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Panis F, Rompel A. The Novel Role of Tyrosinase Enzymes in the Storage of Globally Significant Amounts of Carbon in Wetland Ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11952-11968. [PMID: 35944157 PMCID: PMC9454253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the last millennia, wetlands have been sequestering carbon from the atmosphere via photosynthesis at a higher rate than releasing it and, therefore, have globally accumulated 550 × 1015 g of carbon, which is equivalent to 73% of the atmospheric carbon pool. The accumulation of organic carbon in wetlands is effectuated by phenolic compounds, which suppress the degradation of soil organic matter by inhibiting the activity of organic-matter-degrading enzymes. The enzymatic removal of phenolic compounds by bacterial tyrosinases has historically been blocked by anoxic conditions in wetland soils, resulting from waterlogging. Bacterial tyrosinases are a subgroup of oxidoreductases that oxidatively remove phenolic compounds, coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. The biochemical properties of bacterial tyrosinases have been investigated thoroughly in vitro within recent decades, while investigations focused on carbon fluxes in wetlands on a macroscopic level have remained a thriving yet separated research area so far. In the wake of climate change, however, anoxic conditions in wetland soils are threatened by reduced rainfall and prolonged summer drought. This potentially allows tyrosinase enzymes to reduce the concentration of phenolic compounds, which in turn will increase the release of stored carbon back into the atmosphere. To offer compelling evidence for the novel concept that bacterial tyrosinases are among the key enzymes influencing carbon cycling in wetland ecosystems first, bacterial organisms indigenous to wetland ecosystems that harbor a TYR gene within their respective genome (tyr+) have been identified, which revealed a phylogenetically diverse community of tyr+ bacteria indigenous to wetlands based on genomic sequencing data. Bacterial TYR host organisms covering seven phyla (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetes, and Proteobacteria) have been identified within various wetland ecosystems (peatlands, marshes, mangrove forests, bogs, and alkaline soda lakes) which cover a climatic continuum ranging from high arctic to tropic ecosystems. Second, it is demonstrated that (in vitro) bacterial TYR activity is commonly observed at pH values characteristic for wetland ecosystems (ranging from pH 3.5 in peatlands and freshwater swamps to pH 9.0 in soda lakes and freshwater marshes) and toward phenolic compounds naturally present within wetland environments (p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and epicatechin). Third, analyzing the available data confirmed that bacterial host organisms tend to exhibit in vitro growth optima at pH values similar to their respective wetland habitats. Based on these findings, it is concluded that, following increased aeration of previously anoxic wetland soils due to climate change, TYRs are among the enzymes capable of reducing the concentration of phenolic compounds present within wetland ecosystems, which will potentially destabilize vast amounts of carbon stored in these ecosystems. Finally, promising approaches to mitigate the detrimental effects of increased TYR activity in wetland ecosystems and the requirement of future investigations of the abundance and activity of TYRs in an environmental setting are presented.
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Characterization of Temperature-Dependent Kinetics of Oculocutaneous Albinism-Causing Mutants of Tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157771. [PMID: 34360537 PMCID: PMC8346126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosinase (Tyr) is a glycoenzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in melanin production, and its gene (TYR) is mutated in many cases of oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1). The mechanisms by which individual mutations contribute to the diverse pigmentation phenotype in patients with OCA1 have only began to be examined and remain to be delineated. Here, we analyze the temperature-dependent kinetics of wild-type Tyr (WT) and two OCA1B mutant variants (R422Q and P406L) using Michaelis–Menten and Van’t Hoff analyses. Recombinant truncated human Tyr proteins (residues 19–469) were produced in the whole insect Trichoplusia Ni larvae. Proteins were purified by a combination of affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. The temperature dependence of diphenol oxidase protein activities and kinetic parameters were measured by dopachrome absorption. Using the same experimental conditions, computational simulations were performed to assess the temperature-dependent association of L-DOPA and Tyr. Our results revealed, for the first time, that the association of L-DOPA with R422Q and P406L followed by dopachrome formation is a complex reaction supported by enthalpy and entropy forces. We show that the WT has a higher turnover number as compared with both R422Q and P406L. Elucidating the kinetics and thermodynamics of mutant variants of Tyr in OCA1B helps to understand the mechanisms by which they lower Tyr catalytic activity and to discover novel therapies for patients.
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Varghese PK, Abu-Asab M, Dimitriadis EK, Dolinska MB, Morcos GP, Sergeev YV. Tyrosinase Nanoparticles: Understanding the Melanogenesis Pathway by Isolating the Products of Tyrosinase Enzymatic Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E734. [PMID: 33450959 PMCID: PMC7828394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Tyrosinase (Tyr) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the melanogenesis pathway. Tyr catalyzes the oxidation of the substrate L-DOPA into dopachrome and melanin. Currently, the characterization of dopachrome-related products is difficult due to the absence of a simple way to partition dopachrome from protein fraction. Here, we immobilize catalytically pure recombinant human Tyr domain (residues 19-469) containing 6xHis tag to Ni-loaded magnetic beads (MB). Transmission electron microscopy revealed Tyr-MB were within limits of 168.2 ± 24.4 nm while the dark-brown melanin images showed single and polymerized melanin with a diameter of 121.4 ± 18.1 nm. Using Hill kinetics, we show that Tyr-MB has a catalytic activity similar to that of intact Tyr. The diphenol oxidase reactions of L-DOPA show an increase of dopachrome formation with the number of MB and with temperature. At 50 °C, Tyr-MB shows some residual catalytic activity suggesting that the immobilized Tyr has increased protein stability. In contrast, under 37 °C, the dopachrome product, which is isolated from Tyr-MB particles, shows that dopachrome has an orange-brown color that is different from the color of the mixture of L-DOPA, Tyr, and dopachrome. In the future, Tyr-MB could be used for large-scale productions of dopachrome and melanin-related products and finding a treatment for oculocutaneous albinism-inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K. Varghese
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.K.V.); (M.A.-A.); (M.B.D.); (G.P.M.)
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.K.V.); (M.A.-A.); (M.B.D.); (G.P.M.)
| | - Emilios K. Dimitriadis
- NIH Shared Resources on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Monika B. Dolinska
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.K.V.); (M.A.-A.); (M.B.D.); (G.P.M.)
| | - George P. Morcos
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.K.V.); (M.A.-A.); (M.B.D.); (G.P.M.)
| | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.K.V.); (M.A.-A.); (M.B.D.); (G.P.M.)
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Young KL, Kassouf C, Dolinska MB, Anderson DE, Sergeev YV. Human Tyrosinase: Temperature-Dependent Kinetics of Oxidase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030895. [PMID: 32019134 PMCID: PMC7037427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosinase (Tyr) is involved in pigment biosynthesis, where mutations in its corresponding gene TYR have been linked to oculocutaneous albinism 1, an autosomal recessive disorder. Although the enzymatic capabilities of Tyr have been well-characterized, the thermodynamic driving forces underlying melanogenesis remain unknown. Here, we analyze protein binding using the diphenol oxidase behavior of Tyr and van ’t Hoff temperature-dependent analysis. Recombinant Tyr was expressed and purified using a combination of affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. Michaelis-Menten constants were measured spectrophotometrically from diphenol oxidase reactions of Tyr, using L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as a substrate, at temperatures: 25, 31, 37, and 43 °C. Under the same conditions, the Tyr structure and the L-DOPA binding activity were simulated using 3 ns molecular dynamics and docking. The thermal Michaelis-Menten kinetics data were subjected to the van ‘t Hoff analysis and fitted with the computational model. The temperature-dependent analysis suggests that the association of L-DOPA with Tyr is a spontaneous enthalpy-driven reaction, which becomes unfavorable at the final step of dopachrome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L. Young
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Claudia Kassouf
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Monika B. Dolinska
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Eric Anderson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. MSC2775, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-594-7053; Fax: +1-301-402-1214
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Protein Stability and Functional Characterization of Intra-Melanosomal Domain of Human Recombinant Tyrosinase-Related Protein 1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010331. [PMID: 31947795 PMCID: PMC6981619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation is the result of a complex process by which the biopolymer melanin is synthesized and packed into melanosomes of melanocytes. Various types of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), a series of autosomal recessive disorders, are associated with reduced pigmentation in the skin, eyes, and hair due to genetic mutations of proteins involved in melanogenesis. Human tyrosinase (Tyr) and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1) drives the enzymatic process of pigment bio-polymerization. However, within the melanogenic pathway, Tyrp1 has catalytic functions not clearly defined and distinct from Tyr. Here, we characterize the biochemical and biophysical properties of recombinant human Tyrp1. For this purpose, we purified and analyzed the intra-melanosomal domain (Tyrp1tr) for protein stability and enzymatic function in conditions mimicking the environment within melanosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. The study suggests that Tyrp1tr is a monomeric molecule at ambient temperatures and below (<25 °C). At higher temperatures, >31 °C, higher protein aggregates form with a concurrent decrease of monomers in solution. Also, Tyrp1tr diphenol oxidase activity at pH 5.5 rises as both the pre-incubation temperature and the higher molecular weight protein aggregates formation increases. The enhanced protein activity is consistent with the volume exclusion change caused by protein aggregates.
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Dolinska MB, Wingfield PT, Young KL, Sergeev YV. The TYRP1-mediated protection of human tyrosinase activity does not involve stable interactions of tyrosinase domains. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:753-765. [PMID: 31077632 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinases are melanocyte-specific enzymes involved in melanin biosynthesis. Mutations in their genes cause oculocutaneous albinism associated with reduced or altered pigmentation of skin, hair, and eyes. Here, the recombinant human intra-melanosomal domains of tyrosinase, TYRtr (19-469), and tyrosinase-related protein 1, TYRP1tr (25-472), were studied in vitro to define their functional relationship. Proteins were expressed or coexpressed in whole Trichoplusia ni larvae and purified. Their associations were studied using gel filtration and sedimentation equilibrium methods. Protection of TYRtr was studied by measuring the kinetics of tyrosinase diphenol oxidase activity in the presence (1:1 and 1:20 molar ratios) or the absence of TYRP1tr for 10 hr under conditions mimicking melanosomal and ER pH values. Our data indicate that TYRtr incubation with excess TYRP1tr protects TYR, increasing its stability over time. However, this mechanism does not appear to involve the formation of stable hetero-oligomeric complexes to maintain the protective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika B Dolinska
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul T Wingfield
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth L Young
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yuri V Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Das S, Rissanen K, Sahoo P. Rare Crystal Structure of Open Spirolactam Ring along with the Closed-Ring Form of a Rhodamine Derivative: Sensing of Cu 2+ Ions from Spinach. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5270-5274. [PMID: 31459698 PMCID: PMC6648640 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crystal structures of a rhodamine derivative in its closed and open spirolactam ring forms were developed, which allows selective and sensitive detection of Cu2+ ions at a micromolar range in neutral medium. The chemosensing properties of the probe through a pentacoordinate Cu2+ ions were proven by spectroscopic and theoretical analysis. The spirolactam ring opening as the Cu2+ selective sensor was applied to spinach (Spinacia oleracea) to estimate the accumulation of copper as copper(II) in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Nanoscience
Centre, Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyvaskyla, Survontie 9B, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Prithidipa Sahoo
- Department
of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
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Zhao C, Chen J, Cao D, Wang J, Ma W. Novel coumarin-based containing denrons selective fluorescent chemosesor for sequential recognition of Cu2+ and PPi. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Membrane-associated human tyrosinase is an enzymatically active monomeric glycoprotein. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198247. [PMID: 29870551 PMCID: PMC5988326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosinase (hTyr) is a Type 1 membrane bound glycoenzyme that catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting steps of melanin production in the melanosome. Mutations in the Tyr gene are linked to oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1), an autosomal recessive disorder. Currently, the application of enzyme replacement therapy for a treatment of OCA1 is hampered by the absence of pure hTyr. Here, full-length hTyr (residues 1-529) was overexpressed in Trichoplusia ni larvae infected with a baculovirus, solubilized with detergent and purified using chromatography. Michaelis-Menten kinetics, enzymatic specific activity, and analytical ultracentrifugation were used to compare the hTyr in detergent with the soluble recombinant intra-melanosomal domain, hTyrCtr (residues 19-469). Active hTyr is monomeric in detergent micelles suggesting no stable interactions between protein molecules. Both, hTyr and hTyrCtr, exhibited similar enzymatic activity and ligand affinity in L-DOPA and L-Tyrosine reactions. In addition, expression in larvae is a scalable process that will allow high yield protein production. Thus, larval production of enzymatically active human tyrosinase potentially could be a useful tool in developing a cure for OCA1.
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Jakubek M, Kejík Z, Kaplánek R, Veselá H, Sýkora D, Martásek P, Král V. Perimidine-based synthetic receptors for determination of copper(II) in water solution. Supramol Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2017.1414216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jakubek
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kejík
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Kaplánek
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Veselá
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Martásek
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague, Czech Republic
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Dolinska MB, Kus NJ, Farney SK, Wingfield PT, Brooks BP, Sergeev YV. Oculocutaneous albinism type 1: link between mutations, tyrosinase conformational stability, and enzymatic activity. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:41-52. [PMID: 27775880 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the tyrosinase gene. Two subtypes of OCA1 have been described: severe OCA1A with complete absence of tyrosinase activity and less severe OCA1B with residual tyrosinase activity. Here, we characterize the recombinant human tyrosinase intramelanosomal domain and mutant variants, which mimic genetic changes in both subtypes of OCA1 patients. Proteins were prepared using site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in insect larvae, purified by chromatography, and characterized by enzymatic activities, tryptophan fluorescence, and Gibbs free energy changes. The OCA1A mutants showed very low protein expression and protein yield and are enzymatically inactive. Mutants mimicking OCA1B were biochemically similar to the wild type, but exhibited lower specific activities and protein stabilities. The results are consistent with clinical data, which indicates that OCA1A mutations inactivate tyrosinase and result in severe phenotype, while OCA1B mutations partially inactivate tyrosinase and result in OCA1B albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika B Dolinska
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole J Kus
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Katie Farney
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul T Wingfield
- National Institute of Artritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuri V Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kumari C, Sain D, Kumar A, Nayek HP, Debnath S, Saha P, Dey S. A Non-Perilous Coumarin-Based Ratiometric Probe for ′In Vitro′ Detection of Cu through Cell Imaging Technique. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanda Kumari
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology (ISM); Dhanbad, Jharkhand INDIA 826004
| | - Dibyendu Sain
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Shibpur; Howrah-711103, WB INDIA
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology (ISM); Dhanbad, Jharkhand INDIA 826004
| | - Hari Pada Nayek
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology (ISM); Dhanbad, Jharkhand INDIA 826004
| | - Sushanta Debnath
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar; Kolkata 700064
| | - Partha Saha
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar; Kolkata 700064
| | - Swapan Dey
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology (ISM); Dhanbad, Jharkhand INDIA 826004
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Dolinska MB, Wingfield PT, Sergeev YV. Purification of Recombinant Human Tyrosinase from Insect Larvae Infected with the Baculovirus Vector. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2017; 89:6.15.1-6.15.12. [PMID: 28762492 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The purification of an enzyme from insect larvae infected with a baculovirus vector is described. The enzyme tyrosinase is of biomedical importance and catalyzes the first rate-limiting steps in melanin production. Tyrosinase mutations can result in oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1), an inherited eye disease associated with decreased melanin pigment production and vision defects. To simplify expression and subsequent purification, the extracellular domain is expressed in insect cells, produced in Trichoplusia ni larvae, and purified using affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. The purified recombinant human tyrosinase is a soluble monomeric glycoprotein with an activity that mirrors the tyrosinase in vivo function. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika B Dolinska
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul T Wingfield
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yuri V Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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14
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Ghosh D, Rhodes S, Winder D, Atkinson A, Gibson J, Ming W, Padgett C, Landge S, Aiken K. Spectroscopic investigation of bis-appended 1,2,3-triazole probe for the detection of Cu(II) ion. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Wu X, Gao X, Yang F. Effects of dietary copper on organ indexes, tissular Cu, Zn and Fe deposition and fur quality of growing-furring male mink (Mustela vison). JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 57:6. [PMID: 26290726 PMCID: PMC4540306 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-015-0040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to study the effects of different levels of dietary copper on organ indexes, tissular Cu, Zn and Fe deposition and fur quality of mink in the growing-furring periods. One hundred and five standard dark male mink were randomly assigned to seven groups with the following dietary treatments: basal diet with no supplemental Cu (Control); basal diet supplemented with either 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 mg/kg Cu from copper sulphate, respectively. The colour intensity scores displayed a linear trend (P = 0.057). The spleen Cu concentrations responded in a linear (P < 0.05) fashion with increasing level of Cu, but copper supplementation did not affect speen concentrations of Fe or Zn. Supplemental dose of Cu linearly increased (P < 0.05) liver Cu and Fe concentrations but did not alter (P > 0.10) liver Zn. Our results indicate that Cu plays an important role in the pigmentation in growing-furring mink, and supplemental dietary Cu in growing-furring mink improve hair colour, and copper has limited effects on liver mineral deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhuang Wu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xiuhua Gao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Fuhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112 China
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Wu X, Zhang T, Liu Z, Zheng J, Guo J, Yang F, Gao X. Effects of different sources and levels of copper on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and elemental balance in young female mink (Mustela vison). Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160:212-21. [PMID: 24962642 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted in a 3 × 3 + 1 factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of different sources of copper on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and elemental balance in young female mink on a corn-fishmeal-based diet. Animals in the control group were fed a basal diet (containing 8.05 mg Cu/kg DM; control), which mainly consisted of corn, fish meal, meat bone meal, and soybean oil, with no copper supplementation. Minks in other nine treatments were fed basal diets supplemented with Cu from reagent-grade copper sulfate, tribasic copper chloride (TBCC) and copper methionate. Cu concentrations of experiment diets were 10, 25, and 40 mg/kg copper. A metabolism trial of 4 days was conducted during the last week of experimental feeding. Final body weight and average daily gain increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) as Cu increased in the diet; maximal growth was seen in the Cu25 group. Cu supplementation slightly improved the feed conversion rate (P = 0.095). Apparent fat digestibility was increased by copper level (P = 0.020). Retention nitrogen was increased by copper level (linear, P = 0.003). Copper source had a significant effect on copper retention with Cu-Met and copper sulfate treatments retention more than TBCC treatments (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that mink can efficiently utilize added dietary fat and that Cu plays an important role in the digestion of dietary fat in mink, and mink can efficiently utilize Cu-Met and CuSO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhuang Wu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wu X, Liu Z, Zhang T, Yang Y, Yang F, Gao X. Effects of dietary copper on nutrient digestibility, tissular copper deposition and fur quality of growing-furring mink (Mustela vison). Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 158:166-75. [PMID: 24668161 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of dietary copper (Cu) on growth performance and fur quality in growing-furring minks. One hundred and five standard dark female minks were randomly assigned to seven groups with the following dietary treatments: basal diet with no supplemental Cu (control) and basal diet supplemented with either 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 or 192 mg/kg Cu from copper sulphate, respectively. Our data showed that final body weight (P = 0.033), daily gain (P = 0.029) and fat digestibility (P = 0.0006) responded to increasing levels of Cu. The activity of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in serum increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) as Cu increased in the diet. Increasing Cu improved total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) (quadratic, P < 0.05). The level of ceruloplasmin (CER) responded in a linear (P < 0.0001) and quadratic (P < 0.0001) form with increasing level of Cu. Colour intensity of those minks pelted suggested that relatively high levels of supplemental Cu have a beneficial effect on intensifying hair colour of dark mink but did not affect leather thickness. Liver Cu and plasma Cu concentrations of the mink linearly (P < 0.0001) responded to increasing levels of Cu. Our results indicate that growing-furring mink can efficiently utilize added dietary fat and that Cu plays an important role in the digestion of dietary fat in growing-furring mink, and supplemental dietary Cu in growing-furring mink promotes fat digestion and improve hair colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhuang Wu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Solomon EI, Heppner DE, Johnston EM, Ginsbach JW, Cirera J, Qayyum M, Kieber-Emmons MT, Kjaergaard CH, Hadt RG, Tian L. Copper active sites in biology. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3659-853. [PMID: 24588098 PMCID: PMC4040215 DOI: 10.1021/cr400327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1138] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Heppner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | - Jake W. Ginsbach
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jordi Cirera
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Munzarin Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | | | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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Dolinska MB, Kovaleva E, Backlund P, Wingfield PT, Brooks BP, Sergeev YV. Albinism-causing mutations in recombinant human tyrosinase alter intrinsic enzymatic activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84494. [PMID: 24392141 PMCID: PMC3879332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tyrosinase (TYR) catalyzes the rate-limiting, first step in melanin production and its gene (TYR) is mutated in many cases of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1), an autosomal recessive cause of childhood blindness. Patients with reduced TYR activity are classified as OCA1B; some OCA1B mutations are temperature-sensitive. Therapeutic research for OCA1 has been hampered, in part, by the absence of purified, active, recombinant wild-type and mutant human enzymes. Methodology/Principal Findings The intra-melanosomal domain of human tyrosinase (residues 19–469) and two OCA1B related temperature-sensitive mutants, R422Q and R422W were expressed in insect cells and produced in T. ni larvae. The short trans-membrane fragment was deleted to avoid potential protein insolubility, while preserving all other functional features of the enzymes. Purified tyrosinase was obtained with a yield of >1 mg per 10 g of larval biomass. The protein was a monomeric glycoenzyme with maximum enzyme activity at 37°C and neutral pH. The two purified mutants when compared to the wild-type protein were less active and temperature sensitive. These differences are associated with conformational perturbations in secondary structure. Conclusions/Significance The intramelanosomal domains of recombinant wild-type and mutant human tyrosinases are soluble monomeric glycoproteins with activities which mirror their in vivo function. This advance allows for the structure – function analyses of different mutant TYR proteins and correlation with their corresponding human phenotypes; it also provides an important tool to discover drugs that may improve tyrosinase activity and treat OCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika B. Dolinska
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elena Kovaleva
- Chesapeake PERL, Savage, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Backlund
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Wingfield
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Brooks
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BPB); (YVS)
| | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BPB); (YVS)
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Multidirectional chemical signalling between Mammalian hosts, resident microbiota, and invasive pathogens: neuroendocrine hormone-induced changes in bacterial gene expression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 817:241-53. [PMID: 24997037 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Host-pathogen communication appears to be crucial in establishing the outcome of bacterial infections. There is increasing evidence to suggest that this communication can take place by bacterial pathogens sensing and subsequently responding to host neuroendocrine (NE) stress hormones. Bacterial pathogens have developed mechanisms allowing them to eavesdrop on these communication pathways within their hosts. These pathogens can use intercepted communication signals to adjust their fitness to persist and cause disease in their hosts. Recently, there have been numerous studies highlighting the ability of NE hormones to act as an environmental cue for pathogens, helping to steer their responses during host infection. Host NE hormone sensing can take place indirectly or directly via bacterial adrenergic receptors (BARs). The resulting changes in bacterial gene expression can be of strategic benefit to the pathogen. Furthermore, it is intriguing that not only can bacteria sense NE stress hormones but they are also able to produce key signalling molecules known as autoinducers. The rapid advances in our knowledge of the human microbiome, and its impact on health and disease highlights the potential importance of communication between the microbiota, pathogens and the host. It is indeed likely that the microbiota input significantly in the neuroendocrinological homeostasis of the host by catabolic, anabolic, and signalling processes. The arrival of unwanted guests, such as bacterial pathogens, clearly has a major impact on these delicately balanced interactions. Unravelling the pathways involved in interkingdom communication between invading bacterial pathogens, the resident microbiota, and hosts, may provide novel targets in our continuous search for new antimicrobials to control disease.
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Dulcevscaia GM, Kravtsov VC, Macaev FZ, Duca GG, Stingachi EP, Pogrebnoi SI, Boldescu VV, Clapco SF, Tiurina JP, Deseatnic-Ciloci AA, Lipkowski J, Liu SX, Decurtins S, Baca SG. New copper(II) complexes with isoconazole: Synthesis, structures and biological properties. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Lucas-Elío P, Goodwin L, Woyke T, Pitluck S, Nolan M, Kyrpides NC, Detter JC, Copeland A, Teshima H, Bruce D, Detter C, Tapia R, Han S, Land ML, Ivanova N, Mikhailova N, Johnston AWB, Sanchez-Amat A. Complete genome sequence of the melanogenic marine bacterium Marinomonas mediterranea type strain (MMB-1(T)). Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 6:63-73. [PMID: 22675599 PMCID: PMC3368407 DOI: 10.4056/sigs.2545743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marinomonas mediterranea MMB-1(T) Solano & Sanchez-Amat 1999 belongs to the family Oceanospirillaceae within the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is of interest because it is the only species described in the genus Marinomonas to date that can synthesize melanin pigments, which is mediated by the activity of a tyrosinase. M. mediterranea expresses other oxidases of biotechnological interest, such as a multicopper oxidase with laccase activity and a novel L-lysine-epsilon-oxidase. The 4,684,316 bp long genome harbors 4,228 protein-coding genes and 98 RNA genes and is a part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lucas-Elío
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lynne Goodwin
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Sam Pitluck
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Matt Nolan
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | | | - Alex Copeland
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Hazuki Teshima
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - David Bruce
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Chris Detter
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Roxanne Tapia
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Shunsheng Han
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Miriam L. Land
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew W. B. Johnston
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Fairhead M, Thöny-Meyer L. Bacterial tyrosinases: old enzymes with new relevance to biotechnology. N Biotechnol 2011; 29:183-91. [PMID: 21664502 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinases are copper-containing dioxygen activating enzymes found in many species of bacteria and are usually associated with melanin production. These proteins have a strong preference for phenolic and diphenolic substrates and are somewhat limited in their reaction scope, always producing an activated quinone as product. Despite this fact they have potential in several biotechnological applications, including the production of novel mixed melanins, protein cross-linking, phenolic biosensors, production of l-DOPA, phenol and dye removal and biocatalysis. Although most studies have used Streptomyces sp. enzymes, there are several other examples of these proteins that are also of potential interest. For instance a solvent tolerant enzyme has been described, as well as an enzyme with both tyrosinase and laccase activities, enzymes with altered substrate preferences, an enzyme produced as an inactive zymogen as well as examples which do not require auxiliary proteins for copper insertion (unlike the Streptomyces sp. enzymes which do require such a protein). This article will summarise the reports on the biotechnological applications of bacterial tyrosinases as well as the current information available on the different types of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fairhead
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Biomaterials, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, CH-9014, Switzerland
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Tang L, Li F, Liu M, Nandhakumar R. A New Rhodamine B Derivative As a Colorimetric Chemosensor for Recognition of Copper(II) Ion. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.11.3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Sanchez-Amat A, Solano F, Lucas-Elío P. Finding new enzymes from bacterial physiology: a successful approach illustrated by the detection of novel oxidases in Marinomonas mediterranea. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:519-41. [PMID: 20411113 PMCID: PMC2855505 DOI: 10.3390/md8030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and study of marine microorganisms with unique physiological traits can be a very powerful tool discovering novel enzymes of possible biotechnological interest. This approach can complement the enormous amount of data concerning gene diversity in marine environments offered by metagenomic analysis, and can help to place the activities associated with those sequences in the context of microbial cellular metabolism and physiology. Accordingly, the detection and isolation of microorganisms that may be a good source of enzymes is of great importance. Marinomonas mediterranea, for example, has proven to be one such useful microorganism. This Gram-negative marine bacterium was first selected because of the unusually high amounts of melanins synthesized in media containing the amino acid L-tyrosine. The study of its molecular biology has allowed the cloning of several genes encoding oxidases of biotechnological interest, particularly in white and red biotechnology. Characterization of the operon encoding the tyrosinase responsible for melanin synthesis revealed that a second gene in that operon encodes a protein, PpoB2, which is involved in copper transfer to tyrosinase. This finding made PpoB2 the first protein in the COG5486 group to which a physiological role has been assigned. Another enzyme of interest described in M. mediterranea is a multicopper oxidase encoding a membrane-associated enzyme that shows oxidative activity on a wide range of substrates typical of both laccases and tyrosinases. Finally, an enzyme very specific for L-lysine, which oxidises this amino acid in epsilon position and that has received a new EC number (1.4.3.20), has also been described for M. mediterranea. Overall, the studies carried out on this bacterium illustrate the power of exploring the physiology of selected microorganisms to discover novel enzymes of biotechnological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sanchez-Amat
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Patricia Lucas-Elío
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain; E-Mail:
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Gómez D, Lucas-Elío P, Solano F, Sanchez-Amat A. Both genes in the Marinomonas mediterranea lodAB operon are required for the expression of the antimicrobial protein lysine oxidase. Mol Microbiol 2009; 75:462-73. [PMID: 20025674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.07000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The melanogenic marine bacterium Marinomonas mediterranea synthesizes a novel antimicrobial protein (LodA) with lysine-epsilon oxidase activity (EC 1.4.3.20). Homologues to LodA have been detected in several Gram-negative bacteria, where they are involved in biofilm development. Adjacent to lodA is located a second gene, lodB, of unknown function. This genomic organization is maintained in all the microorganisms containing homologues to these genes. In this work we show that lodA and lodB constitute an operon. Western blot analysis and enzymatic determinations revealed that LodA is secreted to the external medium when the culture reaches the stationary phase. LodB, on the other hand, has only been detected inside cells, but it is not secreted. The expression of the lysine-epsilon oxidase (LOD) activity in M. mediterranea requires functional copies of both genes since mutants lacking either lodA or lodB do not show any LOD activity. The active form of LodA containing the quinonic cofactor is intracellularly generated in a process that takes place only in the presence of LodB, suggesting that the latter is involved in this process. Moreover, in the absence of one of the proteins, the stability of the partner protein is compromised leading to a marked decrease in its cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gómez
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Molecular and biochemical characterization of a distinct tyrosinase involved in melanin production from Aeromonas media. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82:261-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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