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Yoon SY, Jang YS, Kim SJ, Krishnan R, Oh MJ. Determination of the minimum infective dose of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus using an immersion challenge model. Virus Res 2024; 340:199305. [PMID: 38158128 PMCID: PMC10792560 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) affects over 80 fish species, leading to viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS). Horizontal VHSV transmission is widely studied, with researchers utilizing various doses to establish infection models. Infected hosts shed the virus into the environment, elevating the risk of transmission to naïve fish within the same system. This study aimed to ascertain the minimum infective dose of VHSV in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In olive flounder, the detection of VHSV within the kidney exhibited the highest infection rate on the third day among days 1, 3 and 5. Doses of 103.0 to 104.7 TCID50/ml were administered to juvenile olive flounder across three farms. Results showed resistance to infection below 103.4 TCID50/ml at 15 °C. While infection frequency varied by concentration, higher concentrations correlated with more infections. Nonetheless, viral copy numbers did not differ significantly among infected fish at varying concentrations. This study underscores the need for early VHSV management and contributes essential data for pathogenicity assessment and foundational knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Young Yoon
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Seb Jang
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea; Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Rahul Krishnan
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea; Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kerala, India
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Lee KM, Kim DH, Kim KH. Development of rapid neutralization assay of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) based on chimeric rhabdovirus expressing heterologous glycoprotein. J Virol Methods 2023; 311:114639. [PMID: 36309206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The titer of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) has been determined by conventional neutralization assay based on the observation of cytopathic effect (CPE) and plaque formation in cultured cells. However, this method requires several days for the determination and can be affected by operator bias. To develop a rapid and high-throughput neutralization assay against VHSV, we rescued a surrogate chimeric snakehead rhabdovirus, rSHRV-Gvhsv-eGFP, which has the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene between N and P genes and has VHSV G gene instead of SHRV G gene in the genome. The efficacy of rSHRV-Gvhsv-eGFP to determine serum neutralization activity was evaluated using various serum samples derived from New Zealand white rabbits and olive flounder (Paralichthys oliavaceus). Although neutralization titers analyzed using rSHRV-Gvhsv-eGFP were similar to the titers measured using rVHSV-A-eGFP, the time needed for the determination of neutralization titer was much shortened (24 h for rSHRV-Gvhsv-eGFP and 48 h for rVHSV-A-eGFP), proving the usefulness of rSHRV-Gvhsv-eGFP for the neutralization assay against VHSV. In addition, as the neutralization activities using rSHRV-Gvhsv-eGFP could be well-observed without adding fresh serum as a complement source, no preparation is required for the optimization of control fresh serum from naïve fish. The present results suggest that the rapid neutralization assay using rSHRV-Gvhsv-eGFP can be used to investigate neutralization activities against VHSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Do Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea.
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Gémez-Mata J, Álvarez-Torres D, García-Rosado E, Alonso MC, Béjar J. Comparative analysis of marine and freshwater viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolates antagonistic activity. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101426. [PMID: 32014622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV) isolates virulent to marine fish species can replicate in freshwater species, although producing little or no mortality. Conversely, isolates from freshwater fish do not cause disease in marine species. An inverse relationship between VHSV virulence and host mx gene up-regulation has been described for several fish species, suggesting that differences between the antagonistic activity exerted by these isolates might be involved in the outcome of infections. In this study, the antagonistic activity against the type I interferon system of two representative marine and freshwater VHSV isolates has been characterised using RTG-2 cells stably transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of the Senegalese sole mx (ssmx) promoter, RTG pssmx-luc cells. Both isolates exerted a dose-dependent negative effect on the activation of ssmx promoter, showing a notably different minimal viral dose to exert the antagonism. In particular, an inverse relationship between the minimal MOI required and the viral virulence to sole has been recorded, which suggests this parameter as a possible in vivo VHSV virulence marker. Furthermore, the quantification of the endogenous inf I, mx1 and mx3 mRNA has demonstrated differences between both isolates in their antagonistic activity. Besides, a different nv RNA kinetics, which seems to depend on specific cellular factors, has been recorded for both isolates. This knowledge could contribute to the development of efficient tools to fight against viral infections in fish farming. For that purpose, the RTG pssmx-luc cells may be a suitable in vitro tool to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying VHSV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gémez-Mata
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Área De Genética, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Álvarez-Torres
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Área De Genética, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther García-Rosado
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Béjar
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Área De Genética, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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4
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Jia B, Delphino MKVC, Awosile B, Hewison T, Whittaker P, Morrison D, Kamaitis M, Siah A, Milligan B, Johnson SC, Gardner IA. Review of infectious agent occurrence in wild salmonids in British Columbia, Canada. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:153-175. [PMID: 31742733 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wild Pacific salmonids (WPS) are economically and culturally important to the Pacific North region. Most recently, some populations of WPS have been in decline. Of hypothesized factors contributing to the decline, infectious agents have been postulated to increase the risk of mortality in Pacific salmon. We present a literature review of both published journal and unpublished data to describe the distribution of infectious agents reported in wild Pacific salmonid populations in British Columbia (BC), Canada. We targeted 10 infectious agents, considered to potentially cause severe economic losses in Atlantic salmon or be of conservation concern for wild salmon in BC. The findings indicated a low frequency of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, piscine orthoreovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmoninarum, Piscirickettsia salmonis and other Rickettsia-like organisms, Yersinia ruckeri, Tenacibaculum maritimum and Moritella viscosa. No positive results were reported for infestations with Paramoeba perurans in peer-reviewed papers and the DFO Fish Pathology Program database. This review synthesizes existing information, as well as gaps therein, that can support the design and implementation of a long-term surveillance programme of infectious agents in wild salmonids in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Jia
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Marina K V C Delphino
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Babafela Awosile
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Tim Hewison
- Grieg Seafood BC Ltd., Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed Siah
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | | | - Stewart C Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Ian A Gardner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Kim SJ, Kim WS, Oh MJ. Differences of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Loads among Organs of Dead and Surviving Olive Flounder Infected by Intramuscular Injection and Immersion Challenge. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2019; 31:193-200. [PMID: 30908716 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is an important viral pathogen in the culture of Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Based on cumulative mortality, the virulence of VHSV was found to be highly different depending on challenge routes and exposure doses (using tissue culture infectious dose with 50% endpoint [TCID50]). Olive Flounder were injected with VHSV at 102.5 , 104.5 , 106.5 , and 108.5 TCID50/100 μL/fish. A second group of fish was immersed at 103.5 , 105.5 , and 107.5 TCID50/mL at 10°C for 1 h in this study. The cumulative mortality was observed at 15 d postinfection. Immersion challenge at 103.5 TCID50/mL caused no mortality, while intramuscular injection challenge resulted in high levels of mortality with all VHSV exposure doses. Overall, Olive Flounder was susceptible to VHSV, with cumulative mortality of 90% or 100% in fish intramuscularly injected with high or low doses of VHSV. The cumulative mortality was 40% and 70% at 105.5 and 107.5 TCID50/mL, respectively, in the immersion challenge group. The VHSV titration and copy numbers were estimated by TCID50 and quantitative reverse transcription PCR methods. From dead Olive Flounder, VHSV titration was consistently detected in all tested organs, ranging from 105 to 109 TCID50/mL. The VHSV titration was under the detection limit from surviving Olive Flounder, but the VHSV N gene was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
| | - Wi-Sik Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
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6
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Guðmundsdóttir S, Vendramin N, Cuenca A, Sigurðardóttir H, Kristmundsson A, Iburg TM, Olesen NJ. Outbreak of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) in Iceland caused by VHS virus genotype IV. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:47-62. [PMID: 30397920 PMCID: PMC7379627 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) of genotype IV was isolated from wild lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), brought to a land-based farm in Iceland, to serve as broodfish. Two groups of lumpfish juveniles, kept in tanks in the same facility, got infected. The virus isolated was identified as VHSV by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the glycoprotein (G) gene sequences, may indicate a novel subgroup of VHSV genotype IV. In controlled laboratory exposure studies with this new isolate, there was 3% survival in the I.P. injection challenged group while there was 90% survival in the immersion group. VHSV was not re-isolated from fish challenged by immersion. In a cohabitation trial, lumpfish infected I.P. (shedders) were placed in tanks with naïve lumpfish as well as naïve Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). 10% of the lumpfish shedders and 43%-50% of the cohabiting lumpfish survived after 4 weeks. 80%-92% of the Atlantic salmon survived, but no viral RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR nor VHSV was isolated from Atlantic salmon. This is the first isolation of a notifiable virus in Iceland and the first report of VHSV of genotype IV in European waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigríður Guðmundsdóttir
- Fish Disease LaboratoryInstitute for Experimental PathologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Niccoló Vendramin
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Fish DiseasesNational Institute for Aquatic ResourcesTechnical University of DenmarkCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Fish DiseasesNational Institute for Aquatic ResourcesTechnical University of DenmarkCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Heiða Sigurðardóttir
- Fish Disease LaboratoryInstitute for Experimental PathologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Arni Kristmundsson
- Fish Disease LaboratoryInstitute for Experimental PathologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Tine Moesgaard Iburg
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Fish DiseasesNational Institute for Aquatic ResourcesTechnical University of DenmarkCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Niels Jørgen Olesen
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Fish DiseasesNational Institute for Aquatic ResourcesTechnical University of DenmarkCopenhagenDenmark
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Vennerström P, Välimäki E, Lyytikäinen T, Hautaniemi M, Vidgren G, Koski P, Virtala AM. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV Id) infections are detected more consistently using syndromic vs. active surveillance. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 126:111-123. [PMID: 29044041 DOI: 10.3354/dao03161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The eradication of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV Id) from Finnish brackish-water rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss farms located in the restriction zone in the Province of Åland, Baltic Sea, failed several times in the 2000s. The official surveillance programme was often unable to find VHSV-positive populations, leading to the misbelief in the fish farming industry that virus eradication could be achieved. The ability of 3 other surveillance programmes to detect infected fish populations was compared with the official programme. One programme involved syndromic surveillance based on the observation of clinical disease signs by fish farmers, while 2 programmes comprised active surveillance similar to the official programme, but included increased sampling frequencies and 2 additional tests. The syndromic surveillance concentrated on sending in samples for analysis when any sign of a possible infectious disease at water temperatures below 15°C was noticed. This programme clearly outperformed active surveillance. A real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method proved to be at least as sensitive as virus isolation in cell culture in detecting acute VHSV infections. An ELISA method was used to test fish serum for antibodies against VHSV. The ELISA method may be a useful tool in VHSV eradication for screening populations during the follow-up period, before declaring an area free of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Vennerström
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Baillon L, Mérour E, Cabon J, Louboutin L, Quenault H, Touzain F, Morin T, Blanchard Y, Biacchesi S, Brémont M. A single amino acid change in the non-structural NV protein impacts the virulence phenotype of Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in trout. J Gen Virol 2017. [PMID: 28640747 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Novirhabdoviruses like the Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are rhabdoviruses infecting fish. In the current study, RNA genomes of different VHSV field isolates classified as high, medium or low virulent phenotypes have been sequenced by next-generation sequencing and compared. Various amino acid changes, depending on the VHSV phenotype, have been identified in all the VHSV proteins. As a starting point, we focused our study on the non-virion (NV) non-structural protein in which an arginine residue (R116) is present in all the virulent isolates and replaced by a serine/asparagine residue S/N116 in the attenuated isolates. A recombinant virus derived from a virulent VHSV strain in which the NV R116 residue has been replaced by a serine, rVHSVNVR116S, was generated by reverse genetics and used to infect juvenile trout. We showed that rVHSVNVR116S was highly attenuated and that surviving fish were almost completely protected from a challenge with the wild-type VHSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laury Baillon
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emilie Mérour
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Pathologies Virales des Poissons, Plouzané, France
| | - Lénaïg Louboutin
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Pathologies Virales des Poissons, Plouzané, France
| | - Hélène Quenault
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Ploufragan, France
| | - Fabrice Touzain
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Ploufragan, France
| | - Thierry Morin
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Pathologies Virales des Poissons, Plouzané, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Michel Brémont
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Dori N, Green T, Weizman A, Gothelf D. The Effectiveness and Safety of Antipsychotic and Antidepressant Medications in Individuals with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017; 27:83-90. [PMID: 26131914 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2014.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of antipsychotic and antidepressant medications in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2 DS) and psychiatric comorbidity. METHODS We used a record review, structured clinical interviews, and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale to retrospectively assess the effectiveness and safety of antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and of antidepressant medications for depressive and anxiety disorders in 40 individuals with 22q11.2DS. RESULTS We observed significant improvement in CGI-Severity scores in individuals with 22q11.2DS treated with antipsychotic or antidepressant medications, and a ∼50% response rate based on the CGI-Improvement score. Adverse events were similar in types and rates to those reported in non-22q11.2 individuals treated with antipsychotics or antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that treatment with antipsychotics and antidepressants may be effective while being relatively safe in individuals with 22q11.2DS. Antipsychotic and antidepressant medications should be considered in any individual with 22q11.2DS who has a psychiatric morbidity, such as psychosis or mood or anxiety disorders. Although the psychotropic medications were generally well tolerated in our sample, more rigorous metabolic and cardiovascular measures are required in future studies to conclusively verify the safety of these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Dori
- 1 Beer Yaakov-Ness Ziona Mental Health Center , Israel .,2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Israel
| | - Tamar Green
- 2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Israel .,3 Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Abraham Weizman
- 2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Israel .,4 Geha Mental Health Center , Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Doron Gothelf
- 2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Israel .,5 The Child Psychiatry Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital , Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Pereiro P, Figueras A, Novoa B. Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) vs. VHSV (Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus): A Review. Front Physiol 2016; 7:192. [PMID: 27303308 PMCID: PMC4880558 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is a very valuable fish species both in Europe and China. The culture of this flatfish is well-established but several bacteria, viruses, and parasites can produce mortality or morbidity episodes in turbot farms. Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) is one of the most threatening pathogens affecting turbot, because neither vaccines nor treatments are commercially available. Although the mortality in the turbot farms is relatively low, when this virus is detected all the stock have to be destroyed. The main goals that need to be improved in order to reduce the incidence of this disease is to know what are the strategies or molecules the host use to fight the virus and, in consequence, try to potentiate this response using different ways. Certain molecules can be selected as potential antiviral treatments because of their high protective effect against VHSV. On the other hand, the use of resistance markers for selective breeding is one of the most attractive approaches. This review englobes all the investigation concerning the immune interaction between turbot and VHSV, which until the last years was very scarce, and the knowledge about VHSV-resistance markers in turbot. Nowadays, the availability of abundant transcriptomic information and the recent sequencing of the turbot genome open the door to a more exhaustive and profuse investigation in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Vigo, Spain
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11
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Kim SJ, Kim JO, Kim WS, Oh MJ. Use of a two-step ultrafiltration procedure to concentrate viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in seawater. J Virol Methods 2015; 224:30-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Sandlund N, Gjerset B, Bergh Ø, Modahl I, Olesen NJ, Johansen R. Screening for viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in marine fish along the Norwegian coastal line. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108529. [PMID: 25248078 PMCID: PMC4172761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infects a wide range of marine fish species. To study the occurrence of VHSV in wild marine fish populations in Norwegian coastal waters and fjord systems a total of 1927 fish from 39 different species were sampled through 5 research cruises conducted in 2009 to 2011. In total, VHSV was detected by rRT-PCR in twelve samples originating from Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and silvery pout (Gadiculus argenteus). All fish tested positive in gills while four herring and one silvery pout also tested positive in internal organs. Successful virus isolation in cell culture was only obtained from one pooled Atlantic herring sample which shows that today's PCR methodology have a much higher sensitivity than cell culture for detection of VHSV. Sequencing revealed that the positive samples belonged to VHSV genotype Ib and phylogenetic analysis shows that the isolate from Atlantic herring and silvery pout are closely related. All positive fish were sampled in the same area in the northern county of Finnmark. This is the first detection of VHSV in Atlantic herring this far north, and to our knowledge the first detection of VHSV in silvery pout. However, low prevalence of VHSV genotype Ib in Atlantic herring and other wild marine fish are well known in other parts of Europe. Earlier there have been a few reports of disease outbreaks in farmed rainbow trout with VHSV of genotype Ib, and our results show that there is a possibility of transfer of VHSV from wild to farmed fish along the Norwegian coast line. The impact of VHSV on wild fish is not well documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sandlund
- Research group Disease and Pathogen transmission, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Section of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øivind Bergh
- Research group Oceanography and climate, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Modahl
- Section of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niels Jørgen Olesen
- Section of Virology, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Renate Johansen
- Section of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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Emmenegger EJ, Moon CH, Hershberger PK, Kurath G. Virulence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotypes Ia, IVa, IVb, and IVc in five fish species. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2013; 107:99-111. [PMID: 24334352 DOI: 10.3354/dao02671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility of yellow perch Perca flavescens, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, koi Cyprinus carpio koi, and Pacific herring Clupea pallasii to 4 strains of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) was assessed. Fish were challenged via intraperitoneal injection with high (1 × 106 plaque-forming units, PFU) and low (1 × 103 PFU) doses of a European strain (genotype Ia), and North American strains from the West coast (genotype IVa), Great Lakes (genotype IVb), and the East coast (genotype IVc). Pacific herring were exposed to the same VHSV strains, but at a single dose of 5 × 103 PFU ml-1 by immersion in static seawater. Overall, yellow perch were the most susceptible, with cumulative percent mortality (CPM) ranging from 84 to 100%, and 30 to 93% in fish injected with high or low doses of virus, respectively. Rainbow trout and Chinook salmon experienced higher mortalities (47 to 98% CPM) after exposure to strain Ia than to the other virus genotypes. Pacific herring were most susceptible to strain IVa with an average CPM of 80% and moderately susceptible (42 to 52% CPM) to the other genotypes. Koi had very low susceptibility (≤5.0% CPM) to all 4 VHSV strains. Fish tested at 7 d post challenge were positive for all virus strains, with yellow perch having the highest prevalence and concentrations of virus, and koi the lowest. While genotype Ia had higher virulence in salmonid species, there was little difference in virulence or host-specificity between isolates from subtypes IVa, IVb, and IVc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline J Emmenegger
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th St. Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
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