lethality of Caenorhabditis elegans. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:662-8. [PMID: 26107188 PMCID: PMC4569831 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the aetiologic agent of diphtheria,
also represents a global medical challenge because of the existence of invasive
strains as causative agents of systemic infections. Although tellurite
(TeO32-) is toxic to most microorganisms, TeO32--resistant
bacteria, including C. diphtheriae, exist in
nature. The presence of TeO32--resistance (TeR)
determinants in pathogenic bacteria might provide selective advantages in the natural
environment. In the present study, we investigated the role of the putative
TeR determinant (CDCE8392_813gene) in the virulence
attributes of diphtheria bacilli. The disruption of CDCE8392_0813 gene expression in
the LDCIC-L1 mutant increased susceptibility to TeO32- and reactive oxygen
species (hydrogen peroxide), but not to other antimicrobial agents. The LDCIC-L1
mutant also showed a decrease in both the lethality of Caenorhabditis elegans
and the survival inside of human epithelial cells compared to wild-type
strain. Conversely, the haemagglutinating activity and adherence to and formation of
biofilms on different abiotic surfaces were not regulated through the CDCE8392_0813
gene. In conclusion, the CDCE8392_813 gene contributes to the TeR and
pathogenic potential of C. diphtheriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisy Sanches Dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Camila Azevedo Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, BR
| | - Cintia Silva Dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - José Augusto Adler Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Priscila Soares Sabbadini
- Laboratório de Doenças Bacterianas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, BR
| | - Maria das Graças de Luna
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, BR
| | - Raphael Hirata Júnior
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Lehrstuhl fuer Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, DE
| | - Lídia Maria Buarque de Oliveira Asad
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Ana Luíza Mattos-Guaraldi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
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11
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Diphtheria outbreak in Maranhão, Brazil: microbiological, clinical and epidemiological aspects. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:791-8. [PMID: 25703400 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe microbiological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of a diphtheria outbreak that occurred in Maranhão, Brazil. The majority of the 27 confirmed cases occurred in partially (n = 16) or completely (n = 10) immunized children (n = 26). Clinical signs and characteristic symptoms of diphtheria such as cervical lymphadenopathy and pseudomembrane formation were absent in 48% and 7% of the cases, respectively. Complications such as paralysis of lower limbs were observed. Three cases resulted in death, two of them in completely immunized children. Microbiological analysis identified the isolates as Corynebacterium diphtheriae biovar intermedius with a predominant PFGE type. Most of them were toxigenic and some showed a decrease in penicillin G susceptibility. In conclusion, diphtheria remains endemic in Brazil. Health professionals need to be aware of the possibility of atypical cases of C. diphtheriae infection, including pharyngitis without pseudomembrane formation.
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13
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Peixoto RS, Pereira GA, Sanches Dos Santos L, Rocha-de-Souza CM, Gomes DLR, Silva Dos Santos C, Werneck LMC, Dias AADSDO, Hirata R, Nagao PE, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Invasion of endothelial cells and arthritogenic potential of endocarditis-associated Corynebacterium diphtheriae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 160:537-546. [PMID: 24344208 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.069948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although infection by Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a model of extracellular mucosal pathogenesis, different clones have been also associated with invasive infections such as sepsis, endocarditis, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. The mechanisms that promote C. diphtheriae infection and haematogenic dissemination need further investigation. In this study we evaluated the association and invasion mechanisms with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and experimental arthritis in mice of endocarditis-associated strains and control non-invasive strains. C. diphtheriae strains were able to adhere to and invade HUVECs at different levels. The endocarditis-associated strains displayed an aggregative adherence pattern and a higher number of internalized viable cells in HUVECs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed intracellular bacteria free in the cytoplasm and/or contained in a host-membrane-confined compartment as single micro-organisms. Data showed bacterial internalization dependent on microfilament and microtubule stability and involvement of protein phosphorylation in the HUVEC signalling pathway. A high number of affected joints and high arthritis index in addition to the histopathological features indicated a strain-dependent ability of C. diphtheriae to cause severe polyarthritis. A correlation between the arthritis index and increased systemic levels of IL-6 and TNF-α was observed for endocarditis-associated strains. In conclusion, higher incidence of potential mechanisms by which C. diphtheriae may access the bloodstream through the endothelial barrier and stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, in addition to the ability to affect the joints and induce arthritis through haematogenic spread are thought to be related to the pathogenesis of endocarditis-associated strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Stavracakis Peixoto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Rio de Janeiro Federal University (IMPPG/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance (LDCIC), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Andrade Pereira
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Rio de Janeiro Federal University (IMPPG/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance (LDCIC), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Louisy Sanches Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance (LDCIC), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Marcos Rocha-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance (LDCIC), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Débora Leandro Rama Gomes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cintia Silva Dos Santos
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Rio de Janeiro Federal University (IMPPG/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance (LDCIC), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucia Maria Correa Werneck
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael Hirata
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance (LDCIC), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Prescilla Emy Nagao
- Biology Institute Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza Mattos-Guaraldi
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance (LDCIC), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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14
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Facile and Rapid Detection of Vibrio cholerae by Multiplex PCR Based on ompU, ctxA, and toxR Genes. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.7933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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15
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Torres LDFC, Ribeiro D, Hirata R, Pacheco LGC, Souza MC, dos Santos LS, dos Santos CS, Salah M, da Costa MM, Ribeiro MG, Selim SA, Azevedo VADC, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction to identify and determine the toxigenicity of Corynebacterium spp with zoonotic potential and an overview of human and animal infections. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108:S0074-02762013000300272. [PMID: 23778659 PMCID: PMC4005569 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis constitute a group of potentially toxigenic microorganisms that are related to different infectious processes in animal and human hosts. Currently, there is a lack of information on the prevalence of disease caused by these pathogens, which is partially due to a reduction in the frequency of routine laboratory testing. In this study, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay that can simultaneously identify and determine the toxigenicity of these corynebacterial species with zoonotic potential was developed. This assay uses five primer pairs targeting the following genes: rpoB (Corynebacterium spp), 16S rRNA (C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis), pld (C. pseudotuberculosis), dtxR (C. diphtheriae) and tox [diphtheria toxin (DT) ]. In addition to describing this assay, we review the literature regarding the diseases caused by these pathogens. Of the 213 coryneform strains tested, the mPCR results for all toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of C . diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis were in 100% agreement with the results of standard biochemical tests and PCR-DT. As an alternative to conventional methods, due to its advantages of specificity and speed, the mPCR assay used in this study may successfully be applied for the diagnosis of human and/or animal diseases caused by potentially toxigenic corynebacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciene de Fátima Costa Torres
- Laboratório de Difteria e Corinebactérias de Importância Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Dayana Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Raphael Hirata
- Laboratório de Difteria e Corinebactérias de Importância Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Monica Cristina Souza
- Laboratório de Difteria e Corinebactérias de Importância Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Louisy Sanches dos Santos
- Laboratório de Difteria e Corinebactérias de Importância Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cíntia Silva dos Santos
- Laboratório de Difteria e Corinebactérias de Importância Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mohammad Salah
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade do Cairo, Giza, Egito
| | | | - Marcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Salah A Selim
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade do Cairo, Giza, Egito
| | | | - Ana Luiza Mattos-Guaraldi
- Laboratório de Difteria e Corinebactérias de Importância Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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16
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Dias AADSDO, Santos LS, Sabbadini PS, Santos CS, Silva Junior FC, Napoleão F, Nagao PE, Villas-Bôas MHS, Hirata Junior R, Guaraldi ALM. Corynebacterium ulcerans diphtheria: an emerging zoonosis in Brazil and worldwide. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 45:1176-91. [PMID: 22124745 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102011000600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The article is a literature review on the emergence of human infections caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans in many countries including Brazil. Articles in Medline/PubMed and SciELO databases published between 1926 and 2011 were reviewed, as well as articles and reports of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. It is presented a fast, cost-effective and easy to perform screening test for the presumptive diagnosis of C. ulcerans and C. diphtheriae infections in most Brazilian public and private laboratories. C. ulcerans spread in many countries and recent isolation of this pathogen in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, is a warning to clinicians, veterinarians, and microbiologists on the occurrence of zoonotic diphtheria and C. ulcerans dissemination in urban and rural areas of Brazil and/or Latin America.
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Pangenomic study of Corynebacterium diphtheriae that provides insights into the genomic diversity of pathogenic isolates from cases of classical diphtheria, endocarditis, and pneumonia. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:3199-215. [PMID: 22505676 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00183-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is one of the most prominent human pathogens and the causative agent of the communicable disease diphtheria. The genomes of 12 strains isolated from patients with classical diphtheria, endocarditis, and pneumonia were completely sequenced and annotated. Including the genome of C. diphtheriae NCTC 13129, we herewith present a comprehensive comparative analysis of 13 strains and the first characterization of the pangenome of the species C. diphtheriae. Comparative genomics showed extensive synteny and revealed a core genome consisting of 1,632 conserved genes. The pangenome currently comprises 4,786 protein-coding regions and increases at an average of 65 unique genes per newly sequenced strain. Analysis of prophages carrying the diphtheria toxin gene tox revealed that the toxoid vaccine producer C. diphtheriae Park-Williams no. 8 has been lysogenized by two copies of the ω(tox)(+) phage, whereas C. diphtheriae 31A harbors a hitherto-unknown tox(+) corynephage. DNA binding sites of the tox-controlling regulator DtxR were detected by genome-wide motif searches. Comparative content analysis showed that the DtxR regulons exhibit marked differences due to gene gain, gene loss, partial gene deletion, and DtxR binding site depletion. Most predicted pathogenicity islands of C. diphtheriae revealed characteristics of horizontal gene transfer. The majority of these islands encode subunits of adhesive pili, which can play important roles in adhesion of C. diphtheriae to different host tissues. All sequenced isolates contain at least two pilus gene clusters. It appears that variation in the distributed genome is a common strategy of C. diphtheriae to establish differences in host-pathogen interactions.
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18
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Dias AASO, Silva FC, Santos LS, Ribeiro-Carvalho MM, Sabbadini PS, Santos CS, Filardy AA, Myioshi A, Azevedo VA, Hirata R, Villas-Bôas MHS, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Strain-dependent arthritogenic potential of the zoonotic pathogen Corynebacterium ulcerans. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:323-31. [PMID: 21742447 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade the majority of diphtheria cases in Europe had Corynebacterium ulcerans as the etiologic agent with dogs and cats as the reservoir hosts. However, little has been documented about the virulence factors of this zoonotic pathogen. To set up an in vivo experimental C. ulcerans infection model, conventional Swiss Webster mice were intravenously infected with different doses (from 1 × 10(7) to 5 × 10(9) bacteria per mouse) of C. ulcerans strains, namely 809 (from human lower respiratory tract), BR-AD22 (from asymptomatic dog nares) and CDC-KC279. Mortality rates were demonstrated by LD(50) values ranging from 1.9 × 10(8) to 1.3 × 10(9). Viable bacteria were recovered from blood, kidneys, liver, spleen and joints. For CDC-KC279 and 809 strains (2 × 10(8)mL(-1)) approximately 85% and 72% of animals with articular lesions were observed, respectively; BR-AD22-infected mice showed no signs of arthritis. CDC-KC279 and 809 strains exhibited higher arthritogenic potential when compared to the homologous toxigenic (ATCC27012) and non-toxigenic (ATCC27010) strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. A high number of affected joints and arthritis index in addition to the histopathological features, including subcutaneous edema, inflammatory infiltrate, damage to bone tissue and synoviocyte hypertrophy, indicated a strain-dependent ability of C. ulcerans strains to cause severe polyarthritis. A correlation between the arthritis index and systemic levels of IL-6 and TNF-α was observed for C. ulcerans strains, with the exception of the non-arthritogenic BR-AD22 strain. In conclusion, C. ulcerans revealed a strain-dependent arthritogenic potential independent of DNAse, PLD and diphtheria toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A S O Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Vigilância Sanitária/Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
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19
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Multilocus sequence types of invasive Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated in the Rio de Janeiro urban area, Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 140:617-20. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYInvasive infections caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae in vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals have been reported increasingly. In this study we used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to study genetic relationships between six invasive strains of this bacterium isolated solely in the urban area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during a 10-year period. Of note, all the strains rendered negative results in PCR reactions for the tox gene, and four strains presented an atypical sucrose-fermenting ability. Five strains represented new sequence types. MLST results did not support the hypothesis that invasive (sucrose-positive) strains of C. diphtheriae are part of a single clonal complex. Instead, one of the main findings of the study was that such strains can be normally found in clonal complexes with strains related to non-invasive disease. Comparative analyses with C. diphtheriae isolated in different countries provided further information on the geographical circulation of some sequence types.
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20
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Hirata R, Pacheco LG, Soares SC, Santos LS, Moreira LO, Sabbadini PS, Santos CS, Miyoshi A, Azevedo VA, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Similarity of rpoB gene sequences of sucrose-fermenting and non-fermenting Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 99:733-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Gomes DLR, Martins CAS, Faria LMD, Santos LS, Santos CS, Sabbadini PS, Souza MC, Alves GB, Rosa ACP, Nagao PE, Pereira GA, Hirata R, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Corynebacterium diphtheriae as an emerging pathogen in nephrostomy catheter-related infection: evaluation of traits associated with bacterial virulence. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:1419-1427. [PMID: 19628642 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.012161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium diphtheriae still represents a global medical challenge, particularly due to the significant number of individuals susceptible to diphtheria and the emergence of non-toxigenic strains as the causative agents of invasive infections. In this study, we characterized the clinical and microbiological features of what we believe to be the first case of C. diphtheriae infection of a percutaneous nephrostomy catheter insertion site in an elderly patient with a fatal bladder cancer. Moreover, we demonstrated the potential role of adherence, biofilm formation and fibrin deposition traits in C. diphtheriae from the catheter-related infection. Non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae isolated from the purulent discharge (named strain BR-CAT5003748) was identified by the API Coryne system (code 1 010 324) and a multiplex PCR for detection of dtxR and tox genes. Strain BR-CAT5003748 showed resistance to oxacillin, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin. In experiments performed in vitro, the catheter isolate was classified as moderately hydrophobic and as moderately adherent to polystyrene surfaces. Glass provided a more effective surface for biofilm formation than polystyrene. Micro-organisms adhered to (>1.5 x 10(6) c.f.u.) and multiplied on surfaces of polyurethane catheters. Microcolony formation (a hallmark of biofilm formation) and amorphous accretions were observed by scanning electron microscopy on both external and luminal catheter surfaces. Micro-organisms yielded simultaneous expression of localized adherence-like and aggregative-like (LAL/AAL) adherence patterns to HEp-2 cells. Interestingly, the coagulase tube test resulted in the formation of a thin layer of fibrin embedded in rabbit plasma by the non-toxigenic BR-CAT5003748 strain. In conclusion, C. diphtheriae should be recognized as a potential cause of catheter-related infections in at-risk populations such as elderly and cancer patients. LAL/AAL strains may be associated with virulence traits that enable C. diphtheriae to effectively produce biofilms on catheter surfaces. Biofilm formation and fibrin deposition could have contributed to the persistence of C. diphtheriae at the infected insertion site and the obstruction of the nephrostomy catheter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora L R Gomes
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Medical Relevance, Faculty of Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos A S Martins
- Hospital Infection Control Committee, National Cancer Institute, INCA, Health Ministry, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Medical Relevance, Faculty of Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lúcia M D Faria
- Hospital Infection Control Committee, National Cancer Institute, INCA, Health Ministry, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Louisy S Santos
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Medical Relevance, Faculty of Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cintia S Santos
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Medical Relevance, Faculty of Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Priscila S Sabbadini
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Medical Relevance, Faculty of Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mônica C Souza
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Medical Relevance, Faculty of Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela B Alves
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Medical Relevance, Faculty of Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana C P Rosa
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Medical Relevance, Faculty of Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Prescilla E Nagao
- Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Pereira
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Medical Relevance, Faculty of Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raphael Hirata
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Medical Relevance, Faculty of Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana L Mattos-Guaraldi
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Medical Relevance, Faculty of Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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