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Moyo NA, Westcott D, Simmonds R, Steinbach F. Equine Arteritis Virus in Monocytic Cells Suppresses Differentiation and Function of Dendritic Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:255. [PMID: 36680295 PMCID: PMC9862904 DOI: 10.3390/v15010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine viral arteritis is an infectious disease of equids caused by equine arteritis virus (EAV), an RNA virus of the family Arteriviridae. Dendritic cells (DC) are important modulators of the immune response with the ability to present antigen to naïve T cells and can be generated in vitro from monocytes (MoDC). DC are important targets for many viruses and this interaction is crucial for the establishment-or rather not-of an anti-viral immunity. Little is known of the effect EAV has on host immune cells, particularly DC. To study the interaction of eqDC with EAV in vitro, an optimized eqMoDC system was used, which was established in a previous study. MoDC were infected with strains of different genotypes and pathogenicity. Virus replication was determined through titration and qPCR. The effect of the virus on morphology, phenotype and function of cells was assessed using light microscopy, flow cytometry and in vitro assays. This study confirms that EAV replicates in monocytes and MoDC. The replication was most efficient in mature MoDC, but variable between strains. Only the virulent strain caused a significant down-regulation of certain proteins such as CD14 and CD163 on monocytes and of CD83 on mature MoDC. Functional studies conducted after infection showed that EAV inhibited the endocytic and phagocytic capacity of Mo and mature MoDC with minimal effect on immature MoDC. Infected MoDC showed a reduced ability to stimulate T cells. Ultimately, EAV replication resulted in an apoptosis-mediated cell death. Thus, EAV evades the host anti-viral immunity both by inhibition of antigen presentation early after infection and through killing infected DC during replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathifa A. Moyo
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Virology Department, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Dave Westcott
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Virology Department, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rachel Simmonds
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Virology Department, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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Mahmoud HYAH, Fouad SS, Amin YA. Review of two viral agents of economic importance to the equine industry (equine herpesvirus‐1, and equine arteritis virus). EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Y. A. H. Mahmoud
- Division of Infectious Diseases Animal Medicine Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine South Valley University Qena Egypt
| | - Samer S. Fouad
- PhD of Clinical Pathology of Veterinary Medicine Qena University Hospital South Valley University Qena Egypt
| | - Yahia A. Amin
- Department of Theriogenology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Aswan University Aswan Egypt
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3
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Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) Outbreak in a Show Stallion Population. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112142. [PMID: 34834949 PMCID: PMC8621670 DOI: 10.3390/v13112142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Equine arteritis virus (EAV) infection causes reproductive losses and systemic vasculitis in susceptible equidae. The intact male becomes the virus’ reservoir upon EAV infection, as it causes a chronic-persistent infection of the accessory sex glands. Infected semen is the main source of virus transmission. (2) Here, we describe acute EAV infection and spread in a stallion population after introduction of new members to the group. (3) Conclusions: acute clinical signs, acute phase detection of antigen via (PCR) nasal swabs or (EDTA) blood, and seroconversion support the idea of transmission via seminal fluids into the respiratory tract(s) of others. This outbreak highlights EAV’s horizontal transmission via the respiratory tract. This route should be considered in a chronic-persistently infected herd, when seronegative animals are added to the group.
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Intrahost Selection Pressure Drives Equine Arteritis Virus Evolution during Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00045-19. [PMID: 30918077 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00045-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a reproductive and respiratory disease of horses. Following natural infection, 10 to 70% of infected stallions can become carriers of EAV and continue to shed virus in the semen. In this study, sequential viruses isolated from nasal secretions, buffy coat cells, and semen of seven experimentally infected and two naturally infected EAV carrier stallions were deep sequenced to elucidate the intrahost microevolutionary process after a single transmission event. Analysis of variants from nasal secretions and buffy coat cells lacked extensive positive selection; however, characteristics of the mutant spectra were different in the two sample types. In contrast, the initial semen virus populations during acute infection have undergone a selective bottleneck, as reflected by the reduction in population size and diversifying selection at multiple sites in the viral genome. Furthermore, during persistent infection, extensive genome-wide purifying selection shaped variant diversity in the stallion reproductive tract. Overall, the nonstochastic nature of EAV evolution during persistent infection was driven by active intrahost selection pressure. Among the open reading frames within the viral genome, ORF3, ORF5, and the nsp2-coding region of ORF1a accumulated the majority of nucleotide substitutions during persistence, with ORF3 and ORF5 having the highest intrahost evolutionary rates. The findings presented here provide a novel insight into the evolutionary mechanisms of EAV and identified critical regions of the viral genome likely associated with the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection in the stallion reproductive tract.IMPORTANCE EAV can persist in the reproductive tract of infected stallions, and consequently, long-term carrier stallions constitute its sole natural reservoir. Previous studies demonstrated that the ampullae of the vas deferens are the primary site of viral persistence in the stallion reproductive tract and the persistence is associated with a significant inflammatory response that is unable to clear the infection. This is the first study that describes EAV full-length genomic evolution during acute and long-term persistent infection in the stallion reproductive tract using next-generation sequencing and contemporary sequence analysis techniques. The data provide novel insight into the intrahost evolution of EAV during acute and persistent infection and demonstrate that persistent infection is characterized by extensive genome-wide purifying selection and a nonstochastic evolutionary pattern mediated by intrahost selective pressure, with important nucleotide substitutions occurring in ORF1a (region encoding nsp2), ORF3, and ORF5.
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Balasuriya UB, Carossino M. Reproductive effects of arteriviruses: equine arteritis virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:57-70. [PMID: 29172072 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are the most economically important members of the family Arteriviridae. EAV and PRRSV cause reproductive and respiratory disease in equids and swine, respectively and constitute a significant economic burden to equine and swine industries around the world. Furthermore, they both cause abortion in pregnant animals and establish persistent infection in their natural hosts, which fosters viral shedding in semen leading to sexual transmission. The primary focus of this article is to provide an update on the effects of these two viruses on the reproductive tract of their natural hosts and provide a comparative analysis of clinical signs, virus-host interactions, mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni Br Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00215-17. [PMID: 28814389 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00215-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has the ability to establish persistent infection in the reproductive tract of the stallion (carrier) and is continuously shed in its semen. We have recently demonstrated that EAV persists within stromal cells and a subset of lymphocytes in the stallion accessory sex glands in the presence of a significant local inflammatory response. In the present study, we demonstrated that EAV elicits a mucosal antibody response in the reproductive tract during persistent infection with homing of plasma cells into accessory sex glands. The EAV-specific immunoglobulin isotypes in seminal plasma included IgA, IgG1, IgG3/5, and IgG4/7. Interestingly, seminal plasma IgG1 and IgG4/7 possessed virus-neutralizing activity, while seminal plasma IgA and IgG3/5 did not. However, virus-neutralizing IgG1 and IgG4/7 in seminal plasma were not effective in preventing viral infectivity. In addition, the serological response was primarily mediated by virus-specific IgM and IgG1, while virus-specific serum IgA, IgG3/5, IgG4/7, and IgG6 isotype responses were not detected. This is the first report characterizing the immunoglobulin isotypes in equine serum and seminal plasma in response to EAV infection. The findings presented herein suggest that while a broader immunoglobulin isotype diversity is elicited in seminal plasma, EAV has the ability to persist in the reproductive tract, in spite of local mucosal antibody and inflammatory responses. This study provides further evidence that EAV employs complex immune evasion mechanisms during persistence in the reproductive tract that warrant further investigation.
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Equine Arteritis Virus Has Specific Tropism for Stromal Cells and CD8 + T and CD21 + B Lymphocytes but Not for Glandular Epithelium at the Primary Site of Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00418-17. [PMID: 28424285 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00418-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has a global impact on the equine industry as the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of equids. A distinctive feature of EAV infection is that it establishes long-term persistent infection in 10 to 70% of infected stallions (carriers). In these stallions, EAV is detectable only in the reproductive tract, and viral persistence occurs despite the presence of high serum neutralizing antibody titers. Carrier stallions constitute the natural reservoir of the virus as they continuously shed EAV in their semen. Although the accessory sex glands have been implicated as the primary sites of EAV persistence, the viral host cell tropism and whether viral replication in carrier stallions occurs in the presence or absence of host inflammatory responses remain unknown. In this study, dual immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to unequivocally demonstrate that the ampulla is the main EAV tissue reservoir rather than immunologically privileged tissues (i.e., testes). Furthermore, we demonstrate that EAV has specific tropism for stromal cells (fibrocytes and possibly tissue macrophages) and CD8+ T and CD21+ B lymphocytes but not glandular epithelium. Persistent EAV infection is associated with moderate, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic ampullitis comprising clusters of B (CD21+) lymphocytes and significant infiltration of T (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD25+) lymphocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells (Iba-1+ and CD83+), with a small number of tissue macrophages expressing CD163 and CD204 scavenger receptors. This study suggests that EAV employs complex immune evasion mechanisms that warrant further investigation.IMPORTANCE The major challenge for the worldwide control of EAV is that this virus has the distinctive ability to establish persistent infection in the stallion's reproductive tract as a mechanism to ensure its maintenance in equid populations. Therefore, the precise identification of tissue and cellular tropism of EAV is critical for understanding the molecular basis of viral persistence and for development of improved prophylactic or treatment strategies. This study significantly enhances our understanding of the EAV carrier state in stallions by unequivocally identifying the ampullae as the primary sites of viral persistence, combined with the fact that persistence involves continuous viral replication in fibrocytes (possibly including tissue macrophages) and T and B lymphocytes in the presence of detectable inflammatory responses, suggesting the involvement of complex viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Therefore, EAV persistence provides a powerful new natural animal model to study RNA virus persistence in the male reproductive tract.
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Balasuriya UBR, Carossino M, Timoney PJ. Equine viral arteritis: A respiratory and reproductive disease of significant economic importance to the equine industry. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. B. R. Balasuriya
- Department of Veterinary Science; Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; College of Agriculture, Food and Environment; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - M. Carossino
- Department of Veterinary Science; Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; College of Agriculture, Food and Environment; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - P. J. Timoney
- Department of Veterinary Science; Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; College of Agriculture, Food and Environment; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
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Carossino M, Loynachan AT, James MacLachlan N, Drew C, Shuck KM, Timoney PJ, Del Piero F, Balasuriya UBR. Detection of equine arteritis virus by two chromogenic RNA in situ hybridization assays (conventional and RNAscope(®)) and assessment of their performance in tissues from aborted equine fetuses. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3125-36. [PMID: 27541817 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis, a respiratory and reproductive disease of equids. EAV infection can induce abortion in pregnant mares, fulminant bronchointerstitial pneumonia in foals, and persistent infection in stallions. Here, we developed two RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) assays (conventional and RNAscope(®) ISH) for the detection of viral RNA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues and evaluated and compared their performance with nucleocapsid-specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) and virus isolation (VI; gold standard) techniques. The distribution and cellular localization of EAV RNA and antigen were similar in tissues from aborted equine fetuses. Evaluation of 80 FFPE tissues collected from 16 aborted fetuses showed that the conventional RNA ISH assay had a significantly lower sensitivity than the RNAscope(®) and IHC assays, whereas there was no difference between the latter two assays. The use of oligonucleotide probes along with a signal amplification system (RNAscope(®)) can enhance detection of EAV RNA in FFPE tissues, with sensitivity comparable to that of IHC. Most importantly, these assays provide important tools with which to investigate the mechanisms of EAV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alan T Loynachan
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - N James MacLachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Clifton Drew
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Shuck
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter J Timoney
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. ubalasuriya.@uky.edu
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Host Factors that Contribute to Equine Arteritis Virus Persistence in the Stallion: an Update. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Chen J, Guo X, Li L. Identification of a Novel Conserved B Cell Epitope in the N Protein of Equine Arteritis Virus (Bucyrus Strain). Viral Immunol 2016; 28:391-6. [PMID: 26331346 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (N) protein is the most conserved structural protein in equine arteritis virus (EAV). This study aimed to identify the minimal conserved B cell epitope on the EAV N protein. The purified N protein was used to immunize mice for preparing monoclonal antibody (mAb). The reactivity of mAb was evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, 11 overlapping peptides (named MBP-N1 to MBP-N11) were designed to localize the linear antigenic epitope within the N protein. The peptides were identified by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. The minimal conserved B cell epitope on the EAV N protein was identified. The homology analysis was also performed. An EAV N-reactive mAb was selected and designated as 1C11. Indirect ELISA results showed that overlapping domain between MBP-N10 and MBP-N11 was recognized by the mAb 1C11. Furthermore, the indirect ELISA and Western blot showed that (101)QRKVAP(106) was the minimal linear epitope of the EAV N protein. The homology analysis showed that the identified epitope was conserved among all EAV strains analyzed in this work, with the exception of the ARVAC. One EAV N-specific mAb (1C11) was developed, and a minimal linear peptide epitope ((101)QRKVAP(106)) within the N protein was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- 1 Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Xinggang Guo
- 2 Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- 1 Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
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12
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Carossino M, Lee PYA, Nam B, Skillman A, Shuck KM, Timoney PJ, Tsai YL, Ma LJ, Chang HFG, Wang HTT, Balasuriya UBR. Development and evaluation of a reverse transcription-insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (RT-iiPCR) assay for detection of equine arteritis virus in equine semen and tissue samples using the POCKIT™ system. J Virol Methods 2016; 234:7-15. [PMID: 27036504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory and reproductive disease of horses. Most importantly, EAV induces abortion in pregnant mares and can establish persistent infection in up to 10-70% of the infected stallions, which will continue to shed the virus in their semen. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a reverse transcription insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (RT-iiPCR) for the detection of EAV in semen and tissue samples. The newly developed assay had a limit of detection of 10 RNA copies and a 10-fold higher sensitivity than a previously described real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Evaluation of 125 semen samples revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 98.46% and 100.00%, respectively for the RT-qPCR assay, and 100.00% and 98.33%, respectively for the RT-iiPCR assay. Both assays had the same accuracy (99.2%, k=0.98) compared to virus isolation. Corresponding values derived from testing various tissue samples (n=122) collected from aborted fetuses, foals, and EAV carrier stallions are as follows: relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 88.14%, 96.83%, and 92.62% (k=0.85), respectively for the RT-qPCR assay, and 98.31%, 92.06%, and 95.08% (k=0.90), respectively for the RT-iiPCR assay. These results indicate that RT-iiPCR is a sensitive, specific, and a robust test enabling detection of EAV in semen and tissue samples with very considerable accuracy. Even though the RT-qPCR assay showed a sensitivity and specificity equal to virus isolation for semen samples, its diagnostic performance was somewhat limited for tissue samples. Thus, this new RT-iiPCR could be considered as an alternative tool in the implementation of EAV control and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Bora Nam
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashley Skillman
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kathleen M Shuck
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter J Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Balasuriya UBR, Zhang J, Go YY, MacLachlan NJ. Experiences with infectious cDNA clones of equine arteritis virus: lessons learned and insights gained. Virology 2014; 462-463:388-403. [PMID: 24913633 PMCID: PMC7172799 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The advent of recombinant DNA technology, development of infectious cDNA clones of RNA viruses, and reverse genetic technologies have revolutionized how viruses are studied. Genetic manipulation of full-length cDNA clones has become an especially important and widely used tool to study the biology, pathogenesis, and virulence determinants of both positive and negative stranded RNA viruses. The first full-length infectious cDNA clone of equine arteritis virus (EAV) was developed in 1996 and was also the first full-length infectious cDNA clone constructed from a member of the order Nidovirales. This clone was extensively used to characterize the molecular biology of EAV and other Nidoviruses. The objective of this review is to summarize the characterization of the virulence (or attenuation) phenotype of the recombinant viruses derived from several infectious cDNA clones of EAV in horses, as well as their application for characterization of the molecular basis of viral neutralization, persistence, and cellular tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni B R Balasuriya
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yun Young Go
- Virus Research and Testing Group, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea
| | - N James MacLachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Vairo S, Saey V, Bombardi C, Ducatelle R, Nauwynck H. The recent European isolate (08P178) of equine arteritis virus causes inflammation but not arteritis in experimentally infected ponies. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:238-43. [PMID: 24975896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, outbreaks of equine viral arteritis (EVA) have been reported in Europe, but little is known about these European isolates of equine arteritis virus (EAV). EAV European strain (08P178, EU-1 clade) isolated from one of these recent outbreaks is able to cause clinical signs on experimental infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microscopical lesions induced by this isolate after experimental infection of ponies. Animals were killed at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post infection (dpi). At 3 dpi, lesions were essentially restricted to the respiratory tract and intestines and were characterized by mild multifocal epithelial degeneration and associated mononuclear cell infiltration. Lesions were more severe at 7 dpi and by 14 dpi, respiratory lesions were even more severe and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates extended to other organs. At 28 dpi, lesions were still present in the viscera. In all specimens the most prominent histological change was intraepithelial, subepithelial and perivascular lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, ranging from mild and multifocal to extensive and diffuse. No signs of arterial damage such as infarcts, haemorrhages or necrosis were found. In conclusion, infection of naïve animals with the European 08P178 strain of EAV is associated with inflammation, but not arteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vairo
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and ImmunologyGhent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - V Saey
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Bombardi
- Department of Morphophysiology, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - R Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - H Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and ImmunologyGhent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Vairo S, Favoreel H, Scagliarini A, Nauwynck H. Identification of target cells of a European equine arteritis virus strain in experimentally infected ponies. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:235-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Balasuriya UBR, Go YY, MacLachlan NJ. Equine arteritis virus. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:93-122. [PMID: 23891306 PMCID: PMC7126873 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory and reproductive disease of equids. There has been significant recent progress in understanding the molecular biology of EAV and the pathogenesis of its infection in horses. In particular, the use of contemporary genomic techniques, along with the development and reverse genetic manipulation of infectious cDNA clones of several strains of EAV, has generated significant novel information regarding the basic molecular biology of the virus. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize current understanding of EAV virion architecture, replication, evolution, molecular epidemiology and genetic variation, pathogenesis including the influence of host genetics on disease susceptibility, host immune response, and potential vaccination and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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17
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Chung C, Wilson C, Timoney P, Balasuriya U, Adams E, Adams DS, Evermann JF, Clavijo A, Shuck K, Rodgers S, Lee SS, McGuire TC. Validation of an improved competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Equine arteritis virus antibody. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:727-35. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713508401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to validate a previously described competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) to detect antibody to Equine arteritis virus (EAV) based on GP5-specific nonneutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) 17B79 using the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)–recommended protocol, which includes the following 5 in-house analyses. 1) The assay was calibrated with the OIE-designated reference serum panel for EAV; 2) repeatability was evaluated within and between assay runs; 3) analytical specificity was evaluated using sera specific to related viruses; 4) analytical sensitivity was evaluated with sera from horses vaccinated with an EAV modified live virus (MLV) vaccine; and 5) the duration of cELISA antibody detection following EAV vaccination was determined. The positive cELISA cutoff of ≥35% inhibition (%I) was confirmed by receiver operating characteristic plot analysis. Analytical sensitivity of the cELISA was comparable to the serum neutralization (SN) assay in that it detected EAV-specific antibody as early as 8 days postvaccination. The duration of EAV-specific antibody detected by cELISA was over 5 years after the last vaccination. This cELISA could detect EAV-specific antibody in serum samples collected from horses infected with various EAV strains. In the field trial performed by American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians–accredited state laboratories and OIE laboratory, the diagnostic specificity of the cELISA was 99.5% and the diagnostic sensitivity was 98.2%. The data using various serum panels also had consistently significant positive correlation between SN titers and cELISA %I results. The results further confirm that the EAV antibody cELISA is a reliable, simple alternative to the SN assay for detecting EAV-specific antibodies in equine sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungwon Chung
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Carey Wilson
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Peter Timoney
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Udeni Balasuriya
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Ethan Adams
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - D. Scott Adams
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - James F. Evermann
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Kathleen Shuck
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Sandy Rodgers
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Stephen Sauchi Lee
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Travis C. McGuire
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
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18
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Abstract
Arteriviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect mammals. They can cause persistent or asymptomatic infections, but also acute disease associated with a respiratory syndrome, abortion or lethal haemorrhagic fever. During the past two decades, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and, to a lesser extent, equine arteritis virus (EAV) have attracted attention as veterinary pathogens with significant economic impact. Particularly noteworthy were the 'porcine high fever disease' outbreaks in South-East Asia and the emergence of new virulent PRRSV strains in the USA. Recently, the family was expanded with several previously unknown arteriviruses isolated from different African monkey species. At the molecular level, arteriviruses share an intriguing but distant evolutionary relationship with coronaviruses and other members of the order Nidovirales. Nevertheless, several of their characteristics are unique, including virion composition and structure, and the conservation of only a subset of the replicase domains encountered in nidoviruses with larger genomes. During the past 15 years, the advent of reverse genetics systems for EAV and PRRSV has changed and accelerated the structure-function analysis of arterivirus RNA and protein sequences. These systems now also facilitate studies into host immune responses and arterivirus immune evasion and pathogenesis. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in the areas of arterivirus genome expression, RNA and protein functions, virion architecture, virus-host interactions, immunity, and pathogenesis. We have also briefly reviewed the impact of these advances on disease management, the engineering of novel candidate live vaccines and the diagnosis of arterivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology Department, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Molecular Virology Department, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
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19
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Rola J, Socha W, Zmudzinski JF. Sequence analysis of ORFs 5, 6 and 7 of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection of the stallion--a 7-year study. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:378-82. [PMID: 23490558 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of ORFs 5, 6 and 7 of EAV during persistent infection in the stallion of the Malopolska breed were analysed in the study. A total of 11 blood and semen samples were collected between 2004 and 2011. The titre of specific EAV antibodies in this carrier stallion was maintained at a high level throughout the study and was equal approximately 1:128. The sequence analysis of ORF5 showed 16 variable sites including 12 with synonymous substitutions and 4 with non-synonymous substitutions. The degree of nucleotide sequence identity among the strains ranged from 98.92% to 100%, whereas amino acid homology ranged from 98.06% to 100%. Ten substitutions were identified including 7 with synonymous mutations and 3 with non-synonymous mutations in ORF6. The degree of similarities among the strains ranged from 94.55 to 100% and from 98.41% to 100% at the level of nucleotide and amino acid sequence, respectively. Only a single point mutation at position 255 of ORF7 (99.6% identity) was found in nucleotide sequences of these strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all strains present in the semen of this carrier stallion created a separate cluster of "quasi-species" within the second European subgroup of EAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.
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20
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Deubiquitinase function of arterivirus papain-like protease 2 suppresses the innate immune response in infected host cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E838-47. [PMID: 23401522 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218464110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination regulates important innate immune responses. The discovery of viruses encoding deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) suggests they remove ubiquitin to evade ubiquitin-dependent antiviral responses; however, this has never been conclusively demonstrated in virus-infected cells. Arteriviruses are economically important positive-stranded RNA viruses that encode an ovarian tumor (OTU) domain DUB known as papain-like protease 2 (PLP2). This enzyme is essential for arterivirus replication by cleaving a site within the viral replicase polyproteins and also removes ubiquitin from cellular proteins. To dissect this dual specificity, which relies on a single catalytic site, we determined the crystal structure of equine arteritis virus PLP2 in complex with ubiquitin (1.45 Å). PLP2 binds ubiquitin using a zinc finger that is uniquely integrated into an exceptionally compact OTU-domain fold that represents a new subclass of zinc-dependent OTU DUBs. Notably, the ubiquitin-binding surface is distant from the catalytic site, which allowed us to mutate this surface to significantly reduce DUB activity without affecting polyprotein cleavage. Viruses harboring such mutations exhibited WT replication kinetics, confirming that PLP2-mediated polyprotein cleavage was intact, but the loss of DUB activity strikingly enhanced innate immune signaling. Compared with WT virus infection, IFN-β mRNA levels in equine cells infected with PLP2 mutants were increased by nearly an order of magnitude. Our findings not only establish PLP2 DUB activity as a critical factor in arteriviral innate immune evasion, but the selective inactivation of DUB activity also opens unique possibilities for developing improved live attenuated vaccines against arteriviruses and other viruses encoding similar dual-specificity proteases.
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21
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Morrell JM, Timoney P, Klein C, Shuck K, Campos J, Troedsson M. Single-Layer Centrifugation Reduces Equine Arteritis Virus Titre in the Semen of Shedding Stallions. Reprod Domest Anim 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JM Morrell
- Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - P Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; Lexington; KY; USA
| | - C Klein
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; Lexington; KY; USA
| | - K Shuck
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; Lexington; KY; USA
| | - J Campos
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; Lexington; KY; USA
| | - M Troedsson
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; Lexington; KY; USA
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22
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Surma-Kurusiewicz K, Winiarczyk S, Adaszek Ł. Comparative analysis of ORF5 nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of the GP5 protein of equine arteritis virus (EAV) detected in the semen of stallions from Eastern Poland. Res Vet Sci 2012; 94:361-7. [PMID: 23116636 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the ORF5 gene fragment nucleotide sequences and the GP5 protein amino acid sequences formed on this matrix, for the equine arteritis virus (EAV) strains isolated from the semen of infected stallions from Eastern Poland. The study covered 41 stallions whose blood serum tested positive for antigens specific to the EAV. The presence of EAV genetic material was shown in material from 5 horses, in one of which permanent presence of viral RNA was detected over the entire 4-year study period (the material was sampled four times at yearly intervals). The mutual similarity among the ORF5 nucleotide sequences of EAV obtained in our own studies was 90.7-99%, whereas their similarity to a sequence of an isolate of the PL1 virus, determined in Polish horses previously, was 76.6-83%. A comparison of the primary structure of capsid glycoprotein encoded by the analysed section of ORF5 showed that amino acid substitution happens most frequently in region V1 of GP5, between positions 61 and 121. A phylogenetic analysis of our own isolates with sequences of viruses isolated from horses from the USA, Europe and New Zealand (available in the gene bank), made it possible to determine that the majority of the detected strains of the pathogen can be classified into the European group, with the Austrian strain of EAV as its protoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Surma-Kurusiewicz
- Department of Epizootiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, 30 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland
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23
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Zhang J, Go YY, Huang CM, Meade BJ, Lu Z, Snijder EJ, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Development and characterization of an infectious cDNA clone of the modified live virus vaccine strain of equine arteritis virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1312-21. [PMID: 22739697 PMCID: PMC3416077 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00302-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A stable full-length cDNA clone of the modified live virus (MLV) vaccine strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) was developed. RNA transcripts generated from this plasmid (pEAVrMLV) were infectious upon transfection into mammalian cells, and the resultant recombinant virus (rMLV) had 100% nucleotide identity to the parental MLV vaccine strain of EAV. A single silent nucleotide substitution was introduced into the nucleocapsid gene (pEAVrMLVB), enabling the cloned vaccine virus (rMLVB) to be distinguished from parental MLV vaccine as well as other field and laboratory strains of EAV by using an allelic discrimination real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay. In vitro studies revealed that the cloned vaccine virus rMLVB and the parental MLV vaccine virus had identical growth kinetics and plaque morphologies in equine endothelial cells. In vivo studies confirmed that the cloned vaccine virus was very safe and induced high titers of neutralizing antibodies against EAV in experimentally immunized horses. When challenged with the heterologous EAV KY84 strain, the rMLVB vaccine virus protected immunized horses in regard to reducing the magnitude and duration of viremia and virus shedding but did not suppress the development of signs of EVA, although these were reduced in clinical severity. The vaccine clone pEAVrMLVB could be further manipulated to improve the vaccine efficacy as well as to develop a marker vaccine for serological differentiation of EAV naturally infected from vaccinated animals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Endothelial Cells/virology
- Equartevirus/classification
- Equartevirus/genetics
- Equartevirus/growth & development
- Genotype
- Horses
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleocapsid/genetics
- Point Mutation
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription, Genetic
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Plaque Assay
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Zhang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yun Young Go
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Chengjin M. Huang
- Fort Dodge Animal Health Inc., Fort Dodge, Iowa, USA (now Pfizer Animal Health Inc., VMRD, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA)
| | - Barry J. Meade
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zhengchun Lu
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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24
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Vairo S, Vandekerckhove A, Steukers L, Glorieux S, Van den Broeck W, Nauwynck H. Clinical and virological outcome of an infection with the Belgian equine arteritis virus strain 08P178. Vet Microbiol 2012; 157:333-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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25
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Emergence of novel equine arteritis virus (EAV) variants during persistent infection in the stallion: origin of the 2007 French EAV outbreak was linked to an EAV strain present in the semen of a persistently infected carrier stallion. Virology 2011; 423:165-74. [PMID: 22209234 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During the summer of 2007, an outbreak of equine viral arteritis (EVA) occurred in Normandy (France). After investigation, a link was suggested between an EAV carrier stallion (A) and the index premise of the outbreak. The full-length nucleotide sequence analysis of a study reference strain (F27) isolated from the lung of a foal revealed a 12,710 nucleotides EAV genome with unique molecular hallmarks in the 5'UTR leader sequence and the ORF1a sequence encoding the non-structural protein 2. The evolution of the viral population in the persistently infected Stallion A was then studied by cloning ORFs 3 and 5 of the EAV genome from four sequential semen samples which were collected between 2000 and 2007. Molecular analysis of the clones confirmed the likely implication of Stallion A in the origin of this outbreak through the yearly emergence of new variants genetically similar to the F27 strain.
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26
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Infection of embryos following insemination of donor mares with equine arteritis virus infective semen. Theriogenology 2011; 76:47-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Firth AE, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Wills NM, Go YY, Balasuriya UBR, Atkins JF, Snijder EJ, Posthuma CC. Discovery of a small arterivirus gene that overlaps the GP5 coding sequence and is important for virus production. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1097-1106. [PMID: 21307223 PMCID: PMC3139419 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.029264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The arterivirus family (order Nidovirales) of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses includes porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus and equine arteritis virus (EAV). Their replicative enzymes are translated from their genomic RNA, while their seven structural proteins are encoded by a set of small, partially overlapping genes in the genomic 3′-proximal region. The latter are expressed via synthesis of a set of subgenomic mRNAs that, in general, are functionally monocistronic (except for a bicistronic mRNA encoding the E and GP2 proteins). ORF5, which encodes the major glycoprotein GP5, has been used extensively for phylogenetic analyses. However, an in-depth computational analysis now reveals the arterivirus-wide conservation of an additional AUG-initiated ORF, here termed ORF5a, that overlaps the 5′ end of ORF5. The pattern of substitutions across sequence alignments indicated that ORF5a is subject to functional constraints at the amino acid level, while an analysis of substitutions at synonymous sites in ORF5 revealed a greatly reduced frequency of substitution in the portion of ORF5 that is overlapped by ORF5a. The 43–64 aa ORF5a protein and GP5 are probably expressed from the same subgenomic mRNA, via a translation initiation mechanism involving leaky ribosomal scanning. Inactivation of ORF5a expression by reverse genetics yielded a severely crippled EAV mutant, which displayed lower titres and a tiny plaque phenotype. These defects, which could be partially complemented in ORF5a-expressing cells, indicate that the novel protein, which may be the eighth structural protein of arteriviruses, is expressed and important for arterivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessika C Zevenhoven-Dobbe
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Norma M Wills
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
| | - Yun Young Go
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - John F Atkins
- BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clara C Posthuma
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Characterization of equine humoral antibody response to the nonstructural proteins of equine arteritis virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 18:268-79. [PMID: 21147938 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00444-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) replicase consists of two polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab) that are encoded by open reading frames (ORFs) 1a and 1b of the viral genome. These two replicase polyproteins are posttranslationally processed by three ORF 1a-encoded proteinases to yield at least 13 nonstructural proteins (nsp1 to nsp12, including nsp7α and 7β). These nsps are expressed in EAV-infected cells, but the equine immune response they induce has not been studied. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response of horses to each of the nsps following EAV infection. Individual nsp coding regions were cloned and expressed in both mammalian and bacterial expression systems. Each recombinant protein was used in an immunoprecipitation assay with equine serum samples from horses (n = 3) that were experimentally infected with three different EAV strains (VB, KY77, and KY84), from stallions (n = 4) that were persistently infected with EAV, and from horses (n = 4) that were vaccinated with the modified live-virus (MLV) vaccine strain. Subsequently, protein-antibody complexes were subjected to Western immunoblotting analysis with individual nsp-specific rabbit antisera, mouse anti-His antibody, or anti-FLAG tag antibody. Nsp2, nsp4, nsp5, and nsp12 were immunoprecipitated by most of the sera from experimentally or persistently infected horses, while sera from vaccinated horses did not react with nsp5 and reacted weakly with nsp4. However, serum samples from vaccinated horses were able to immunoprecipitate nsp2 and nsp12 proteins consistently. Information from this study will assist ongoing efforts to develop improved methods for the serologic diagnosis of EAV infection in horses.
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