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Bennai RM, Zouaki A, El Amin G, Rahani A, Zirar J, Seffar M, Soully K, Mahraoui C, Kabbaj H. Pertussis outbreak in children hospitalized in Rabat (Morocco). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116225. [PMID: 38492491 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclical pertussis epidemics primarily affect young infants. This study aims to estimate pertussis prevalence during the ongoing 2023 outbreak at our institution, focusing on affected age groups and clinical presentations. MATERIEL AND METHODS This retrospective study includes patients admitted to Rabat University Hospital Center from 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2023. Symptomatic patients underwent Multiplex Respiratory Panel PCR testing for respiratory infections. The analysis included cases where RT-PCR identified Bordetella spp., with data analysed using SPSS 15.0. RESULTS Pertussis cases sharply increased from December 2022, constituting 85.4 % of positive samples. Most cases (78.2 %) occurred in infants under 3 months, presenting symptoms such as coughing (94.5 %) and dyspnoea (94.5 %). Pertussis was suspected in 60 % of RT-PCR confirmed cases. B. pertussis DNA was identified in 81.8 % of cases and B. parapertussis DNA in 18.2 % of cases. CONCLUSION The study exposes a significant pertussis outbreak affecting predominantly young infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redouane Mammar Bennai
- Mohamed V University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Morocco; Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Specialties Hospital, Central Laboratory of Virology, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Amal Zouaki
- Mohamed V University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Morocco; Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Specialties Hospital, Central Laboratory of Virology, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ghizlane El Amin
- Mohamed V University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Morocco; Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Specialties Hospital, Central Laboratory of Virology, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdeljalil Rahani
- Mohamed V University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Morocco; Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Specialties Hospital, Central Laboratory of Virology, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jalila Zirar
- Mohamed V University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Morocco; Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Specialties Hospital, Central Laboratory of Virology, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Myriam Seffar
- Mohamed V University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Morocco; Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Specialties Hospital, Central Laboratory of Virology, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Karim Soully
- Mohamed V University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Morocco; Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Central Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Chafik Mahraoui
- Mohamed V University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Morocco; Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Children Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hakima Kabbaj
- Mohamed V University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Morocco; Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Specialties Hospital, Central Laboratory of Virology, Rabat, Morocco
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Noble BA, Jiudice SS, Jones JD, Timbrook TT. Reemergence of Bordetella parapertussis, United States, 2019-2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1058-1060. [PMID: 38666607 PMCID: PMC11060467 DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
To determine changes in Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis detection rates, we analyzed 1.43 million respiratory multiplex PCR test results from US facilities from 2019 through mid-2023. From mid-2022 through mid-2023, Bordetella spp. detection increased 8.5-fold; 95% of detections were B. parapertussis. While B. parapertussis rates increased, B. pertussis rates decreased.
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Pérez-Abeledo M, Barrioluengo V, Maeso E, Sanz JC. Performance of 2 automated real time PCR methods for the detection of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed) 2023; 41:640-641. [PMID: 37573243 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-Abeledo
- Unidad de Microbiología Clínica, Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública de la Comunidad de Madrid, Dirección General de Salud Pública de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan Carlos Sanz
- Unidad de Microbiología Clínica, Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública de la Comunidad de Madrid, Dirección General de Salud Pública de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Safarchi A, Saedi S, Tay CY, Lamichhane B, Nakhost Lotfi M, Shahcheraghi F. Genome Characteristic of Bordetella parapertussis Isolated from Iran. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:314. [PMID: 36088519 PMCID: PMC9464130 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPertussis also known as whooping cough is a respiratory infection in humans particularly with severe symptoms in infants and usually caused by Bordetella pertussis. However, Bordetella parapertussis can also cause a similar clinical syndrome. During 2012 to 2015, from nasal swabs sent from different provinces to the pertussis reference laboratory of Pasture Institute of Iran for pertussis confirmation, seven B. parapertussis isolates were identified by bacterial culture, biochemical tests, and the presence of IS1001 insertion in the genome. The expression of pertactin (Prn) as one the major virulence factor for bacterial adhesion was investigated using western blot. Moreover, the genomic characteristic of one recently collected isolate, IRBP134, from a seven-month infant was investigated using Illumina NextSeq sequencing protocol. The results revealed the genome with G+C content 65% and genome size 4.7 Mbp. A total of 81 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 13 short insertions and deletions were found in the genome compared to the B. parapertussis 12822 as a reference genome showing ongoing evolutionary changes. A phylogeny relationship of IRBP134 was also investigated using global B. parapertussis available genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Safarchi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551 Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Samaneh Saedi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551 Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Chin Yen Tay
- The Marshal Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Binit Lamichhane
- The Marshal Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Masoumeh Nakhost Lotfi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551 Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fereshteh Shahcheraghi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551 Islamic Republic of Iran
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Bouchez V, Douché T, Dazas M, Delaplane S, Matondo M, Chamot-Rooke J, Guiso N. Characterization of Post-Translational Modifications and Cytotoxic Properties of the Adenylate-Cyclase Hemolysin Produced by Various Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis Isolates. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100304. [PMID: 28954396 PMCID: PMC5666351 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis are the causal agents of whooping cough in humans. They produce diverse virulence factors, including adenylate cyclase-hemolysin (AC-Hly), a secreted toxin of the repeat in toxins (RTX) family with cyclase, pore-forming, and hemolytic activities. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for the biological activities of the toxin produced by B. pertussis. In this study, we compared AC-Hly toxins from various clinical isolates of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, focusing on (i) the genomic sequences of cyaA genes, (ii) the PTMs of partially purified AC-Hly, and (iii) the cytotoxic activity of the various AC-Hly toxins. The genes encoding the AC-Hly toxins of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis displayed very limited polymorphism in each species. Most of the sequence differences between the two species were found in the C-terminal part of the protein. Both toxins harbored PTMs, mostly corresponding to palmitoylations of the lysine 860 residue and palmoylations and myristoylations of lysine 983 for B. pertussis and AC-Hly and palmitoylations of lysine 894 and myristoylations of lysine 1017 for B. parapertussis AC-Hly. Purified AC-Hly from B. pertussis was cytotoxic to macrophages, whereas that from B. parapertussis was not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bouchez
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Prévention et Thérapie Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, CNRS/Institut Pasteur USR2000, CITECH, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France, (T.D.).
| | - Mélody Dazas
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Prévention et Thérapie Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Sophie Delaplane
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Prévention et Thérapie Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, CNRS/Institut Pasteur USR2000, CITECH, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France, (T.D.).
| | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, CNRS/Institut Pasteur USR2000, CITECH, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France, (T.D.).
| | - Nicole Guiso
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Prévention et Thérapie Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.
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De Donno A, Quattrocchi M, Ansaldi F, Campa A, Rollo MC, Gabutti G. Direct Detection of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis: Comparison of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Culture. J Int Med Res 2016; 34:367-73. [PMID: 16989492 DOI: 10.1177/147323000603400405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the diagnostic performance of a genomic DNA amplification method for Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis compared with culture isolation. Aliquots from B. pertussis and B. parapertussis cultures were added to sterile physiological saline or sterile distilled water to give bacterial suspensions of 108 cells/ml and serial dilutions were prepared. Suspensions in physiological saline were cultured on charcoal agar medium; bacterial growth was observed up to dilutions of 10−7. Suspensions in distilled water were subjected to DNA extraction and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on the extracts; the PCR was positive up to dilutions of 10−8 for B. pertussis and 10−9 for B. parapertussis. Since the efficacy of culture isolation, regarded as the standard for the detection of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, declines after the first stage of pertussis or with prior vaccination or antibiotic therapy, PCR, although not yet standardized, may provide an alternative diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Donno
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lecce, Lecce, Italy.
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Park S, Oh KC, Kim KS, Song KT, Yoo KH, Shim YS, Lee YJ, Lee MG, Yun JU, Kim HS, Kim YH, Lee WJ, Kim DI, Cha HG, Lee JM, Seo JS, Jung KS. Role of Atypical Pathogens and the Antibiotic Prescription Pattern in Acute Bronchitis: A Multicenter Study in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:1446-52. [PMID: 26425041 PMCID: PMC4575933 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.10.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of atypical bacteria and the effect of antibiotic treatments in acute bronchitis are still not clear. This study was conducted at 22 hospitals (17 primary care clinics and 5 university hospitals) in Korea. Outpatients (aged ≥ 18 yr) who had an acute illness with a new cough and sputum (≤ 30 days) were enrolled in 2013. Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect five atypical bacteria. A total of 435 patients were diagnosed as having acute bronchitis (vs. probable pneumonia, n = 75), and 1.8% (n = 8) were positive for atypical pathogens (Bordetella pertussis, n = 3; B. parapertussis, n = 0; Mycoplasma pneumoniae, n = 1; Chlamydophila pneumoniae, n = 3; Legionella pneumophila, n = 1). Among clinical symptoms and signs, only post-tussive vomiting was more frequent in patients with atypical pathogens than those without (P = 0.024). In all, 72.2% of the enrolled patients received antibiotic treatment at their first visits, and β-lactams (29.4%) and quinolones (20.5%) were the most commonly prescribed agents. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the incidence of atypical pathogens is low in patients with acute bronchitis, and the rate of antibiotic prescriptions is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Park
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Kil Chan Oh
- Myeongmun Clinic of Internal Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Ki-Seong Kim
- Joeun Clinic of Internal Medicine, Dangjin, Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Song
- Neulpurun Clinic of Otolaryngology, Anyang, Korea
| | - Kwang Ha Yoo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Su Shim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- Pyeongchon-Family Clinic of Internal Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Myung Goo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jang Uk Yun
- Haengbok-Dream Clinic of Internal Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun Su Kim
- Hanyang Clinic of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yee Hyung Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jun Lee
- Hongjunggon Clinic of Internal Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Do Il Kim
- Rapha Clinic of Otolaryngology, Anyang, Korea
| | | | - Jae-Myung Lee
- Leejaemyung Clinic of Internal Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jung San Seo
- Seojungsan Clinic of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Suck Jung
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
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Hester SE, Goodfield LL, Park J, Feaga HA, Ivanov YV, Bendor L, Taylor DL, Harvill ET. Host Specificity of Ovine Bordetella parapertussis and the Role of Complement. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130964. [PMID: 26158540 PMCID: PMC4497623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical bordetellae are comprised of three subspecies that differ from broad to very limited host specificity. Although several lineages appear to have specialized to particular host species, most retain the ability to colonize and grow in mice, providing a powerful common experimental model to study their differences. One of the subspecies, Bordetella parapertussis, is composed of two distinct clades that have specialized to different hosts: one to humans (Bpphu), and the other to sheep (Bppov). While Bpphu and the other classical bordetellae can efficiently colonize mice, Bppov strains are severely defective in their ability to colonize the murine respiratory tract. Bppov genomic analysis did not reveal the loss of adherence genes, but substantial mutations and deletions of multiple genes involved in the production of O-antigen, which is required to prevent complement deposition on B. bronchiseptica and Bpphu strains. Bppov lacks O-antigen and, like O-antigen mutants of other bordetellae, is highly sensitive to murine complement-mediated killing in vitro. Based on these results, we hypothesized that Bppov failed to colonize mice because of its sensitivity to murine complement. Consistent with this, the Bppov defect in the colonization of wild type mice was not observed in mice lacking the central complement component C3. Furthermore, Bppov strains were highly susceptible to killing by murine complement, but not by sheep complement. These data demonstrate that the failure of Bppov to colonize mice is due to sensitivity to murine, but not sheep, complement, providing a mechanistic example of how specialization that accompanies expansion in one host can limit host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Hester
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Goodfield
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Genomics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Feaga
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yury V. Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Liron Bendor
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Taylor
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Harvill
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Sensing the environment allows pathogenic bacteria to coordinately regulate gene expression to maximize survival within or outside of a host. Here we show that Bordetella species regulate virulence factor expression in response to carbon dioxide levels that mimic in vivo conditions within the respiratory tract. We found strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica that did not produce adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) when grown in liquid or solid media with ambient air aeration, but produced ACT and additional antigens when grown in air supplemented to 5% CO(2). Transcriptome analysis and quantitative real time-PCR analysis revealed that strain 761, as well as strain RB50, increased transcription of genes encoding ACT, filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin, fimbriae and the type III secretion system in 5% CO(2) conditions, relative to ambient air. Furthermore, transcription of cyaA and fhaB in response to 5% CO(2) was increased even in the absence of BvgS. In vitro analysis also revealed increases in cytotoxicity and adherence when strains were grown in 5% CO(2). The human pathogens B. pertussis and B. parapertussis also increased transcription of several virulence factors when grown in 5% CO(2), indicating that this response is conserved among the classical bordetellae. Together, our data indicate that Bordetella species can sense and respond to physiologically relevant changes in CO(2) concentrations by regulating virulence factors important for colonization, persistence and evasion of the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Hester
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Minghsun Lui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tracy Nicholson
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United State of America
| | - Daryl Nowacki
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Harvill
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Slinger R, Moldovan I, Hyde L, Chan F. Rapid detection of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis in clinical and molecular proficiency panel specimens with a novel intercalating dye-based PCR assay. Scand J Infect Dis 2011; 43:968-971. [PMID: 21916776 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2011.608083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel rapid internally-controlled duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis that uses a new intercalating dye, LCGreen, for amplicon detection was designed and evaluated using clinical specimens and the 2009 Quality Control for Molecular Diagnostics (QCMD) molecular proficiency testing panel. The sensitivity and specificity of the new PCR assay were equal to that of reference standard uniplex probe-based assays. The assay can be performed in 1 h including DNA extraction. The new assay thus offers a simple and rapid alternative for the detection of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Slinger
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Cohen-Bacrie S, Bertin F, Gassiot AS, Prère MF. Rapid molecular genetic assay for direct identification of Bordetella from patients specimens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:52-4. [PMID: 19892481 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biological diagnosis of whooping cough is increasingly necessary to confirm respiratory tract infection. Indeed, clinical symptoms are variable especially in adolescents and adults who contaminate newborns too young to be vaccinated. The PCR assay was proven highly sensitive for the diagnosis of pertussis. In this study, we reported the use of a new test (GenoQuick Bordetella [GQB], Hain Life Science, Germany) which permits the fast molecular genetic identification of Bordetella pertussis and parapertussis directly from patients specimens, i.e. swabs from nose or throat. The test was performed over a three months period on 40 specimens from patients (1 month to 65 years old), most of them were young children admitted in paediatric emergency with paroxysmal cough or prolonged cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cohen-Bacrie
- Unité de Bactériologie Pédiatrique, IFB, CHU de Toulouse, France
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Geertsen R, Kaeppeli F, Sterk-Kuzmanovic N, Andrasevic S, Anic-Milic T, Dobec M. A multiplex PCR assay for the detection of respiratory bacteriae in nasopharyngeal smears from children with acute respiratory disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 39:769-74. [PMID: 17701714 DOI: 10.1080/00365540701367736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the frequency of infections with pathogenic respiratory bacteriae during an inter-epidemic period a multiplex PCR assay was used to screen nasopharyngeal smears for the presence of DNA specific for Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. 187 samples from children aged 2-14 y were analysed with this method in addition to classical bacteriology and compared to results obtained with commercially available PCR kits for each single parameter. From 82 samples positive by bacteriology, 8 (4.3%) were also positive by PCR, whereas from 105 negative samples, 12 (6.4%) were positive only by PCR. From the total of 20 samples positive by PCR, 4 were found to be positive for M. pneumoniae, 6 for B. pertussis, 3 for B. parapertussis and 7 for both B. pertussis and B. parapertussis. Multiplex PCR is a very useful approach for the diagnosis of bacterial infections not detectable by classical bacteriology. In some patients, PCR was the only method giving a positive result, and in others double infections were diagnosed only because of the PCR contribution. Combination of classical bacteriology with multiplex PCR allows a precise diagnosis of infections in the upper respiratory tract, resulting in a more effective therapy.
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Kamachi K, Sota M, Tamai Y, Nagata N, Konda T, Inoue T, Top EM, Arakawa Y. Plasmid pBP136 from Bordetella pertussis represents an ancestral form of IncP-1beta plasmids without accessory mobile elements. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 152:3477-3484. [PMID: 17159199 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.29056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The complete 41,268 bp nucleotide sequence of the IncP-1beta plasmid pBP136 from the human pathogen Bordetella pertussis, the primary aetiological agent of whooping cough, was determined and analysed. This plasmid carried a total of 46 ORFs: 44 ORFs corresponding to the genes in the conserved IncP-1beta backbone, and 2 ORFs similar to the XF1596 and XF1597 genes with unknown function of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Interestingly, pBP136 had no accessory genes carrying genetic traits such as antibiotic or mercury resistance and/or xenobiotic degradation. Moreover, pBP136 had only two of the kle genes (kleAE) that have been reported to be important for the stability of IncP-1 plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phylogenetic analysis of the Kle proteins revealed that the KleA and KleE of pBP136 were phylogenetically distant from those of the present IncP-1 plasmids. In contrast, IncC1 and KorC, encoded upstream and downstream of the kle genes respectively, and the replication-initiation protein, TrfA, were closely related to those of the IncP-1beta 'R751 group'. These results suggest that (i) pBP136 without any apparent accessory genes diverged early from an ancestor of the present IncP-1beta plasmids, especially those of the R751 group, and (ii) the kle genes might be incorporated independently into the backbone region of the IncP-1 plasmids for their stable maintenance in various host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Kamachi
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Infection Control, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayma, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sota
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
| | - Yuji Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita Prefectural Hospital, 476 Bunyo, Oita 870-8511, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayma, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Konda
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Infection Control, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayma, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiro Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita Prefectural Hospital, 476 Bunyo, Oita 870-8511, Japan
| | - Eva M Top
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
| | - Yoshichika Arakawa
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Infection Control, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayma, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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14
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Brinig MM, Register KB, Ackermann MR, Relman DA. Genomic features of Bordetella parapertussis clades with distinct host species specificity. Genome Biol 2007; 7:R81. [PMID: 16956413 PMCID: PMC1794550 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-9-r81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The respiratory pathogen Bordetella parapertussis is a valuable model in which to study the complex phenotype of host specificity because of its unique two-species host range. One subset of strains, including the sequenced representative, causes whooping cough in humans, while other strains infect only sheep. The disease process in sheep is not well understood, nor are the genetic and transcriptional differences that might provide the basis for host specificity among ovine and human strains. RESULTS We found 40 previously unknown genomic regions in an ovine strain of B. parapertussis using subtractive hybridization, including unique lipopolysaccharide genes. A microarray survey of the gene contents of 71 human and ovine strains revealed further differences, with 47 regions of difference distinguishing the host-restricted subgroups. In addition, sheep and human strains displayed distinct whole-genome transcript abundance profiles. We developed an animal model in which sheep were inoculated with a sheep strain, human strain, or mixture of the two. We found that the ovine strain persisted in the nasal cavity for 12 to 14 days, while the human strain colonized at lower levels and was no longer detected by 7 days post-inoculation. The ovine strain induced less granulocyte infiltration of the nasal mucosa. CONCLUSION Several factors may play a role in determining host range of B. parapertussis. Human- and ovine-associated strains have differences in content and sequence of genes encoding proteins that mediate host-pathogen contact, such as lipopolysaccharide and fimbriae, as well as variation in regulation of toxins, type III secretion genes, and other virulence-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Brinig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Karen B Register
- USDA/ARS/National Animal Disease Center, Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Mark R Ackermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - David A Relman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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15
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Abstract
Molecular detection of Bordetella pertussis DNA is a sensitive and specific method for the rapid diagnosis of pertussis. In this study, a new molecular assay for the detection and differentiation of Bordetella spp. based on automated DNA extraction and real-time PCR was evaluated. The analytical sensitivity of the new assay was determined by Probit analysis of serial dilutions of both cloned PCR products IS481 and IS1001 and cell suspensions of B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica. The specificity was analyzed by testing a number of pathogens producing respiratory infections. Moreover, a total of 92 clinical samples were investigated. The results were compared to those obtained by an in-house assay based on manual DNA extraction, followed by real-time PCR and detection of IS481. The analytical sensitivity of the new assay for the detection of IS481 and IS1001 was determined to be 2.2 and 1.2 genome equivalents/mul, respectively. The analytical sensitivity for the detection of B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica was determined to be 1.6, 1.0, and 2.7 genome equivalents/mul, respectively. When clinical specimens were tested with the new assay, 46 of 92 were found to be positive for Bordetella DNA. With the in-house assay, 45 samples tested positive. The new molecular assay proved to be suitable for the rapid diagnosis of pertussis in the routine diagnostic laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koidl
- Institute of Hygiene, Medical University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
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16
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Abstract
The virulence factor pertactin is expressed by the closely related pathogens Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Pertactin is an autotransporter involved in adherence of Bordetella species to the lung epithelium of mammalian hosts, and it is an important component of most current acellular pertussis vaccines. These three species produce immunologically distinct pertactin molecules, resulting in a lack of cross-protection against B. parapertussis and probably also against B. bronchiseptica. Variation in pertactin is not only inter-specific, but also occurs between isolates from the same species. Knowledge about codons that are under positive selection could facilitate the development of more broadly protective vaccines. Using different nucleotide substitution models, pertactin genes from B. bronchiseptica, B. parapertussis and B. pertussis were compared, and positively selected codons were identified using an empirical Bayesian approach. This approach yielded 15 codons predicted to be under diversifying selection pressure. These results were interpreted in an immunological context and may help in improving future pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Stefanelli P, Sanguinetti M, Fazio C, Posteraro B, Fadda G, Mastrantonio P. Differential in vitro expression of the brkA gene in Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3397-400. [PMID: 16954284 PMCID: PMC1594684 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00247-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we set up a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay to measure the relative amounts of brkA transcripts in 50 Bordetella isolates. The results suggested that brkA expression is strain dependent and its level may play a role in determining the serum resistance or susceptibility phenotype. Pertussis immunocompetent sera were unable to kill Bordetella parapertussis via complement deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V. le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Panina EM, Mattoo S, Griffith N, Kozak NA, Yuk MH, Miller JF. A genome-wide screen identifies a Bordetella type III secretion effector and candidate effectors in other species. Mol Microbiol 2006; 58:267-79. [PMID: 16164564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica utilizes a type III secretion system (TTSS) for induction of non-apoptotic cytotoxicity in host cells and modulation of host immunity. The identity of Bordetella TTSS effectors, however, has remained elusive. Here we report a genome-wide screen for TTSS effectors based on shared biophysical and functional characteristics of class I chaperones and their frequent colocalization with TTSS effectors. When applied to B. bronchiseptica, the screen identified the first TTSS chaperone-effector locus, btcA-bteA, and we experimentally confirmed its function. Expression of bteA is co-ordinated with expression of TTSS apparatus genes, BteA is secreted through the TTSS of B. bronchiseptica, it is required for cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells, and it is highly conserved in the human-adapted subspecies B. pertussis and B. parapertussis. Transfection of bteA into epithlieal cells results in rapid cell death, indicating that BteA alone is sufficient to induce potent cytotoxicity. Finally, an in vitro interaction between BteA and BtcA was demonstrated. The search for TTSS chaperones and effectors was then expanded to other bacterial genomes, including mammalian and insect pathogens, where we identified a large number of novel candidate chaperones and effectors. Although the majority of putative effectors are proteins of unknown function, several have similarities to eukaryotic protein domains or previously identified effectors from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M Panina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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19
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Mosiej E, Gzyl A, Slusarczyk J. [Genetic diversity analysis of isolates belonging to Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica species]. Med Dosw Mikrobiol 2006; 58:143-53. [PMID: 17133908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) method was used to track differences among human and animal isolates of B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica species. One hundred and sixty representative strains of these species orginated from international and Polish bacterial collections were genotyped according to AFLP involving EcoRI/Msel and SpeI/ApaI restriction/ligation/amplification procedures. This study has confirmed high potential AFLP SpeI/ApaI procedure for intra-species differentiation of B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica strains. Both AFLP EcoRI/MseI and SpeI/ApaI procedures have been found to be useful for species-specific classification in case of B. pertussis strains. In case of B. bronchiseptica or B. parapertussis species-specific classification, SpeI/ApaI procedure has been found more precise than EcoRI/MseI one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mosiej
- Zakład Badania Surowic i Szczepionek PZH w Warszawie
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20
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Abstract
Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) is a large (>200 kDa), rod-shaped protein expressed by bordetellae that is both surface-associated and secreted. FHA mediates bacterial adherence to epithelial cells and macrophages in vitro and is absolutely required for tracheal colonization in vivo. The recently sequenced Bordetella bronchiseptica genome revealed the presence of a gene, fhaS, that is nearly identical to fhaB, the FHA structural gene. We show that although fhaS expression requires the BvgAS virulence control system, it is maximal only under a subset of conditions in which BvgAS is active, suggesting an additional level of regulation. We also show that, like FHA, FhaS undergoes a C-terminal proteolytic processing event and is both surface-associated and secreted and that export across the outer membrane requires the channel-forming protein FhaC. Unlike FHA, however, FhaS was unable to mediate adherence of B. bronchiseptica to epithelial cell lines in vitro and was not required for respiratory tract colonization in vivo. In a coinfection experiment, a DeltafhaS strain was out-competed by wild-type B. bronchiseptica, indicating that fhaS is expressed in vivo and that FhaS contributes to bacterial fitness in a manner revealed when the mutant must compete with wild-type bacteria. These data suggest that FHA and FhaS perform distinct functions during the Bordetella infectious cycle. A survey of various Bordetella strains revealed two distinct fhaS alleles that segregate according to pathogen host range and that B. parapertussis(hu) most likely acquired its fhaS allele from B. pertussis horizontally, suggesting fhaS may contribute to host-species specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Julio
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, USA
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21
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Abstract
Two highly infectious bordetellae, Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis, have emerged in historical times as co-dominant in human populations. Both of these cause acute disease (whooping cough), whereas their progenitor, B. bronchiseptica, is of variable virulence in a wide variety of animals. The remarkably close phylogenetic relatedness of these three bordetellae and the two independent jumps to humans provide a unique opportunity to examine the evolution and genetics involved in the emergence of acute human pathogens. We hypothesize that the more virulent strains in humans reflects how acutely infectious pathogens might be favored in communities with large contact networks. Furthermore, we suggest that the differential expression of the various virulence factors by the two human pathogens can be explained by immune-mediated competition between the strains. The evolutionarily favored strategies of both of the human bordetellae result in immunizing infections and acute epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottar N Bjørnstad
- Departments of Entomology and Biology Penn State University, 501 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16803, USA.
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22
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Lartigue MF, Poirel L, Fortineau N, Nordmann P. Chromosome-borne class A BOR-1 beta-Lactamase of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella parapertussis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2565-7. [PMID: 15917575 PMCID: PMC1140528 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.6.2565-2567.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A narrow-spectrum clavulanic acid-inhibited class A beta-lactamase, BOR-1, was identified in a Bordetella bronchiseptica clinical isolate. It shared 45% amino acid identity with L-2 from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. An identical beta-lactamase gene was found in B. bronchiseptica and Bordetella parapertussis reference strains that may contribute only in part to their resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Frédérique Lartigue
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, and Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris XI, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 K.-Bicêtre, France
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23
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24
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Mäkinen J, Mertsola J, Soini H, Arvilommi H, Viljanen MK, Guiso N, He Q. PFGE and pertactin gene sequencing suggest limited genetic variability within the Finnish Bordetella parapertussis population. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:1059-1063. [PMID: 14614063 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer-membrane protein pertactin (Prn) of Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica is believed to function as an adhesin and is an important immunogen. The emergence of B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica Prn variants has been reported. The aim of this study was to determine whether similar variation is found in B. parapertussis Prn and to characterize Finnish clinical B. parapertussis isolates that were collected in 1982-2000. Of 76 B. parapertussis isolates studied, seven (9 %) were found to have silent and non-silent nucleotide changes. In addition, one (1 %) had eight PQP repeats instead of nine. Three closely related B. parapertussis XbaI PFGE patterns were found. Genetic variation of B. parapertussis was found to be very limited, suggesting that B. parapertussis is a stable organism that is well-adapted to its own ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mäkinen
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Human Microbial Ecology and Inflammation1 and Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turku2, Turku, Finland 3Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland 4Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 5Unité des Bordetella, Centre National de Référence des Bordetelles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Human Microbial Ecology and Inflammation1 and Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turku2, Turku, Finland 3Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland 4Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 5Unité des Bordetella, Centre National de Référence des Bordetelles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hanna Soini
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Human Microbial Ecology and Inflammation1 and Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turku2, Turku, Finland 3Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland 4Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 5Unité des Bordetella, Centre National de Référence des Bordetelles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Heikki Arvilommi
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Human Microbial Ecology and Inflammation1 and Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turku2, Turku, Finland 3Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland 4Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 5Unité des Bordetella, Centre National de Référence des Bordetelles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matti K Viljanen
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Human Microbial Ecology and Inflammation1 and Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turku2, Turku, Finland 3Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland 4Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 5Unité des Bordetella, Centre National de Référence des Bordetelles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Guiso
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Human Microbial Ecology and Inflammation1 and Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turku2, Turku, Finland 3Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland 4Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 5Unité des Bordetella, Centre National de Référence des Bordetelles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Qiushui He
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Human Microbial Ecology and Inflammation1 and Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turku2, Turku, Finland 3Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland 4Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 5Unité des Bordetella, Centre National de Référence des Bordetelles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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