1
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Shin S, Bong S, Moon H, Jeon H, Kim H, Choi GJ, Lee DY, Son H. Oxaloacetate anaplerosis differently contributes to pathogenicity in plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium graminearum and F. oxysporum. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012544. [PMID: 39250495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Anaplerosis refers to enzymatic reactions or pathways replenishing metabolic intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Pyruvate carboxylase (PYC) plays an important anaplerotic role by catalyzing pyruvate carboxylation, forming oxaloacetate. Although PYC orthologs are well conserved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, their pathobiological functions in filamentous pathogenic fungi have yet to be fully understood. Here, we delve into the molecular functions of the ortholog gene PYC1 in Fusarium graminearum and F. oxysporum, prominent fungal plant pathogens with distinct pathosystems, demonstrating variations in carbon metabolism for pathogenesis. Surprisingly, the PYC1 deletion mutant of F. oxysporum exhibited pleiotropic defects in hyphal growth, conidiation, and virulence, unlike F. graminearum, where PYC1 deletion did not significantly impact virulence. To further explore the species-specific effects of PYC1 deletion on pathogenicity, we conducted comprehensive metabolic profiling. Despite shared metabolic changes, distinct reprogramming in central carbon and nitrogen metabolism was identified. Specifically, alpha-ketoglutarate, a key link between the TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism, showed significant down-regulation exclusively in the PYC1 deletion mutant of F. oxysporum. The metabolic response associated with pathogenicity was notably characterized by S-methyl-5-thioadenosine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine. This research sheds light on how PYC1-mediated anaplerosis affects fungal metabolism and reveals species-specific variations, exemplified in F. graminearum and F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soobin Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghun Bong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeji Moon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yup Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Carbon Catabolite Repression Governs Diverse Physiological Processes and Development in Aspergillus nidulans. mBio 2021; 13:e0373421. [PMID: 35164551 PMCID: PMC8844935 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03734-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is a common phenomenon of microorganisms that enable efficient utilization of carbon nutrients, critical for the fitness of microorganisms in the wild and for pathogenic species to cause infection. In most filamentous fungal species, the conserved transcription factor CreA/Cre1 mediates CCR. Previous studies demonstrated a primary function for CreA/Cre1 in carbon metabolism; however, the phenotype of creA/cre1 mutants indicated broader roles. The global function and regulatory mechanism of this wide-domain transcription factor has remained elusive. Here, we applied two powerful genomics methods (transcriptome sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing) to delineate the direct and indirect roles of Aspergillus nidulans CreA across diverse physiological processes, including secondary metabolism, iron homeostasis, oxidative stress response, development, N-glycan biosynthesis, unfolded protein response, and nutrient and ion transport. The results indicate intricate connections between the regulation of carbon metabolism and diverse cellular functions. Moreover, our work also provides key mechanistic insights into CreA regulation and identifies CreA as a master regulator controlling many transcription factors of different regulatory networks. The discoveries for this highly conserved transcriptional regulator in a model fungus have important implications for CCR in related pathogenic and industrial species. IMPORTANCE The ability to scavenge and use a wide range of nutrients for growth is crucial for microorganisms' survival in the wild. Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is a transcriptional regulatory phenomenon of both bacteria and fungi to coordinate the expression of genes required for preferential utilization of carbon sources. Since carbon metabolism is essential for growth, CCR is central to the fitness of microorganisms. In filamentous fungi, CCR is mediated by the conserved transcription factor CreA/Cre1, whose function in carbon metabolism has been well established. However, the global roles and regulatory mechanism of CreA/Cre1 are poorly defined. This study uncovers the direct and indirect functions of CreA in the model organism Aspergillus nidulans over diverse physiological processes and development and provides mechanistic insights into how CreA controls different regulatory networks. The work also reveals an interesting functional divergence between filamentous fungal and yeast CreA/Cre1 orthologues.
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3
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Li J, Liu Q, Li J, Lin L, Li X, Zhang Y, Tian C. RCO-3 and COL-26 form an external-to-internal module that regulates the dual-affinity glucose transport system in Neurospora crassa. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:33. [PMID: 33509260 PMCID: PMC7841889 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low- and high-affinity glucose transport system is a conserved strategy of microorganism to cope with environmental glucose fluctuation for their growth and competitiveness. In Neurospora crassa, the dual-affinity glucose transport system consists of a low-affinity glucose transporter GLT-1 and two high-affinity glucose transporters HGT-1/HGT-2, which play diverse roles in glucose transport, carbon metabolism, and cellulase expression regulation. However, the regulation of this dual-transporter system in response to environmental glucose fluctuation is not yet clear. RESULTS In this study, we report that a regulation module consisting of a downstream transcription factor COL-26 and an upstream non-transporting glucose sensor RCO-3 regulates the dual-affinity glucose transport system in N. crassa. COL-26 directly binds to the promoter regions of glt-1, hgt-1, and hgt-2, whereas RCO-3 is an upstream factor of the module whose deletion mutant resembles the Δcol-26 mutant phenotypically. Transcriptional profiling analysis revealed that Δcol-26 and Δrco-3 mutants had similar transcriptional profiles, and both mutants had impaired response to a glucose gradient. We also showed that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) complex is involved in regulation of the glucose transporters. AMPK is required for repression of glt-1 expression in starvation conditions by inhibiting the activity of RCO-3. CONCLUSIONS RCO-3 and COL-26 form an external-to-internal module that regulates the glucose dual-affinity transport system. Transcription factor COL-26 was identified as the key regulator. AMPK was also involved in the regulation of the dual-transporter system. Our findings provide novel insight into the molecular basis of glucose uptake and signaling in filamentous fungi, which may aid in the rational design of fungal strains for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Jingen Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Liangcai Lin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
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4
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Baker SE. Protein hyperproduction in fungi by design. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8621-8628. [PMID: 30078136 PMCID: PMC6153651 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The secretion of enzymes used by fungi to digest their environment has been exploited by humans for centuries for food and beverage production. More than a century after the first biotechnology patent, we know that the enzyme cocktails secreted by these amazing organisms have tremendous use across a number of industrial processes. Secreting the maximum titer of enzymes is critical to the economic feasibility of these processes. Traditional mutagenesis and screening approaches have generated the vast majority of strains used by industry for the production of enzymes. Until the emergence of economical next generation DNA sequencing platforms, the majority of the genes mutated in these screens remained uncharacterized at the sequence level. In addition, mutagenesis comes with a cost to an organism’s fitness, making tractable rational strain design approaches an attractive alternative. As an alternative to traditional mutagenesis and screening, controlled manipulation of multiple genes involved in processes that impact the ability of a fungus to sense its environment, regulate transcription of enzyme-encoding genes, and efficiently secrete these proteins will allow for rational design of improved fungal protein production strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Baker
- Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
- Biosystems Design and Simulation Group, Environmental Molecular Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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5
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Brown NA, Dos Reis TF, Ries LNA, Caldana C, Mah JH, Yu JH, Macdonald JM, Goldman GH. G-protein coupled receptor-mediated nutrient sensing and developmental control in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:420-39. [PMID: 26179439 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing and utilisation are fundamental for all life forms. As heterotrophs, fungi have evolved a diverse range of mechanisms for sensing and taking up various nutrients. Despite its importance, only a limited number of nutrient receptors and their corresponding ligands have been identified in fungi. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors. The Aspergillus nidulans genome encodes 16 putative GPCRs, but only a few have been functionally characterised. Our previous study showed the increased expression of an uncharacterised putative GPCR, gprH, during carbon starvation. GprH appears conserved throughout numerous filamentous fungi. Here, we reveal that GprH is a putative receptor involved in glucose and tryptophan sensing. The absence of GprH results in a reduction in cAMP levels and PKA activity upon adding glucose or tryptophan to starved cells. GprH is pre-formed in conidia and is increasingly active during carbon starvation, where it plays a role in glucose uptake and the recovery of hyphal growth. GprH also represses sexual development under conditions favouring sexual fruiting and during carbon starvation in submerged cultures. In summary, the GprH nutrient-sensing system functions upstream of the cAMP-PKA pathway, influences primary metabolism and hyphal growth, while represses sexual development in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Andrew Brown
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Thaila Fernanda Dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Caldana
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol - CTBE, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Max Planck Partnergroup at CTBE/CNPEM, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jae-Hyung Mah
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Macdonald
- UNC Metabolomic Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Gustavo Henrique Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol - CTBE, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Multiple Phosphatases Regulate Carbon Source-Dependent Germination and Primary Metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:857-72. [PMID: 25762568 PMCID: PMC4426372 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.016667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus nidulans is an important mold and a model system for the study of fungal cell biology. In addition, invasive A. nidulans pulmonary infections are common in humans with chronic granulomatous disease. The morphological and biochemical transition from dormant conidia into active, growing, filamentous hyphae requires the coordination of numerous biosynthetic, developmental, and metabolic processes. The present study exhibited the diversity of roles performed by seven phosphatases in regulating cell cycle, development, and metabolism in response to glucose and alternative carbon sources. The identified phosphatases highlighted the importance of several signaling pathways regulating filamentous growth, the action of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex as a metabolic switch controlling carbon usage, and the identification of the key function performed by the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase during germination. These novel insights into the fundamental roles of numerous phosphatases in germination and carbon sensing have provided new avenues of research into the identification of inhibitors of fungal germination, with implications for the food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries.
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7
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Brown NA, Ries LNA, Goldman GH. How nutritional status signalling coordinates metabolism and lignocellulolytic enzyme secretion. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 72:48-63. [PMID: 25011009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The utilisation of lignocellulosic plant biomass as an abundant, renewable feedstock for green chemistries and biofuel production is inhibited by its recalcitrant nature. In the environment, lignocellulolytic fungi are naturally capable of breaking down plant biomass into utilisable saccharides. Nonetheless, within the industrial context, inefficiencies in the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes impede the implementation of green technologies. One of the primary causes of such inefficiencies is the tight transcriptional control of lignocellulolytic enzymes via carbon catabolite repression. Fungi coordinate metabolism, protein biosynthesis and secretion with cellular energetic status through the detection of intra- and extra-cellular nutritional signals. An enhanced understanding of the signals and signalling pathways involved in regulating the transcription, translation and secretion of lignocellulolytic enzymes is therefore of great biotechnological interest. This comparative review describes how nutrient sensing pathways regulate carbon catabolite repression, metabolism and the utilisation of alternative carbon sources in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ascomycete fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Andrew Brown
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Gustavo Henrique Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Campinas, Brazil.
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8
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Forment JV, Flipphi M, Ventura L, González R, Ramón D, MacCabe AP. High-affinity glucose transport in Aspergillus nidulans is mediated by the products of two related but differentially expressed genes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94662. [PMID: 24751997 PMCID: PMC3994029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Independent systems of high and low affinity effect glucose uptake in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Low-affinity uptake is known to be mediated by the product of the mstE gene. In the current work two genes, mstA and mstC, have been identified that encode high-affinity glucose transporter proteins. These proteins' primary structures share over 90% similarity, indicating that the corresponding genes share a common origin. Whilst the function of the paralogous proteins is little changed, they differ notably in their patterns of expression. The mstC gene is expressed during the early phases of germination and is subject to CreA-mediated carbon catabolite repression whereas mstA is expressed as a culture tends toward carbon starvation. In addition, various pieces of genetic evidence strongly support allelism of mstC and the previously described locus sorA. Overall, our data define MstC/SorA as a high-affinity glucose transporter expressed in germinating conidia, and MstA as a high-affinity glucose transporter that operates in vegetative hyphae under conditions of carbon limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep V. Forment
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Flipphi
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Luisa Ventura
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón González
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramón
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Biopolis SL, Parc Cientific Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrew P. MacCabe
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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9
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Jónás Á, Fekete E, Flipphi M, Sándor E, Jäger S, Molnár ÁP, Szentirmai A, Karaffa L. Extra- and intracellular lactose catabolism in Penicillium chrysogenum: phylogenetic and expression analysis of the putative permease and hydrolase genes. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2014; 67:489-97. [PMID: 24690910 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2014.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium chrysogenum is used as an industrial producer of penicillin. We investigated its catabolism of lactose, an abundant component of whey used in penicillin fermentation, comparing the type strain NRRL 1951 with the high producing strain AS-P-78. Both strains grew similarly on lactose as the sole carbon source under batch conditions, exhibiting almost identical time profiles of sugar depletion. In silico analysis of the genome sequences revealed that P. chrysogenum features at least five putative β-galactosidase (bGal)-encoding genes at the annotated loci Pc22g14540, Pc12g11750, Pc16g12750, Pc14g01510 and Pc06g00600. The first two proteins appear to be orthologs of two Aspergillus nidulans family 2 intracellular glycosyl hydrolases expressed on lactose. The latter three P. chrysogenum proteins appear to be distinct paralogs of the extracellular bGal from A. niger, LacA, a family 35 glycosyl hydrolase. The P. chrysogenum genome also specifies two putative lactose transporter genes at the annotated loci Pc16g06850 and Pc13g08630. These are orthologs of paralogs of the gene encoding the high-affinity lactose permease (lacpA) in A. nidulans for which P. chrysogenum appears to lack the ortholog. Transcript analysis of Pc22g14540 showed that it was expressed exclusively on lactose, whereas Pc12g11750 was weakly expressed on all carbon sources tested, including D-glucose. Pc16g12750 was co-expressed with the two putative intracellular bGal genes on lactose and also responded on L-arabinose. The Pc13g08630 transcript was formed exclusively on lactose. The data strongly suggest that P. chrysogenum exhibits a dual assimilation strategy for lactose, simultaneously employing extracellular and intracellular hydrolysis, without any correlation to the penicillin-producing potential of the studied strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágota Jónás
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Fekete
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Michel Flipphi
- 1] Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary [2] Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Erzsébet Sándor
- Institute of Food Processing, Quality Assurance and Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Jäger
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ákos P Molnár
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Szentirmai
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Levente Karaffa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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10
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dos Reis TF, Menino JF, Bom VLP, Brown NA, Colabardini AC, Savoldi M, Goldman MHS, Rodrigues F, Goldman GH. Identification of glucose transporters in Aspergillus nidulans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81412. [PMID: 24282591 PMCID: PMC3839997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the mechanisms involved in glucose transport, in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, we have identified four glucose transporter encoding genes hxtB-E. We evaluated the ability of hxtB-E to functionally complement the Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY.VW4000 strain that is unable to grow on glucose, fructose, mannose or galactose as single carbon source. In S. cerevisiae HxtB-E were targeted to the plasma membrane. The expression of HxtB, HxtC and HxtE was able to restore growth on glucose, fructose, mannose or galactose, indicating that these transporters accept multiple sugars as a substrate through an energy dependent process. A tenfold excess of unlabeled maltose, galactose, fructose, and mannose were able to inhibit glucose uptake to different levels (50 to 80 %) in these s. cerevisiae complemented strains. Moreover, experiments with cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), strongly suggest that hxtB, -C, and -E mediate glucose transport via active proton symport. The A. nidulans ΔhxtB, ΔhxtC or ΔhxtE null mutants showed ~2.5-fold reduction in the affinity for glucose, while ΔhxtB and -C also showed a 2-fold reduction in the capacity for glucose uptake. The ΔhxtD mutant had a 7.8-fold reduction in affinity, but a 3-fold increase in the capacity for glucose uptake. However, only the ΔhxtB mutant strain showed a detectable decreased rate of glucose consumption at low concentrations and an increased resistance to 2-deoxyglucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaila Fernanda dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Filipe Menino
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vinícius Leite Pedro Bom
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neil Andrew Brown
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Colabardini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Savoldi
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena S. Goldman
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Henrique Goldman
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol – CTBE, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Katz ME, Braunberger K, Yi G, Cooper S, Nonhebel HM, Gondro C. A p53-like transcription factor similar to Ndt80 controls the response to nutrient stress in the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus nidulans. F1000Res 2013; 2:72. [PMID: 24358888 PMCID: PMC3821154 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-72.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The
Aspergillus nidulans xprG gene encodes a putative transcriptional activator that is a member of the Ndt80 family in the p53-like superfamily of proteins. Previous studies have shown that XprG controls the production of extracellular proteases in response to starvation. We undertook transcriptional profiling to investigate whether XprG has a wider role as a global regulator of the carbon nutrient stress response. Our microarray data showed that the expression of a large number of genes, including genes involved in secondary metabolism, development, high-affinity glucose uptake and autolysis, were altered in an
xprGΔ null mutant. Many of these genes are known to be regulated in response to carbon starvation. We confirmed that sterigmatocystin and penicillin production is reduced in
xprG
- mutants. The loss of fungal mass and secretion of pigments that accompanies fungal autolysis in response to nutrient depletion was accelerated in an
xprG1 gain-of-function mutant and decreased or absent in an
xprG
- mutant. The results support the hypothesis that XprG plays a major role in the response to carbon limitation and that nutrient sensing may represent one of the ancestral roles for the p53-like superfamily. Disruption of the AN6015 gene, which encodes a second Ndt80-like protein, showed that it is required for sexual reproduction in
A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Katz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Kathryn Braunberger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Gauncai Yi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia ; Current address: Nanjing Hospital for Women & Children's Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, 210004, China
| | - Sarah Cooper
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Heather M Nonhebel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Cedric Gondro
- The Centre for Genetic Analysis and Applications, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Portnoy T, Margeot A, Linke R, Atanasova L, Fekete E, Sándor E, Hartl L, Karaffa L, Druzhinina IS, Seiboth B, Le Crom S, Kubicek CP. The CRE1 carbon catabolite repressor of the fungus Trichoderma reesei: a master regulator of carbon assimilation. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:269. [PMID: 21619626 PMCID: PMC3124439 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification and characterization of the transcriptional regulatory networks governing the physiology and adaptation of microbial cells is a key step in understanding their behaviour. One such wide-domain regulatory circuit, essential to all cells, is carbon catabolite repression (CCR): it allows the cell to prefer some carbon sources, whose assimilation is of high nutritional value, over less profitable ones. In lower multicellular fungi, the C2H2 zinc finger CreA/CRE1 protein has been shown to act as the transcriptional repressor in this process. However, the complete list of its gene targets is not known. RESULTS Here, we deciphered the CRE1 regulatory range in the model cellulose and hemicellulose-degrading fungus Trichoderma reesei (anamorph of Hypocrea jecorina) by profiling transcription in a wild-type and a delta-cre1 mutant strain on glucose at constant growth rates known to repress and de-repress CCR-affected genes. Analysis of genome-wide microarrays reveals 2.8% of transcripts whose expression was regulated in at least one of the four experimental conditions: 47.3% of which were repressed by CRE1, whereas 29.0% were actually induced by CRE1, and 17.2% only affected by the growth rate but CRE1 independent. Among CRE1 repressed transcripts, genes encoding unknown proteins and transport proteins were overrepresented. In addition, we found CRE1-repression of nitrogenous substances uptake, components of chromatin remodeling and the transcriptional mediator complex, as well as developmental processes. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first global insight into the molecular physiological response of a multicellular fungus to carbon catabolite regulation and identifies several not yet known targets in a growth-controlled environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Portnoy
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Département Biotechnologie, 1-4 Avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France
- École normale supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, F-75005 France. Inserm, U1024, Paris, F-75005 France. CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Antoine Margeot
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Département Biotechnologie, 1-4 Avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France
| | - Rita Linke
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lea Atanasova
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of ChemicalEngineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erzsébet Fekete
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4010, P.O.Box 56, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Sándor
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Böszörményi út 138., Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lukas Hartl
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of ChemicalEngineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Levente Karaffa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4010, P.O.Box 56, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of ChemicalEngineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of ChemicalEngineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphane Le Crom
- École normale supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, F-75005 France. Inserm, U1024, Paris, F-75005 France. CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Christian P Kubicek
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of ChemicalEngineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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Aspergillus fumigatus catalytic glucokinase and hexokinase: expression analysis and importance for germination, growth, and conidiation. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:1120-35. [PMID: 20453072 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00362-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungi contain several hexokinases, which are involved either in sugar phosphorylation or in carbon source sensing. Glucose and fructose phosphorylations appear to rely exclusively on glucokinase and hexokinase. Here, we characterized the catalytic glucokinase and hexokinase from the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and showed that both enzymes display different biochemical properties and play different roles during growth and development. Glucokinase efficiently activates glucose and mannose but activates fructose only to a minor extent. Hexokinase showed a high efficiency for fructose activation but also activated glucose and mannose. Transcript and activity determinations revealed high levels of glucokinase in resting conidia, whereas hexokinase was associated mainly with the mycelium. Consequentially, a glucokinase mutant showed delayed germination at low glucose concentrations, whereas colony growth was not overly affected. The deletion of hexokinase had only a minor impact on germination but reduced colony growth, especially on sugar-containing media. Transcript determinations from infected mouse lungs revealed the expression of both genes, indicating a contribution to virulence. Interestingly, a double-deletion mutant showed impaired growth not only on sugars but also on nonfermentable nutrients, and growth on gluconeogenic carbon sources was strongly suppressed in the presence of glucose. Furthermore, the glkA hxkA deletion affected cell wall integrity, implying that both enzymes contribute to the cell wall composition. Additionally, the absence of either enzyme deregulated carbon catabolite repression since mutants displayed an induction of isocitrate lyase activity during growth on glucose-ethanol medium. Therefore, both enzymes seem to be required for balancing carbon flux in A. fumigatus and are indispensable for growth under all nutritional conditions.
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Vrabl P, Mutschlechner W, Burgstaller W. Characteristics of glucose uptake by glucose- and NH4-limited grown Penicillium ochrochloron at low, medium and high glucose concentration. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1380-92. [PMID: 18722543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucose uptake by Penicillium ochrochloron (formerly Penicillium simplicissimum) was studied from 0.01 to 400 mM glucose using chemostat culture and bioreactor batch culture. The characteristics of glucose uptake varied considerably with the conditions of growth, harvest and uptake assay. Glucose-limited grown mycelium showed one saturable transport system [K(S) below 0.01 mM; v(max) 1.1-1.2 mmol (g dry weight)(-1)h(-1)] plus a first order process (permeability P=1.2x10(-7)cm s(-1)). Ammonium-limited grown mycelium showed only one saturable transport system [K(S) 0.3-0.7 mM; v(max) 0.5-0.8 mmol (g dry weight)(-1)h(-1)]. During exponential growth at high glucose concentration (300-400 mM) a first order process was found with a P value of 5.6-9.3x10(-7)cm s(-1). After ammonium exhaustion a second first order phase showed a lower P value (6.1-9.3x10(-8)cm s(-1)). A similar change in permeability was also found after a re-evaluation of published data for Gibberella fujikuroi, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus awamori and Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. For the first order processes simple diffusion was ruled out as a mechanism for glucose uptake. Glucose uptake by P. ochrochloron was controlled more strongly by metabolism than by transport and was not rate limiting for overflow metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Vrabl
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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AcpA, a member of the GPR1/FUN34/YaaH membrane protein family, is essential for acetate permease activity in the hyphal fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Biochem J 2008; 412:485-93. [PMID: 18302536 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, alcS, a gene of the Aspergillus nidulans alc cluster, was shown to encode a protein that belongs to the GPR1/FUN34/YaaH membrane protein family. BLAST screening of the A. nidulans genome data identified additional genes encoding hypothetical proteins that could belong to this family. In this study we report the functional characterization of one of them, AN5226. Its expression is induced by ethanol and ethyl acetate (two inducers of the alc genes) and is mediated by the specific transcriptional activator of genes of the acetate-utilization pathway FacB. Growth of a null mutant (DeltaAN5226) is notably affected when acetate is used as sole carbon source at low concentration and in a high pH medium, i.e. when protonated acetate, the form that can enter the cell by passive diffusion, is present in low amounts. Consistently, expression of AN5226 is also induced by acetate, but only when the latter is present at low concentrations. (14)C-labelled acetate uptake experiments using germinating conidia demonstrate an essential role for AN5226 in mediated acetate transport. To our knowledge this report is the first to provide evidence for the identification of an acetate transporter in filamentous fungi. We have designated AN5226 as acpA (for acetate permease A).
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Jørgensen TR, vanKuyk PA, Poulsen BR, Ruijter GJG, Visser J, Iversen JJL. Glucose uptake and growth of glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Aspergillus niger and a disruptant lacking MstA, a high-affinity glucose transporter. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:1963-1973. [PMID: 17526853 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/005090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This is a study of high-affinity glucose uptake in Aspergillus niger and the effect of disruption of a high-affinity monosaccharide-transporter gene, mstA. The substrate saturation constant (K(s)) of a reference strain was about 15 microM in glucose-limited chemostat culture. Disruption of mstA resulted in a two- to fivefold reduction in affinity for glucose and led to expression of a low-affinity glucose transport gene, mstC, at high dilution rate. The effect of mstA disruption was more subtle at low and intermediate dilution rates, pointing to some degree of functional redundancy in the high-affinity uptake system of A. niger. The mstA disruptant and a reference strain were cultivated in glucose-limited chemostat cultures at low, intermediate and high dilution rate (D=0.07 h(-1), 0.14 h(-1) and 0.20 h(-1)). Mycelium harvested from steady-state cultures was subjected to glucose uptake assays, and analysed for expression of mstA and two other transporter genes, mstC and mstF. The capacity for glucose uptake (v(max)) of both strains was significantly reduced at low dilution rate. The glucose uptake assays revealed complex uptake kinetics. This impeded accurate determination of maximum specific uptake rates (v(max)) and apparent affinity constants ( ) at intermediate and high dilution rate. Two high-affinity glucose transporter genes, mstA and mstF, were expressed at all three dilution rates in chemostat cultures, in contrast to batch culture, where only mstC was expressed. Expression patterns of the three transporter genes suggested differential regulation and functionality of their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Jørgensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Patricia A vanKuyk
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Clusius Laboratory, Department of Fungal Genetics and Metabolomics, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
- Section Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjarne R Poulsen
- Section Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - George J G Ruijter
- Section Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Visser
- Section Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens J L Iversen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Forment JV, Flipphi M, Ramón D, Ventura L, Maccabe AP. Identification of the mstE gene encoding a glucose-inducible, low affinity glucose transporter in Aspergillus nidulans. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:8339-46. [PMID: 16418173 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508198200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mstE gene encoding a low affinity glucose transporter active during the germination of Aspergillus nidulans conidia on glucose medium has been identified. mstE expression also occurs in hyphae, is induced in the presence of other repressing carbon sources besides glucose, and is dependent on the function of the transcriptional repressor CreA. The expression of MstE and its subcellular distribution have been studied using a MstE-sGFP fusion protein. Concordant with data on mstE expression, MstE-sGFP is synthesized in the presence of repressing carbon sources, and fluorescence at the periphery of conidia and hyphae is consistent with MstE location in the plasma membrane. Deletion of mstE has no morphological phenotype but results in the absence of low affinity glucose uptake kinetics, the latter being substituted by a high affinity system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep V Forment
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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Aro N, Pakula T, Penttilä M. Transcriptional regulation of plant cell wall degradation by filamentous fungi. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2004; 29:719-39. [PMID: 16102600 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall consists mainly of the large biopolymers cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin. These biopolymers are degraded by many microorganisms, in particular filamentous fungi, with the aid of extracellular enzymes. Filamentous fungi have a key role in degradation of the most abundant biopolymers found in nature, cellulose and hemicelluloses, and therefore are essential for the maintenance of the global carbon cycle. The production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, cellulases, hemicellulases, ligninases and pectinases, is regulated mainly at the transcriptional level in filamentous fungi. The genes are induced in the presence of the polymers or molecules derived from the polymers and repressed under growth conditions where the production of these enzymes is not necessary, such as on glucose. The expression of the genes encoding the enzymes is regulated by various environmental and cellular factors, some of which are common while others are more unique to either a certain fungus or a class of enzymes. This review summarises our current knowledge on the transcriptional regulation, focusing on the recently characterized transcription factors that regulate genes coding for enzymes involved in the breakdown of plant cell wall biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Aro
- VTT Biotechnology, Espoo, Finland.
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