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Ledger S, Howe A, Turville S, Aggarwal A, Savkovic B, Ong A, Wolstein O, Boyd M, Millington M, Gorry PR, Murray JM, Symonds G. Analysis and dissociation of anti-HIV effects of shRNA to CCR5 and the fusion inhibitor C46. J Gene Med 2019; 20:e3006. [PMID: 29552747 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gene therapeutic Cal-1 comprises the anti-HIV agents: (i) sh5, a short hairpin RNA to CCR5 that down-regulates CCR5 expression and (ii) maC46 (C46), a peptide that inhibits viral fusion with the cell membrane. These constructs were assessed for inhibition of viral replication and selective cell expansion in a number of settings. METHODS HIV replication, selective outgrowth and cell surface viral binding were analysed with a single cycle infection assay of six pseudotyped HIV strains and a static and longitudinal passaging of MOLT4/CCR5 cells with HIV. Pronase digestion of surface virus and fluorescence microscopy assessed interactions between HIV virions and transduced cells. RESULTS Cal-1 reduced CCR5 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells to CCR5Δ32 heterozygote levels. Even low level transduction resulted in significant preferential expansion in MOLT4/CCR5 gene-containing cells over a 3-week HIV challenge regardless of viral suppression [12.5% to 47.0% (C46), 46.7% (sh5), 62.2% (Dual), respectively]. The sh5 and Dual constructs at > 95% transduction also significantly suppressed virus to day 12 in the passage assay and all constructs, at varying percentage transduction inhibited virus in static culture. No escape mutations were present through 9 weeks of challenge. The Dual construct significantly suppressed infection by a panel of CCR5-using viruses, with its efficacy being independently determined from the single constructs. Dual and sh5 inhibited virion internalisation, as determined via pronase digestion of surface bound virus, by 70% compared to 13% for C46. CONCLUSIONS The use of two anti-HIV genes allows optimal preferential survival and inhibition of HIV replication, with the impact on viral load being dependent on the percentage of gene marked cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ledger
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Annett Howe
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Borislav Savkovic
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Ong
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Maureen Boyd
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Calimmune Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Millington
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Calimmune Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- School of Applied Sciences and Program in Metabolism, Exercise and Disease, Health Initiatives Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John M Murray
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoff Symonds
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Calimmune Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Graziano F, Vicenzi E, Poli G. Immuno-Pharmacological Targeting of Virus-Containing Compartments in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:558-567. [PMID: 27012511 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In addition to CD4 T lymphocytes, HIV-1 infects tissue macrophages that can actively accumulate infectious virions in vacuolar subcellular structures mostly connected to the plasma membrane and recently termed virus-containing compartments (VCCs). The VCC-associated HIV-1 reservoir of infected macrophages can be either increased or depleted by immunologic and pharmacologic agents, at least in vitro, thus suggesting that these factors (or related molecules) could be effective in curtailing the macrophage-associated HIV-1 reservoir in infected individuals receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Here we review evidence on the pathogenic role of tissue macrophages as long-term viral reservoirs in vivo and upon in vitro infection with a particular emphasis on the immuno-pharmacological modulation of VCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Graziano
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milano, Italy; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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HIV Latency and the noncoding RNA therapeutic landscape. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 848:169-89. [PMID: 25757621 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2432-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) belongs to the subfamily of lentiviruses that are characterized by long incubation periods and chronic, persistent infection. The virus integrates into the genome of infected CD4+ cells and, in a subpopulation of cells, adopts a transcriptionally silent state, a process referred to a viral latency. This property makes it exceedingly difficult to therapeutically target the virus and eradicate infection. If left untreated, the inexorable demise of the infected individual's immune system ensues, a causal result of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Latently infected cells provide a reservoir that maintains viral infection indefinitely. In this chapter we explore the role of noncoding RNAs in HIV infection and in the establishment and maintenance of viral latency. Both short and long noncoding RNAs are endogenous modulators of epigenetic regulation in human cells and play an active role in gene expression. Lastly, we explore therapeutic modalities based on expressed RNAs that are capable of countering infection, transcriptionally regulating the virus, and suppressing or activating the latent state.
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4
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Rai A, Jain A, Jain A, Jain A, Pandey V, Chashoo G, Soni V, Sharma PR. Targeted SLNs for management of HIV-1 associated dementia. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1321-7. [PMID: 25113430 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.948453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD) is an evolving disease in the category of neurological disorders. OBJECTIVE Nifedipine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed and coated with Tween 80 to facilitate enhanced brain drug delivery for the treatment of HAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS SLNs were prepared using solvent injection method. Lipids consisted of tristearin, hydrogenated soya phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) (1.5:1 w/w). Nifedipine was model drug in this study. Tween 80 (0.5% v/v) was taken as key modulator. SLNs were characterized for particle shape, size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, DNA fragmentation, cytotoxicity potential and in vivo studies. RESULTS The SLNs (plain and coated) were found to be in nanometric in size (∼120 nm) with more than 70% entrapment efficiency. In vitro drug release profile reflected sustained release up to 48 h. Tween 80-coated SLNs showed higher percentage of DNA fragmentation in vitro and enhanced cell viability in sulforhodamine assay (rat cortical cells) as compared to plain drug and uncoated SLNs due to facilitated uptake of SLNs and reversal of P-gp efflux by virtue of Tween 80. Biodistribution study performed on vital organs, i.e. brain, heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidney showed increased accumulation of Tween 80-coated SLNs in the brain. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Tween 80 enhanced localization of SLNs in the brain as compared to uncoated SLNs. This approach can be employed effectively to transport chemotherapeutics across the BBB for management of HIV-1 associated dementia and other ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University , Sagar, Madhya Pradesh , India and
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5
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Panos G, Watson DC. Effect of HIV-1 subtype and tropism on treatment with chemokine coreceptor entry inhibitors; overview of viral entry inhibition. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 41:473-87. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.867829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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6
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Dahiya S, Irish BP, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Genetic variation and HIV-associated neurologic disease. Adv Virus Res 2013; 87:183-240. [PMID: 23809924 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407698-3.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurologic disease continues to be a significant complication in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. A substantial subset of the HIV-infected population shows impaired neuropsychological performance as a result of HIV-mediated neuroinflammation and eventual central nervous system (CNS) injury. CNS compartmentalization of HIV, coupled with the evolution of genetically isolated populations in the CNS, is responsible for poor prognosis in patients with AIDS, warranting further investigation and possible additions to the current therapeutic strategy. This chapter reviews key advances in the field of neuropathogenesis and studies that have highlighted how molecular diversity within the HIV genome may impact HIV-associated neurologic disease. We also discuss the possible functional implications of genetic variation within the viral promoter and possibly other regions of the viral genome, especially in the cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage, which are arguably key cellular players in HIV-associated CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder Dahiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryan P Irish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Mor A, Afek A, Entin-Meer M, Keren G, George J. Anti eotaxin-2 antibodies attenuate the initiation and progression of experimental atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/wjcd.2013.34054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Dual R3R5 tropism characterizes cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 isolates from individuals with high cerebrospinal fluid viral load. AIDS 2012; 26:1739-44. [PMID: 22695299 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283560791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the use of major and alternative coreceptors by HIV-1 isolates obtained from paired plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. DESIGN Paired plasma and CSF isolates from HIV-1-infected individuals with varying clinical, virologic, and immunologic parameters were assessed for the ability to infect indicator cells expressing a panel of coreceptors with documented expression in the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS HIV-1 isolates obtained from plasma and CSF in 28 individuals with varying viral load, CD4 T-cell counts, and with or without AIDS-defining disease were analyzed for the ability to infect NP2.CD4 cells stably expressing a panel of HIV coreceptors (CCR5, CXCR4, CCR3, CXCR6, GPR1, APJ, ChemR23, RDC-1 or BLT1). RESULTS All isolates from both plasma and CSF utilized CCR5 and/or CXCR4. However, the ability to use both CCR3 and CCR5 (R3R5) was more pronounced in CSF isolates and correlated with high CSF viral load and low CD4 T-cell count. Notably, four out of five CSF isolates of subtype C origin exhibited CXCR6 use, which coincided with high CSF viral load despite preserved CD4 T-cell counts. The use of other alternative coreceptors was less pronounced. CONCLUSION Dual-tropic R3R5 HIV-1 isolates in CSF coincide with high CSF viral load and low CD4 T-cell counts. Frequent CXCR6 use by CSF-derived subtype C isolates indicates that subtype-specific differences in coreceptor use may exist that will not be acknowledged when assessing plasma virus isolates. The findings may also bare relevance for HIV-1 replication within the CNS, and consequently, for the neuropathogenesis of AIDS.
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Bertin J, Barat C, Méthot S, Tremblay MJ. Interactions between prostaglandins, leukotrienes and HIV-1: possible implications for the central nervous system. Retrovirology 2012; 9:4. [PMID: 22236409 PMCID: PMC3268096 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In HIV-1-infected individuals, there is often discordance between viremia in peripheral blood and viral load found in the central nervous system (CNS). Although the viral burden is often lower in the CNS compartment than in the plasma, neuroinflammation is present in most infected individuals, albeit attenuated by the current combined antiretroviral therapy. The HIV-1-associated neurological complications are thought to result not only from direct viral replication, but also from the subsequent neuroinflammatory processes. The eicosanoids - prostanoids and leukotrienes - are known as potent inflammatory lipid mediators. They are often present in neuroinflammatory diseases, notably HIV-1 infection. Their exact modulatory role in HIV-1 infection is, however, still poorly understood, especially in the CNS compartment. Nonetheless, a handful of studies have provided evidence as to how these lipid mediators can modulate HIV-1 infection. This review summarizes findings indicating how eicosanoids may influence the progression of neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bertin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - CHUL, 2705 boul, Laurier, Québec (QC), Canada, G1V 4G2
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10
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Gramegna P, Latronico T, Branà MT, Di Bari G, Mengoni F, Belvisi V, Mascellino MT, Lichtner M, Vullo V, Mastroianni CM, Liuzzi GM. In vitro downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in rat glial cells by CCR5 antagonist maraviroc: therapeutic implication for HIV brain infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28499. [PMID: 22174822 PMCID: PMC3234279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) released by glial cells are important mediators of neuroinflammation and neurologic damage in HIV infection. The use of antiretroviral drugs able to combat the detrimental effect of chronic inflammation and target the exaggerated MMP activity might represent an attractive therapeutic challenge. Recent studies suggest that CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (MVC) exerts immunomodulant and anti-inflammatory activity beyond its anti-HIV properties. We investigated the in vitro effect of MVC on the activity of MMPs in astrocyte and microglia cultures. Methodology/Principal Findings Primary cultures of rat astrocytes and microglia were activated by exposure to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or lypopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated in vitro with MVC. Culture supernatants were subjected to gelatin zymography and quantitative determination of MMP-9 and MMP-2 was done by computerized scanning densitometry. MMP-9 levels were significantly elevated in culture supernatants from both LPS- and PMA-activated astrocytes and microglia in comparison to controls. The treatment with MVC significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the levels and expression of MMP-9 in PMA-activated astrocytes (p<0,05) and, to a lesser extent, in PMA-activated microglia. By contrast, levels of MMP-2 did not significantly change, although a tendency to decrease was seen in PMA-activated astrocytes after treatment with MVC. The inhibition of levels and expression of MMP-9 in PMA-activated glial cells did not depend on cytotoxic effects of MVC. No inhibition of MMP-9 and MMP-2 were found in both LPS-activated astrocytes and microglia. Conclusions The present in vitro study suggests that CCR5 antagonist compounds, through their ability to inhibit MMP-9 expression and levels, might have a great potential for the treatment of HIV-associated neurologic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqua Gramegna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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11
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Sorce S, Myburgh R, Krause KH. The chemokine receptor CCR5 in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 93:297-311. [PMID: 21163326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The expression and the role of the chemokine receptor CCR5 have been mainly studied in the context of HIV infection. However, this protein is also expressed in the brain, where it can be crucial in determining the outcome in response to different insults. CCR5 expression can be deleterious or protective in controlling the progression of certain infections in the CNS, but it is also emerging that it could play a role in non-infectious diseases. In particular, it appears that, in addition to modulating immune responses, CCR5 can influence neuronal survival. Here, we summarize the present knowledge about the expression of CCR5 in the brain and highlight recent findings suggesting its possible involvement in neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sorce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
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12
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Louboutin JP, Chekmasova A, Marusich E, Agrawal L, Strayer DS. Role of CCR5 and its ligands in the control of vascular inflammation and leukocyte recruitment required for acute excitotoxic seizure induction and neural damage. FASEB J 2010; 25:737-53. [PMID: 20940264 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-161851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines may play a role in leukocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during neuroinflammation and other neuropathological processes, such as epilepsy. We investigated the role of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in seizures. We used a rat model based on intraperitoneal kainic acid (KA) administration. Four months before KA injection, adult rats were given femoral intramarrow inoculations of SV (RNAiR5-RevM10.AU1), which carries an interfering RNA (RNAi) against CCR5, plus a marker epitope (AU1), or its monofunctional RNAi-carrying homologue, SV(RNAiR5). This treatment lowered expression of CCR5 in circulating cells. In control rats, seizures induced elevated expression of CCR5 ligands MIP-1α and RANTES in the microvasculature, increased BBB leakage and CCR5(+) cells, as well as neuronal loss, inflammation, and gliosis in the hippocampi. Animals given either the bifunctional or the monofunctional vector were largely protected from KA-induced seizures, neuroinflammation, BBB damage, and neuron loss. Brain CCR5 mRNA was reduced. Rats receiving RNAiR5-bearing vectors showed far greater repair responses: increased neuronal proliferation, and decreased production of MIP-1α and RANTES. Controls received unrelated SV(BUGT) vectors. Decrease in CCR5 in circulating cells strongly protected from excitotoxin-induced seizures, BBB leakage, CNS injury, and inflammation, and facilitated neurogenic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, 1020 Locust St., Rm. 251, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Duenas-Decamp MJ, Peters PJ, Repik A, Musich T, Gonzalez-Perez MP, Caron C, Brown R, Ball J, Clapham PR. Variation in the biological properties of HIV-1 R5 envelopes: implications of envelope structure, transmission and pathogenesis. Future Virol 2010; 5:435-451. [PMID: 20930940 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 R5 viruses predominantly use CCR5 as a coreceptor to infect CD4(+) T cells and macrophages. While R5 viruses generally infect CD4(+) T cells, research over the past few years has demonstrated that they vary extensively in their capacity to infect macrophages. Thus, R5 variants that are highly macrophage tropic have been detected in late disease and are prominent in brain tissue of subjects with neurological complications. Other R5 variants that are less sensitive to CCR5 antagonists and use CCR5 differently have also been identified in late disease. These latter variants have faster replication kinetics and may contribute to CD4 T-cell depletion. In addition, R5 viruses are highly variable in many other properties, including sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies and inhibitors that block HIV-1 entry into cells. Here, we review what is currently known about how HIV-1 R5 viruses vary in cell tropism and other properties, and discuss the implications of this variation on transmission, pathogenesis, therapy and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Duenas-Decamp
- Program in Molecular Medicine & Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Biotech 2, 373 Plantation Street, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Koh WWL, Forsman A, Hue S, van der Velden GJ, Yirrell DL, McKnight A, Weiss RA, Aasa-Chapman MMI. Novel subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelopes cloned directly from plasma: coreceptor usage and neutralization phenotypes. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2374-80. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.022228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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