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Lurain KA, Ramaswami R, Krug LT, Whitby D, Ziegelbauer JM, Wang HW, Yarchoan R. HIV-associated cancers and lymphoproliferative disorders caused by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0002223. [PMID: 38899877 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00022-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYWithin weeks of the first report of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, it was observed that these patients often had Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a hitherto rarely seen skin tumor in the USA. It soon became apparent that AIDS was also associated with an increased incidence of high-grade lymphomas caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The association of AIDS with KS remained a mystery for more than a decade until Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) was discovered and found to be the cause of KS. KSHV was subsequently found to cause several other diseases associated with AIDS and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. People living with HIV/AIDS continue to have an increased incidence of certain cancers, and many of these cancers are caused by EBV and/or KSHV. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of cancers caused by EBV and KSHV in persons living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Lurain
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramya Ramaswami
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph M Ziegelbauer
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hao-Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Marshall VA, Cornejo Castro EM, Goodman CA, Labo N, Liu I, Fisher NC, Moore KN, Nair A, Immonen T, Keele BF, Polizzotto MN, Uldrick TS, Mu Y, Saswat T, Krug LT, McBride KM, Lurain K, Ramaswami R, Yarchoan R, Whitby D. Sequencing of Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV) genomes from persons of diverse ethnicities and provenances with KSHV-associated diseases demonstrate multiple infections, novel polymorphisms, and low intra-host variance. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012338. [PMID: 39008527 PMCID: PMC11271956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently published near full-length KSHV genomes from a Cameroon Kaposi sarcoma case-control study showed strong evidence of viral recombination and mixed infections, but no sequence variations associated with disease. Using the same methodology, an additional 102 KSHV genomes from 76 individuals with KSHV-associated diseases have been sequenced. Diagnoses comprise all KSHV-associated diseases (KAD): Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), KSHV-associated large cell lymphoma (KSHV-LCL), a type of multicentric Castleman disease (KSHV-MCD), and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). Participants originated from 22 different countries, providing the opportunity to obtain new near full-length sequences of a wide diversity of KSHV genomes. These include near full-length sequence of genomes with KSHV K1 subtypes A, B, C, and F as well as subtype E, for which no full sequence was previously available. High levels of recombination were observed. Fourteen individuals (18%) showed evidence of infection with multiple KSHV variants (from two to four unique genomes). Twenty-six comparisons of sequences, obtained from various sampling sites including PBMC, tissue biopsies, oral fluids, and effusions in the same participants, identified near complete genome conservation between different biological compartments. Polymorphisms were identified in coding and non-coding regions, including indels in the K3 and K15 genes and sequence inversions here reported for the first time. One such polymorphism in KSHV ORF46, specific to the KSHV K1 subtype E2, encoded a mutation in the leucine loop extension of the uracil DNA glycosylase that results in alteration of biochemical functions of this protein. This confirms that KSHV sequence variations can have functional consequences warranting further investigation. This study represents the largest and most diverse analysis of KSHV genome sequences to date among individuals with KAD and provides important new information on global KSHV genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie A. Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elena M. Cornejo Castro
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Goodman
- Retroviral Evolution Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Isabella Liu
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas C. Fisher
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kyle N. Moore
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ananthakrishnan Nair
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Taina Immonen
- Retroviral Evolution Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- Retroviral Evolution Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark N. Polizzotto
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas S. Uldrick
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yunxiang Mu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tanuja Saswat
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. McBride
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Lurain
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ramya Ramaswami
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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Lambarey H, Blumenthal MJ, Chetram A, Joyimbana W, Jennings L, Orrell C, Schäfer G. Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) by SARS-CoV-2 in non-hospitalised HIV-infected patients. EBioMedicine 2024; 100:104986. [PMID: 38306893 PMCID: PMC10850403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated inflammation resulted in substantial morbidity and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in unvaccinated patients, long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 exposure for reactivation of latent oncogenic herpesviruses, such as KSHV, is unknown. METHODS We performed a longitudinal observational cross-sectional study on 407 non-hospitalised adult HIV-infected (CD4 count <350 cells/μL) patients attending antiretroviral therapy services in Gugulethu, South Africa, from October 2020 to April 2023. FINDINGS KSHV seroprevalence was 53.5%; the quarterly SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased from 76.2% (before roll-out of COVID-19 vaccinations) to 94.9%, with 32.2% being self-reportedly vaccinated against COVID-19. Over the course of recruitment, the quarterly percentage of patients with detectable KSHV viral load (VL) in the peripheral blood increased from 3.3% to 69.2%. The presence of KSHV VL was significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody titers in unvaccinated (median RBD IgG OD 1.24 [IQR 0.82-2.42] in non-reactivated versus 2.83 [IQR 1.08-4.72] in reactivated patients, p = 0.0030) but not in vaccinated patients (median RBD IgG OD 5.13 [IQR 4.11-6.36] in non-reactivated versus 4.53 [IQR 2.90-5.92] in reactivated patients, p = 0.086). Further logistic regression revealed significantly higher odds of KSHV reactivation in unvaccinated, previously SARS-CoV-2 exposed patients (p = 0.015, adjusted OR 1.28 [95% CI: 1.05-1.55]), but not vaccinated patients (p = 0.080, adjusted OR 0.83 [95% CI: 0.67-1.02]). Interestingly, detectable KSHV VL was not associated with increased inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. INTERPRETATION High, and most likely repeated, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in unvaccinated individuals may have long-term consequences for reactivation of KSHV infection as shown here in the context of HIV-infected patients with impaired immune functions. Post-pandemic prevention and/or monitoring strategies of potential KSHV-associated pathologies in high-risk patients with immunodeficiencies are therefore highly recommended. FUNDING This research was funded by the EDCTP2 programme (Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446).
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Lambarey
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melissa J Blumenthal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abeen Chetram
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Catherine Orrell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Desmond Tutu Health Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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Damania B, Dittmer DP. Today's Kaposi sarcoma is not the same as it was 40 years ago, or is it? J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28773. [PMID: 37212317 PMCID: PMC10266714 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review will provide an overview of the notion that Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a disease that manifests under diverse and divergent circumstances. We begin with a historical introduction of KS and KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), highlight the diversity of clinical presentations of KS, summarize what we know about the cell of origin for this tumor, explore KSHV viral load as a potential biomarker for acute KSHV infections and KS-associated complications, and discuss immune modulators that impact KSHV infection, KSHV persistence, and KS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive CB#7295, Rm 12-048, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive CB#7295, Rm 12-048, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Human Herpesvirus 8 in Australia: DNAemia and Cumulative Exposure in Blood Donors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102185. [PMID: 36298740 PMCID: PMC9611601 DOI: 10.3390/v14102185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), the causative agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma, multicentric Castleman’s disease and primary effusion lymphoma, predominantly manifests in immunocompromised individuals. However, infection in immunocompetent individuals does occur. The prevalence of HHV-8 exposure in blood donors from non-endemic countries ranges between 1.2% and 7.3%. Nothing was known about the prevalence in Australian blood donors. Therefore, this study investigated the active and cumulative exposure of HHV-8 in this cohort. Plasma samples (n = 480) were collected from eastern Australian blood donors and were tested for HHV-8 DNA by qPCR, and for HHV-8 antibodies by two different ELISAs. Samples initially positive on either ELISA were retested in duplicate on both, and on a mock-coated ELISA. Any samples positive two or three out of the three times tested on at least one ELISA, and repeat negative on the mock-coated ELISA, were assigned as repeat positive. None of the 480 samples tested contained HHV-8 DNA. Serological testing revealed 28 samples (5.83%; 95% CI: 3.74−7.93%) had antibodies to HHV-8. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in seropositivity between sex or with increasing age. This is the first study to show serological evidence of cumulative HHV-8 exposure and no HHV-8 DNAemia within a select blood donor population in Australia. Our molecular and serological data is consistent with published results for blood donors residing in HHV-8 non-endemic countries, which shows the prevalence to be very low.
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Marshall VA, Fisher NC, Goodman CA, Castro EMC, Liu I, Khanal S, Holdridge BM, Thorpe AL, Labo N, Stolka KB, Hemingway-Foday JJ, Abassora M, N’Dom P, Smith JS, Sallah N, Palser AL, Kellam P, Keele BF, Whitby D. Systematic analysis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus genomes from a KS case-control study in Cameroon: Evidence of dual infections but no association between viral sequence variation and KS risk. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:1127-1141. [PMID: 35608873 PMCID: PMC10043945 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is endemic, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a significant public health problem. Until recently, KSHV genotype analysis was performed using variable gene regions, representing a small fraction of the genome, and thus the contribution of sequence variation to viral transmission or pathogenesis are understudied. We performed near full-length KSHV genome sequence analysis on samples from 43 individuals selected from a large Cameroonian KS case-control study. KSHV genomes were obtained from 21 KS patients and 22 control participants. Phylogenetic analysis of the K1 region indicated the majority of sequences were A5 or B1 subtypes and all three K15 alleles were represented. Unique polymorphisms in the KSHV genome were observed including large gene deletions. We found evidence of multiple distinct KSHV genotypes in three individuals. Additionally, our analyses indicate that recombination is prevalent suggesting that multiple KSHV infections may not be uncommon overall. Most importantly, a detailed analysis of KSHV genomes from KS patients and control participants did not find a correlation between viral sequence variations and disease. Our study is the first to systematically compare near full-length KSHV genome sequences between KS cases and controls in the same endemic region to identify possible sequence variations associated with disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie A. Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Fisher
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles A. Goodman
- Retroviral Evolution Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena M. Cornejo Castro
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabella Liu
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sirish Khanal
- Retroviral Evolution Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Holdridge
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail L. Thorpe
- Retroviral Evolution Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Neneh Sallah
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- Retroviral Evolution Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection among Han and Uygur Populations in Xinjiang, China. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 2021:2555865. [PMID: 35003405 PMCID: PMC8741394 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2555865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), which is endangering human health worldwide, especially in Africa, Europe, the United States, and parts of Asia. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of KSHV in Xinjiang. Three KSHV recombinant proteins (ORF65, ORF73, and K8.1) were used to detect KSHV infection. The serum samples to be tested were detected by an indirect ELISA method. The overall infection rate of KSHV in Xinjiang was 25.60%, with a higher infection rate in the Uygur population of 29.79%. After adjusting for possible confounders, Uygur (OR = 3.95, 95% CI 2.64–6.12, P < 0.001), agriculture and livestock (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.20–2.17, P = 0.002), age ≤ 50 years (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.13–2.00, P = 0.006), and predominantly meat-based diet (OR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.11–2.78, P = 0.018) were significantly associated with the odds of KSHV seropositivity correlation. Three unique sequences of KSHV were obtained in this study; genotypic analysis showed that the three unique sequences were all subtype A2.
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Jary A, Veyri M, Gothland A, Leducq V, Calvez V, Marcelin AG. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, the Etiological Agent of All Epidemiological Forms of Kaposi's Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246208. [PMID: 34944828 PMCID: PMC8699694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is one of the seven oncogenic viruses currently recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Its presence for Kaposi’s sarcoma development is essential and knowledge on the oncogenic process has increased since its discovery in 1994. However, some uncertainties remain to be clarified, in particular on the exact routes of transmission and disparities in KSHV seroprevalence and the prevalence of Kaposi’s sarcoma worldwide. Here, we summarized the current data on the KSHV viral particle’s structure, its genome, the replication, its seroprevalence, the viral diversity and the lytic and latent oncogenesis proteins involved in Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lastly, we reported the environmental, immunological and viral factors possibly associated with KSHV transmission that could also play a role in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Abstract Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is an oncogenic virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. The viral particle is composed of a double-stranded DNA harboring 90 open reading frames, incorporated in an icosahedral capsid and enveloped. The viral cycle is divided in the following two states: a short lytic phase, and a latency phase that leads to a persistent infection in target cells and the expression of a small number of genes, including LANA-1, v-FLIP and v-cyclin. The seroprevalence and risk factors of infection differ around the world, and saliva seems to play a major role in viral transmission. KSHV is found in all epidemiological forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma including classic, endemic, iatrogenic, epidemic and non-epidemic forms. In a Kaposi’s sarcoma lesion, KSHV is mainly in a latent state; however, a small proportion of viral particles (<5%) are in a replicative state and are reported to be potentially involved in the proliferation of neighboring cells, suggesting they have crucial roles in the process of tumorigenesis. KSHV encodes oncogenic proteins (LANA-1, v-FLIP, v-cyclin, v-GPCR, v-IL6, v-CCL, v-MIP, v-IRF, etc.) that can modulate cellular pathways in order to induce the characteristics found in all cancer, including the inhibition of apoptosis, cells’ proliferation stimulation, angiogenesis, inflammation and immune escape, and, therefore, are involved in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Jary
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-4217-7401
| | - Marianne Veyri
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Adélie Gothland
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| | - Valentin Leducq
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
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Update of the global distribution of human gammaherpesvirus 8 genotypes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7640. [PMID: 33828146 PMCID: PMC8026617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gammaherpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) consists of six major clades (A–F) based on the genetic sequence of the open reading frame (ORF)-K1. There are a few conflicting reports regarding the global distribution of the different HHV-8 genotypes. This study aimed to determine the global distribution of the different HHV-8 genotypes based on phylogenetic analysis of the ORF-K1 coding region using sequences published in the GenBank during 1997–2020 and construct a phylogenetic tree using the maximum likelihood algorithm with the GTR + I + G nucleotide substitution model. A total of 550 sequences from 38 countries/origins were analysed in this study. Genotypes A and C had similar global distributions and were prevalent in Africa and Europe. Genotype B was prevalent in Africa. Of the rare genotypes, genotype D was reported in East Asia and Oceania and genotype E in South America, while genotype F was prevalent in Africa. The highest genotypic diversity was reported in the American continent, with Brazil housing five HHV-8 genotypes (A, B, C, E, and F). In this study, we present update of the global distribution of HHV-8 genotypes, providing a basis for future epidemiological and evolutionary studies of HHV-8.
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10
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Jary A, Leducq V, Desire N, Petit H, Palich R, Joly V, Canestri A, Gothland A, Lambert-Niclot S, Surgers L, Amiel C, Descamps D, Spano JP, Katlama C, Calvez V, Marcelin AG. New Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus variant in men who have sex with men associated with severe pathologies. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:1320-1328. [PMID: 32282911 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) subtype depends mostly on patient origin. The current study aimed to assess KSHV diversity in a population of men who have sex with men (MSM) living in France. METHODS The study included 264 patients. In 65 MSM, including 57 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men with KS, multicentric Castleman disease, or primary effusion lymphoma and 8 HIV-uninfected men receiving HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), we performed KSHV typing with K1 open reading frame Sanger and KSHV whole-genome sequencing. In 199 other patients, we performed real-time polymerase chain reaction screening for the new variant. RESULTS We found that 51% of KSHV-strains were subtype C (85% C3), and 33% were subtype A. Four patients with severe KSHV disease (2 with visceral KS, 1 with multicentric Castleman disease, and 1 with primary effusion lymphoma) and 1 asymptomatic PrEP user had a new variant resembling the Ugandan subtype F, but with different K1 open reading frame and KSHV whole-genome sequences and a different epidemiological context (MSM vs African population). Its prevalence was 4.5% in Caucasian MSM, and it was absent in other epidemiological groups. CONCLUSIONS Subtype C predominated among MSM living in France. The new F variant was identified in Caucasian MSM and associated with severe KSHV disease, suggesting that subtype F could be split into F1 and F2 variants. Careful screening for this variant may be required in MSM, given the severe clinical presentation of associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Jary
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Valentin Leducq
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Desire
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Petit
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Romain Palich
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Joly
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ana Canestri
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicale, AP-HP Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Adélie Gothland
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Sidonie Lambert-Niclot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Laure Surgers
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Amiel
- Service de Virologie, AP-HP Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Service de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Spano
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Christine Katlama
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
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Epidemiology and Genetic Variability of HHV-8/KSHV among Rural Populations and Kaposi's Sarcoma Patients in Gabon, Central Africa. Review of the Geographical Distribution of HHV-8 K1 Genotypes in Africa. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020175. [PMID: 33503816 PMCID: PMC7911267 DOI: 10.3390/v13020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiological agent of all forms of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). K1 gene studies have identified five major molecular genotypes with geographical clustering. This study described the epidemiology of HHV-8 and its molecular diversity in Gabon among Bantu and Pygmy adult rural populations and KS patients. Plasma antibodies against latency-associated nuclear antigens (LANA) were searched by indirect immunofluorescence. Buffy coat DNA samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to obtain a K1 gene fragment. We studied 1020 persons; 91% were Bantus and 9% Pygmies. HHV-8 seroprevalence was 48.3% and 36.5% at the 1:40 and 1:160 dilution thresholds, respectively, although the seroprevalence of HHV-8 is probably higher in Gabon. These seroprevalences did not differ by sex, age, ethnicity or province. The detection rate of HHV-8 K1 sequence was 2.6% by PCR. Most of the 31 HHV-8 strains belonged to the B genotype (24), while the remaining clustered within the A5 subgroup (6) and one belonged to the F genotype. Additionally, we reviewed the K1 molecular diversity of published HHV-8 strains in Africa. This study demonstrated a high seroprevalence of HHV-8 in rural adult populations in Gabon and the presence of genetically diverse strains with B, A and also F genotypes.
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Choi YB, Cousins E, Nicholas J. Novel Functions and Virus-Host Interactions Implicated in Pathogenesis and Replication of Human Herpesvirus 8. Recent Results Cancer Res 2021; 217:245-301. [PMID: 33200369 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is classified as a γ2-herpesvirus and is related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a γ1-herpesvirus. One important aspect of the γ-herpesviruses is their association with neoplasia, either naturally or in animal model systems. HHV-8 is associated with B-cell-derived primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), endothelial-derived Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). EBV is also associated with a number of B-cell malignancies, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, in addition to epithelial nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas. Despite the similarities between these viruses and their associated malignancies, the particular protein functions and activities involved in key aspects of virus biology and neoplastic transformation appear to be quite distinct. Indeed, HHV-8 specifies a number of proteins for which counterparts had not previously been identified in EBV, other herpesviruses, or even viruses in general, and these proteins are believed to play vital functions in virus biology and to be involved centrally in viral pathogenesis. Additionally, a set of microRNAs encoded by HHV-8 appears to modulate the expression of multiple host proteins to provide conditions conductive to virus persistence within the host and possibly contributing to HHV-8-induced neoplasia. Here, we review the molecular biology underlying these novel virus-host interactions and their potential roles in both virus biology and virus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bong Choi
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Emily Cousins
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - John Nicholas
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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13
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Hulaniuk ML, Mojsiejczuk L, Jauk F, Remondegui C, Mammana L, Bouzas MB, Zapiola I, Ferro MV, Ajalla C, Blejer J, Alter A, Acevedo ME, Rodríguez E, Fernández R, Bartoli S, Volonteri V, Kohan D, Elsner B, Bürgesser MV, Reynaud AL, Sánchez M, González C, García Rivello H, Corach D, Caputo M, Trinks J. Genetic diversity and phylogeographic analysis of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) in two distant regions of Argentina: Association with the genetic ancestry of the population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104523. [PMID: 32890766 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic diversity of persistent infectious agents, such as HHV-8, correlates closely with the migration of modern humans out of East Africa which makes them useful to trace human migrations. However, there is scarce data about the evolutionary history of HHV-8 particularly in multiethnic Latin American populations. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to characterize the genetic diversity and the phylogeography of HHV-8 in two distant geographic regions of Argentina, and to establish potential associations with pathogenic conditions and the genetic ancestry of the population. STUDY DESIGN A total of 101 HIV-1 infected subjects, 93 Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) patients and 411 blood donors were recruited in the metropolitan (MET) and north-western regions of Argentina (NWA). HHV-8 DNA was detected by ORF-26 PCR in whole blood, saliva and FFPE tissues. Then, ORF-26 and ORF-K1 were analyzed for subtype assignment. Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome haplogroups, as well as autosomal ancestry markers were evaluated in samples in which subtypes could be assigned. Phylogeographic analysis was performed in the ORF-K1 sequences from this study combined with 388 GenBank sequences. RESULTS HHV-8 was detected in 50.7%, 59.2% and 8% of samples from HIV-1 infected subjects, KS patients and blood donors, respectively. ORF-K1 phylogenetic analyses showed that subtypes A (A1-A5), B1, C (C1-C3) and F were present in 46.9%, 6.25%, 43.75% and 3.1% of cases, respectively. Analyses of ORF-26 fragment revealed that 81.95% of strains were subtypes A/C followed by J, B2, R, and K. The prevalence of subtype J was more commonly observed among KS patients when compared to the other groups. Among KS patients, subtype A/C was more commonly detected in MET whereas subtype J was the most frequent in NWA. Subtypes A/C was significantly associated with Native American maternal haplogroups (p = 0.004), whereas subtype J was related to non-Native American haplogroups (p < 0.0001). Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and Latin America were the most probable locations from where HHV-8 was introduced to Argentina. CONCLUSIONS These results give evidence of the geographic circulation of HHV-8 in Argentina, suggest the association of ORF-26 subtype J with KS development and provide new insights about its relationship with ancient and modern human migrations and identify the possible origins of this virus in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Hulaniuk
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB), CONICET, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano (IUHI), Hospital Italiano (HIBA), Argentina
| | - Laura Mojsiejczuk
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Federico Jauk
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Remondegui
- Servicio de Infectología y Medicina Tropical, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Lilia Mammana
- Unidad de Virología - División Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Bouzas
- Unidad de Virología - División Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Inés Zapiola
- Unidad de Virología - División Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Verónica Ferro
- Servicio de Infectología y Medicina Tropical, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Claudia Ajalla
- Servicio de Infectología y Medicina Tropical, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | | | - Adriana Alter
- Fundación Hemocentro Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Bartoli
- Servicio de Hemoterapia, Hospital "Pablo Soria", San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Victoria Volonteri
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dana Kohan
- Centro Privado de Patología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Boris Elsner
- Centro Privado de Patología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ana Laura Reynaud
- Laboratorio de Patología y Citopatología, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Marisa Sánchez
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos González
- Servicio de Hemoterapia, Hospital de Infecciosas "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán García Rivello
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Corach
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Genética Forense y Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Caputo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Genética Forense y Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Trinks
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB), CONICET, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano (IUHI), Hospital Italiano (HIBA), Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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14
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Chabay P, Lens D, Hassan R, Rodríguez Pinilla SM, Valvert Gamboa F, Rivera I, Huamán Garaicoa F, Ranuncolo SM, Barrionuevo C, Morales Sánchez A, Scholl V, De Matteo E, Preciado MV, Fuentes-Pananá EM. Lymphotropic Viruses EBV, KSHV and HTLV in Latin America: Epidemiology and Associated Malignancies. A Literature-Based Study by the RIAL-CYTED. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2166. [PMID: 32759793 PMCID: PMC7464376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) are lymphomagenic viruses with region-specific induced morbidity. The RIAL-CYTED aims to increase the knowledge of lymphoma in Latin America (LA), and, as such, we systematically analyzed the literature to better understand our risk for virus-induced lymphoma. We observed that high endemicity regions for certain lymphomas, e.g., Mexico and Peru, have a high incidence of EBV-positive lymphomas of T/NK cell origin. Peru also carries the highest frequency of EBV-positive classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and EBV-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), than any other LA country. Adult T cell lymphoma is endemic to the North of Brazil and Chile. While only few cases of KSHV-positive lymphomas were found, in spite of the close correlation of Kaposi sarcoma and the prevalence of pathogenic types of KSHV. Both EBV-associated HL and Burkitt lymphoma mainly affect young children, unlike in developed countries, in which adolescents and young adults are the most affected, correlating with an early EBV seroconversion for LA population despite of lack of infectious mononucleosis symptoms. High endemicity of KSHV and HTLV infection was observed among Amerindian populations, with differences between Amazonian and Andean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Chabay
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Daniela Lens
- Flow Cytometry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento Básico de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas/Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay;
| | - Rocio Hassan
- Oncovirology Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, National Cancer Institute “José Alencar Gomes da Silva” (INCA), Ministry of Health, 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | | | - Fabiola Valvert Gamboa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and National League against Cancer, 01011 Guatemala City, Guatemala;
| | - Iris Rivera
- Department of Hematology, Salvadoran Institute of Social Security, Medical Surgical and Oncological Hospital (ISSS), 1101 San Salvador, El Salvador;
| | - Fuad Huamán Garaicoa
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute—Society to Fight Cancer (ION-SOLCA), Santiago de Guayaquil Catholic University, Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador;
| | - Stella Maris Ranuncolo
- Cell Biology Department, Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo” School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, C1417DTB Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Carlos Barrionuevo
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases, National University of San Marcos, 15038 Lima, Peru;
| | - Abigail Morales Sánchez
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Vanesa Scholl
- Department of Integrated Genomic Medicine, Conciencia-Oncohematologic Institute of Patagonia, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina;
| | - Elena De Matteo
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Ma. Victoria Preciado
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Ezequiel M. Fuentes-Pananá
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico;
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15
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Etta EM, Alayande DP, Mavhandu-Ramarumo LG, Gachara G, Bessong PO. HHV-8 Seroprevalence and Genotype Distribution in Africa, 1998⁻2017: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2018; 10:E458. [PMID: 30150604 PMCID: PMC6164965 DOI: 10.3390/v10090458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). We systematically reviewed literature published between 1998 and 2017, according to the PRISMA guidelines, to understand the distribution of HHV-8 infection in Africa. More than two-thirds (64%) of studies reported on seroprevalence and 29.3% on genotypes; 9.5% were on both seroprevalence and genotypes. About 45% of African countries had data on HHV-8 seroprevalence exclusively, and more than half (53%) had data on either seroprevalence or genotypes. Almost half (47%) of the countries had no data on HHV-8 infection. There was high heterogeneity in the types of tests and interpretation algorithms used in determining HHV-8 seropositivity across the different studies. Generally, seroprevalence ranged from 2.0% in a group of young children in Eritrea to 100% in a small group of individuals with KS in Central African Republic, and in a larger group of individuals with KS in Morocco. Approximately 16% of studies reported on children. Difference in seroprevalence across the African regions was not significant (95% CI, χ² = 0.86; p = 0.35), although specifically a relatively significant level of infection was observed in HIV-infected children. About 38% of the countries had data on K1 genotypes. K1 genotypes A, A5, B, C, F and Z occurred at frequencies of 5.3%, 26.3%, 42.1%, 18.4%, 5.3% and 2.6%, respectively. Twenty-three percent of the countries had data for K15 genotypes, and genotypes P, M and N occurred at frequencies of 52.2%, 39.1%, and 8.7%, respectively. Data on HHV-8 inter-genotype recombinants in Africa are scanty. HHV-8 may be endemic in the entire Africa continent but there is need for a harmonized testing protocol for a better understanding of HHV-8 seropositivity. K1 genotypes A5 and B, and K15 genotypes P and M, from Africa, should be considered in vaccine design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Etta
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
| | - Doyinmola P Alayande
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
| | | | - George Gachara
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi 34556-00100, Kenya.
| | - Pascal O Bessong
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
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16
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Mariggiò G, Koch S, Schulz TF. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus pathogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0275. [PMID: 28893942 PMCID: PMC5597742 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), taxonomical name human gammaherpesvirus 8, is a phylogenetically old human virus that co-evolved with human populations, but is now only common (seroprevalence greater than 10%) in sub-Saharan Africa, around the Mediterranean Sea, parts of South America and in a few ethnic communities. KSHV causes three human malignancies, Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and many cases of the plasmablastic form of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) as well as occasional cases of plasmablastic lymphoma arising from MCD; it has also been linked to rare cases of bone marrow failure and hepatitis. As it has colonized humans physiologically for many thousand years, cofactors are needed to allow it to unfold its pathogenic potential. In most cases, these include immune defects of genetic, iatrogenic or infectious origin, and inflammation appears to play an important role in disease development. Our much improved understanding of its life cycle and its role in pathogenesis should now allow us to develop new therapeutic strategies directed against key viral proteins or intracellular pathways that are crucial for virus replication or persistence. Likewise, its limited (for a herpesvirus) distribution and transmission should offer an opportunity for the development and use of a vaccine to prevent transmission. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human oncogenic viruses’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mariggiò
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Koch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany .,German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Ishak R, Machado LFA, Cayres-Vallinoto I, Guimarães Ishak MDO, Vallinoto ACR. Infectious Agents As Markers of Human Migration toward the Amazon Region of Brazil. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1663. [PMID: 28912770 PMCID: PMC5583215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents are common companions of humans and since ancient times they follow human migration on their search for a better place to live. The study of paleomicrobiology was significantly improved in its accuracy of measurement with the constant development of better methods to detect and analyze nucleic acids. Human tissues are constantly used to trace ancient infections and the association of anthropological evidences are important to confirm the microbiological information. Infectious agents which establish human persistent infections are particularly useful to trace human migrations. In the present article, the evidence of infection by viral agents such as human T-lymphotropic virus 1, human T-lymphotropic virus 2, human herpes virus-8, JC virus, and a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, was described using different methodologies for their detection. Their presence was further used as biomarkers associated with anthropological and other relevant information to trace human migration into the Amazon region of Brazil. The approach also evidenced their microbiological origin, emergence, evolution, and spreading. The information obtained confirms much of the archeological information available tracing ancient and more recent human migration into this particular geographical region. In this article, the paleomicrobiological information on the subject was summarized and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ishak
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of ParaBelem, Brazil
| | - Luiz F A Machado
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of ParaBelem, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antonio C R Vallinoto
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of ParaBelem, Brazil
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18
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Pérez CL, Tous MI. Diversity of human herpesvirus 8 genotypes in patients with AIDS and non-AIDS associated Kaposi's sarcoma, Castleman's disease and primary effusion lymphoma in Argentina. J Med Virol 2017; 89:2020-2028. [PMID: 28617968 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
HHV-8 genotypes are distributed heterogeneously worldwide. The variable K1 gene and the conserved ORF26E region serve to genotype. The aim of the study was to characterize HHV-8 isolates from patients with AIDS, classical, and iatrogenic KS, primary effusion lymphoma and Castleman's disease and one organ donor from Argentina by analysis of ORFK1 and ORF26E regions. DNA was extracted from fresh or paraffin embedded biopsies, blood, and saliva samples and submitted to HHV-8 PCR. Phylogenetic analyses of ORFK1 showed that subtypes C (C1, C2, and C3), B1 and A (A1, A2, and A3) were present in 70.8%, 16.7%, and 12.5% of cases, respectively. Analyses of ORF26E fragment revealed that most strains (45.8%) were subtype A/C while the remaining fall into K, J, B2, R, and D subtypes. Linkage between ORFK1-ORF26E subtypes corresponded to reported relationships, except for one strain that clustered with B1 (K1 African) and D (ORF26E Asian-Pacific) subtypes. This research reveals predominance of subtype C, a broad spectrum of HHV-8 genotypes and reports the first isolation of the African B genotype in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Luján Pérez
- Tissue Culture Service Virology Department INEI-ANLIS "Dr C G Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica I Tous
- Tissue Culture Service Virology Department INEI-ANLIS "Dr C G Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sanchez-Martin D, Uldrick TS, Kwak H, Ohnuki H, Polizzotto MN, Annunziata CM, Raffeld M, Wyvill KM, Aleman K, Wang V, Marshall VA, Whitby D, Yarchoan R, Tosato G. Evidence for a Mesothelial Origin of Body Cavity Effusion Lymphomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:3078996. [PMID: 28376153 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV)-induced lymphoma that typically arises in body cavities of HIV-infected patients. PEL cells are often co-infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). "PEL-like" lymphoma is a KSHV-unrelated lymphoma that arises in body cavities of HIV-negative patients. "PEL-like" lymphoma is sometimes EBV positive. The derivation of PEL/"PEL-like" cells is unclear. Methods Mesothelial cells were cultured from body cavity effusions of 23 patients. Cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, marker phenotypes, KSHV/EBV infection, and clonality were evaluated by standard methods. Gene expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. A mouse model of PEL (3 mice/group) was used to evaluate tumorigenicity. Results We found that the mesothelia derived from six effusions of HIV-infected patients with PEL or other KSHV-associated diseases contained rare KSHV + or EBV + mesothelial cells. After extended culture (16-17 weeks), some mesothelial cells underwent a trans-differentiation process, generating lymphoid-type CD45 + /B220 + , CD5 + , CD27 + , CD43 + , CD11c + , and CD3 - cells resembling "B1-cells," most commonly found in mouse body cavities. These "B1-like" cells were short lived. However, long-term KSHV + EBV - and EBV + KSHV - clonal cell lines emerged from mesothelial cultures from two patients that were clonally distinct from the monoclonal or polyclonal B-cell populations found in the patients' original effusions. Conclusions Mesothelial-to-lymphoid transformation is a newly identified in vitro process that generates "B1-like" cells and is associated with the emergence of long-lived KSHV or EBV-infected cell lines in KSHV-infected patients. These results identify mesothelial cultures as a source of PEL cells and lymphoid cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sanchez-Martin
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas S Uldrick
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hyeongil Kwak
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hidetaka Ohnuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark N Polizzotto
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina M Annunziata
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen M Wyvill
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Aleman
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria Wang
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vickie A Marshall
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Avancini J, Sanches JA, Cherubim APZ, Pazzini R, Oliveira CMD, Sumita LM, Valente NYS, Pannuti CS, Festa C. Angiosarcoma in HIV-negative patients is not associated with HHV-8. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 91:738-741. [PMID: 28099593 PMCID: PMC5193183 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Angiosarcoma is an aggressive, malignant neoplasm of vascular or lymphatic origin. Herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is a member of the herpes family with a tropism for endothelial cells and it has been proven to induce vascular neoplasms, such as Kaposi's sarcoma. The role of HHV-8 in the pathogenesis of angiosarcoma has not been well defined. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the presence of HHV-8 and angiosarcoma. METHODS: In this study, the team investigated the relationship between the presence of HHV-8, as determined by polymerase chain reaction, and angiosarcoma, using samples from patients with epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma as controls. RESULTS: While all control cases with epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma were positive for HHV-8, none of the angiosarcoma cases was. CONCLUSION: These findings support most previous studies that found no association between HHV-8 and angiosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Avancini
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Pazzini
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Cyro Festa
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - São Paulo (SP), Brazil
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21
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Varmazyar S, Shoja Z, Kakavand-Ghalehnoei R, Shahmahmoodi S, Marashi SM, Jalilvand S. Molecular typing of human herpesvirus 8 among HIV positive in comparison to HIV-negative individuals in Iran. J Med Virol 2016; 89:703-709. [PMID: 27463857 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is still unclear whether different HHV-8 genotypes may have different pathogenic and tumorigenic properties associated with a diverse rate of disease progression. In some areas where genotype C was found to be prominent among classic KS patients, genotype A was shown to be more frequent among AIDS-associated KS patients. Genotype C was previously reported to be widespread in Iran, with genotype A being less frequent among patients with classic KS although no data are available with regards to the HHV-8 genotyping among Iranian HIV-infected patients. In order to analyze HHV-8 genotypes (ORF K1), six HIV-infected patients (with or without KS), and 22 HIV-negative subjects (classic/iatrogenic KS patients and IVDUs) were investigated using nested PCR. Genotype A was detected more frequently among HIV-infected patients with or without KS (three out of six) whereas genotype C was found more common among HIV-negative subjects including classic/iatrogenic KS patients and IVDSs (21 out of 22), and this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.044). In conclusion, our data further support the dominancy of HHV-8 genotype C in Iranian general population. Moreover, genotype A was more common among HIV-infected patients with or without KS. J. Med. Virol. 89:703-709, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Varmazyar
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Ibrahim KY, Tateno AF, de Oliveira CM, Sumita LM, Sanchez MCA, Luna EJ, Pierrotti LC, Drexler JF, Braz-Silva PH, Pannuti CS, Romano CM. Genotypic distribution of HHV-8 in AIDS individuals without and with Kaposi sarcoma: Is genotype B associated with better prognosis of AIDS-KS? Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5291. [PMID: 27902590 PMCID: PMC5134807 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) caused by human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is the most severe and resistant form of KS tumor. Our aim was to verify whether there is an association between HHV-8 variability and development of AIDS-KS in Brazil by comparing the HHV-8 variability between individuals without and with KS. Saliva samples and blood, when available, were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for detection of the fragments of ORF K1 of HHV-8, which were then genotyped and analyzed regarding the genetic variability. Our study described 106 positive cases for HHV-8 in the saliva from 751 AIDS patients without previous KS. In addition, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of HHV-8 in 34 of the 106 AIDS patients without KS and in 33 of the 37 patients with active KS. The distribution of HHV-8 genotypes A, B, C, and F in AIDS individuals was indistinguishable by comparing non-KS and KS groups, as well as regarding ethnicity. Considering the KS group, genotype B was associated with better prognosis of KS tumor. Interestingly, we found a particular profile of diversity within clade C and 2 recombinant patterns of HHV-8 in the saliva of AIDS individuals without KS. We emphasize the need to achieve standard genotyping protocol for ORF K1 amplification, thus allowing for substantial detection of HHV-8 variants. Our findings can shed light on the role of HHV-8 variability in the pathogenesis of AIDS-KS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim Yaqub Ibrahim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinics Hospital of the School of Medicine
| | - Adriana Fumie Tateno
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Laboratory of Virology LIM52
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Laboratory of Virology LIM52
- Pathology Department of the School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Balada E, Ramentol M, Felip L, Ordi-Ros J, Selva-O’Callaghan A, Simeón-Aznar C, Solans-Laqué R, Vilardell-Tarrés M. Prevalence of HHV-8 in systemic autoimmune diseases. J Clin Virol 2015; 62:84-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ouyang X, Zeng Y, Fu B, Wang X, Chen W, Fang Y, Luo M, Wang L. Genotypic analysis of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus from patients with Kaposi's sarcoma in Xinjiang, China. Viruses 2014; 6:4800-10. [PMID: 25431948 PMCID: PMC4276930 DOI: 10.3390/v6124800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causal agent of all forms of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), including AIDS-KS, endemic KS, classic KS and iatrogenic KS. Based on Open reading frame (ORF) K1 sequence analysis, KSHV has been classified into seven major molecular subtypes (A, B, C, D, E, F and Z). The distribution of KSHV strains varies according to geography and ethnicity. Xinjiang is a unique region where the seroprevalence of KSHV is significantly higher than other parts of China. The genotyping of KSHV strains in this region has not been thoroughly studied. The present study aimed to evaluate the frequency of KSHV genotypes isolated from KS tissues in Classical KS and AIDS KS patients from Xinjiang, China. ORF-K1 of KSHV from tissue samples of 28 KS patients was amplified and sequenced. Two subtypes of KSHV were identified according to K1 genotyping. Twenty-three of them belonged to subtype A, while five of them were subtype C. More genotype A than genotype C strains were found in both Classical KS and AIDS KS. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of different genotype between Classical KS and AIDS KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (X.O.); (B.F.)
| | - Yan Zeng
- Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China; E-Mail:
| | - Bishi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (X.O.); (B.F.)
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; E-Mails: (X.W.); (W.C.); (Y.F.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; E-Mails: (X.W.); (W.C.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; E-Mails: (X.W.); (W.C.); (Y.F.)
| | - Minhua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (X.O.); (B.F.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.L); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-551-65161136 (L.W.); Fax: +86-551-65123422 (L.W.)
| | - Linding Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; E-Mails: (X.W.); (W.C.); (Y.F.)
- Central Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.L); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-551-65161136 (L.W.); Fax: +86-551-65123422 (L.W.)
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25
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Betsem E, Cassar O, Afonso PV, Fontanet A, Froment A, Gessain A. Epidemiology and genetic variability of HHV-8/KSHV in Pygmy and Bantu populations in Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2851. [PMID: 24831295 PMCID: PMC4022623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) is the causal agent of all forms of Kaposi sarcoma. Molecular epidemiology of the variable K1 region identified five major subtypes exhibiting a clear geographical clustering. The present study is designed to gain new insights into the KSHV epidemiology and genetic diversity in Cameroon. Methodology/Principal Findings Bantu and Pygmy populations from remote rural villages were studied. Antibodies directed against latent nuclear antigens (LANA) were detected by indirect immunofluorescence using BC3 cells. Peripheral blood cell DNAs were subjected to a nested PCR amplifying a 737 bp K1 gene fragment. Consensus sequences were phylogenetically analyzed. We studied 2,063 persons (967 females, 1,096 males, mean age 39 years), either Bantus (1,276) or Pygmies (787). The Bantu group was older (42 versus 35 years: P<10−4). KSHV anti-LANA seroprevalence was of 37.2% (768/2063), with a significant increase with age (P<10−4) but no difference according to sex. Seroprevalence, as well as the anti-LANA antibodies titres, were higher in Bantus (43.2%) than in Pygmies (27.6%) (P<10−4), independently of age. We generated 29 K1 sequences, comprising 24 Bantus and five Pygmies. These sequences belonged to A5 (24 cases) or B (five cases) subtypes. They exhibited neither geographical nor ethnic aggregation. A5 strains showed a wide genetic diversity while the B strains were more homogenous and belonged to the B1 subgroup. Conclusion These data demonstrate high KSHV seroprevalence in the two major populations living in Southern and Eastern Cameroon with presence of mostly genetically diverse A5 but also B K1 subtypes. Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) is the causal agent of one of the most frequent skin tumors found endemically or epidemically associated to HIV in Central and Eastern Africa. This highly variable virus tends to cluster geographically according to specific major subtypes. Its prevalence is high in that area and increases with age. Despite its association to all forms of Kaposi sarcoma and high prevalence described in some low income populations in Cameroon, KSHV arouses limited interest, and only few focused previous studies have looked into prevalence and modes of transmission, especially in families. Extended molecular epidemiology is unknown both in healthy individuals and in Kaposi patients, which led to looking for new insights among Bantu and Pygmy populations from rural villages in three regions of Cameroon sharing a quite similar living environment but yet genetically, socially, and culturally different. The present study is designed to describe variations of molecular subtypes in each of these population groups regarding their geography in rural areas of southern, central, and eastern Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Betsem
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Philippe V. Afonso
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Paris, France
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Alain Froment
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Musée de l'Homme, Place du Trocadéro, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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26
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Labo N, Miley W, Marshall V, Gillette W, Esposito D, Bess M, Turano A, Uldrick T, Polizzotto MN, Wyvill KM, Bagni R, Yarchoan R, Whitby D. Heterogeneity and breadth of host antibody response to KSHV infection demonstrated by systematic analysis of the KSHV proteome. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004046. [PMID: 24675986 PMCID: PMC3968157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) genome encodes more than 85 open reading frames (ORFs). Serological evaluation of KSHV infection now generally relies on reactivity to just one latent and/or one lytic protein (commonly ORF73 and K8.1). Most of the other polypeptides encoded by the virus have unknown antigenic profiles. We have systematically expressed and purified products from 72 KSHV ORFs in recombinant systems and analyzed seroreactivity in US patients with KSHV-associated malignancies, and US blood donors (low KSHV seroprevalence population). We identified several KSHV proteins (ORF38, ORF61, ORF59 and K5) that elicited significant responses in individuals with KSHV-associated diseases. In these patients, patterns of reactivity were heterogeneous; however, HIV infection appeared to be associated with breadth and intensity of serological responses. Improved antigenic characterization of additional ORFs may increase the sensitivity of serologic assays, lead to more rapid progresses in understanding immune responses to KSHV, and allow for better comprehension of the natural history of KSHV infection. To this end, we have developed a bead-based multiplex assay detecting antibodies to six KSHV antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vickie Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William Gillette
- Protein Expression Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Protein Expression Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew Bess
- Protein Expression Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Turano
- Protein Expression Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Uldrick
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark N. Polizzotto
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Wyvill
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rachel Bagni
- Protein Expression Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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Cousins E, Nicholas J. Molecular biology of human herpesvirus 8: novel functions and virus-host interactions implicated in viral pathogenesis and replication. Recent Results Cancer Res 2014; 193:227-68. [PMID: 24008302 PMCID: PMC4124616 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is the second identified human gammaherpesvirus. Like its relative Epstein-Barr virus, HHV-8 is linked to B-cell tumors, specifically primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease, in addition to endothelial-derived KS. HHV-8 is unusual in its possession of a plethora of "accessory" genes and encoded proteins in addition to the core, conserved herpesvirus and gammaherpesvirus genes that are necessary for basic biological functions of these viruses. The HHV-8 accessory proteins specify not only activities deducible from their cellular protein homologies but also novel, unsuspected activities that have revealed new mechanisms of virus-host interaction that serve virus replication or latency and may contribute to the development and progression of virus-associated neoplasia. These proteins include viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6), viral chemokines (vCCLs), viral G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR), viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs), and viral antiapoptotic proteins homologous to FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (FLIP) and survivin. Other HHV-8 proteins, such as signaling membrane receptors encoded by open reading frames K1 and K15, also interact with host mechanisms in unique ways and have been implicated in viral pathogenesis. Additionally, a set of micro-RNAs encoded by HHV-8 appear to modulate expression of multiple host proteins to provide conditions conducive to virus persistence within the host and could also contribute to HHV-8-induced neoplasia. Here, we review the molecular biology underlying these novel virus-host interactions and their potential roles in both virus biology and virus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cousins
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA,
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Ruocco E, Ruocco V, Tornesello ML, Gambardella A, Wolf R, Buonaguro FM. Kaposi's sarcoma: etiology and pathogenesis, inducing factors, causal associations, and treatments: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2013; 31:413-422. [PMID: 23806158 PMCID: PMC7173141 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an angioproliferative disorder, has a viral etiology and a multifactorial pathogenesis hinged on an immune dysfunction. The disease is multifocal, with a course ranging from indolent, with only skin manifestations to fulminant, with extensive visceral involvement. In the current view, all forms of KS have a common etiology in human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 infection, and the differences among them are due to the involvement of various cofactors. In fact, HHV-8 infection can be considered a necessary but not sufficient condition for the development of KS, because further factors (genetic, immunologic, and environmental) are required. The role of cofactors can be attributed to their ability to interact with HHV-8, to affect the immune system, or to act as vasoactive agents. In this contribution, a survey of the current state of knowledge on many and various factors involved in KS pathogenesis is carried out, in particular by highlighting the facts and controversies about the role of some drugs (quinine analogues and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) in the onset of the disease. Based on these assessments, it is possible to hypothesize that the role of cofactors in KS pathogenesis can move toward an effect either favoring or inhibiting the onset of the disease, depending on the presence of other agents modulating the pathogenesis itself, such as genetic predisposition, environmental factors, drug intake, or lymph flow disorders. It is possible that the same agents may act as either stimulating or inhibiting cofactors according to the patient’s genetic background and variable interactions. Treatment guidelines for each form of KS are outlined, because a unique standard therapy for all of them cannot be considered due to KS heterogeneity. In most cases, therapeutic options, both local and systemic, should be tailored to the patient’s peculiar clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ruocco
- Department of Dermatology, Second University of Naples, via S. Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ruocco
- Department of Dermatology, Second University of Naples, via S. Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Centre, National Cancer Institute, "Fondazione Pascale," via M. Semmola - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessio Gambardella
- Department of Dermatology, Second University of Naples, via S. Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ronni Wolf
- Dermatology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100 Israel; The School of Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Centre, National Cancer Institute, "Fondazione Pascale," via M. Semmola - 80131 Naples, Italy
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Pulitzer M. Molecular diagnosis of infection-related cancers in dermatopathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 31:247-57. [PMID: 23174495 DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The association between viruses and skin cancer is increasingly recognized in a number of neoplasms, that is, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma, as well as hematolymphoid malignancies such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and NK/T-cell lymphoma (nasal type) and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Molecular assays are increasingly used to diagnose and manage these diseases. In this review, molecular features of tumor viruses and related host responses are explored. The tests used to identify such features are summarized. Evaluation of the utility of these assays for diagnosis and/or management of specific tumor types is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pulitzer
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Leao JC, de Faria ABS, Fonseca DDD, Gueiros LAM, Silva IHM, Porter SR. Intrahost genetic variability of human herpes virus-8. J Med Virol 2013; 85:636-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kourí V, Martínez PA, Capó V, Blanco O, Rodríguez ME, Jiménez N, Fleites G, Caballero I, Dovigny MC, Alemán Y, Correa C, Pérez L, Soto Y, Cardellá L, Álvarez A, Nambiar S, Hengge U. Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Human Herpesvirus 8 in Cuba: Evidence of subtype B expansion. Virology 2012; 432:361-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Borges JD, Souza VAUF, Giambartolomei C, Dudbridge F, Freire WS, Gregório SA, Torrez PPQ, Quiroga M, Mayaud P, Pannuti CS, Nascimento MC. Transmission of human herpesvirus type 8 infection within families in american indigenous populations from the Brazilian Amazon. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1869-76. [PMID: 22474036 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intrafamilial dynamics of endemic infection with human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) in Amerindian populations is unknown. METHODS Serum samples were obtained from 517 Amerindians and tested for HHV-8 anti-latent nuclear antigen (anti-LANA) and antilytic antibodies by immunofluorescence assays. Logistic regression and mixed logistic models were used to estimate the odds of being HHV-8 seropositive among intrafamilial pairs. RESULTS HHV-8 seroprevalence by either assay was 75.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 71.5%-79.1%), and it was age-dependent (P(trend) < .001). Familial dependence in HHV-8 seroprevalence by either assay was found between mother-offspring (odds ratio [OR], 5.44; 95% CI: 1.62-18.28) and siblings aged ≥10 years (OR 4.42, 95% CI: 1.70-11.45) or siblings in close age range (<5 years difference) (OR 3.37, 95% CI: 1.21-9.40), or in families with large (>4) number of siblings (OR, 3.20, 95% CI: 1.33-7.67). In separate analyses by serological assay, there was strong dependence in mother-offspring (OR 8.94, 95% CI: 2.94-27.23) and sibling pairs aged ≥10 years (OR, 11.91, 95% CI: 2.23-63.64) measured by LANA but not lytic antibodies. CONCLUSIONS This pattern of familial dependence suggests that, in this endemic population, HHV-8 transmission mainly occurs from mother to offspring and between close siblings during early childhood, probably via saliva. The mother to offspring dependence was derived chiefly from anti-LANA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaila D Borges
- Laboratório de Virologia (LIMHC), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo
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Jalilvand S, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L, Naraghi ZS, Shoja Z, Ziaee AA, Hamkar R, Shahmahmoodi S, Nategh R, Mokhtari-Azad T. Molecular epidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 variants in Kaposi's sarcoma from Iranian patients. Virus Res 2011; 163:644-9. [PMID: 21963664 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a rare cancer in Iran and there is no epidemiological and molecular information about HHV-8 variants circulating among the Iranian population. In this study HHV-8 sequences have been analyzed in 43 cutaneous KS biopsies from Iranian patients mainly affected by classic KS. DNA samples were subjected to PCR amplification of HHV-8 ORF26, T0.7 and K1 followed by direct nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The analysis of ORF26 showed that 30 (69.8%) and 13 (30.2%) samples belonged to subtypes A/C and K, respectively. In general, the clustering of HHV-8 T0.7 variants paralleled that of ORF26. Genotyping of K1 sequences showed that the majority of samples (39 out of 41) fall into the large C clade with only 2 belonging to the A clade. In conclusion, HHV-8 variants identified among classic Iranian KS are largely related to Eurasian genotypes previously identified in KS from Mediterranean, Middle East, and East Asian regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jalilvand
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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34
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Uldrick TS, Whitby D. Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma. Cancer Lett 2011; 305:150-62. [PMID: 21377267 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Much has been learned since the discovery of KSHV in 1994 about its epidemiology and pathology but much of what has been learned has yet to be translated into clinical practice. In this review, we survey the current state of knowledge on KSHV epidemiology and KS pathogenesis and highlight therapeutic opportunities in both the developed and developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Uldrick
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Cassar O, Blondot ML, Mohanna S, Jouvion G, Bravo F, Maco V, Duprez R, Huerre M, Gotuzzo E, Gessain A. Human herpesvirus 8 genotype E in patients with Kaposi sarcoma, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:1459-62. [PMID: 20735933 PMCID: PMC3294982 DOI: 10.3201/eid1609.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) K1 genotypes in patients with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) from Peru, we characterized HHV-8 in 25 KS biopsy samples. Our findings of 8 A, 1 B, 14 C, and 2 E subtypes showed high HHV-8 diversity in these patients and association between E genotype and KS development.
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Marshall V, Martró E, Labo N, Ray A, Wang D, Mbisa G, Bagni RK, Volfovsky N, Casabona J, Whitby D. Kaposi sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus microRNA sequence analysis and KS risk in a European AIDS-KS case control study. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:1126-35. [PMID: 20715927 PMCID: PMC2932837 DOI: 10.1086/656045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently identified polymorphisms in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded microRNA (miRNA) sequences from clinical subjects. Here, we examine whether any of these may contribute to KS risk in a European AIDS-KS case-control study. METHODS KSHV load in peripheral blood was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Samples that had detectable viral loads were used to amplify the 2.8-kb miRNA encoding region plus a 646-bp fragment of the K12/T0.7 gene. Additionally, we characterized an 840-bp fragment of the K1 gene to determine KSHV subtypes. RESULTS KSHV DNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 49.6% of case patients and 6.8% of controls, and viral loads tended to be higher in case patients. Sequences from the miRNA-encoding regions were conserved overall, but distinct polymorphisms were detected, some of which occurred in primary miRNAs, pre-miRNAs, or mature miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS Patients with KS were more likely to have detectable viral loads than were controls without disease. Despite high conservation in KSHV miRNA-encoded sequences, polymorphisms were observed, including some that have been reported elsewhere. Some polymorphisms could affect mature miRNA processing and appear to be associated with KS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Elisa Martró
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Alex Ray
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Dian Wang
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Georginia Mbisa
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Rachel K. Bagni
- Molecular Detection Group, Protein Expression Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Natalia Volfovsky
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Jordi Casabona
- Centre dEstudis Epidemiologics sobre l’ HIV/SIDS de Catalunya, Department de Salut, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
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37
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Souza VAUF, Salzano FM, Petzl-Erler ML, Nascimento MC, Mayaud P, Borges JD, Pannuti CS. Variations in human herpesvirus type 8 seroprevalence in Native Americans, South America. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:1003-6. [PMID: 20507758 PMCID: PMC3086216 DOI: 10.3201/eid1606.090961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the epidemiology of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) among non-Amazonian native populations, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraquay. Our data show striking ethnic and geographic variations in the distribution of HHV-8 seroprevalences in Amazonian (77%) and non-Amazonian native populations (range 0%–83%).
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Wang X, He B, Zhang Z, Liu T, Wang H, Li X, Zhang Q, Lan K, Lu X, Wen H. Human herpesvirus-8 in northwestern China: epidemiology and characterization among blood donors. Virol J 2010; 7:62. [PMID: 20236530 PMCID: PMC2852390 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiologic agent associated with development of classical, AIDS-related, iatrogenic, and endemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Several studies provide strong evidence that HHV-8 can be transmitted by blood transfusion. We evaluated the seroprevalence and potential risk factors of HHV-8 infection in blood donors in one region. We surveyed HHV-8 infection among 4461 blood donors in Xinjiang, China, a unique endemic area for HHV-8 and KS. Results The HHV-8 seroprevalence was higher in local minority groups which comprise most KS cases in China, than in Han people. HHV-8 prevalence was 18.6% in the Han ethnic group, 25.9% in Uygur subjects, 29.2% in Kazak subjects, 36.8% in Mongolian subjects, and 21.9% in other ethnic groups. In several subgroups, the time of donation of whole blood seemed to be a risk factor. In HHV-8-seropositive subjects, a larger fraction of local minorities (23.9%) had high HHV-8 titers than that of Han subjects (9.2%). HHV-8 infection was associated with ethnicity and residence. Conclusion HHV-8 seroprevalence was significantly high among blood donors in Xinjiang, where the prevalence of KS correlates with HHV-8 prevalence and titers in Uygur and Kazak ethnic groups. Blood exposure represented by the frequency of blood donation indicated a possible blood-borne transmission route of HHV-8 in Xinjiang. Detecting anti-HHV-8 antibodies before donation in this region is therefore important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China.
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Tornesello ML, Biryahwaho B, Downing R, Hatzakis A, Alessi E, Cusini M, Ruocco V, Katongole-Mbidde E, Loquercio G, Buonaguro L, Buonaguro FM. Human herpesvirus type 8 variants circulating in Europe, Africa and North America in classic, endemic and epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma lesions during pre-AIDS and AIDS era. Virology 2010; 398:280-9. [PMID: 20079510 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) variants have been found heterogeneously distributed among human populations living in diverse geographic regions, but their differential pathogenicity in Kaposi's sarcoma development remains controversial. In the present study, HHV-8 variant distribution has been analyzed in classic, iatrogenic, endemic as well as epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) during pre-AIDS and AIDS period (1971-2008) in countries with different KS incidence rate. DNA samples from cutaneous KS lesions of 68 patients living in Africa (n=23, Cameroon, Kenya and Uganda), Europe (n=34, Greece and Italy) and North America (n=11) have been subjected to PCR amplification of HHV-8 ORF 26, T0.7, K1 and K14.1/15, followed by direct nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Among the 23 African samples, the majority of HHV-8 ORF 26 variants clustered with the subtype R (n=12) and B (n=5). Conversely, the viral sequences obtained from 45 European and North European tumors belonged mainly to subtype A/C (n=36). In general, HHV-8 and K1 variant clustering paralleled that of ORF 26 and T0.7. Genotyping of the K14.1/15 loci revealed a large predominance of P subtype in all tumors. In conclusion, comparison of the HHV-8 sequences from classic or endemic versus AIDS-associated KS showed a strong linkage of the HHV-8 variants with specific populations, which has not changed during AIDS epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Centre, National Cancer Institute "Fondazione Pascale", Cappella Cangiani, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Nascimento MC, Sumita LM, Souza VU, Weiss HA, Oliveira J, Mascheretti M, Quiroga M, Vela RAR, Sabino E, Pannuti CS, Mayaud P. Seroprevalence of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and other serologic markers in the Brazilian Amazon. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:663-7. [PMID: 19331768 PMCID: PMC2671441 DOI: 10.3201/eid1504.081488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the presence of Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and other serologic markers, we tested serum specimens of 339 Amerindians, 181 rural non-Amerindians, and 1,133 urban blood donors (13 Amerindians) in the Brazilian Amazon. High KSHV seroprevalence in children and inverse association with herpes simplex virus type 2 indicates predominant nonsexual transmission among Amerindians.
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Genotypic analysis on the ORF-K1 gene of human herpesvirus 8 from patients with Kaposi's sarcoma in Xinjiang, China. J Genet Genomics 2008; 35:657-63. [DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(08)60087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schwartz RA, Micali G, Nasca MR, Scuderi L. Kaposi sarcoma: a continuing conundrum. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59:179-206; quiz 207-8. [PMID: 18638627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kaposi sarcoma (KS) remains a challenge. Its classic or Mediterranean form tends to be benign. In transplant recipients it may be less so. As part of the AIDS pandemic, of which it was an original defining component, it may be life-threatening. It is due to human herpesvirus-8, which is necessary but not sufficient to produce the disease. KS has a low prevalence in the general population of the United States and United Kingdom, with an intermediate rate in Italy and Greece, and a high one in parts of Africa. In Italy, hot spots include its southern regions, the Po River Valley, and Sardinia, possibly related to a high density of blood-sucking insects. An important challenge is to treat KS patients without immunocompromising them. The potential of effective anti-herpes virus therapy and the use of sirolimus in transplantation recipients have added new opportunities for KS prevention. LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be able to provide the most recent information about Kaposi sarcoma in the context in which it occurs. Its classic or Mediterranean form, its pattern in transplant recipients and others iatrogenically immunosuppressed, and its occurrence as a potentially life-threatening part of the AIDS pandemic will be stressed. Its etiology and transmission will be discussed in detail to facilitate understanding of Kaposi sarcoma and of human herpesvirus-8 infection in the general population of the United States and United Kingdom, in Italy and Greece, and in certain parts of Africa. Its therapy, including the concept of doing it without immunocompromising the patient, will be stressed. New opportunities for Kaposi sarcoma prevention will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Schwartz
- Department of Dermatology, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA.
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection: Endemic strains and cladograms from immunodeficient patients in China. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ishak MDOG, Martins RN, Machado PRL, de Souza LLB, Machado LFA, Azevedo VN, Katano H, Sata T, Hasegawa H, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak R. High diversity of HHV-8 molecular subtypes in the Amazon region of Brazil: evidence of an ancient human infection. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1537-44. [PMID: 17705167 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the molecular epidemiology of Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) among four Indian tribes (Kararao, Arara Laranjal, Tiriyo, and Zo'e) of the Amazon region of Brazil and a group of HIV-1-infected subjects from the urban population of Belem, Para. Infection was characterized by the presence of antibodies using ELISA (measuring antibodies to ORF59, ORF65, K8.1A, K8.1B, and ORF73), and molecular assays (gene amplification of the regions ORF26 and the variable region VR1). Antibodies to HHV-8 were detected in 66 samples of the 221 Brazilian Amerindians, namely, 6 (25%) in the Kararao, 18 (19.6%) in the Arara Laranjal, 24 (42.9%) in the Tiriyo, and 18 (36.7%) in the Zo'e. Among the 477 HIV-1-infected subjects, antibodies to HHV-8 were present in 74 (15.5%) persons. The ORF26 region was amplified in seven samples, one of the Arara Laranjal, one of the Tiriyo, two of the Zo'e, and three of the HIV-1-infected group. Subtyping of HHV-8 described a high multiplicity of molecular subtypes, including C (Zo'e), E (Tiriyo), and B (HIV-1 infected). Serological results confirm the high prevalence of HHV-8 among Amerindians and the presence of three subtypes in the Amazon region of Brazil, including a unique subtype, which favors the idea of HHV-8 as an ancient human infection within this particular geographical region.
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Feller L, Wood NH, Lemmer J. HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma: pathogenic mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 104:521-9. [PMID: 17142074 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multicentric angioproliferative disorder characterized by spindle cell proliferation, neo-angiogenesis, inflammation, and edema. Human herpesvirus (HHV)-8, a gamma-herpesvirus, is a critical factor, but is not alone sufficient for the initiation of KS. Other cofactors such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), host-derived cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors are required for the development of KS. Whether HIV-associated KS is a reactive hyperplastic inflammatory lesion or a true neoplasm is still controversial. It is likely that HIV-associated KS begins as a reactive disorder that in some cases progresses to a monoclonal, an oligoclonal, and a polyclonal neoplasm.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- HIV Infections/complications
- HIV-1/physiology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Inflammation/complications
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/virology
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Liviu Feller
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa, South Africa
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Kasolo FC, Spinks J, Bima H, Bates M, Gompels UA. Diverse genotypes of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) identified in infant blood infections in African childhood-KS and HIV/AIDS endemic region. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1555-61. [PMID: 17705172 PMCID: PMC2683451 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) has been associated with several neoplasias, including childhood endemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). It is possible that strain genotypes could contribute to the differences in regional presentation (mainly sub-Saharan Africa), childhood infection, lack of male sex bias, distinct disseminated forms and rapid fatality observed for childhood endemic KS. Early studies, at the advent of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, identified only the K1-A5 genotype in childhood KS biopsies as well as blood of a few HIV positive and negative febrile infants in Zambia, a highly endemic region. This current enlarged study analyses blood infections of 200 hospitalized infants (6-34 months age) with symptoms of fever as well as upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhoea, rash or rhinitis. KSHV and HIV viraemia and were prevalent in this group, 22% and 39%, respectively. Multiple markers at both variable ends of the genome (K1, K12, and K14.1/K15) were examined, showing diverse previously adult-linked genotypes (K1 A2, A5, B, C3, D, with K12 B1 and B2 plus K14.1/K15 P or M) detected in both HIV positive and negative infants, demonstrating little restriction on KSHV genotypes for infant/childhood transmission in a childhood endemic KS endemic region. This supports the interpretation that the acquisition of childhood KSHV infections and subsequent development of KS are due to additional co-factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- FC Kasolo
- Virology Department, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia Medical SchoolLusaka, Zambia
| | - J Spinks
- Pathogen Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., University of LondonLondon WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - H Bima
- Virology Department, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia Medical SchoolLusaka, Zambia
| | - M Bates
- Pathogen Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., University of LondonLondon WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - UA Gompels
- Pathogen Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., University of LondonLondon WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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Zong JC, Kajumbula H, Boto W, Hayward GS. Evaluation of global clustering patterns and strain variation over an extended ORF26 gene locus from Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus. J Clin Virol 2007; 40:19-25. [PMID: 17690010 PMCID: PMC2043355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small 233-bp or 330-bp DNA fragments of the ORF26 gene of human Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) have been used extensively to identify KSHV by PCR in clinical samples; to associate KSHV with novel diseases and to correlate KSHV strain differences with pathogenicity. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the nature, extent and source of nucleotide sequence variability among a large and diverse set of known KSHV-positive DNA samples. STUDY DESIGN Direct DNA PCR sequencing was carried out on 136 distinct Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma-related samples from different geographic locations. RESULTS The presence of 26 diagnostic nucleotide polymorphisms across an expanded 965-bp PCR locus define eight distinct ORF26E genotypes, three being of Eurasian origin, one from the Pacific Rim, and five from Sub-Saharan Africa. Previous ambiguities between some genotype patterns in the 330-bp locus data are fully resolved. CONCLUSIONS This analysis provides an expanded database for understanding and evaluating ORF26 polymorphisms. In particular, the eight genotype clusters correlated with specific ethnic and geographic origins of the patients. Furthermore, the very low level of additional sporadic nucleotide variation found permits detection of spurious sequence errors or contamination present in some published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Chao Zong
- Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, Blunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, United States
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de Souza VAUF, Sumita LM, Nascimento MC, Oliveira J, Mascheretti M, Quiroga M, Freire WS, Tateno A, Boulos M, Mayaud P, Pannuti CS. Human herpesvirus-8 infection and oral shedding in Amerindian and non-Amerindian populations in the Brazilian Amazon region. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:844-52. [PMID: 17703414 PMCID: PMC3543984 DOI: 10.1086/520549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) is hyperendemic in Amerindian populations, but its modes of transmission are unknown. METHODS Antibodies against either HHV-8 lytic antigen or HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) were detected, by immunofluorescence assays, in 339 Amerindians and 181 non-Amerindians from the Brazilian Amazon. Serological markers of oro-fecal (hepatitis A), parenteral (hepatitis B and C), and sexual (herpes simplex virus type 2 and syphilis) transmission were measured by specific ELISAs. Salivary HHV-8 DNA was detected by use of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay and was sequenced. RESULTS Antibodies against either lytic antigen or LANA were detected in 79.1% of Amerindians and in 6.1% of non-Amerindians (adjusted seroprevalence ratio [SR], 12.63 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 7.1-22.4]; P<.0001). HHV-8 seroprevalence increased with age among Amerindians (P(Trend) < .001) and already had high prevalence in childhood but was not sex specific in either population. The 2 populations did not differ in seroprevalence of oro-fecal or parenteral markers, but seroprevalence of markers of sexual transmission was lower among Amerindians. HHV-8 DNA in saliva was detected in 47 (23.7%) of 198 HHV-8 seropositive Amerindians. Detection of HHV-8 DNA decreased with age (P(Trend) < .04) and was more common in men (SR, 2.14 [95% CI, 1.3-3.5]; P=.003). A total of 36 (76.6%) of the 47 saliva HHV-8 DNA samples were sequenced, and all clustered as subtype E. CONCLUSION The data support the hypothesis of early acquisition and horizontal transmission, via saliva, of HHV-8 subtype E in Amerindian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda A U F de Souza
- Laboratory of Virology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Wang L, Brinkmann MM, Pietrek M, Ottinger M, Dittrich-Breiholz O, Kracht M, Schulz TF. Functional characterization of the M-type K15-encoded membrane protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1698-1707. [PMID: 17485529 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and the plasma-cell variant of multicentric Castleman's disease. Its alternatively spliced K15 gene encodes several membrane proteins with varying numbers of transmembrane domains. Two highly diverged alleles of the K15 gene, termed predominant (P) and minor (M), exist and share only 33 % amino acid identity with one another, but retain conserved putative src homology (SH) 2- and SH3-binding motifs. K15-M is thought to have entered the KSHV genome as the result of recombination with a related gamma(2)-herpesvirus. The more common K15-P allele has been shown to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinases Erk2 and JNK1 and the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. To explore possible functional differences between K15-P and K15-M that might have influenced their spread in the KSHV population, here, the ability of the M form of K15 to activate these pathways was investigated. Similarly to K15-P, K15-M induces the activation of the Erk2 and JNK1 kinases, the NF-kappaB transcription factor and the expression of a similar range of cellular inflammatory genes, as assessed by gene-expression microarray studies and reporter assays. In epithelial cells, the activation of most K15-M target genes is impaired by mutagenesis of Y(490) in its SH2-binding motif Y(490)EEV, although this motif appears less important in endothelial cells. Therefore, K15-M and K15-P can trigger similar intracellular signalling pathways, despite their extensive sequence divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linding Wang
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcel Pietrek
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ottinger
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Dittrich-Breiholz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Kracht
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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