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Sánchez-Rey LE, Moreno-Sarmiento N, Grijalba-Bernal EP, Quiroga-Cubides G. Physiological response of Metarhizium rileyi with linoleic acid supplementation. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1827-1835. [PMID: 38876535 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Metarhizium rileyi has a broad biocontrol spectrum but is highly sensitive to abiotic factors. A Colombian isolate M. rileyi Nm017 has shown notorious potential against Helicoverpa zea. However, it has a loss of up to 22 % of its conidial germination after drying, which limits its potential as a biocontrol agent and further commercialization. Conidial desiccation resistance can be enhanced by nutritional supplements, which promotes field adaptability and facilitates technological development as a biopesticide. In this study, the effect of culture medium supplemented with linoleic acid on desiccation tolerance in Nm017 conidia was evaluated. Results showed that using a 2 % linoleic acid-supplemented medium increased the relative germination after drying by 41 % compared to the control treatment, without affecting insecticidal activity on H. zea. Also, the fungus increased the synthesis of trehalose, glucose, and erythritol during drying, independently of linoleic acid use. Ultrastructural analyses of the cell wall-membrane showed a loss of thickness by 22 % and 25 %, in samples obtained from 2 % linoleic acid supplementation and the control, respectively. Regarding its morphological characteristics, conidia inner area from both treatments did not change after drying. However, conidia from the control had a 24 % decrease in length/width ratio, whereas there was no alteration in conidia from acid linoleic. The average value of dry conidia elasticity coefficient from linoleic acid treatment was 200 % above the control. Medium supplementation with linoleic acid is a promising fermentation strategy for obtaining more tolerant conidia without affecting production and biocontrol parameters, compatible solutes synthesis, or modifying its cell configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy Esther Sánchez-Rey
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 #26-85 Edificio Manuel Ancizar, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nubia Moreno-Sarmiento
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 #26-85 Edificio Manuel Ancizar, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Erika Paola Grijalba-Bernal
- Departamento de Bioproductos, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, kilómetro 14 vía Mosquera-Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Ginna Quiroga-Cubides
- Departamento de Bioproductos, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, kilómetro 14 vía Mosquera-Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
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2
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Ordaz-Hernández A, Montesinos-Matías R, Mellín-Rosas MA, Pérez-Aguirre T, Loera O, Angel-Cuapio A. Improvement of the production and quality of Cordyceps javanica conidia for the control of Diaphorina citri adults. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:115. [PMID: 38418714 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the use of palm kernel meal (PKM) in the traditional solid-state fermentation system to improve the production and quality of Cordyceps javanica conidia. The impact of PKM was determined by measuring conidia yield, viability, hydrophobicity, shelf life, and conidia pathogenicity against Diaphorina citri adults. By supplementing rice grains with 5% palm kernel meal increased the conidial yield by up to 40%, without compromising conidia viability and hydrophobicity. In addition, conidia caused higher levels of mortality by mycosis against D. citri adults (90%), relative to conidia harvested from rice (52%). The conidia recovered from rice/palm kernel meal mixtures also retained viability greater than 90% after storage for 10 months at 4 °C, while the conidia produced on rice reached 80%. Thus, conidia produced in the presence of palm kernel meal can be consumed immediately or in the medium term. Some process advantages of the palm kernel meal as co-substrate in the traditional production system of C. javanica are also mentioned. These results are attractive for improving the mycoinsecticide production process, with excellent cost-benefit and minimal changes in infrastructure and process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ordaz-Hernández
- Universidad de la Cañada, Carretera Teotitlán - San Antonio Nanahuatipán Km 1.7 s/n., Paraje Tiltlacuatitla, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, C.P. 68540, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montesinos-Matías
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico (CNRF-DGSV-SENASICA), Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, C.P. 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Marco A Mellín-Rosas
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico (CNRF-DGSV-SENASICA), Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, C.P. 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Teresa Pérez-Aguirre
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/TES de Tehuacán, Libramiento Tecnológico S/N, A.P. 247, Santa María Coapan, C.P. 75770, Tehuacán, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Octavio Loera
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Angel-Cuapio
- División de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/TES de Ecatepec, Av. Tecnológico s/n, Valle de Anáhuac, sección Fuentes, C.P. 55210, Ecatepec de Morelos, Estado de México, Mexico.
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3
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Fan L, Li X, Li H, Li B, Wang J, He L, Wang Z, Lin Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis to unveil genes affecting the host cuticle destruction in Metarhizium rileyi. Curr Genet 2023; 69:253-265. [PMID: 37726495 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-023-01274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Insect pathogenic fungi, also known as entomopathogenic fungi, are one of the largest insect pathogenic microorganism communities, represented by Beauveria spp. and Metarhizium spp. Entomopathogenic fungi have been proved to be a great substitute for chemical pesticide in agriculture. In fact, a lot of functional genes were also already characterized in entomopathogenic fungi, but more depth of exploration is still needed to reveal their complicated pathogenic mechanism to insects. Metarhizium rileyi (Nomuraea rileyi) is a great potential biocontrol fungus that can parasitize more than 40 distinct species (mainly Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to cause large-scale infectious diseases within insect population. In this study, a comparative analysis of transcriptome profile was performed with topical inoculation and hemolymph injection to character the infectious pattern of M. rileyi. Appressorium and multiple hydrolases are indispensable constituents to break the insect host primary cuticle defense in entomopathogenic fungi. Within our transcriptome data, numerous transcripts related to destruction of insect cuticle rather growth regulations were obtained. Most importantly, some unreported ribosomal protein genes and novel unannotated protein (hypothetical protein) genes were proved to participate in the course of pathogenic regulation. Our current data provide a higher efficiency gene library for virulence factors screen in M. rileyi, and this library may be also useful for furnishing valuable information on entomopathogenic fungal pathogenic mechanisms to host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Fan
- Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Li
- Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Li
- Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Le He
- Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongkang Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Lin
- Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Precision Medical Industry Technology Research Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Xie X, Wang Y, Jin S, He L, Jia Z, Huang B. MrCreC, a carbon catabolite repression gene, is required for the growth, conidiation, stress tolerance and virulence of Metarhizium robertsii. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108009. [PMID: 37863281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
As a key component of carbon source metabolism in fungi, CreC WD40 repeat protein is regulated by carbon catabolite repression (CCR). However, the understanding of the functions of CreC in entomopathogenic fungi is currently limited. Here, CreC in Metarhizium robertsii (MrCreC) was identified, and its roles in fungal development, conidiation, environmental stress response, and insecticidal virulence were explored. MrCreC is localized to cytoplasm, and MrCreC deletion affects fungal growth on various nutrients. Compared to the wild type, the sporulation of ΔMrCreC strain was significantly decreased by 60.3%. Further qPCR analysis found that deletion of MrCreC resulted in repression of sporulation-related genes such as AbaA, FlbA, Flbc, MedA, FlbD, FluG, and wetA. In addition, MrCreC loss did not alter heat stress tolerance but resulted in enhanced tolerance to UV-B. Interestingly, bioassays showed that the virulence following exposures to topical applications or injection of conidial suspensions of both infection and injection was impaired compared with that of the wild type. Further analysis showed that the adhesion and cuticle penetration genes in ΔMrCreC was down-regulated during infection, and the appressorial formation rate was significantly reduced. A deletion of MrCreC significantly also reduced immune escape and nutrient utilization genes in insect hemocoel. In conclusion, MrCreC is involved in the growth, development and virulence of M. robertsii. These findings advance our understanding of the function of CCR pathway-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shaoxia Jin
- Taiyuan City Road Green Maintenance Center, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Lili He
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zefeng Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Saciloto-de-Oliveira LR, Broetto L, Alves CI, da Rosa RL, Calegari Alves YP, da Silva RC, Berger M, Macedo AJ, Dalberto PF, Bizarro CV, Guimarães JA, Yates JR, Santi L, Beys-da-Silva WO. Metarhizium anisopliae E6 secretome reveals molecular players in host specificity and toxicity linked to cattle tick infection. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1136-1145. [PMID: 37495304 PMCID: PMC10394656 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Although Metarhizium anisopliae is one of the most studied fungal biocontrol agents, its infection mechanism is far from being completely understood. Using multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), we evaluated the differential secretome of M. anisopliae E6 induced by the host Rhipicephalus microplus cuticle. The proteomic result showed changes in the expression of 194 proteins after exposure to host cuticle, such as proteins involved in adhesion, penetration, stress and fungal defense. Further, we performed a comparative genomic distribution of differentially expressed proteins of the M. anisopliae secretome against another arthropod pathogen, using the Beauveria bassiana ARSEF2860 protein repertory. Among 47 analyzed protein families, thirty were overexpressed in the M. anisopliae E6 predicted genome compared to B. bassiana. An in vivo toxicity assay using a Galleria mellonella model confirmed that the M. anisopliae E6 secretome was more toxic in cattle tick infections compared to other secretomes, including B. bassiana with cattle ticks and M. anisopliae E6 with the insect Dysdereus peruvianus, which our proteomic results had also suggested. These results help explain molecular aspects associated with host infection specificity due to genetic differences and gene expression control at the protein level in arthropod-pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafael Lopes da Rosa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Yohana Porto Calegari Alves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Markus Berger
- Research of Experimental Center, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Brazil; Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, MT, USA
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - John R Yates
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, CA, United States
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Walter Orlando Beys-da-Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Peng ZY, Huang ST, Chen JT, Li N, Wei Y, Nawaz A, Deng SQ. An update of a green pesticide: Metarhizium anisopliae. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2147224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Yu Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ting Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Asad Nawaz
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Qun Deng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Yan J, Liu H, Idrees A, Chen F, Lu H, Ouyang G, Meng X. First Record of Aspergillus fijiensis as an Entomopathogenic Fungus against Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1222. [PMID: 36422043 PMCID: PMC9697456 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is the most widespread and devastating pest species in citrus orchards and is the natural vector of the phloem-limited bacterium that causes Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Thus, reducing the population of D. citri is an important means to prevent the spread of HLB disease. Due to the long-term use of chemical control, biological control has become the most promising strategy. In this study, a novel highly pathogenic fungal strain was isolated from naturally infected cadavers of adult D. citri. The species was identified as Aspergillus fijiensis using morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis and assigned the strain name GDIZM-1. Tests to detect aflatoxin B1 demonstrated that A. fijiensis GDIZM-1 is a non-aflatoxin B1 producer. The pathogenicity of the strain against D. citri was determined under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The results of the laboratory study indicated that nymphs from the 1st to 5th instar and adults of D. citri were infected by A. fijiensis GDIZM-1. The mortality of nymphs and adults of D. citri caused by infection with A. fijiensis increased with the concentration of the conidial suspension and exposure time, and the median lethal concentration (LC50) and median lethal time (LT50) values gradually decreased. The mortality of D. citri for all instars was higher than 70%, with high pathogenicity at the 7th day post treatment with 1 × 108 conidia/mL. The results of the greenhouse pathogenicity tests showed that the survival of D. citri adults was 3.33% on the 14th day post-treatment with 1 × 108 conidia/mL, which was significantly lower than that after treatment with the Metarhizium anisopliae GDIZMMa-3 strain and sterile water. The results of the present study revealed that the isolate of A. fijiensis GDIZM-1 was effective against D. citri and it provides a basis for the development of a new microbial pesticide against D. citri after validation of these results in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Yan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Atif Idrees
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Fenghao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huilin Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Gecheng Ouyang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China
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Zheng L, Li J, Shi M, Chen Y, He X, Fu J. De Novo Transcription Responses Describe Host-Related Differentiation of Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:850. [PMID: 36135551 PMCID: PMC9502998 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive pest with a diverse host range, strong diffusion, and high fecundity. It has been observed that P. marginatus feeding on Carica papaya have a higher survival rate, fecundity, and longer lifespan than P. marginatus feeding on Solanum tuberosum, indicating their successful adaptation to C. papaya; however, the mechanisms underlying host plant adaptation remain unclear. Therefore, RNA-seq was performed to study the transcriptional responses of P. marginatus feeding on C. papaya and S. tuberosum plants. A total of 408 genes with significant differential expression were defined; most of them were downregulated in S. tuberosum, including those of digestive enzymes, detoxifying enzymes, ribosomes, and reproductive-related genes, which may result from the adaptation of the host to nutritional needs and changes in toxic chemical levels. Enrichment analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that lysosome and longevity regulating pathways related to digestion, detoxification, and longevity were enriched. We suggest that C. papaya is a more suitable host than S. tuberosum, and downregulated target genes may have important effects on the adaptation of P. marginatus to host transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Jianyu Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Mengzhu Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Jianwei Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
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Lee J, Kim NH, Choi Y, Yang E, Yu H, Kwon CW, Chang PS. Divergent substrate specificities and regioselectivities of three lipase isoforms from Cordyceps militaris: Combinatorial advantages for entomopathogenicity and prospects as biocatalysts. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 161:110117. [PMID: 36049397 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris, an entomopathogenic Cordyceps mushroom, is a crucial ethnopharmacological agricultural product with applications in traditional oriental remedies in East Asia. Since lipases are reported to serve as key enzymatic equipment for entomopathogenic fungi during the host infection, the presence of various lipases with different biochemical features in C. militaris was elucidated. Three lipases from C. militaris (CML) of 60-70 kDa were isolated according to protein hydrophobicity; isoform relationships were identified by peptide mapping using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The CML isoforms exhibited distinct substrate specificities, which were related to the hydrophobicity of each isoform. Furthermore, the integral stereoselectivity of each lipase towards trioleoylglycerol diverged into two classes (sn-1,3 and sn-2 regioselectivity) that are rare in canonical fungal lipases. Overall, our results demonstrate that C. militaris secretes lipase isoforms with cocktail-like enzyme functions that may contribute to the entomopathogenic life cycle of C. militaris. Each CML isoform has distinct advantages for biocatalyst applications in the food and oleochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juno Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonseok Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Yang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjong Yu
- Center for Agricultural Microorganism and Enzyme, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Kwon
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pahn-Shick Chang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Agricultural Microorganism and Enzyme, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Alonso-Díaz MA, Fernández-Salas A. Entomopathogenic Fungi for Tick Control in Cattle Livestock From Mexico. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:657694. [PMID: 37744087 PMCID: PMC10512273 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.657694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are one of the main economic threats to the cattle industry worldwide affecting productivity, health and welfare. The need for alternative methods to control tick populations is prompted by the high prevalence of multiresistant tick strains to the main chemical acaricides and their ecological consequences. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) is one of the most promising alternative options. The objective of this paper is to review the use of EPF as an alternative control method against cattle ticks in Mexico. Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) and Beauveria bassiana s.l. are the most studied EPF for the biological control of ticks in the laboratory and in the field, mainly against Rhipicephalus microplus; however, evaluations against other important cattle ticks such as Amblyomma mixtum and R. annulatus, are needed. A transdisciplinary approach is required to incorporate different types of tools, such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics in order to better understand the pathogenicity/virulence mechanism in EPF against ticks. Laboratory tests have demonstrated the EPF efficacy to control susceptible and resistant/multiresistant tick populations; whereas, field tests have shown satisfactory control efficiency of M. anisopliae s.l. against different stages of R. microplus when applied both on pasture and on cattle. Epidemiological aspects of ticks and environmental factors are considered as components that influence the acaricidal behavior of the EPF. Finally, considering all these aspects, some recommendations are proposed for the use of EPF in integrated control schemes for livestock ticks.
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Coutinho-Rodrigues CJB, Rosa RLD, Freitas MCD, Fiorotti J, Berger M, Santi L, Beys-da-Silva WO, Yates JR, Bittencourt VREP. Exposure to a sublethal menadione concentration modifies the mycelial secretome and conidial enzyme activities of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato and increases its virulence against Rhipicephalus microplus. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126753. [PMID: 33882376 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Menadione (MND) is known to induce oxidative stress in fungal cells. Here, we explore how exposure to this molecule alters conidial enzyme activities, fungal efficacy against Rhipicephalus microplus, and mycelial secretion (secretome) of an isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato. First, the fungus was exposed to different MND concentrations in potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) to determine the LC50 by evaluating conidia germination (38μM). To ensure high cell integrity, a sublethal dose of MND (half of LC50) was added to solid (PDA MND) and liquid media (MS MND). Changes in colony growth, a slight reduction in conidia production, decreases in conidial surface Pr1 and Pr2 activities as well as improvements in proteolytic and antioxidant (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase) conidial intracellular activities were observed for PDA MND conidia. Additionally, PDA MND conidia had the best results for killing tick larvae, with the highest mortality rates until 15 days after treatment, which reduces both LC50 and LT50, particularly at 108 conidia mL-1. The diversity of secreted proteins after growth in liquid medium + R. microplus cuticle (supplemented or not with half of MND LC50), was evaluated by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. A total of 654 proteins were identified, 31 of which were differentially regulated (up or down) and mainly related to antioxidant activity (catalase), pathogenicity (Pr1B, Pr1D, and Pr1K), cell repair, and morphogenesis. In the exclusively MS MND profile, 48 proteins, mostly associated with cellular signaling, nutrition, and antioxidant functions, were distinguished. Finally, enzymatic assays were performed to validate some of these proteins. Overall, supplementation with MND in the solid medium made conidia more efficient at controlling R. microplus larvae, especially by increasing, inside the conidia, the activity of some infection-related enzymes. In the liquid medium (a consolidated study model that mimics some infection conditions), proteins were up- and/or exclusively-regulated in the presence of MND, which opens a spectrum of new targets for further study to improve biological control of ticks using Metarhizium species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Lopes da Rosa
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Clemente de Freitas
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23790-000, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Fiorotti
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23790-000, Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Experimental Research Center, Porto Alegre Clinics Hospital, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Walter Orlando Beys-da-Silva
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23790-000, Brazil.
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Montesinos-Matías R, Ordaz-Hernández A, Angel-Cuapio A, Colin-Bonifacio Y, Garcia-Garcia RE, Ángel-Sahagún CA, Arredondo-Bernal HC. Principal component analysis of the biological characteristics of entomopathogenic fungi in nutrient-limited and cuticle-based media. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:147-156. [PMID: 33448045 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Media formulated with insect cuticle (0.5% and 1%; Sphequit Sph®), with a reduction in nutrients (¼ Sabouraud dextrose agar + yeast [SDAY]) and commercial media (potato dextrose agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar) were evaluated for the cultivation of Beauveria bassiana, Cordyceps javanica (Isaria javanica [Bally] Samson & Hywel-Jones), and Metarhizium robertsii. By using principal component analysis, it was determined that the ¼ SDAY and Sph formulations have greater advantages than commercial media for the development of fungi. The ¼ SDAY and Sph (0.5% and 1%) improved hydrophobicity, radial growth rate, germination, conidia yield, and virulence in B. bassiana; in M. robertsii, they favored conidia yield, germination, and virulence, and in C. javanica, the ¼ SDAY and Sph 0.5% media enhanced conidia yield, germination, radial growth rate, and virulence. We suggest that these formulations are an alternative to commercial culture media as they are cheaper and appropriate to improve the growth characteristics and virulence of the three strains evaluated. Some applications of culture media are suggested, and the importance of multivariate analysis as an exploratory tool to carry out the choice of culture media in a suitable way for the development of mycoinsecticides is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Montesinos-Matías
- Colección de Hongos Entomopatógenos, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, Tecomán, Colima, México
| | - Armando Ordaz-Hernández
- Instituto de Farmacobiología, Universidad de la Cañada, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca, México
| | - Alejandro Angel-Cuapio
- División de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/TES de Ecatepec, Ecatepec de Morelos, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Yazmin Colin-Bonifacio
- Departamento de El Hombre y su Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rosa E Garcia-Garcia
- Colección de Hongos Entomopatógenos, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, Tecomán, Colima, México
| | - Cesar A Ángel-Sahagún
- Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Hugo C Arredondo-Bernal
- Colección de Hongos Entomopatógenos, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, Tecomán, Colima, México
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González-Hernández GA, Padilla-Guerrero IE, Martínez-Vázquez A, Torres-Guzmán JC. Virulence Factors of the Entomopathogenic Genus Metarhizium. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:324-330. [PMID: 31951168 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200116092407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The fungal genus Metarhizium has been used as an entomopathogen worldwide for approximately 140 years, and its mechanism of infection and its virulence factors have been studied. The present review is a compilation of virulence factors described in the literature to date and their participation in specific stages of the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria A González-Hernández
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Israel E Padilla-Guerrero
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Juan C Torres-Guzmán
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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St. Leger RJ, Wang JB. Metarhizium: jack of all trades, master of many. Open Biol 2020; 10:200307. [PMID: 33292103 PMCID: PMC7776561 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Metarhizium and Pochonia chlamydosporia comprise a monophyletic clade of highly abundant globally distributed fungi that can transition between long-term beneficial associations with plants to transitory pathogenic associations with frequently encountered protozoans, nematodes or insects. Some very common 'specialist generalist' species are adapted to particular soil and plant ecologies, but can overpower a wide spectrum of insects with numerous enzymes and toxins that result from extensive gene duplications made possible by loss of meiosis and associated genome defence mechanisms. These species use parasexuality instead of sex to combine beneficial mutations from separate clonal individuals into one genome (Vicar of Bray dynamics). More weakly endophytic species which kill a narrow range of insects retain sexuality to facilitate host-pathogen coevolution (Red Queen dynamics). Metarhizium species can fit into numerous environments because they are very flexible at the genetic, physiological and ecological levels, providing tractable models to address how new mechanisms for econutritional heterogeneity, host switching and virulence are acquired and relate to diverse sexual life histories and speciation. Many new molecules and functions have been discovered that underpin Metarhizium associations, and have furthered our understanding of the crucial ecology of these fungi in multiple habitats.
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Wen Z, Tian H, Xia Y, Jin K. MaPmt1, a protein O-mannosyltransferase, contributes to virulence through governing the appressorium turgor pressure in Metarhizium acridum. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 145:103480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Sarven M, Hao Q, Deng J, Yang F, Wang G, Xiao Y, Xiao X. Biological Control of Tomato Gray Mold Caused by Botrytis Cinerea with the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium Anisopliae. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030213. [PMID: 32183055 PMCID: PMC7157576 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that leads to serious financial loss. In this study, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae that acts against the gray mold pathogen B. cinerea was evaluated. M. anisopliae produced a significant inhibition zone in front of the B. cinerea colony in the dual culture test. In addition, volatile organic compounds generated by M. anisopliae were shown to have an inhibitory effect on B. cinerea mycelia growth and reduced 41% of gray mold severity of postharvest tomatoes. The 10% concentration of the culture filtrate of M. anisopliae inhibited 88.62% of colony radial growth as well as 63.85% of sclerotia germination and all conidia germination of B. cinerea. Furthermore, the culture filtrate of M. anisopliae retained its inhibitory effect against the radial growth of B. cinerea even after heating for 15 min at 100 °C. Feasible mechanisms of M. anisopliae involved in the control of B. cinerea were explored, and it was demonstrated that the plasma membrane of B. cinerea conidia was damaged by the product of metabolism of M. anisopliae. In addition, after treating with culture filtrate of M. anisopliae, the B. cinerea phenotype was shown to be abnormal, and cell organelles of B. cinerea mycelia were damaged significantly. A significant control efficacy of M. anisopliae against tomato gray mold was detected on both the detached leaf assay (84.24%) as well as the whole plant (72.38%). In addition, a 78% reduction in tomato fruit mold was detected at a 10% treated concentration of M. anisopliae. These findings suggest that M. anisopliae possesses potential as a biocontrol agent against tomato gray mold in the greenhouse and during the postharvest stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Most.Sinthia Sarven
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (M.S.); (Q.H.); (G.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qiuyan Hao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (M.S.); (Q.H.); (G.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Junbo Deng
- Jingmen (China Valley) Academy of Agricultural Science, Jingmen 448000, Hubei, China; (J.D.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fang Yang
- Jingmen (China Valley) Academy of Agricultural Science, Jingmen 448000, Hubei, China; (J.D.); (F.Y.)
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (M.S.); (Q.H.); (G.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (M.S.); (Q.H.); (G.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (M.S.); (Q.H.); (G.W.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Semenova TA, Dunaevsky YE, Beljakova GA, Belozersky MA. Extracellular peptidases of insect-associated fungi and their possible use in biological control programs and as pathogenicity markers. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:65-72. [PMID: 31892378 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review deals with characteristics of peptidases of fungi whose life cycles are associated with insects to varying degrees. The review examines the characteristic features of the extracellular peptidases of entomopathogenic fungi, the dependence of the specificity of these peptidases on the ecological characteristics of the fungi, and the role of peptidases in the development of the pathogenesis. Data on the properties and physiological role of hydrolytic enzymes of symbiotic fungi in "fungal gardens" are also considered in detail. For the development of representations about mechanisms of control over populations of insect pests, special attention is given to analysis of possibilities of genetic engineering for the creation of entomopathogens with enhanced virulence. Clarification of the role of fungi and their secreted enzymes and careful environmental studies are still required to explain their significance in the composition of the biota and to ensure widespread adoption of these organisms as effective biological control agents. The systematization and comparative analysis of the existing data on extracellular peptidases of insect-associated fungi will help in the planning of further work and the search for markers of pathogenesis and symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yakov E Dunaevsky
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - Mikhail A Belozersky
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Li X, Liu N, Sun Y, Wang P, Ge X, Pei Y, Liu D, Ma X, Li F, Hou Y. The cotton GhWIN2 gene activates the cuticle biosynthesis pathway and influences the salicylic and jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathways. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:379. [PMID: 31455203 PMCID: PMC6712776 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic pathways are interconnected and yet relatively independent. Genes involved in metabolic modules are required for the modules to run. Study of the relationships between genes and metabolic modules improves the understanding of metabolic pathways in plants. The WIN transcription factor activates the cuticle biosynthesis pathway and promotes cuticle biosynthesis. The relationship between the WIN transcription factor and other metabolic pathways is unknown. Our aim was to determine the relationships between the main genes involved in cuticle biosynthesis and those involved in other metabolic pathways. We did this by cloning a cotton WIN gene, GhWIN2, and studying its influence on other pathways. RESULTS As with other WIN genes, GhWIN2 regulated expression of cuticle biosynthesis-related genes, and promoted cuticle formation. Silencing of GhWIN2 resulted in enhanced resistance to Verticillium dahliae, caused by increased content of salicylic acid (SA). Moreover, silencing of GhWIN2 suppressed expression of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis-related genes and content. GhWIN2 positively regulated the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway upstream of the JA biosynthesis pathway. Silencing of GhWIN2 reduced the content of stearic acid, a JA biosynthesis precursor. CONCLUSIONS GhWIN2 not only regulated the cuticle biosynthesis pathway, but also positively influenced JA biosynthesis and negatively influenced SA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancai Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Nana Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 China
| | - Yakun Pei
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Di Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193 China
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19
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Dias LP, Pedrini N, Braga GUL, Ferreira PC, Pupin B, Araújo CAS, Corrochano LM, Rangel DEN. Outcome of blue, green, red, and white light on Metarhizium robertsii during mycelial growth on conidial stress tolerance and gene expression. Fungal Biol 2019; 124:263-272. [PMID: 32389288 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungi sense light and utilize it as a source of environmental information to prepare against many stressful conditions in nature. In this study, Metarhizium robertsii was grown on: 1) potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) in the dark (control); 2) under nutritive stress in the dark; and 3) PDA under continuous (A) white light; (B) blue light lower irradiance = LI; (C) blue light higher irradiance = HI; (D) green light; and (E) red light. Conidia produced under these treatments were tested against osmotic stress and UV radiation. In addition, a suite of genes usually involved in different stress responses were selected to study their expression patterns. Conidia produced under nutritive stress in the dark were the most tolerant to both osmotic stress and UV radiation, and the majority of their stress- and virulence-related genes were up-regulated. For osmotic stress tolerance, conidia produced under white, blue LI, and blue HI lights were the second most tolerant, followed by conidia produced under green light. Conidia produced under red light were the least tolerant to osmotic stress and less tolerant than conidia produced on PDA medium in the dark. For UV tolerance, conidia produced under blue light LI were the second most tolerant to UV radiation, followed by the UV tolerances of conidia produced under white light. Conidia produced under blue HI, green, and red lights were the least UV tolerant and less tolerant than conidia produced in the dark. The superoxide dismutases (sod1 and sod2), photolyases (6-4phr and CPDphr), trehalose-phosphate synthase (tps), and protease (pr1) genes were highly up-regulated under white light condition, suggesting a potential role of these proteins in stress protection as well as virulence after fungal exposure to visible spectrum components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Dias
- Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo (EEL/USP), Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Ferreira
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Breno Pupin
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, Apartado 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain
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Alkhaibari AM, Lord AM, Maffeis T, Bull JC, Olivares FL, Samuels RI, Butt TM. Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Virulence 2019; 9:1449-1467. [PMID: 30112970 PMCID: PMC6141145 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1509665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are potential biological control agents of mosquitoes. Our group observed that not all mosquitoes were equally susceptible to fungal infection and observed significant differences in virulence of different spore types. Conidiospores and blastospores were tested against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Blastospores are normally considered more virulent than conidia as they form germ tubes and penetrate the host integument more rapidly than conidia. However, when tested against Cx. quinquefasciatus, blastospores were less virulent than conidia. This host-fungus interaction was studied by optical, electron and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, host immune responses and specific gene expression were investigated. Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae) ARSEF 4556 blastospores did not readily adhere to Culex larval integument and the main route of infection was through the gut. Adhesion forces between blastospores and Culex cuticle were significantly lower than for other insects. Larvae challenged with blastospores showed enhanced immune responses, with increased levels of phenoloxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, esterase, superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidase activity. Interestingly, M. brunneum pathogenicity/stress-related genes were all down-regulated in blastospores exposed to Culex. Conversely, when conidia were exposed to Culex, the pathogenicity genes involved in adhesion or cuticle degradation were up-regulated. Delayed host mortality following blastospore infection of Culex was probably due to lower adhesion rates of blastospores to the cuticle and enhanced host immune responses deployed to counter infection. The results here show that subtle differences in host-pathogen interactions can be responsible for significant changes in virulence when comparing mosquito species, having important consequences for biological control strategies and the understanding of pathogenicity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Alkhaibari
- a Department of Biosciences , College of Science, Swansea University , Swansea , United Kingdom.,b Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , Tabuk University , Tabuk , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alex M Lord
- c Centre for Nanohealth , College of Engineering, Swansea University , Swansea , United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Maffeis
- c Centre for Nanohealth , College of Engineering, Swansea University , Swansea , United Kingdom
| | - James C Bull
- a Department of Biosciences , College of Science, Swansea University , Swansea , United Kingdom
| | - Fabio L Olivares
- d Department of Cell and Tissue Biology , State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro , Campos dos Goytacazes , Brazil
| | - Richard I Samuels
- e Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology , State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro , Campos dos Goytacazes , Brazil
| | - Tariq M Butt
- a Department of Biosciences , College of Science, Swansea University , Swansea , United Kingdom
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21
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Wang J, Lovett B, St. Leger RJ. The secretome and chemistry of Metarhizium; a genus of entomopathogenic fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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22
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Andreis FC, Schrank A, Thompson CE. Molecular evolution of Pr1 proteases depicts ongoing diversification in Metarhizium spp. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:901-917. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Guzmán-Guzmán P, Porras-Troncoso MD, Olmedo-Monfil V, Herrera-Estrella A. Trichoderma Species: Versatile Plant Symbionts. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:6-16. [PMID: 30412012 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-18-0218-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Because of the need to provide food for the growing population, agricultural activity is faced with the huge challenge of counteracting the negative effects generated by adverse environmental factors and diseases caused by pathogens on crops, while avoiding environmental pollution due to the excessive use of agrochemicals. The exploitation of biological systems that naturally increase plant vigor, preparing them against biotic and abiotic stressors that also promote their growth and productivity represents a useful and viable strategy to help face these challenges. Fungi from the genus Trichoderma have been widely used in agriculture as biocontrol agents because of their mycoparasitic capacity and ability to improve plant health and protection against phytopathogens, which makes it an excellent plant symbiont. The mechanisms employed by Trichoderma include secretion of effector molecules and secondary metabolites that mediate the beneficial interaction of Trichoderma with plants, providing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here we discuss the most recent advances in understanding the mechanisms employed by this opportunistic plant symbiont as biocontrol agent and plant growth promoter. In addition, through genome mining we approached a less explored factor that Trichoderma could be using to become successful plant symbionts, the production of phytohormones-auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, gibberellins, among others. This approach allowed us to detect sets of genes encoding proteins potentially involved in phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling. We discuss the implications of these findings in the physiology of the fungus and in the establishment of its interaction with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán
- First and third authors: Departamento de Biología, DCNyE Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n. CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México; and second and fourth authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav. Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - María Daniela Porras-Troncoso
- First and third authors: Departamento de Biología, DCNyE Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n. CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México; and second and fourth authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav. Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Vianey Olmedo-Monfil
- First and third authors: Departamento de Biología, DCNyE Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n. CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México; and second and fourth authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav. Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- First and third authors: Departamento de Biología, DCNyE Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n. CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México; and second and fourth authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav. Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
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Santi L, Coutinho-Rodrigues CJB, Berger M, Klein LAS, De Souza EM, Rosa RL, Guimarães JA, Yates JR, Perinotto WMS, Bittencourt VREP, Beys-da-Silva WO. Secretomic analysis of Beauveria bassiana related to cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, infection. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 64:361-372. [PMID: 30361880 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is widely studied as an alternative to chemical acaricides in controlling the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Although its biocontrol efficiency has been proved in laboratory and field scales, there is a need to a better understanding of host interaction process at molecular level related to biocontrol activity. In this work, applying a proteomic technique multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), the differential secretome of B. bassiana induced by the host R. microplus cuticle was evaluated. The use of the host cuticle in a culture medium, mimicking an infection condition, is an established experimental model that triggers the secretion of inducible enzymes. From a total of 236 proteins, 50 proteins were identified exclusively in infection condition, assigned to different aspects of infection like host adhesion, cuticle penetration and fungal defense, and stress. Other 32 proteins were considered up- or down-regulated. In order to get a meaningful global view of the secretome, several bioinformatic analyses were performed. Regarding molecular function classification, the highest number of proteins in the differential secretome was assigned in to hydrolase activity, enzyme class of all cuticle-degrading enzymes like lipases and proteases. These activities were also further validated through enzymatic assays. The results presented here reveal dozens of specific proteins and different processes potentially implicated in cattle tick infection improving the understanding of molecular basis of biocontrol of B. bassiana against R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucélia Santi
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Caio J B Coutinho-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rod BR 465, km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Lisete A S Klein
- Univates, Av Avelino Talini, 171, Lajeado, RS, 95914-014, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael L Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Guimarães
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Wendell M S Perinotto
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Tv. Primeira Brejinhos, 540-736, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Vânia R E P Bittencourt
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rod BR 465, km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
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Mukherjee K, Vilcinskas A. The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii communicates with the insect host Galleria mellonella during infection. Virulence 2018; 9:402-413. [PMID: 29166834 PMCID: PMC5955202 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1405190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic fungi are the only pathogens that can infect insect hosts directly through their proteinaceous exoskeleton. Penetration of the cuticle requires the release of fungal enzymes, including proteinases, which act as virulence factors. Insects can sense fungal infections and activate innate immune responses, including the synthesis of antifungal peptides and proteinase inhibitors that neutralize the incoming proteinases. This well-studied host response is epigenetically regulated by histone acetylation/deacetylation. Here we show that entomopathogenic fungi can in turn sense the presence of insect-derived antifungal peptides and proteinase inhibitors, and respond by inducing the synthesis of chymotrypsin-like proteinases and metalloproteinases that degrade the host-derived defense molecules. The rapidity of this response is dependent on the virulence of the fungal strain. We confirmed the specificity of the pathogen response to host-derived defense molecules by LC/MS and RT-PCR analysis, and correlated this process with the epigenetic regulation of histone acetylation/deacetylation. This cascade of responses reveals that the coevolution of pathogens and hosts can involve a complex series of attacks and counterattacks based on communication between the invading fungal pathogen and its insect host. The resolution of this process determines whether or not pathogenesis is successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Mukherjee
- a Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , Department of Bioresources , Giessen , Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- a Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , Department of Bioresources , Giessen , Germany.,b Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany
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Wang J, Zhou X, Guo K, Zhang X, Lin H, Montalva C. Transcriptomic insight into pathogenicity-associated factors of Conidiobolus obscurus, an obligate aphid-pathogenic fungus belonging to Entomopthoromycota. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1677-1686. [PMID: 29337410 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conidiobolus obscurus is a widespread fungal entomopathogen with aphid biocontrol potential. This study focused on a de novo transcriptomic analysis of C. obscurus. RESULTS A number of pathogenicity-associated factors were annotated for the first time from the assembled 17 231 fungal unigenes, including those encoding subtilisin-like proteolytic enzymes (Pr1s), trypsin-like proteases, metalloproteases, carboxypeptidases and endochitinases. Many of these genes were transcriptionally up-regulated by at least twofold in mycotized cadavers compared with the in vitro fungal cultures. The resultant transcriptomic database was validated by the transcript levels of three selected pathogenicity-related genes quantified from different in vivo and in vitro material in real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The involvement of multiple Pr1 proteases in the first stage of fungal infection was also suggested. Interestingly, a unique cytolytic (Cyt)-like δ-endotoxin gene was highly expressed in both mycotized cadavers and fungal cultures, and was more or less distinct from its homologues in bacteria and other fungi. CONCLUSION Our findings provide the first global insight into various pathogenicity-related genes in this obligate aphid pathogen and may help to develop novel biocontrol strategy against aphid pests. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Wang
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinqi Zhang
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Lin
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Cristian Montalva
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Pedrini N. Molecular interactions between entomopathogenic fungi (Hypocreales) and their insect host: Perspectives from stressful cuticle and hemolymph battlefields and the potential of dual RNA sequencing for future studies. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:538-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Fungi are the most common disease-causing agents of insects; aside from playing a crucial role in natural ecosystems, insect-killing fungi are being used as alternatives to chemical insecticides and as resources for biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Some common experimentally tractable genera, such as Metarhizium spp., exemplify genetic diversity and dispersal because they contain numerous intraspecific variants with distinct environmental and insect host ranges. The availability of tools for molecular genetics and multiple sequenced genomes has made these fungi ideal experimental models for answering basic questions on the genetic and genomic processes behind adaptive phenotypes. For example, comparative genomics of entomopathogenic fungi has shown they exhibit diverse reproductive modes that often determine rates and patterns of genome evolution and are linked as cause or effect with pathogenic strategies. Fungal-insect pathogens represent lifestyle adaptations that evolved numerous times, and there are significant differences in host range and pathogenic strategies between the major groups. However, typically, spores landing on the cuticle produce appressoria and infection pegs that breach the cuticle using mechanical pressure and cuticle-degrading enzymes. Once inside the insect body cavity, fungal pathogens face a potent and comprehensively studied immune defense by which the host attempts to eliminate or reduce an infection. The Fungal Kingdom stands alone in the range, extent, and complexity of their manipulation of arthropod behavior. In part, this is because most only sporulate on cadavers, so they must ensure the dying host positions itself to allow efficient transmission.
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Hayakawa Y, Kato D, Kamiya K, Minakuchi C, Miura K. Chitin synthase 1 gene is crucial to antifungal host defense of the model beetle, Tribolium castaneum. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 143:26-34. [PMID: 27867018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the insect cuticle as a primary protective barrier against entomopathogens has long been noted. In the present study, we addressed this issue by utilizing an experimental infection system composed of the model beetle T. castaneum and two entomopathogenic fungal species, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. The pupae were relatively susceptible to these fungi by the natural route of infection, with some refractoriness developed with age, while the adults exhibited much higher refractoriness. Whereas M. anisopliae exhibited seemingly higher infectivity to the pupae compared to B. bassiana when the natural conidium infection was employed, direct inoculation of cultured hyphal body cells into the hemocoel was found highly and equally virulent in the pupae for the both fungal species. These results collectively suggest an important role of the cuticular integument in antifungal host defense, and we subsequently conducted the knockdown of chitin synthase 1 gene (CHS1). We targeted the prepupal and mid-pupal peaks of its expression respectively by using injection of the dsRNA at very low dosages to avoid lethality. The resulting pupae looked normal, but the adults showed a mild phenotype with dimpled/wrinkled elytra. The CHS1 gene knockdown compromised significantly host defense against the fungal infection via the natural route, except the configuration of knockdown pupae and M. anisopliae, suggesting an indispensable role of CHS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Hayakawa
- Applied Entomology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daiki Kato
- Applied Entomology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kamiya
- Applied Entomology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chieka Minakuchi
- Applied Entomology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Miura
- Applied Entomology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Genome sequence and comparative analysis of clavicipitaceous insect-pathogenic fungus Aschersonia badia with Metarhizium spp. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:367. [PMID: 27189621 PMCID: PMC4869207 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aschersonia badia [(Ab) Teleomorph: Hypocrella siamensis] is an entomopathogenic fungus that specifically infects scale insects and whiteflies. We present the whole genome sequence of Ab and its comparison with two clavicipitaceous fungi Metarhizium robertsii (MR: generalist entomopathogen) and M. acridum (MAC: acridid-specific entomopathogen) that exhibit variable host preferences. Here, through comparative analysis of pathogen-host interacting genes, carbohydrate active enzymes, secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes, and sexuality genes, we explore the proteins with possible virulence functions in clavicipitaceous fungi. Comprehensive overview of GH18 family chitinases has been provided to decipher the role of chitinases in claviceptaceous fungi that are either host specific or generalists. Results We report the 28.8 Mb draft genome of Ab and its comparative genome analysis with MR and MAC. The comparative analyses suggests expansion in pathogen-host interacting gene families and carbohydrate active enzyme families in MR, whilst their contraction in Ab and MAC genomes. The multi-modular NRPS gene (dtxS1) responsible for biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite destruxin in MR is not conserved in Ab, similar to the specialist pathogen MAC. An additional siderophore biosynthetic gene responsible for acquisition of iron was identified in MR. Further, the domain survey of chitinases suggest that the CBM50 (LysM) domains, which participate in chitin-binding functions, were not observed in MAC, but were present in Ab and MR. However, apparent differences in frequency of CBM50 domains associated with chitinases of Ab and MR was identified, where MR chitinases displayed a higher proportion of associated CBM50 domains than Ab chitinases. Conclusions This study suggests differences in distribution of dtxS1 and chitinases in specialists (Ab and MAC) and generalists (MR) fungi. Our analysis also suggests the presence of a siderophore biosynthetic gene in the MR genome which perhaps aids in enhanced virulence potential and host range. The variation in association of CBMs, being higher in generalists (MR) and lower in specialists (Ab and MAC) fungi may further be responsible for the differences in host affiliation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2710-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wang JB, St Leger RJ, Wang C. Advances in Genomics of Entomopathogenic Fungi. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 94:67-105. [PMID: 27131323 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are the commonest pathogens of insects and crucial regulators of insect populations. The rapid advance of genome technologies has revolutionized our understanding of entomopathogenic fungi with multiple Metarhizium spp. sequenced, as well as Beauveria bassiana, Cordyceps militaris, and Ophiocordyceps sinensis among others. Phylogenomic analysis suggests that the ancestors of many of these fungi were plant endophytes or pathogens, with entomopathogenicity being an acquired characteristic. These fungi now occupy a wide range of habitats and hosts, and their genomes have provided a wealth of information on the evolution of virulence-related characteristics, as well as the protein families and genomic structure associated with ecological and econutritional heterogeneity, genome evolution, and host range diversification. In particular, their evolutionary transition from plant pathogens or endophytes to insect pathogens provides a novel perspective on how new functional mechanisms important for host switching and virulence are acquired. Importantly, genomic resources have helped make entomopathogenic fungi ideal model systems for answering basic questions in parasitology, entomology, and speciation. At the same time, identifying the selective forces that act upon entomopathogen fitness traits could underpin both the development of new mycoinsecticides and further our understanding of the natural roles of these fungi in nature. These roles frequently include mutualistic relationships with plants. Genomics has also facilitated the rapid identification of genes encoding biologically useful molecules, with implications for the development of pharmaceuticals and the use of these fungi as bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Wang
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - R J St Leger
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - C Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Damin S, Alves LFA, Bonini AK, Alexandre TM. In vitro assay on homeopathic solutions on Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorok (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae). ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657001142013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of homeopathic solutions Arsenicum Album 24CH; Calcarea carbonica 30CH; Kali iodatum 100CH;Phosphorus 3CH; Silicea 30CH;Staphysagria 6, 30 and 100CH; Spodoptera frugiperda 30CH; Sulphur 100 and 200CH andThuya occidentalis 200CH on biological parameters of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae . The solutions were diluted in sterile distilled water (0.1%) and were sprayed on the previously inoculated fungus on PDA culture medium. Germination, colony forming units, vegetative growth, conidial production and insecticidal activity of the fungus against larvae of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) were evaluated. Homeopathic solutions did not affect negatively the parameters evaluated. Thus, all treatments were considered compatible to the fungusM. anisopliae.
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Escudero N, Ferreira SR, Lopez-Moya F, Naranjo-Ortiz MA, Marin-Ortiz AI, Thornton CR, Lopez-Llorca LV. Chitosan enhances parasitism of Meloidogyne javanica eggs by the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:572-585. [PMID: 27020158 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc), a nematophagous fungus and root endophyte, uses appressoria and extracellular enzymes, principally proteases, to infect the eggs of plant parasitic nematodes (PPN). Unlike other fungi, Pc is resistant to chitosan, a deacetylated form of chitin, used in agriculture as a biopesticide to control plant pathogens. In the present work, we show that chitosan increases Meloidogyne javanica egg parasitism by P. chlamydosporia. Using antibodies specific to the Pc enzymes VCP1 (a subtilisin), and SCP1 (a serine carboxypeptidase), we demonstrate chitosan elicitation of the fungal proteases during the parasitic process. Chitosan increases VCP1 immuno-labelling in the cell wall of Pc conidia, hyphal tips of germinating spores, and in appressoria on infected M. javanica eggs. These results support the role of proteases in egg parasitism by the fungus and their activation by chitosan. Phylogenetic analysis of the Pc genome reveals a large diversity of subtilisins (S8) and serine carboxypeptidases (S10). The VCP1 group in the S8 tree shows evidence of gene duplication indicating recent adaptations to nutrient sources. Our results demonstrate that chitosan enhances Pc infectivity of nematode eggs through increased proteolytic activities and appressoria formation and might be used to improve the efficacy of M. javanica biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Escudero
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, E-03080, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sebastião R Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomic of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Ana I Marin-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Christopher R Thornton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Luis V Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
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Lu HL, St. Leger R. Insect Immunity to Entomopathogenic Fungi. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI 2016; 94:251-85. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Lacey L, Grzywacz D, Shapiro-Ilan D, Frutos R, Brownbridge M, Goettel M. Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Back to the future. J Invertebr Pathol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Stress tolerance and virulence of insect-pathogenic fungi are determined by environmental conditions during conidial formation. Curr Genet 2015; 61:383-404. [PMID: 25791499 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The virulence to insects and tolerance to heat and UV-B radiation of conidia of entomopathogenic fungi are greatly influenced by physical, chemical, and nutritional conditions during mycelial growth. This is evidenced, for example, by the stress phenotypes of Metarhizium robertsii produced on various substrates. Conidia from minimal medium (Czapek's medium without sucrose), complex medium, and insect (Lepidoptera and Coleoptera) cadavers had high, moderate, and poor tolerance to UV-B radiation, respectively. Furthermore, conidia from minimal medium germinated faster and had increased heat tolerance and were more virulent to insects than those from complex medium. Low water-activity or alkaline culture conditions also resulted in production of conidia with high tolerance to heat or UV-B radiation. Conidia produced on complex media exhibited lower stress tolerance, whereas those from complex media supplemented with NaCl or KCl (to reduce water activity) were more tolerant to heat and UV-B than those from the unmodified complex medium. Osmotic and nutritive stresses resulted in production of conidia with a robust stress phenotype, but also were associated with low conidial yield. Physical conditions such as growth under illumination, hypoxic conditions, and heat shock before conidial production also induced both higher UV-B and heat tolerance; but conidial production was not decreased. In conclusion, physical and chemical parameters, as well as nutrition source, can induce great variability in conidial tolerance to stress for entomopathogenic fungi. Implications are discussed in relation to the ecology of entomopathogenic fungi in the field, and to their use for biological control. This review will cover recent technologies on improving stress tolerance of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects.
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Agrawal Y, Khatri I, Subramanian S, Shenoy BD. Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and evolutionary insights into chitinases of entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella thompsonii. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:916-30. [PMID: 25716828 PMCID: PMC5322555 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirsutella thompsonii (Ht) is a fungal pathogen of acarines and the primary cause of epizootics among mites. The draft genomes of two isolates of Ht (MTCC 3556: Ht3, 34.6 Mb and MTCC 6686: Ht6, 34.7 Mb) are presented and compared with the genomes of Beauveria bassiana (Bb) ARSEF 2860 and Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Os) CO18. Comparative analysis of carbohydrate active enzymes, pathogen–host interaction genes, metabolism-associated genes, and genes involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in the four genomes was carried out. Reduction in gene family sizes in Ht3 and Os as compared with Ht6 and Bb is observed. Analysis of the mating type genes in Ht reveals the presence of MAT idiomorphs which is suggestive of cryptic sexual traits in Ht. We further identify and classify putative chitinases that may function as virulence factors in fungal entomopathogens due to their role in degradation of arthropod cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Agrawal
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Khatri
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Belle Damodara Shenoy
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India Present address: CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
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Luo F, Wang Q, Yin C, Ge Y, Hu F, Huang B, Zhou H, Bao G, Wang B, Lu R, Li Z. Differential metabolic responses of Beauveria bassiana cultured in pupae extracts, root exudates and its interactions with insect and plant. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 130:154-64. [PMID: 25584432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is a kind of world-wide entomopathogenic fungus and can also colonize plant rhizosphere. Previous researches showed differential expression of genes when entomopathogenic fungi are cultured in insect or plant materials. However, so far there is no report on metabolic alterations of B. bassiana in the environments of insect or plant. The purpose of this paper is to address this problem. Herein, we first provide the metabolomic analysis of B. bassiana cultured in insect pupae extracts (derived from Euproctis pseudoconspersa and Bombyx mori, EPP and BMP), plant root exudates (derived from asparagus and carrot, ARE and CRE), distilled water and minimal media (MM), respectively. Principal components analysis (PCA) shows that mycelia cultured in pupae extracts and root exudates are evidently separated and individually separated from MM, which indicates that fungus accommodates to insect and plant environments by different metabolic regulation mechanisms. Subsequently, orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) identifies differential metabolites in fungus under three environments relative to MM. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) is performed to cluster compounds based on biochemical relationships, showing that sphingolipids are increased in BMP but are decreased in EPP. This observation further implies that sphingolipid metabolism may be involved in the adaptation of fungus to different hosts. In the meantime, sphingolipids are significantly decreased in root exudates but they are not decreased in distilled water, suggesting that some components of the root exudates can suppress sphingolipid to down-regulate sphingolipid metabolism. Pathway analysis finds that fatty acid metabolism is maintained at high level but non-ribosomal peptides (NRP) synthesis is unaffected in mycelia cultured in pupae extracts. In contrast, fatty acid metabolism is not changed but NRP synthesis is high in mycelia cultured in root exudates and distilled water. This indicates that fungal fatty acid metabolism is enhanced when contacting insect, but when in the absence of insect hosts NRP synthesis is increased. Ornithine, arginine and GABA are decreased in mycelia cultured in pupae extracts and root exudates but remain unchanged in distilled water, which suggests that they may be associated with fungal cross-talk with insects and plants. Trehalose and mannitol are decreased while adenine is increased in three conditions, signifying carbon shortage in cells. Together, these results unveil that B. bassiana has differential metabolic responses in pupae extracts and root exudates, and metabolic similarity in root exudates and distilled water is possibly due to the lack of insect components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Luo
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Shanghai Institute of Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunlin Yin
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yinglu Ge
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Fenglin Hu
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, USA
| | - Guanhu Bao
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ruili Lu
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Zengzhi Li
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Oxidative stress in entomopathogenic fungi grown on insect-like hydrocarbons. Curr Genet 2014; 61:289-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Staats CC, Junges A, Guedes RLM, Thompson CE, de Morais GL, Boldo JT, de Almeida LGP, Andreis FC, Gerber AL, Sbaraini N, da Paixão RLDA, Broetto L, Landell M, Santi L, Beys-da-Silva WO, Silveira CP, Serrano TR, de Oliveira ES, Kmetzsch L, Vainstein MH, de Vasconcelos ATR, Schrank A. Comparative genome analysis of entomopathogenic fungi reveals a complex set of secreted proteins. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:822. [PMID: 25263348 PMCID: PMC4246632 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic fungus used in the biological control of some agricultural insect pests, and efforts are underway to use this fungus in the control of insect-borne human diseases. A large repertoire of proteins must be secreted by M. anisopliae to cope with the various available nutrients as this fungus switches through different lifestyles, i.e., from a saprophytic, to an infectious, to a plant endophytic stage. To further evaluate the predicted secretome of M. anisopliae, we employed genomic and transcriptomic analyses, coupled with phylogenomic analysis, focusing on the identification and characterization of secreted proteins. Results We determined the M. anisopliae E6 genome sequence and compared this sequence to other entomopathogenic fungi genomes. A robust pipeline was generated to evaluate the predicted secretomes of M. anisopliae and 15 other filamentous fungi, leading to the identification of a core of secreted proteins. Transcriptomic analysis using the tick Rhipicephalus microplus cuticle as an infection model during two periods of infection (48 and 144 h) allowed the identification of several differentially expressed genes. This analysis concluded that a large proportion of the predicted secretome coding genes contained altered transcript levels in the conditions analyzed in this study. In addition, some specific secreted proteins from Metarhizium have an evolutionary history similar to orthologs found in Beauveria/Cordyceps. This similarity suggests that a set of secreted proteins has evolved to participate in entomopathogenicity. Conclusions The data presented represents an important step to the characterization of the role of secreted proteins in the virulence and pathogenicity of M. anisopliae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-822) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Augusto Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P, O, Box 15005, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91501-970, Brazil.
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Stress is the rule rather than the exception for Metarhizium. Curr Genet 2014; 61:253-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Beys-da-Silva WO, Santi L, Berger M, Calzolari D, Passos DO, Guimarães JA, Moresco JJ, Yates JR. Secretome of the biocontrol agent metarhizium anisopliae induced by the cuticle of the cotton pest Dysdercus peruvianus reveals new insights into infection. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2282-96. [PMID: 24702058 PMCID: PMC4012838 DOI: 10.1021/pr401204y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
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Metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic
fungus that has evolved specialized strategies to infect insect hosts.
Here we analyzed secreted proteins related to Dysdercus peruvianus infection. Using shotgun proteomics, abundance changes in 71 proteins
were identified after exposure to host cuticle. Among these proteins
were classical fungal effectors secreted by pathogens to degrade physical
barriers and alter host physiology. These include lipolytic enzymes,
Pr1A, B, C, I, and J proteases, ROS-related proteins, oxidorreductases,
and signaling proteins. Protein interaction networks were generated
postulating interesting candidates for further studies, including
Pr1C, based on possible functional interactions. On the basis of these
results, we propose that M. anisopliae is degrading
host components and actively secreting proteins to manage the physiology
of the host. Interestingly, the secretion of these factors occurs
in the absence of a host response. The findings presented here are
an important step in understanding the host–pathogen interaction
and developing more efficient biocontrol of D. peruvianus by M. anisopliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Department of Chemical Physiology and ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Leão MPC, Tiago PV, Andreote FD, de Araújo WL, de Oliveira NT. Differential expression of the pr1A gene in Metarhizium anisopliae and Metarhizium acridum across different culture conditions and during pathogenesis. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 38:86-92. [PMID: 25983629 PMCID: PMC4415565 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-475738138120140236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Metarhizium have several
subtilisin-like proteases that are involved in pathogenesis and these have been used
to investigate genes that are differentially expressed in response to different
growth conditions. The identification and characterization of these proteases can
provide insight into how the fungus is capable of infecting a wide variety of insects
and adapt to different substrates. In addition, the pr1A gene has
been used for the genetic improvement of strains used in pest control. In this study
we used quantitative RT-PCR to assess the relative expression levels of the
pr1A gene in M. anisopliae and M.
acridum during growth in different culture conditions and during
infection of the sugar cane borer, Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius.
We also carried out a pathogenicity test to assess the virulence of both species
against D. saccharalis and correlated the results with the pattern
of pr1A gene expression. This analysis revealed that, in both
species, the pr1A gene was differentially expressed under the growth
conditions studied and during the pathogenic process. M. anisopliae
showed higher expression of pr1A in all conditions examined, when
compared to M. acridum. Furthermore, M. anisopliae
showed a greater potential to control D. saccharalis. Taken
together, our results suggest that these species have developed different strategies
to adapt to different growing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Dini Andreote
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Welington Luiz de Araújo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Advances in Microbial Insect Control in Horticultural Ecosystem. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND BIODIVERSITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06904-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Luo S, He M, Cao Y, Xia Y. The tetraspanin gene MaPls1 contributes to virulence by affecting germination, appressorial function and enzymes for cuticle degradation in the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium acridum. Environ Microbiol 2013; 15:2966-79. [PMID: 23809263 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In most eukaryotes, tetraspanins regulate cellular activities by associating with other membrane components. In phytopathogenic fungi, the tetraspanin Pls1 controls appressorium-mediated penetration. However, regulation of Pls1 and its associated signalling pathways are not clear. In this study, the MaPls1 gene from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum was functionally characterized. MaPls1 was highly expressed in mycelium and appressorium, and accumulated on the plasma membrane or in the cytoplasm. Compared with a wild-type strain, the deletion mutant ΔMaPls1 had delayed germination and appressorium formation and impaired turgor pressure on locust wings, but normal germination on medium and non-host insect matrices. Bioassays showed that ΔMaPls1 had decreased virulence and hyphal body formation in haemolymph when topically inoculated, but was not different from wild type when the insect cuticle was bypassed. Moreover, the ability to grow out of the cuticle was impaired in ΔMaPls1. Digital gene expression profiling revealed that genes involved in hydrolysing host cuticle and cell wall synthesis and remodelling were downregulated in ΔMaPls1. MaPls1 participated in crosstalk with signalling pathways such as the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase A and calmodulin-dependent pathways. Taken together, these results demonstrated the important roles of MaPls1 at the early stage of infection-associated development in M. acridum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides and Key Lab of Functional Gene and Regulation Technology under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Min He
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides and Key Lab of Functional Gene and Regulation Technology under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yueqing Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides and Key Lab of Functional Gene and Regulation Technology under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yuxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides and Key Lab of Functional Gene and Regulation Technology under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, 400030, China
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Chandrasekaran M, Sathiyabama M. Production, partial purification and characterization of protease from a phytopathogenic fungiAlternaria solani(Ell. and Mart.) Sorauer. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54:763-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pedrini N, Ortiz-Urquiza A, Huarte-Bonnet C, Zhang S, Keyhani NO. Targeting of insect epicuticular lipids by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana: hydrocarbon oxidation within the context of a host-pathogen interaction. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:24. [PMID: 23422735 PMCID: PMC3573267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Broad host range entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana attack insect hosts via attachment to cuticular substrata and the production of enzymes for the degradation and penetration of insect cuticle. The outermost epicuticular layer consists of a complex mixture of non-polar lipids including hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and wax esters. Long chain hydrocarbons are major components of the outer waxy layer of diverse insect species, where they serve to protect against desiccation and microbial parasites, and as recognition molecules or as a platform for semiochemicals. Insect pathogenic fungi have evolved mechanisms for overcoming this barrier, likely with sets of lipid degrading enzymes with overlapping substrate specificities. Alkanes and fatty acids are substrates for a specific subset of fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in insect hydrocarbon degradation. These enzymes activate alkanes by terminal oxidation to alcohols, which are further oxidized by alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases, whose products can enter β-oxidation pathways. B. bassiana contains at least 83 genes coding for cytochrome P450s (CYP), a subset of which are involved in hydrocarbon oxidation, and several of which represent new CYP subfamilies/families. Expression data indicated differential induction by alkanes and insect lipids and four CYP proteins have been partially characterized after heterologous expression in yeast. Gene knockouts revealed a phenotype for only one (cyp52X1) out of six genes examined to date. CYP52X1 oxidizes long chain fatty acids and participates in the degradation of specific epicuticular lipid components needed for breaching the insect waxy layer. Examining the hydrocarbon oxidizing CYP repertoire of pathogens involved in insect epicuticle degradation can lead to the characterization of enzymes with novel substrate specificities. Pathogen targeting may also represent an important co-evolutionary process regarding insect cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Pedrini
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP)La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Carla Huarte-Bonnet
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP)La Plata, Argentina
| | - Shizhu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Nemat O. Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
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48
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Zhou Q, Wang Z, Zhang J, Meng H, Huang B. Genome-wide identification and profiling of microRNA-like RNAs from Metarhizium anisopliae during development. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:1156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Large scale expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of Metarhizium acridum infecting Locusta migratoria reveals multiple strategies for fungal adaptation to the host cuticle. Curr Genet 2012; 58:265-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-012-0382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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50
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Sandhu SS, Sharma AK, Beniwal V, Goel G, Batra P, Kumar A, Jaglan S, Sharma AK, Malhotra S. Myco-biocontrol of insect pests: factors involved, mechanism, and regulation. J Pathog 2012; 2012:126819. [PMID: 22567344 PMCID: PMC3335529 DOI: 10.1155/2012/126819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for reducing chemical inputs in agriculture and increased resistance to insecticides have provided great impetus to the development of alternative forms of insect-pest control. Myco-biocontrol offers an attractive alternative to the use of chemical pesticides. Myco-biocontrol agents are naturally occurring organisms which are perceived as less damaging to the environment. Their mode of action appears little complex which makes it highly unlikely that resistance could be developed to a biopesticide. Past research has shown some promise of the use of fungi as a selective pesticide. The current paper updates us about the recent progress in the field of myco-biocontrol of insect pests and their possible mechanism of action to further enhance our understanding about the biological control of insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardul Singh Sandhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133203, India
| | - Anil K. Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133203, India
| | - Vikas Beniwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133203, India
| | - Gunjan Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133203, India
| | - Priya Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133203, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Bio & Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Sundeep Jaglan
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu, J & K 180001, India
| | - A. K. Sharma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine & Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sonal Malhotra
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133203, India
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