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Gestal MC, Johnson HM, Harvill ET. Immunomodulation as a Novel Strategy for Prevention and Treatment of Bordetella spp. Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2869. [PMID: 31921136 PMCID: PMC6923730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-adapted pathogens have evolved to survive the many challenges of a robust immune response. Defending against all host antimicrobials simultaneously would be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, so many co-evolved organisms utilize immunomodulatory tools to subvert, distract, and/or evade the host immune response. Bordetella spp. present many examples of the diversity of immunomodulators and an exceptional experimental system in which to study them. Recent advances in this experimental system suggest strategies for interventions that tweak immunity to disrupt bacterial immunomodulation, engaging more effective host immunity to better prevent and treat infections. Here we review advances in the understanding of respiratory pathogens, with special focus on Bordetella spp., and prospects for the use of immune-stimulatory interventions in the prevention and treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Gestal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Bouchez V, Douché T, Dazas M, Delaplane S, Matondo M, Chamot-Rooke J, Guiso N. Characterization of Post-Translational Modifications and Cytotoxic Properties of the Adenylate-Cyclase Hemolysin Produced by Various Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis Isolates. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100304. [PMID: 28954396 PMCID: PMC5666351 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis are the causal agents of whooping cough in humans. They produce diverse virulence factors, including adenylate cyclase-hemolysin (AC-Hly), a secreted toxin of the repeat in toxins (RTX) family with cyclase, pore-forming, and hemolytic activities. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for the biological activities of the toxin produced by B. pertussis. In this study, we compared AC-Hly toxins from various clinical isolates of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, focusing on (i) the genomic sequences of cyaA genes, (ii) the PTMs of partially purified AC-Hly, and (iii) the cytotoxic activity of the various AC-Hly toxins. The genes encoding the AC-Hly toxins of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis displayed very limited polymorphism in each species. Most of the sequence differences between the two species were found in the C-terminal part of the protein. Both toxins harbored PTMs, mostly corresponding to palmitoylations of the lysine 860 residue and palmoylations and myristoylations of lysine 983 for B. pertussis and AC-Hly and palmitoylations of lysine 894 and myristoylations of lysine 1017 for B. parapertussis AC-Hly. Purified AC-Hly from B. pertussis was cytotoxic to macrophages, whereas that from B. parapertussis was not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bouchez
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Prévention et Thérapie Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, CNRS/Institut Pasteur USR2000, CITECH, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France, (T.D.).
| | - Mélody Dazas
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Prévention et Thérapie Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Sophie Delaplane
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Prévention et Thérapie Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, CNRS/Institut Pasteur USR2000, CITECH, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France, (T.D.).
| | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, CNRS/Institut Pasteur USR2000, CITECH, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France, (T.D.).
| | - Nicole Guiso
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Prévention et Thérapie Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.
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Characterization of Post-Translational Modifications and Cytotoxic Properties of the Adenylate-Cyclase Hemolysin Produced by Various Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis Isolates. Toxins (Basel) 2017. [PMID: 28954396 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100304.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis are the causal agents of whooping cough in humans. They produce diverse virulence factors, including adenylate cyclase-hemolysin (AC-Hly), a secreted toxin of the repeat in toxins (RTX) family with cyclase, pore-forming, and hemolytic activities. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for the biological activities of the toxin produced by B. pertussis. In this study, we compared AC-Hly toxins from various clinical isolates of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, focusing on (i) the genomic sequences of cyaA genes, (ii) the PTMs of partially purified AC-Hly, and (iii) the cytotoxic activity of the various AC-Hly toxins. The genes encoding the AC-Hly toxins of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis displayed very limited polymorphism in each species. Most of the sequence differences between the two species were found in the C-terminal part of the protein. Both toxins harbored PTMs, mostly corresponding to palmitoylations of the lysine 860 residue and palmoylations and myristoylations of lysine 983 for B. pertussis and AC-Hly and palmitoylations of lysine 894 and myristoylations of lysine 1017 for B. parapertussis AC-Hly. Purified AC-Hly from B. pertussis was cytotoxic to macrophages, whereas that from B. parapertussis was not.
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Guiso N. Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase-Hemolysin Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E277. [PMID: 28892012 PMCID: PMC5618210 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase-hemolysin toxin is secreted and produced by three classical species of the genus Bordetella: Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. This toxin has several properties such as: (i) adenylate cyclase activity, enhanced after interaction with the eukaryotic protein, calmodulin; (ii) a pore-forming activity; (iii) an invasive activity. It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these Bordetella species responsible for whooping cough in humans or persistent respiratory infections in mammals, by modulating host immune responses. In contrast with other Bordetella toxins or adhesins, lack of (or very low polymorphism) is observed in the structural gene encoding this toxin, supporting its importance as well as a potential role as a vaccine antigen against whooping cough. In this article, an overview of the investigations undertaken on this toxin is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Guiso
- Institut Pasteur Unité de Prévention et Thérapies Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Otsuka N, Guiso N, Bouchez V. The length of poly(C) stretch in the Bordetella pertussis Pfim3 promoter determines the vag or vrg function of the fim3 gene. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1364-1368. [PMID: 28809156 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, a human pathogenic bacterium, produces either one or two types of serologically distinct fimbriae, Fim2 and Fim3, as virulence factors. The expression of fim2 and fim3 is regulated by the BvgAS two-component system and the length of poly(C) stretches in Pfim promoters. In the Bvg+ phase, B. pertussis virulence-activated genes (vags) are up-regulated and virulence-repressed genes (vrgs) are down-regulated. Previous studies have shown that fim2 is a vag, but there is no consensus on fim3 regulation. We examined the regulation of fimbrial expression in B. pertussis clinical isolates. Our findings indicate that fim2 is a vag, while fim3 is a vag when Pfim3 poly(C)>13C, and a vrg when poly(C)≤13C. Although increased fim3 expression was observed in the Bvg- phase in isolates with Pfim3 poly(C)≤13C, Fim3 production was not detected, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation of fim3 expression. These findings provide an insight into the regulation of fimbrial expression in B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Otsuka
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0002, Japan
| | - Nicole Guiso
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.,URAS-CNRS 3012, Paris 75015, France
| | - Valérie Bouchez
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.,URAS-CNRS 3012, Paris 75015, France
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Vodzak J, Queenan AM, Souder E, Evangelista AT, Long SS. Clinical Manifestations and Molecular Characterization of Pertactin-Deficient and Pertactin-Producing Bordetella pertussis in Children, Philadelphia 2007-2014. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 64:60-66. [PMID: 27624959 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bordetella pertussis strains lacking expression of pertactin, a bacterial adhesin and vaccine target, are emerging. There are limited data on disease manifestations of mutant strains in children. We sought to compare clinical manifestations of pertactin-deficient and pertactin-producing B. pertussis infection in infants and describe corresponding molecular characteristics. METHODS Molecular characterization of archived B. pertussis isolates (collected January 2007 to March 2014) included Western blot analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), polymerase chain reaction, and pertactin gene sequencing. Medical record review compared epidemiologic and clinical courses of pertactin-producing and pertactin-deficient B. pertussis infections. RESULTS Sixty of 72 B. pertussis isolates were viable for analysis. Within the cohort of infants, the median age was 95 days, 90% received ≤1 dose of vaccine, and 72% were hospitalized. Pertactin deficiency was first noted in 2008, and its prevalence increased over time (68% overall prevalence). There were no statistically significant differences in presenting symptoms or signs, hospitalization, intensive care, respiratory support, or laboratory results related to pertactin expression. Illness length was shorter in pertactin-deficient group (mean difference, 3.2 days; P = .04); no difference was noted in the subgroup of infants <4 months old. Molecular analyses identified 11 PFGE profiles (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention profile No. 002 predominant, 47%). In 41 pertactin-deficient strains, sequencing identified 2 stop codon and 3 IS481 locations disrupting the prn gene. Mutations and nucleotide positions were not unique to PFGE type, nor were they clustered in time. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of predominantly unimmunized infants, clinical disease did not differ between infection with pertactin-deficient and those with pertactin-producing B. pertussis. Molecular analyses demonstrated remarkable PFGE strain diversity, with multiple mechanisms and molecular sites of pertactin inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Marie Queenan
- Infectious Diseases & Vaccines, Janssen, Research & Development, Raritan, New Jersey
| | - Emily Souder
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases
| | - Alan T Evangelista
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St Christopher's Hospital for Children and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah S Long
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases
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Breakwell L, Kelso P, Finley C, Schoenfeld S, Goode B, Misegades LK, Martin SW, Acosta AM. Pertussis Vaccine Effectiveness in the Setting of Pertactin-Deficient Pertussis. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2015-3973. [PMID: 27244813 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, the proportion of Bordetella pertussis isolates lacking pertactin, a component of acellular pertussis vaccines, increased from 14% in 2010 to 85% in 2012. The impact on vaccine effectiveness (VE) is unknown. METHODS We conducted 2 matched case-control evaluations in Vermont to assess VE of the 5-dose diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) series among 4- to 10-year-olds, and tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) among 11- to 19-year-olds. Cases reported during 2011 to 2013 were included. Three controls were matched to each case by medical home, and additionally by birth year for the Tdap evaluation. Vaccination history was obtained from medical records and parent interviews. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by using conditional logistic regression; VE was estimated as (1-OR) × 100%. Pertactin status was determined for cases with available isolates. RESULTS Overall DTaP VE was 84% (95% confidence interval [CI] 58%-94%). VE within 12 months of dose 5 was 90% (95% CI 71%-97%), declining to 68% (95% CI 10%-88%) by 5-7 years post-vaccination. Overall Tdap VE was 70% (95% CI 54%-81%). Within 12 months of Tdap vaccination, VE was 76% (95% CI 60%-85%), declining to 56% (95% CI 16%-77%) by 2-4 years post-vaccination. Of cases with available isolates, >90% were pertactin-deficient. CONCLUSIONS Our DTaP and Tdap VE estimates remain similar to those found in other settings, despite high prevalence of pertactin deficiency in Vermont, suggesting these vaccines continue to be protective against reported pertussis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Breakwell
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office, Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
| | - Patsy Kelso
- Vermont Department of Health, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | | | - Brant Goode
- Vermont Department of Health, Burlington, Vermont Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, Division of State and Local Readiness, Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Lara K Misegades
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
| | - Stacey W Martin
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
| | - Anna M Acosta
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
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Bouchez V, Hegerle N, Strati F, Njamkepo E, Guiso N. New Data on Vaccine Antigen Deficient Bordetella pertussis Isolates. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:751-70. [PMID: 26389958 PMCID: PMC4586476 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution of Bordetella pertussis is driven by natural and vaccine pressures. Isolates circulating in regions with high vaccination coverage present multiple allelic and antigenic variations as compared to isolates collected before introduction of vaccination. Furthermore, during the last epidemics reported in regions using pertussis acellular vaccines, isolates deficient for vaccine antigens, such as pertactin (PRN), were reported to reach high proportions of circulating isolates. More sporadic filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) or pertussis toxin (PT) deficient isolates were also collected. The whole genome of some recent French isolates, deficient or non-deficient in vaccine antigens, were analyzed. Transcription profiles of the expression of the main virulence factors were also compared. The invasive phenotype in an in vitro human tracheal epithelial (HTE) cell model of infection was evaluated. Our genomic analysis focused on SNPs related to virulence genes known to be more likely to present allelic polymorphism. Transcriptomic data indicated that isolates circulating since the introduction of pertussis vaccines present lower transcription levels of the main virulence genes than the isolates of the pre-vaccine era. Furthermore, isolates not producing FHA present significantly higher expression levels of the entire set of genes tested. Finally, we observed that recent isolates are more invasive in HTE cells when compared to the reference strain, but no multiplication occurs within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bouchez
- Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.
- URAS-CNRS 3012, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Nicolas Hegerle
- Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.
- URAS-CNRS 3012, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Francesco Strati
- Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.
- URAS-CNRS 3012, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Elisabeth Njamkepo
- Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.
- URAS-CNRS 3012, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Nicole Guiso
- Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.
- URAS-CNRS 3012, Paris 75015, France.
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Bouchez V, Guiso N. Bordetella pertussis,B. parapertussis, vaccines and cycles of whooping cough. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv055. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Hegerle N, Dore G, Guiso N. Pertactin deficient Bordetella pertussis present a better fitness in mice immunized with an acellular pertussis vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:6597-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hegerle N, Guiso N. Bordetella pertussisand pertactin-deficient clinical isolates: lessons for pertussis vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1135-46. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.932254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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