1
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Li X, Song Y, Wang X, Fu C, Zhao F, Zou L, Wu K, Chen W, Li Z, Fan J, Li Y, Li B, Zeng S, Liu X, Zhao M, Yi L, Chen J, Fan S. The regulation of cell homeostasis and antiviral innate immunity by autophagy during classical swine fever virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2164217. [PMID: 36583373 PMCID: PMC9848339 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2164217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CSFV (classical swine fever virus) is currently endemic in developing countries in Asia and has recently re-emerged in Japan. Under the pressure of natural selection pressure, CSFV keeps evolving to maintain its ecological niche in nature. CSFV has evolved mechanisms that induce immune depression, but its pathogenic mechanism is still unclear. In this study, using transcriptomics and metabolomics methods, we found that CSFV infection alters innate host immunity by activating the interferon pathway, inhibiting host inflammation, apoptosis, and remodelling host metabolism in porcine alveolar macrophages. Moreover, we revealed that autophagy could alter innate immunity and metabolism induced by CSFV infection. Enhanced autophagy further inhibited CSFV-induced RIG-I-IRF3 signal transduction axis and JAK-STAT signalling pathway and blocked type I interferon production while reducing autophagy inhibition of the NF-κB signalling pathway and apoptosis in CSFV infection cells. Furthermore, the level of CSFV infection-induced glycolysis and the content of lactate and pyruvate, as well as 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, a derivative of glycolysis converted to serine, was altered by autophagy. We also found that silencing HK2 (hexokinase 2), the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolytic metabolism, could induce autophagy but reduce the interferon signalling pathway, NF-κB signalling pathway, and inhibition of apoptosis induced by CSFV infection. In addition, inhibited cellular autophagy by silencing ATG5 or using 3-Methyladenine, could backfill the inhibitory effect of silencing HK2 on the cellular interferon signalling pathway, NF-κB signalling pathway, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Fu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering
| | - Feifan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linke Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jindai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingke Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sen Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Shuangqi Fan College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Stabel JR, Wherry TLT. Comparison of methods to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle blood. J Immunol Methods 2023; 512:113407. [PMID: 36528086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are critical for assessment of host immune responses to infectious disease. The isolation of PBMCs from whole blood is a laborious process involving density gradients and multiple centrifugation steps. In the present study we compared a more traditional method of PBMC isolation used in our laboratory to two novel methods of cell isolation for efficiency, cell viability, and enumeration of cell subsets. Our laboratory method uses Histopaque-1077 density gradient in standard conical tubes and this was compared with isolation of cells using SepMate™ tubes, a novel conical tube containing an insert to separate the density gradient. Multiple experiments were performed to optimize the SepMate™ tubes for use with cattle blood. A final experiment was conducted to compare traditional methodology, the optimized SepMate™ method with a more novel method using cell preparation tubes (CPT-10 vacutainers containing density gradient). Results demonstrated that optimization of the SepMate™ tube methodology was necessary, including dilution of blood and addition of centrifugation steps to reduce platelet contamination. The CPT-10 tubes worked well but cell recovery was lower compared to other methods. Both of the newer methods were comparable to a modified version of our traditional laboratory method of PBMC isolation in terms of numbers of recovered viable cells and the frequency of immune cell subsets. Additionally, efficiency was improved, particularly with the SepMate™ tube method, resulting in reduced time in the laboratory as well as reduced usage of plasticware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith R Stabel
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Taylor L T Wherry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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3
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Cao Z, Zhang H, Yang Q, Zhang H, Fan G. Establishment of a method for evaluation of the efficacy of a classical swine fever virus subunit vaccine in rabbits. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:521-526. [PMID: 32436789 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.6.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a method for evaluation of the efficacy of a classical swine fever virus (CSFV) subunit vaccine in rabbits as determined via humoral immune responses to the virus. ANIMALS 40 specific pathogen-free rabbits. PROCEDURES Rabbits were randomly assigned to 4 groups (10 rabbits/group) for SC injection of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mL of a CSFV subunit E2 vaccine (representing 1.15, 2.3, or 4.6 μg of E2 protein/dose, respectively) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Blood samples were collected 21 days after vaccination for measurement of the antibody response against CSFV via ELISA and virus neutralization methods. On the same day, the CSFV Chinese (C) strain was injected into an ear vein. Vaccine efficacy was determined by monitoring of rabbits for pyrexia for 4 days and measurement of viral copies in spleen lysates at the end of the study. Reproducibility of the antibody response was tested with 2 other batches of the vaccine at the minimum immunization dose identified for the initially tested batch. RESULTS The E2 protein dose of the initially tested vaccine was positively correlated with the antibody response and protection rate in rabbits. The identified minimum immunization dose per rabbit was 0.1 mL, representing an E2 protein content of approximately 2.3 μg, and reproducibility of the antibody response to vaccination with the 2 other batches at this dose was good. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A method was established in rabbits for evaluation of the efficacy of a CSFV subunit vaccine that could help in the optimization of later large-scale vaccine production and quality control processes as well as in the clinical application of the vaccine.
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4
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Ma SM, Mao Q, Yi L, Zhao MQ, Chen JD. Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Pyroptosis: Immune Escape Strategies for Persistent Infection and Pathogenesis of Classical Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040239. [PMID: 31744077 PMCID: PMC6963731 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a severe acute infectious disease that results from classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection, which leads to serious economic losses in the porcine industry worldwide. In recent years, numerous studies related to the immune escape mechanism of the persistent infection and pathogenesis of CSFV have been performed. Remarkably, several independent groups have reported that apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis play a significant role in the occurrence and development of CSF, as well as in the immunological process. Apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis are the fundamental biological processes that maintain normal homeostatic and metabolic function in eukaryotic organisms. In general, these three cellular biological processes are always understood as an immune defense response initiated by the organism after perceiving a pathogen infection. Nevertheless, several viruses, including CSFV and other common pathogens such as hepatitis C and influenza A, have evolved strategies for infection and replication using these three cellular biological process mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the known roles of apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis in CSFV infection and how viruses manipulate these three cellular biological processes to evade the immune response.
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5
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Gong W, Jia J, Zhang B, Mi S, Zhang L, Xie X, Guo H, Shi J, Tu C. Serum Metabolomic Profiling of Piglets Infected with Virulent Classical Swine Fever Virus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:731. [PMID: 28496435 PMCID: PMC5406397 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious swine infectious disease and causes significant economic losses for the pig industry worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine whether small molecule metabolites contribute to the pathogenesis of CSF. Birefly, serum metabolomics of CSFV Shimen strain-infected piglets were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF/MS) in combination with multivariate statistical analysis. In CSFV-infected piglets at days 3 and 7 post-infection changes were found in metabolites associated with several key metabolic pathways, including tryptophan catabolism and the kynurenine pathway, phenylalanine metabolism, fatty acid and lipid metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid and urea cycles, branched-chain amino acid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. Several pathways involved in energy metabolism including fatty acid biosynthesis and β-oxidation, branched-chain amino acid metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were significantly inhibited. Changes were also observed in several metabolites exclusively associated with gut microbiota. The metabolomic profiles indicate that CSFV-host gut microbiome interactions play a role in the development of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Gong
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Junjie Jia
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Bikai Zhang
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Shijiang Mi
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Huancheng Guo
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Changchun Tu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
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6
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Zhou N, Fan C, Liu S, Zhou J, Jin Y, Zheng X, Wang Q, Liu J, Yang H, Gu J, Zhou J. Cellular proteomic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 and classical swine fever virus coinfection in porcine kidney-15 cells using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-coupled LC-MS/MS. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1276-1291. [PMID: 28247913 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral coinfection or superinfection in host has caused public health concern and huge economic losses of farming industry. The influence of viral coinfection on cellular protein abundance is essential for viral pathogenesis. Based on a coinfection model for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) developed previously by our laboratory, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-coupled LC-MS/MS proteomic profiling was performed to explore the host cell responses to PCV2-CSFV coinfection. Totally, 3932 proteins were identified in three independent mass spectrometry analyses. Compared with uninfected cells, 304 proteins increased (fold change >1.2) and 198 decreased (fold change <0.833) their abundance in PCV2-infected cells (p < 0.05), 60 and 61 were more and less abundant in CSFV-infected cells, and 196 and 158 were more and less abundant, respectively in cells coinfected with PCV2 and CSFV. Representative differentially abundant proteins were validated by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bioinformatic analyses confirmed the dominant role of PCV2, and indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated oxidative stress response and apoptosis signaling pathways might be the specifical targets during PCV2-CSFV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chunmei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yulan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qin Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug and Control, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jue Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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7
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Zheng K, Kitazato K, Wang Y, He Z. Pathogenic microbes manipulate cofilin activity to subvert actin cytoskeleton. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:677-95. [PMID: 25853495 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin proteins are key players in controlling the temporal and spatial extent of actin dynamics, which is crucial for mediating host-pathogen interactions. Pathogenic microbes have evolved molecular mechanisms to manipulate cofilin activity to subvert the actin cytoskeletal system in host cells, promoting their internalization into the target cells, modifying the replication niche and facilitating their intracellular and intercellular dissemination. The study of how these pathogens exploit cofilin pathways is crucial for understanding infectious disease and providing potential targets for drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China .,c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- b Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan , and
| | - Yifei Wang
- c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhendan He
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
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8
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Sheng C, Liu X, Jiang Q, Xu B, Zhou C, Wang Y, Chen J, Xiao M. Annexin A2 is involved in the production of classical swine fever virus infectious particles. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1027-1032. [PMID: 25593157 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is an important host factor regulating several key processes in many viruses. To evaluate the potential involvement of ANXA2 in the life cycle of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), an RNA interference (RNAi) approach was utilized. Knockdown of ANXA2 did not impair CSFV RNA replication but significantly reduced CSFV production. A comparable reduction of extracellular and intracellular infectivity levels was detected, indicating that ANXA2 might play a role in CSFV assembly rather than in genome replication and virion release. Furthermore, ANXA2 was found to bind CSFV NS5A, an essential replicase component. Amino acids R338, N359, G378 of NS5A were revealed to be pivotal for the ANXA2-NS5A interaction. Substitutions of these amino acids had no effect on viral RNA replication but substantially reduced CSFV production, which might partly be due to these mutations destroying the ANXA2-NS5A interaction. These results suggested that ANXA2 might participate in CSFV production process by binding NS5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Sheng
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiuyue Jiang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chenhao Zhou
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yujing Wang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ming Xiao
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
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9
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Tarradas J, de la Torre ME, Rosell R, Perez LJ, Pujols J, Muñoz M, Muñoz I, Muñoz S, Abad X, Domingo M, Fraile L, Ganges L. The impact of CSFV on the immune response to control infection. Virus Res 2014; 185:82-91. [PMID: 24657786 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The severity of the acute form of CSF is responsible for the high mortality rate and has been the subject of many studies. Nevertheless, some animals are likely to develop a mild, chronic, or unapparent form of the disease. Paradoxically, this clinical form of the disease has not been well studied, especially regarding its pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the infection in domestic pigs that is caused by the CSFV Cat01 strain, which is responsible for the 2001-2002 CSFV outbreak in Catalonia, Spain, and which caused mild and nonspecific clinical signs compared to the infection that is caused by another CSFV strain that is responsible for inducing severe clinical symptoms of disease. We assessed the impact of the CSFV infection in the immune system of domestic pigs, mainly on the kinetics of different cytokines, such as IFN-α (innate immunity) and IFN-γ (adaptive immune response), during the first weeks after infection. In addition, we evaluated the impact on the induction of the humoral response and its relation to the course of infection and the RNA CSFV viral load. The IFN-α levels in the serum samples from the pigs that developed a milder form of the CSF disease (infected with Cat01 strain) were lower than those that were detected in the pig with severe clinical CSF signs (Margarita strain). After infection with Cat01 strain, the IFN-γ levels in response to CSFV were detected in addition to the humoral response. Interestingly, in the serum samples of these animals, we detected the lowest load of CSFV RNA. Similarly, the lowest viral load levels were detected in the tonsils of these pigs. Both the T cells and the humoral response that were generated in most of the pigs that were infected with strain Cat01 may be related to the protection in the symptom progression of CSF against this viral strain. These results explain the antiviral role of IFN-γ in the absence of an antibody response. Likewise, these results corroborate the relevance and relationship that exists between the intensity of the T cell response and the protection against CSFV replication. Additionally, these results also explain how the failure to induce optimal levels of humoral and cellular responses after CSFV infection promotes the spread and persistence of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Tarradas
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Eugenia de la Torre
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Rosell
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Alimentació i Medi Natural (DAAM), Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain
| | - Lester Josue Perez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Joan Pujols
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Muñoz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iván Muñoz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Muñoz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Abad
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Domingo
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Producció Animal, ETSEA, Universidad de Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Pei J, Zhao M, Ye Z, Gou H, Wang J, Yi L, Dong X, Liu W, Luo Y, Liao M, Chen J. Autophagy enhances the replication of classical swine fever virus in vitro. Autophagy 2013; 10:93-110. [PMID: 24262968 PMCID: PMC4389882 DOI: 10.4161/auto.26843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in cellular responses to pathogens. However, the impact of the autophagy machinery on classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection is not yet confirmed. In this study, we showed that CSFV infection significantly increases the number of autophagy-like vesicles in the cytoplasm of host cells at the ultrastructural level. We also found the formation of 2 ubiquitin-like conjugation systems upon virus infection, including LC3-I/LC3-II conversion and ATG12–ATG5 conjugation, which are considered important indicators of autophagy. Meanwhile, high expression of ATG5 and BECN1 was detected in CSFV-infected cells; conversely, degradation of SQSTM1 was observed by immunoblotting, suggesting that CSFV infection triggered a complete autophagic response, most likely by the NS5A protein. Furthermore, by confocal immunofluorescence analysis, we discovered that both envelope protein E2 and nonstructural protein NS5A colocalized with LC3 and CD63 during CSFV infection. Examination by immunoelectron microscopy further confirmed the colocalization of both E2 and NS5A proteins with autophagosome-like vesicles, indicating that CSFV utilizes the membranes of these vesicles for replication. Finally, we demonstrated that alteration of cellular autophagy by autophagy regulators and shRNAs affects progeny virus production. Collectively, these findings provide strong evidence that CSFV infection needs an autophagy pathway to enhance viral replication and maturity in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuodong Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongchao Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
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Identification of porcine serum proteins modified in response to HP-PRRSV HuN4 infection by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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He L, Zhang YM, Lin Z, Li WW, Wang J, Li HL. Classical swine fever virus NS5A protein localizes to endoplasmic reticulum and induces oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells. Virus Genes 2012; 45:274-82. [PMID: 22718084 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) causes a severe disease of pigs that is characterized by hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and leucopenia. Until now, the role of the nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) produced by CSFV in the pathogenesis of CSF is not well known. In this study, we investigated the function of CSFV NS5A by examining its role in the induction of oxidative stress and related intracellular events. Stable swine umbilical vein endothelial cell lines expressing CSFV NS5A were established and showed that CSFV NS5A is localized to endoplasmic reticulum and induces oxidative stress associated with enhanced reactive oxygen species production. The expression of NS5A protein exerts different effects on the three major antioxidants. Particularly, it exhibits a significant increase in transcriptional activities of antioxidant proteins thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin-6, but accompanied by a concomitant decrease of antioxidant protein heme oxygenase-1. Further studies showed that cyclooxygenase-2, a pro-inflammatory protein related to oxidative stress, is up-regulated while anti-inflammatory protein peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, an important mediator in vascular functional regulation, is down-regulated in CSFV NS5A expressing cells. This study suggested that CSFV NS5A plays important roles in the induction of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in vascular endothelial cells. These findings provide novel information on the function of the poorly characterized CSFV NS5A and provide an insight into the mechanism by which CSFV NS5A can alter intracellular events associated with the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China.
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13
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Cao Z, Han Z, Shao Y, Geng H, Kong X, Liu S. Proteomic analysis of chicken embryonic trachea and kidney tissues after infection in ovo by avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:11. [PMID: 21385394 PMCID: PMC3060854 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the most serious diseases of economic importance in chickens; it is caused by the avian infectious coronavirus (IBV). Information remains limited about the comparative protein expression profiles of chicken embryonic tissues in response to IBV infection in ovo. In this study, we analyzed the changes of protein expression in trachea and kidney tissues from chicken embryos, following IBV infection in ovo, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF MS). Results 17 differentially expressed proteins from tracheal tissues and 19 differentially expressed proteins from kidney tissues were identified. These proteins mostly related to the cytoskeleton, binding of calcium ions, the stress response, anti-oxidative, and macromolecular metabolism. Some of these altered proteins were confirmed further at the mRNA level using real-time RT-PCR. Moreover, western blotting analysis further confirmed the changes of annexin A5 and HSPB1 during IBV infection. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, we have performed the first analysis of the proteomic changes in chicken embryonic trachea and kidney tissues during IBV infection in ovo. The data obtained should facilitate a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
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Sun JF, Shi ZX, Guo HC, Li S, Tu CC. Proteomic analysis of swine serum following highly virulent classical swine fever virus infection. Virol J 2011; 8:107. [PMID: 21385403 PMCID: PMC3061939 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. Virulent strains of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) cause severe disease in pigs characterized by immunosuppression, thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation, which causes significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Methods To reveal proteomic changes in swine serum during the acute stage of lethal CSFV infection, 5 of 10 pigs were inoculated with the virulent CSFV Shimen strain, the remainder serving as uninfected controls. A serum sample was taken at 3 days post-infection from each swine, at a stage when there were no clinical symptoms other than increased rectal temperatures (≥40°C). The samples were treated to remove serum albumin and immunoglobulin (IgG), and then subjected to two-dimension differential gel electrophoresis. Results Quantitative intensity analysis revealed 17 protein spots showing at least 1.5-fold quantitative alteration in expression. Ten spots were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF MS or LTQ MS. Expression of 4 proteins was increased and 6 decreased in CSFV-infected pigs. Functions of these proteins included blood coagulation, anti-inflammatory activity and angiogenesis. Conclusion These proteins with altered expression may have important implications in the pathogenesis of classical swine fever and provide a clue for identification of biomarkers for classical swine fever early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-fu Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
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