1
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Laub MT, Typas A. Principles of bacterial innate immunity against viruses. Curr Opin Immunol 2024; 89:102445. [PMID: 39137494 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2024.102445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
All organisms must defend themselves against viral predators. This includes bacteria, which harbor immunity factors such as restriction-modification systems and CRISPR-Cas systems. More recently, a plethora of additional defense systems have been identified, revealing a richer, more sophisticated immune system than previously appreciated. Some of these newly identified defense systems have distant homologs in mammals, suggesting an ancient evolutionary origin of some facets of mammalian immunity. An even broader conservation exists at the level of how these immunity systems operate. Here, we focus at this level, reviewing key principles and high-level attributes of innate immunity in bacteria that are shared with mammalian immunity, while also noting key differences, with a particular emphasis on how cells sense viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Laub
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Athanasios Typas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Birk MS, Walch P, Baykara T, Sefried S, Amelang J, Buerova E, Breuer I, Vervoots J, Typas A, Savitski MM, Mateus A, Selkrig J. Salmonella infection impacts host proteome thermal stability. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151448. [PMID: 39128247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens hijack the protein machinery of infected host cells to evade their defenses and cultivate a favorable intracellular niche. The intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica subsp. Typhimurium (STm) achieves this by injecting a cocktail of effector proteins into host cells that modify the activity of target host proteins. Yet, proteome-wide approaches to systematically map changes in host protein function during infection have remained challenging. Here we adapted a functional proteomics approach - Thermal-Proteome Profiling (TPP) - to systematically assess proteome-wide changes in host protein abundance and thermal stability throughout an STm infection cycle. By comparing macrophages treated with live or heat-killed STm, we observed that most host protein abundance changes occur independently of STm viability. In contrast, a large portion of host protein thermal stability changes were specific to infection with live STm. This included pronounced thermal stability changes in proteins linked to mitochondrial function (Acod1/Irg1, Cox6c, Samm50, Vdac1, and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex proteins), as well as the interferon-inducible protein with tetratricopeptide repeats, Ifit1. Integration of our TPP data with a publicly available STm-host protein-protein interaction database led us to discover that the secreted STm effector kinase, SteC, thermally destabilizes and phosphorylates the ribosomal preservation factor Serbp1. In summary, this work emphasizes the utility of measuring protein thermal stability during infection to accelerate the discovery of novel molecular interactions at the host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène S Birk
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Philipp Walch
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Tarik Baykara
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Stephanie Sefried
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Jan Amelang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Elena Buerova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Ingrid Breuer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Jörg Vervoots
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Athanasios Typas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Mikhail M Savitski
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - André Mateus
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå 907 36, Sweden; The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå 907 36, Sweden.
| | - Joel Selkrig
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
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3
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Sanderlin AG, Kurka Margolis H, Meyer AF, Lamason RL. Cell-selective proteomics reveal novel effectors secreted by an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6073. [PMID: 39025857 PMCID: PMC11258249 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria secrete protein effectors to hijack host machinery and remodel their infectious niche. Rickettsia spp. are obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause life-threatening disease, but their absolute dependence on the host cell has impeded discovery of rickettsial effectors and their host targets. We implemented bioorthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) during R. parkeri infection to selectively label, isolate, and identify effectors delivered into the host cell. As the first use of BONCAT in an obligate intracellular bacterium, our screen more than doubles the number of experimentally validated effectors for the genus. The seven novel secreted rickettsial factors (Srfs) we identified include Rickettsia-specific proteins of unknown function that localize to the host cytoplasm, mitochondria, and ER. We further show that one such effector, SrfD, interacts with the host Sec61 translocon. Altogether, our work uncovers a diverse set of previously uncharacterized rickettsial effectors and lays the foundation for a deeper exploration of the host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen G Sanderlin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Abigail F Meyer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Lamason
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Yu XJ, Xie H, Li Y, Liu M, Hou R, Predeus AV, Perez Sepulveda BM, Hinton JCD, Holden DW, Thurston TLM. Modulation of Salmonella virulence by a novel SPI-2 injectisome effector that interacts with the dystrophin-associated protein complex. mBio 2024; 15:e0112824. [PMID: 38904384 PMCID: PMC11253597 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01128-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The injectisome encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) had been thought to translocate 28 effectors. Here, we used a proteomic approach to characterize the secretome of a clinical strain of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis that had been mutated to cause hyper-secretion of the SPI-2 injectisome effectors. Along with many known effectors, we discovered the novel SseM protein. sseM is widely distributed among the five subspecies of Salmonella enterica, is found in many clinically relevant serovars, and is co-transcribed with pipB2, a SPI-2 effector gene. The translocation of SseM required a functional SPI-2 injectisome. Following expression in human cells, SseM interacted with five components of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC), namely, β-2-syntrophin, utrophin/dystrophin, α-catulin, α-dystrobrevin, and β-dystrobrevin. The interaction between SseM and β-2-syntrophin and α-dystrobrevin was verified in Salmonella Typhimurium-infected cells and relied on the postsynaptic density-95/discs large/zonula occludens-1 (PDZ) domain of β-2-syntrophin and a sequence corresponding to a PDZ-binding motif (PBM) in SseM. A ΔsseM mutant strain had a small competitive advantage over the wild-type strain in the S. Typhimurium/mouse model of systemic disease. This phenotype was complemented by a plasmid expressing wild-type SseM from S. Typhimurium or S. Enteritidis and was dependent on the PBM of SseM. Therefore, a PBM within a Salmonella effector mediates interactions with the DAPC and modulates the systemic growth of bacteria in mice. Furthermore, the ΔsseM mutant strain displayed enhanced replication in bone marrow-derived macrophages, demonstrating that SseM restrains intracellular bacterial growth to modulate Salmonella virulence. IMPORTANCE In Salmonella enterica, the injectisome machinery encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) is conserved among the five subspecies and delivers proteins (effectors) into host cells, which are required for Salmonella virulence. The identification and functional characterization of SPI-2 injectisome effectors advance our understanding of the interplay between Salmonella and its host(s). Using an optimized method for preparing secreted proteins and a clinical isolate of the invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis strain D24359, we identified 22 known SPI-2 injectisome effectors and one new effector-SseM. SseM modulates bacterial growth during murine infection and has a sequence corresponding to a postsynaptic density-95/discs large/zonula occludens-1 (PDZ)-binding motif that is essential for interaction with the PDZ-containing host protein β-2-syntrophin and other components of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC). To our knowledge, SseM is unique among Salmonella effectors in containing a functional PDZ-binding motif and is the first bacterial protein to target the DAPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jun Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haixia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruhong Hou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander V. Predeus
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Blanca M. Perez Sepulveda
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Holden
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa L. M. Thurston
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Sima CM, Buzilă ER, Trofin F, Păduraru D, Luncă C, Duhaniuc A, Dorneanu OS, Nastase EV. Emerging Strategies against Non-Typhoidal Salmonella: From Pathogenesis to Treatment. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:7447-7472. [PMID: 39057083 PMCID: PMC11275306 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Even with the intensive efforts by public health programs to control and prevent it, non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection remains an important public health challenge. It is responsible for approximately 150 million illnesses and 60,000 deaths worldwide annually. NTS infection poses significant risks with high rates of morbidity and mortality, leading to potential short- and long-term complications. There is growing concern among health authorities about the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance, with multidrug resistance totaling 22.6% in Europe, highlighting an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Our review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of NTS infection. We outline the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of NTS infection, as well as the events leading to invasive NTS infection and the subsequent complications associated with it. Given the widespread implications of antimicrobial resistance, our review also presents the global landscape of resistance, including multidrug resistance, and delve into the underlying mechanisms driving this resistance. The rising rates of antibiotic resistance frequently lead to treatment failures, emphasizing the importance of investigating alternative therapeutic options. Therefore, in this review we also explore potential alternative therapies that could offer promising approaches to treating NTS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mihaela Sima
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Elena Roxana Buzilă
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- Iasi Regional Center for Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, 700465 Iasi, Romania
| | - Felicia Trofin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Diana Păduraru
- “Dr. C.I. Parhon” Clinical Hospital, 700503 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Cătălina Luncă
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- “Sf. Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Duhaniuc
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- Iasi Regional Center for Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, 700465 Iasi, Romania
| | - Olivia Simona Dorneanu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Eduard Vasile Nastase
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Infectious Diseases, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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6
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Zhu H, Sydor AM, Boddy KC, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, Au A, Tan JMJ, Yan BR, Moffat J, Muise AM, Yip CM, Grinstein S, Raught B, Brumell JH. Salmonella exploits membrane reservoirs for invasion of host cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3120. [PMID: 38600106 PMCID: PMC11006906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella utilizes a type 3 secretion system to translocate virulence proteins (effectors) into host cells during infection1. The effectors modulate host cell machinery to drive uptake of the bacteria into vacuoles, where they can establish an intracellular replicative niche. A remarkable feature of Salmonella invasion is the formation of actin-rich protuberances (ruffles) on the host cell surface that contribute to bacterial uptake. However, the membrane source for ruffle formation and how these bacteria regulate membrane mobilization within host cells remains unclear. Here, we show that Salmonella exploits membrane reservoirs for the generation of invasion ruffles. The reservoirs are pre-existing tubular compartments associated with the plasma membrane (PM) and are formed through the activity of RAB10 GTPase. Under normal growth conditions, membrane reservoirs contribute to PM homeostasis and are preloaded with the exocyst subunit EXOC2. During Salmonella invasion, the bacterial effectors SipC, SopE2, and SopB recruit exocyst subunits from membrane reservoirs and other cellular compartments, thereby allowing exocyst complex assembly and membrane delivery required for bacterial uptake. Our findings reveal an important role for RAB10 in the establishment of membrane reservoirs and the mechanisms by which Salmonella can exploit these compartments during host cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxian Zhu
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew M Sydor
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kirsten C Boddy
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM)-U1192, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM)-U1192, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Aaron Au
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel M J Tan
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bing-Ru Yan
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher M Yip
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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7
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Oke MT, D’Costa VM. Functional Divergence of the Paralog Salmonella Effector Proteins SopD and SopD2 and Their Contributions to Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4191. [PMID: 38673776 PMCID: PMC11050076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of bacterial food-borne illness in humans and is responsible for millions of cases annually. A critical strategy for the survival of this pathogen is the translocation of bacterial virulence factors termed effectors into host cells, which primarily function via protein-protein interactions with host proteins. The Salmonella genome encodes several paralogous effectors believed to have arisen from duplication events throughout the course of evolution. These paralogs can share structural similarities and enzymatic activities but have also demonstrated divergence in host cell targets or interaction partners and contributions to the intracellular lifecycle of Salmonella. The paralog effectors SopD and SopD2 share 63% amino acid sequence similarity and extensive structural homology yet have demonstrated divergence in secretion kinetics, intracellular localization, host targets, and roles in infection. SopD and SopD2 target host Rab GTPases, which represent critical regulators of intracellular trafficking that mediate diverse cellular functions. While SopD and SopD2 both manipulate Rab function, these paralogs display differences in Rab specificity, and the effectors have also evolved multiple mechanisms of action for GTPase manipulation. Here, we highlight this intriguing pair of paralog effectors in the context of host-pathogen interactions and discuss how this research has presented valuable insights into effector evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosopefoluwa T. Oke
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Vanessa M. D’Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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8
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Oslan SNH, Yusof NY, Lim SJ, Ahmad NH. Rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella in agro-Food and environmental samples: A review of advances in rapid tests and biosensors. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 219:106897. [PMID: 38342249 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella is as an intracellular bacterium, causing many human fatalities when the host-specific serotypes reach the host gastrointestinal tract. Nontyphoidal Salmonella are responsible for numerous foodborne outbreaks and product recalls worldwide whereas typhoidal Salmonella are responsible for Typhoid fever cases in developing countries. Yet, Salmonella-related foodborne disease outbreaks through its food and water contaminations have urged the advancement of rapid and sensitive Salmonella-detecting methods for public health protection. While conventional detection methods are time-consuming and ineffective for monitoring foodstuffs with short shelf lives, advances in microbiology, molecular biology and biosensor methods have hastened the detection. Here, the review discusses Salmonella pathogenic mechanisms and its detection technology advancements (fundamental concepts, features, implementations, efficiency, benefits, limitations and prospects). The time-efficiency of each rapid test method is discussed in relation to their limit of detections (LODs) and time required from sample enrichment to final data analysis. Importantly, the matrix effects (LODs and sample enrichments) were compared within the methods to potentially speculate Salmonella detection from environmental, clinical or food matrices using certain techniques. Although biotechnological advancements have led to various time-efficient Salmonella-detecting techniques, one should consider the usage of sophisticated equipment to run the analysis by moderately to highly trained personnel. Ultimately, a fast, accurate Salmonella screening that is readily executed by untrained personnels from various matrices, is desired for public health procurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Hazwani Oslan
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; Food Security Research Laboratory, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Yusnoraini Yusof
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Si Jie Lim
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Hawa Ahmad
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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9
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Kang L, You J, Li Y, Huang R, Wu S. Effects and mechanisms of Salmonella plasmid virulence gene spv on host-regulated cell death. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:86. [PMID: 38305917 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella is responsible for the majority of food poisoning outbreaks around the world. Pathogenic Salmonella mostly carries a virulence plasmid that contains the Salmonella plasmid virulence gene (spv), a highly conserved sequence encoding effector proteins that can manipulate host cells. Intestinal epithelial cells are crucial components of the innate immune system, acting as the first barrier of defense against infection. When the barrier is breached, Salmonella encounters the underlying macrophages in lamina propria, triggering inflammation and engaging in combat with immune cells recruited by inflammatory factors. Host regulated cell death (RCD) provides a variety of means to fight against or favour Salmonella infection. However, Salmonella releases effector proteins to regulate RCD, evading host immune killing and neutralizing host antimicrobial effects. This review provides an overview of pathogen-host interactions in terms of (1) pathogenicity of Salmonella spv on intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, (2) mechanisms of host RCD to limit or promote pathogenic Salmonella expansion, and (3) effects and mechanisms of Salmonella spv gene on host RCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Kang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiayi You
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Experimental Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Bullones-Bolaños A, Martín-Muñoz P, Vallejo-Grijalba C, Bernal-Bayard J, Ramos-Morales F. Specificities and redundancies in the NEL family of bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligases of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328707. [PMID: 38361917 PMCID: PMC10867120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expresses two type III secretion systems, T3SS1 and T3SS2, which are encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) and SPI2, respectively. These are essential virulent factors that secrete more than 40 effectors that are translocated into host animal cells. This study focuses on three of these effectors, SlrP, SspH1, and SspH2, which are members of the NEL family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. We compared their expression, regulation, and translocation patterns, their role in cell invasion and intracellular proliferation, their ability to interact and ubiquitinate specific host partners, and their effect on cytokine secretion. We found that transcription of the three genes encoding these effectors depends on the virulence regulator PhoP. Although the three effectors have the potential to be secreted through T3SS1 and T3SS2, the secretion of SspH1 and SspH2 is largely restricted to T3SS2 due to their expression pattern. We detected a role for these effectors in proliferation inside fibroblasts that is masked by redundancy. The generation of chimeric proteins allowed us to demonstrate that the N-terminal part of these proteins, containing the leucine-rich repeat motifs, confers specificity towards ubiquitination targets. Furthermore, the polyubiquitination patterns generated were different for each effector, with Lys48 linkages being predominant for SspH1 and SspH2. Finally, our experiments support an anti-inflammatory role for SspH1 and SspH2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joaquín Bernal-Bayard
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Shanker EB, Sun J. Salmonella infection acts as an environmental risk factor for human colon cancer. CELL INSIGHT 2023; 2:100125. [PMID: 37886657 PMCID: PMC10597815 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that perturbations of host-microbial interactions by pathogens can lead to an altered microenvironment that promotes tumorigenesis. A recent study provides new evidence and mechanisms on how repetitive exposure to non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) increases the risk for colon cancer. This study integrated a serological and epidemiological approach with both in vivo and in vitro analyses, showed that the magnitude of exposure to NTS is associated with colonic tumorigenesis. In vivo exposure to repetitive low doses of NTS led to colonic tumors similar as a single high NTS dose in mice. Repetitive NTS infections significantly increase the proliferation of transformed cells in tissue cultures. The research results open new possibilities for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of colon cancer. The unanswered questions remain, including validation of the current findings in other cohorts, differences in lifestyle, and changes of gut microbiome after Salmonella infection. Salmonellae exposure can be limited by eating cooked meats and washing vegetables well. It is necessary to develop guidelines and criteria for screenings and follow-ups in people with exposure history to Salmonella and other cancer-associated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B. Shanker
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, 818 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, 820 S. Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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