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Gan T, Droit L, Vernon S, Barouch DH, Wang D. Isolation of a rhesus calicivirus that can replicate in human cells. Virology 2023; 582:83-89. [PMID: 37031656 PMCID: PMC10264158 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Recoviruses (rhesus enteric caliciviruses) are members of the Caliciviridae family. They are a valuable model for studying human caliciviruses such as noroviruses. It has been suggested that some recoviruses may infect humans, which necessitates detailed studies on the cell type tropism of recoviruses. For the recoviruses that have been cultured to date, successful growth has only been reported in monkey kidney cell lines, precluding their use to study virus interactions with human cells. We isolated and characterized a new recovirus, Recovirus Mo/TG30/2012, from monkey stool which grew efficiently in the monkey kidney cell line LLC-MK2. Notably, the virus can infect and replicate in several human cell lines derived from different organs. The ability to infect a human cell culture system with a recovirus expands our understanding of the potential for spillover to humans as well as increases the value of recoviruses as a model of human caliciviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Gan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Susan Vernon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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2
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Desselberger U. Caliciviridae Other Than Noroviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030286. [PMID: 30901945 PMCID: PMC6466229 DOI: 10.3390/v11030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides noroviruses, the Caliciviridae family comprises four other accepted genera: Sapovirus, Lagovirus, Vesivirus, and Nebovirus. There are six new genera proposed: Recovirus, Valovirus, Bavovirus, Nacovirus, Minovirus, and Salovirus. All Caliciviridae have closely related genome structures, but are genetically and antigenically highly diverse and infect a wide range of mammalian host species including humans. Recombination in nature is not infrequent for most of the Caliciviridae, contributing to their diversity. Sapovirus infections cause diarrhoea in pigs, humans and other mammalian hosts. Lagovirus infections cause systemic haemorrhagic disease in rabbits and hares, and vesivirus infections lead to lung disease in cats, vesicular disease in swine, and exanthema and diseases of the reproductive system in large sea mammals. Neboviruses are an enteric pathogen of cattle, differing from bovine norovirus. At present, only a few selected caliciviruses can be propagated in cell culture (permanent cell lines or enteroids), and for most of the cultivatable caliciviruses helper virus-free, plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems have been established. The replication cycles of the caliciviruses are similar as far as they have been explored: viruses interact with a multitude of cell surface attachment factors (glycans) and co-receptors (proteins) for adsorption and penetration, use cellular membranes for the formation of replication complexes and have developed mechanisms to circumvent innate immune responses. Vaccines have been developed against lagoviruses and vesiviruses, and are under development against human noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Siqueira JD, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, Lander O, Caballero-Arias H, Xutao D, Noya-Alarcon O, Delwart E. Complex virome in feces from Amerindian children in isolated Amazonian villages. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4270. [PMID: 30323210 PMCID: PMC6189175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of viruses circulating in small isolated human populations may be reduced by viral extinctions and rare introductions. Here we used viral metagenomics to characterize the eukaryotic virome in feces from healthy children from a large urban center and from three Amerindian villages with minimal outside contact. Numerous human enteric viruses, mainly from the Picornaviridae and Caliciviridae families, were sequenced from each of the sites. Multiple children from the same villages shed closely related viruses reflecting frequent transmission clusters. Feces of isolated villagers also contained multiple viral genomes of unknown cellular origin from the Picornavirales order and CRESS-DNA group and higher levels of nematode and protozoan DNA. Despite cultural and geographic isolation, the diversity of enteric human viruses was therefore not reduced in these Amazonian villages. Frequent viral introductions and/or increased susceptibility to enteric infections may account for the complex fecal virome of Amerindian children in isolated villages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana D Siqueira
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.,Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, 20.231-050, Brazil
| | - Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8554, USA
| | - Monica Contreras
- Center for Biophysics and Biochemistry, Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research (IVIC), Caracas, 01204, Venezuela
| | - Orlana Lander
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 1051, Venezuela
| | - Hortensia Caballero-Arias
- Department of Anthropology, Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research (IVIC), Caracas, 01204, Venezuela
| | - Deng Xutao
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Oscar Noya-Alarcon
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 1051, Venezuela.,Amazonic Center for Research and Control of Tropical Diseases (CAICET), Puerto Ayacucho, 7101, Venezuela
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
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Polo D, Schaeffer J, Teunis P, Buchet V, Le Guyader FS. Infectivity and RNA Persistence of a Norovirus Surrogate, the Tulane Virus, in Oysters. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:716. [PMID: 29706939 PMCID: PMC5906594 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oysters, being filter feeders, can accumulate some human pathogens such as norovirus, a highly infectious calicivirus, most common cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Accumulated virus decays over a period of days to weeks, possibly rendering contaminated oysters safe again. Sensitive molecular methods have been set up for shellfish analysis but without answering the question of infectious virus detection. Using the Tulane virus (TV), a norovirus surrogate that recognizes the same ligand as human norovirus in oyster tissues, the genome and infectious virus decay rates were estimated using inverse linear regression in a Bayesian framework for genome copies. Infectivity decreased faster than genome copies but infectious viruses were detected for several days. Quantifying the decrease in viral infectivity and genome detection in oysters over such a long period may help local authorities to manage production areas implicated in shellfish-borne outbreaks, and thus protect consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Polo
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Laboratoire Santé, Environnement et Microbiologie-Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Nantes, France
| | - Julien Schaeffer
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Laboratoire Santé, Environnement et Microbiologie-Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Nantes, France
| | - Peter Teunis
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vincent Buchet
- Laboratoire Sécurisation des Productions en Conchyliculture/Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Bouin, France
| | - Françoise S Le Guyader
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Laboratoire Santé, Environnement et Microbiologie-Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Nantes, France
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Melhem NM. Norovirus vaccines: Correlates of protection, challenges and limitations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1653-69. [PMID: 26836766 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1125054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. NoVs are classified into 6 different genogroups (GGI- GGVI) based on the viral capsid protein with NoV genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) being the predominant strain causing human diseases. Supportive therapy involving reversal of dehydration and electrolyte deficiency is the main treatment of NoV gastroenteritis. However, the worldwide increased recognition of NoV as an important agent of diarrheal gastroenteritis prompted researchers to focus on establishing preventive strategies conferring long-lasting immunity. This review describes the current status of animal and human vaccine models/studies targeting NoV and addresses the factors hampering the development of a broadly effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M Melhem
- a Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
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Drouaz N, Schaeffer J, Farkas T, Le Pendu J, Le Guyader FS. Tulane Virus as a Potential Surrogate To Mimic Norovirus Behavior in Oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5249-56. [PMID: 26025893 PMCID: PMC4495214 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01067-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oyster contamination by noroviruses is an important health and economic problem. The present study aimed to compare the behaviors of Norwalk virus (the prototype genogroup I norovirus) and two culturable viruses: Tulane virus and mengovirus. After bioaccumulation, tissue distributions were quite similar for Norwalk virus and Tulane virus, with the majority of viral particles detected in digestive tissues, while mengovirus was detected in large amounts in the gills and mantle as well as in digestive tissues. The levels of persistence of all three viruses over 8 days were comparable, but clear differences were observed over longer periods, with Norwalk and Tulane viruses displaying rather similar half-lives, unlike mengovirus, which was cleared more rapidly. These results indicate that Tulane virus may be a good surrogate for studying norovirus behavior in oysters, and they confirm the prolonged persistence of Norwalk virus in oyster tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Drouaz
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, Nantes, France
| | - Julien Schaeffer
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, Nantes, France
| | - Tibor Farkas
- Laboratory of Specialized Clinical Studies, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- INSERM, U892, CNRS, UMR6299, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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Farkas T. Rhesus enteric calicivirus surrogate model for human norovirus gastroenteritis. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:1504-14. [PMID: 25502652 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to the lack of an efficient human norovirus cell culture system coupled with an animal model, human norovirus research mainly relies on human volunteer studies and surrogate models. Current models either utilize human norovirus-infected animals including the gnotobiotic pig or calf and the chimpanzee models, or employ other members of the family Caliciviridae including cell culture propagable surrogate caliciviruses such as the feline calicivirus, murine norovirus and most recently the Tulane virus. One of the major features of human noroviruses is their extreme biological diversity, including genetic, antigenic and histo-blood group antigen binding diversity, and possible differences of virulence and environmental stability. This extreme biological diversity and its effect on intervention/prevention strategies cannot be modelled by uniform groups of surrogates, much less by single isolates. Tulane virus, the prototype recovirus strain, was discovered in 2008. Since then, several other novel recoviruses have been described and cell culture adapted. Recent studies indicate that the epidemiology, the biological features and diversity of recoviruses and the course of infection and clinical disease in recovirus-infected macaques more closely reflect those properties of human noroviruses than any of the current surrogates. This review aims to summarize what is currently known about recoviruses, highlight their biological similarities to human noroviruses and discuss applications of the model in addressing questions relevant for human norovirus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Farkas
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA 2University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Abstract
To investigate recovirus infections and their association with zoonosis, the prevalence of the virus-neutralizing antibody against three recovirus serotypes was tested in the general population and in zookeepers. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in a significantly higher number of zookeepers than in the general population but with significantly lower titers than in macaques.
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