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Loshkareva AS, Popova MM, Shilova LA, Fedorova NV, Timofeeva TA, Galimzyanov TR, Kuzmin PI, Knyazev DG, Batishchev OV. Influenza A Virus M1 Protein Non-Specifically Deforms Charged Lipid Membranes and Specifically Interacts with the Raft Boundary. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:76. [PMID: 36676883 PMCID: PMC9864314 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Topological rearrangements of biological membranes, such as fusion and fission, often require a sophisticated interplay between different proteins and cellular membranes. However, in the case of fusion proteins of enveloped viruses, even one molecule can execute membrane restructurings. Growing evidence indicates that matrix proteins of enveloped viruses can solely trigger the membrane bending required for another crucial step in virogenesis, the budding of progeny virions. For the case of the influenza A virus matrix protein M1, different studies report both in favor and against M1 being able to produce virus-like particles without other viral proteins. Here, we investigated the physicochemical mechanisms of M1 membrane activity on giant unilamellar vesicles of different lipid compositions using fluorescent confocal microscopy. We confirmed that M1 predominantly interacts electrostatically with the membrane, and its ability to deform the lipid bilayer is non-specific and typical for membrane-binding proteins and polypeptides. However, in the case of phase-separating membranes, M1 demonstrates a unique ability to induce macro-phase separation, probably due to the high affinity of M1's amphipathic helices to the raft boundary. Thus, we suggest that M1 is tailored to deform charged membranes with a specific activity in the case of phase-separating membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Loshkareva
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina M. Popova
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liudmila A. Shilova
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Fedorova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Timofeeva
- Laboratory of Physiology of Viruses, D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, FSBI N. F. Gamaleya NRCEM, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur R. Galimzyanov
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr I. Kuzmin
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis G. Knyazev
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Oleg V. Batishchev
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Tang X, Ma X, Cao J, Sheng X, Xing J, Chi H, Zhan W. The Influence of Temperature on the Antiviral Response of mIgM+ B Lymphocytes Against Hirame Novirhabdovirus in Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Front Immunol 2022; 13:802638. [PMID: 35197977 PMCID: PMC8858815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.802638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) is an ongoing threat to the aquaculture industry. The water temperature for the onset of HIRRV is below 15°C, the peak is about 10°C, but no mortality is observed over 20°C. Previous studies found the positive signal of matrix protein of HIRRV (HIRRV-M) was detected in the peripheral blood leukocytes of viral-infected flounder. Flow cytometry and indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that HIRRV-M was detected in mIgM+ B lymphocytes in viral-infected flounder maintained at 10°C and 20°C, and 22% mIgM+ B lymphocytes are infected at 10°C while 13% are infected at 20°C, indicating that HIRRV could invade into mIgM+ B lymphocytes. Absolute quantitative RT-PCR showed that the viral copies in mIgM+ B lymphocytes were significantly increased at 24 h post infection (hpi) both at 10°C and 20°C, but the viral copies in 10°C infection group were significantly higher than that in 20°C infection group at 72 hpi and 96 hpi. Furthermore, the B lymphocytes were sorted from HIRRV-infected flounder maintained at 10°C and 20°C for RNA-seq. The results showed that the differentially expression genes in mIgM+ B lymphocyte of healthy flounder at 10°C and 20°C were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways. Lipid metabolism and Amino acid metabolism were enhanced at 10°C, while Glucose metabolism was enhanced at 20°C. In contrast, HIRRV infection at 10°C induced the up-regulation of the Complement and coagulation cascades, FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, Platelets activation, Leukocyte transendothelial migration and Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity pathways at 72 hpi. HIRRV infection at 20°C induced the up-regulation of the Antigen processing and presentation pathway at 72 hpi. Subsequently, the temporal expression patterns of 16 genes involved in Antigen processing and presentation pathway were investigated by qRT-PCR, and results showed that the pathway was significantly activated by HIRRV infection at 20°C but inhibited at 10°C. In conclusion, HIRRV could invade into mIgM+ B lymphocytes and elicit differential immune response under 10°C and 20°C, which provide a deep insight into the antiviral response in mIgM+ B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinbiao Ma
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Zhan,
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3
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Husby ML, Stahelin RV. Negative-sense RNA viruses: An underexplored platform for examining virus-host lipid interactions. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:pe1. [PMID: 34570653 PMCID: PMC8684762 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are pathogenic agents that can infect all varieties of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. These microscopic particles are genetically simple as they encode a limited number of proteins that undertake a wide range of functions. While structurally distinct, viruses often share common characteristics that have evolved to aid in their infectious life cycles. A commonly underappreciated characteristic of many deadly viruses is a lipid envelope that surrounds their protein and genetic contents. Notably, the lipid envelope is formed from the host cell the virus infects. Lipid-enveloped viruses comprise a diverse range of pathogenic viruses, which often lead to high fatality rates and many lack effective therapeutics and/or vaccines. This perspective primarily focuses on the negative-sense RNA viruses from the order Mononegavirales, which obtain their lipid envelope from the host plasma membrane. Specifically, the perspective highlights the common themes of host cell lipid and membrane biology necessary for virus replication, assembly, and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Husby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Robert V. Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Arribas Perez M, Moriones OH, Bastús NG, Puntes V, Nelson A, Beales PA. Mechanomodulation of Lipid Membranes by Weakly Aggregating Silver Nanoparticles. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4761-4773. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Arribas Perez
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Oscar H. Moriones
- Institut Català de Nanociència y Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus G. Bastús
- Institut Català de Nanociència y Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència y Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew Nelson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Paul A. Beales
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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5
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Influenza A matrix protein M1 induces lipid membrane deformation via protein multimerization. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20191024. [PMID: 31324731 PMCID: PMC6682550 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix protein M1 of the Influenza A virus (IAV) is supposed to mediate viral assembly and budding at the plasma membrane (PM) of infected cells. In order for a new viral particle to form, the PM lipid bilayer has to bend into a vesicle toward the extracellular side. Studies in cellular models have proposed that different viral proteins might be responsible for inducing membrane curvature in this context (including M1), but a clear consensus has not been reached. In the present study, we use a combination of fluorescence microscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (sFCS) to investigate M1-induced membrane deformation in biophysical models of the PM. Our results indicate that M1 is indeed able to cause membrane curvature in lipid bilayers containing negatively charged lipids, in the absence of other viral components. Furthermore, we prove that protein binding is not sufficient to induce membrane restructuring. Rather, it appears that stable M1-M1 interactions and multimer formation are required in order to alter the bilayer three-dimensional structure, through the formation of a protein scaffold. Finally, our results suggest that, in a physiological context, M1-induced membrane deformation might be modulated by the initial bilayer curvature and the lateral organization of membrane components (i.e. the presence of lipid domains).
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Guha S, Ghimire J, Wu E, Wimley WC. Mechanistic Landscape of Membrane-Permeabilizing Peptides. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6040-6085. [PMID: 30624911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Membrane permeabilizing peptides (MPPs) are as ubiquitous as the lipid bilayer membranes they act upon. Produced by all forms of life, most membrane permeabilizing peptides are used offensively or defensively against the membranes of other organisms. Just as nature has found many uses for them, translational scientists have worked for decades to design or optimize membrane permeabilizing peptides for applications in the laboratory and in the clinic ranging from antibacterial and antiviral therapy and prophylaxis to anticancer therapeutics and drug delivery. Here, we review the field of membrane permeabilizing peptides. We discuss the diversity of their sources and structures, the systems and methods used to measure their activities, and the behaviors that are observed. We discuss the fact that "mechanism" is not a discrete or a static entity for an MPP but rather the result of a heterogeneous and dynamic ensemble of structural states that vary in response to many different experimental conditions. This has led to an almost complete lack of discrete three-dimensional active structures among the thousands of known MPPs and a lack of useful or predictive sequence-structure-function relationship rules. Ultimately, we discuss how it may be more useful to think of membrane permeabilizing peptides mechanisms as broad regions of a mechanistic landscape rather than discrete molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Guha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Jenisha Ghimire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Eric Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - William C Wimley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
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Sun K, Zhou X, Lin W, Zhou X, Jackson AO, Li Z. Matrix-glycoprotein interactions required for budding of a plant nucleorhabdovirus and induction of inner nuclear membrane invagination. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2288-2301. [PMID: 29774653 PMCID: PMC6638145 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleorhabdoviruses such as Sonchus yellow net virus (SYNV) replicate in the nuclei and undergo morphogenesis at the inner nuclear membrane (IM) in plant cells. Mature particles are presumed to form by budding of the Matrix (M) protein-nucleocapsid complexes through host IMs to acquire host phospholipids and the surface glycoproteins (G). To address mechanisms underlying nucleorhabdovirus budding, we generated recombinant SYNV G mutants containing a truncated amino-terminal (NT) or carboxyl-terminal (CT) domain. Electron microscopy and sucrose gradient centrifugation analyses showed that the CT domain is essential for virion morphogenesis whereas the NT domain is also required for efficient budding. SYNV infection induces IM invaginations that are thought to provide membrane sites for virus budding. We found that in the context of viral infections, interactions of the M protein with the CT domain of the membrane-anchored G protein mediate M protein translocation and IM invagination. Interestingly, tethering the M protein to endomembranes, either by co-expression with a transmembrane G protein CT domain or by artificial fusion with the G protein membrane targeting sequence, induces IM invagination in uninfected cells. Further evidence to support functions of G-M interactions in virus budding came from dominant negative effects on SYNV-induced IM invagination and viral infections that were elicited by expression of a soluble version of the G protein CT domain. Based on these data, we propose that cooperative G-M interactions promote efficient SYNV budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Wenye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Andrew O. Jackson
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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8
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Radyukhin VA, Dadinova LA, Orlov IA, Baratova LA. Amphipathic secondary structure elements and putative cholesterol recognizing amino acid consensus (CRAC) motifs as governing factors of highly specific matrix protein interactions with raft-type membranes in enveloped viruses. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:1351-1359. [PMID: 28492103 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1323012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Radyukhin
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Liubov A Dadinova
- b A.V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre 'Crystallography and Photonics' of Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Ivan A Orlov
- c Joint Institute for Nuclear Research , Dubna , Russia
| | - Ludmila A Baratova
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
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9
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Saletti D, Radzimanowski J, Effantin G, Midtvedt D, Mangenot S, Weissenhorn W, Bassereau P, Bally M. The Matrix protein M1 from influenza C virus induces tubular membrane invaginations in an in vitro cell membrane model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40801. [PMID: 28120862 PMCID: PMC5264427 DOI: 10.1038/srep40801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix proteins from enveloped viruses play an important role in budding and stabilizing virus particles. In order to assess the role of the matrix protein M1 from influenza C virus (M1-C) in plasma membrane deformation, we have combined structural and in vitro reconstitution experiments with model membranes. We present the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of M1-C and show by Small Angle X-Ray Scattering analysis that full-length M1-C folds into an elongated structure that associates laterally into ring-like or filamentous polymers. Using negatively charged giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), we demonstrate that M1-C full-length binds to and induces inward budding of membrane tubules with diameters that resemble the diameter of viruses. Membrane tubule formation requires the C-terminal domain of M1-C, corroborating its essential role for M1-C polymerization. Our results indicate that M1-C assembly on membranes constitutes the driving force for budding and suggest that M1-C plays a key role in facilitating viral egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Saletti
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jens Radzimanowski
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gregory Effantin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Midtvedt
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Mangenot
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marta Bally
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Mikucki M, Zhou Y. Fast Simulation of Lipid Vesicle Deformation Using Spherical Harmonic Approximation. COMMUNICATIONS IN COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS 2017; 21:40-64. [PMID: 28804520 PMCID: PMC5552105 DOI: 10.4208/cicp.oa-2015-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid vesicles appear ubiquitously in biological systems. Understanding how the mechanical and intermolecular interactions deform vesicle membranes is a fundamental question in biophysics. In this article we develop a fast algorithm to compute the surface configurations of lipid vesicles by introducing surface harmonic functions to approximate the membrane surface. This parameterization allows an analytical computation of the membrane curvature energy and its gradient for the efficient minimization of the curvature energy using a nonlinear conjugate gradient method. Our approach drastically reduces the degrees of freedom for approximating the membrane surfaces compared to the previously developed finite element and finite difference methods. Vesicle deformations with a reduced volume larger than 0.65 can be well approximated by using as small as 49 surface harmonic functions. The method thus has a great potential to reduce the computational expense of tracking multiple vesicles which deform for their interaction with external fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mikucki
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Colorado
School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401, USA
| | - Yongcheng Zhou
- Department of Mathematics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado, 80523, USA
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11
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Characterization of the Interaction between the Matrix Protein of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and the Immunoproteasome Subunit LMP2. J Virol 2015; 89:11019-29. [PMID: 26311888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01753-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The matrix protein (M) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is involved in virus assembly, budding, gene regulation, and cellular pathogenesis. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, the M globular domain was shown to interact with LMP2, a catalytic subunit of the immunoproteasome (which replaces the standard proteasome catalytic subunit PSMB6). The interaction was validated by coimmunoprecipitation of M and LMP2 in VSV-infected cells. The sites of interaction were characterized. A single mutation of M (I96A) which significantly impairs the interaction between M and LMP2 was identified. We also show that M preferentially binds to the inactive precursor of LMP2 (bearing an N-terminal propeptide which is cleaved upon LMP2 maturation). Furthermore, taking advantage of a sequence alignment between LMP2 and its proteasome homolog, PSMB6 (which does not bind to M), we identified a mutation (L45R) in the S1 pocket where the protein substrate binds prior to cleavage and a second one (D17A) of a conserved residue essential for the catalytic activity, resulting in a reduction of the level of binding to M. The combination of both mutations abolishes the interaction. Taken together, our data indicate that M binds to LMP2 before its incorporation into the immunoproteasome. As the immunoproteasome promotes the generation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-compatible peptides, a feature which favors the recognition and the elimination of infected cells by CD8 T cells, we suggest that M, by interfering with the immunoproteasome assembly, has evolved a mechanism that allows infected cells to escape detection and elimination by the immune system. IMPORTANCE The immunoproteasome promotes the generation of MHC class I-compatible peptides, a feature which favors the recognition and the elimination of infected cells by CD8 T cells. Here, we report on the association of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) matrix protein (M) with LMP2, one of the immunoproteasome-specific catalytic subunits. M preferentially binds to the LMP2 inactive precursor. The M-binding site on LMP2 is facing inwards in the immunoproteasome and is therefore not accessible to M after its assembly. Hence, M binds to LMP2 before its incorporation into the immunoproteasome. We suggest that VSV M, by interfering with the immunoproteasome assembly, has evolved a mechanism that allows infected cells to escape detection and elimination by the immune system. Modulating this M-induced immunoproteasome impairment might be relevant in order to optimize VSV for oncolytic virotherapy.
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12
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Choi HJ, Song JM, Bondy BJ, Compans RW, Kang SM, Prausnitz MR. Effect of Osmotic Pressure on the Stability of Whole Inactivated Influenza Vaccine for Coating on Microneedles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134431. [PMID: 26230936 PMCID: PMC4521748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped virus vaccines can be damaged by high osmotic strength solutions, such as those used to protect the vaccine antigen during drying, which contain high concentrations of sugars. We therefore studied shrinkage and activity loss of whole inactivated influenza virus in hyperosmotic solutions and used those findings to improve vaccine coating of microneedle patches for influenza vaccination. Using stopped-flow light scattering analysis, we found that the virus underwent an initial shrinkage on the order of 10% by volume within 5 s upon exposure to a hyperosmotic stress difference of 217 milliosmolarity. During this shrinkage, the virus envelope had very low osmotic water permeability (1 - 6×10-4 cm s-1) and high Arrhenius activation energy (Ea = 15.0 kcal mol-1), indicating that the water molecules diffused through the viral lipid membranes. After a quasi-stable state of approximately 20 s to 2 min, depending on the species and hypertonic osmotic strength difference of disaccharides, there was a second phase of viral shrinkage. At the highest osmotic strengths, this led to an undulating light scattering profile that appeared to be related to perturbation of the viral envelope resulting in loss of virus activity, as determined by in vitro hemagglutination measurements and in vivo immunogenicity studies in mice. Addition of carboxymethyl cellulose effectively prevented vaccine activity loss in vitro and in vivo, believed to be due to increasing the viscosity of concentrated sugar solution and thereby reducing osmotic stress during coating of microneedles. These results suggest that hyperosmotic solutions can cause biphasic shrinkage of whole inactivated influenza virus which can damage vaccine activity at high osmotic strength and that addition of a viscosity enhancer to the vaccine coating solution can prevent osmotically driven damage and thereby enable preparation of stable microneedle coating formulations for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jick Choi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jae-Min Song
- Department of Global Medical Science, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Brian J. Bondy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Redondo N, Madan V, Alvarez E, Carrasco L. Impact of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus M Proteins on Different Cellular Functions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131137. [PMID: 26091335 PMCID: PMC4474437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different matrix (M) proteins termed M1, M2 and M3 have been described in cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Individual expression of VSV M proteins induces an evident cytopathic effect including cell rounding and detachment, in addition to a partial inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, likely mediated by an indirect mechanism. Analogous to viroporins, M1 promotes the budding of new virus particles; however, this process does not produce an increase in plasma membrane permeability. In contrast to M1, M2 and M3 neither interact with the cellular membrane nor promote the budding of double membrane vesicles at the cell surface. Nonetheless, all three species of M protein interfere with the transport of cellular mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and also modulate the redistribution of the splicing factor. The present findings indicate that all three VSV M proteins share some activities that interfere with host cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Redondo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Vanesa Madan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Enrique Alvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Czogalla A, Kauert DJ, Franquelim HG, Uzunova V, Zhang Y, Seidel R, Schwille P. Amphipathic DNA Origami Nanoparticles to Scaffold and Deform Lipid Membrane Vesicles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Czogalla A, Kauert DJ, Franquelim HG, Uzunova V, Zhang Y, Seidel R, Schwille P. Amphipathic DNA origami nanoparticles to scaffold and deform lipid membrane vesicles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6501-5. [PMID: 25882792 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We report a synthetic biology-inspired approach for the engineering of amphipathic DNA origami structures as membrane-scaffolding tools. The structures have a flat membrane-binding interface decorated with cholesterol-derived anchors. Sticky oligonucleotide overhangs on their side facets enable lateral interactions leading to the formation of ordered arrays on the membrane. Such a tight and regular arrangement makes our DNA origami capable of deforming free-standing lipid membranes, mimicking the biological activity of coat-forming proteins, for example, from the I-/F-BAR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Czogalla
- Biotechnology Center of the TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47/51, 01307 Dresden (Germany).,Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50383 Wrocław (Poland)
| | - Dominik J Kauert
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster (Germany)
| | - Henri G Franquelim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried (Germany) http://www.biochem.mpg.de/en/rd/schwille/
| | - Veselina Uzunova
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Dresden, University of Technology, Arnoldstraße 18, 01307 Dresden (Germany)
| | - Yixin Zhang
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Dresden, University of Technology, Arnoldstraße 18, 01307 Dresden (Germany)
| | - Ralf Seidel
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster (Germany)
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried (Germany) http://www.biochem.mpg.de/en/rd/schwille/.
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16
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Ruiz-Herrero T, Hagan MF. Simulations show that virus assembly and budding are facilitated by membrane microdomains. Biophys J 2015; 108:585-95. [PMID: 25650926 PMCID: PMC4317536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For many viruses, assembly and budding occur simultaneously during virion formation. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this process could promote biomedical efforts to block viral propagation and enable use of capsids in nanomaterials applications. To this end, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations on a coarse-grained model that describes virus assembly on a fluctuating lipid membrane. Our simulations show that the membrane can promote association of adsorbed subunits through dimensional reduction, but it also introduces thermodynamic and kinetic effects that can inhibit complete assembly. We find several mechanisms by which membrane microdomains, such as lipid rafts, reduce these effects, and thus, enhance assembly. We show how these predicted mechanisms can be experimentally tested. Furthermore, the simulations demonstrate that assembly and budding depend crucially on the system dynamics via multiple timescales related to membrane deformation, protein diffusion, association, and adsorption onto the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ruiz-Herrero
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Michael F Hagan
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts.
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17
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Lorenz M, Vollmer B, Unsay JD, Klupp BG, García-Sáez AJ, Mettenleiter TC, Antonin W. A single herpesvirus protein can mediate vesicle formation in the nuclear envelope. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6962-74. [PMID: 25605719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.627521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses assemble capsids in the nucleus and egress by unconventional vesicle-mediated trafficking through the nuclear envelope. Capsids bud at the inner nuclear membrane into the nuclear envelope lumen. The resulting intralumenal vesicles fuse with the outer nuclear membrane, delivering the capsids to the cytoplasm. Two viral proteins are required for vesicle formation, the tail-anchored pUL34 and its soluble interactor, pUL31. Whether cellular proteins are involved is unclear. Using giant unilamellar vesicles, we show that pUL31 and pUL34 are sufficient for membrane budding and scission. pUL34 function can be bypassed by membrane tethering of pUL31, demonstrating that pUL34 is required for pUL31 membrane recruitment but not for membrane remodeling. pUL31 can inwardly deform membranes by oligomerizing on their inner surface to form buds that constrict to vesicles. Therefore, a single viral protein can mediate all events necessary for membrane budding and abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lorenz
- From the Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Vollmer
- From the Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joseph D Unsay
- the Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, and
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- the Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- the Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, and
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- the Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- From the Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, 72076 Tübingen, Germany,
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18
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Barroso-González J, García-Expósito L, Puigdomènech I, de Armas-Rillo L, Machado JD, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. Viral infection. Commun Integr Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cib.16716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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19
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Soni SP, Stahelin RV. The Ebola virus matrix protein VP40 selectively induces vesiculation from phosphatidylserine-enriched membranes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33590-7. [PMID: 25315776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.586396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus is from the Filoviridae family of viruses and is one of the most virulent pathogens known with ∼ 60% clinical fatality. The Ebola virus negative sense RNA genome encodes seven proteins including viral matrix protein 40 (VP40), which is the most abundant protein found in the virions. Within infected cells VP40 localizes at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM), binds lipids, and regulates formation of new virus particles. Expression of VP40 in mammalian cells is sufficient to form virus-like particles that are nearly indistinguishable from the authentic virions. However, how VP40 interacts with the PM and forms virus-like particles is for the most part unknown. To investigate VP40 lipid specificity in a model of viral egress we employed giant unilamellar vesicles with different lipid compositions. The results demonstrate VP40 selectively induces vesiculation from membranes containing phosphatidylserine (PS) at concentrations of PS that are representative of the PM inner leaflet content. The formation of intraluminal vesicles was not significantly detected in the presence of other important PM lipids including cholesterol and polyvalent phosphoinositides, further demonstrating PS selectivity. Taken together, these studies suggest that PM phosphatidylserine may be an important component of Ebola virus budding and that VP40 may be able to mediate PM scission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita P Soni
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana 46617 and
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana 46617 and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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20
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Johannes L, Wunder C, Bassereau P. Bending "on the rocks"--a cocktail of biophysical modules to build endocytic pathways. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:6/1/a016741. [PMID: 24384570 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous biological processes rely on endocytosis. The construction of endocytic pits is achieved by a bewildering complexity of biochemical factors that function in clathrin-dependent and -independent pathways. In this review, we argue that this complexity can be conceptualized by a deceptively small number of physical principles that fall into two broad categories: passive mechanisms, such as asymmetric transbilayer stress, scaffolding, line tension, and crowding, and active mechanisms driven by mechanochemical enzymes and/or cytoskeleton. We illustrate how the functional identity of biochemical modules depends on system parameters such as local protein density on membranes, thus explaining some of the controversy in the field. Different modules frequently operate in parallel in the same step and often are shared by apparently divergent uptake processes. The emergence of a novel endocytic classification system may thus be envisioned in which functional modules are the elementary bricks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Group, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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21
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Abstract
Neonates of most species depend on milk lipids for calories, fat-soluble vitamins, and bioactive lipid components for growth and development during the postnatal period. To meet neonatal nutrition and development needs, the mammary gland has evolved efficient mechanisms for synthesizing and secreting large quantities of lipid during lactation. Although the biochemical steps involved in milk lipid synthesis are understood, the identities of the genes mediating these steps and the molecular physiology of milk lipid production and secretion have only recently begun to be understood in detail through advances in mouse genetics, gene expression analysis, protein structural properties, and the cell biology of lipid metabolism. This review discusses emerging data about the molecular, cellular, and structural determinants of milk lipid synthesis and secretion within the context of physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate Programs in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, Molecular Biology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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22
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Ruiz-Herrero T, Velasco E, Hagan MF. Mechanisms of budding of nanoscale particles through lipid bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9595-603. [PMID: 22803595 PMCID: PMC3428956 DOI: 10.1021/jp301601g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We examine the budding of a nanoscale particle through a lipid bilayer using molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations, and an elastic theory, with the aim of determining the extent to which equilibrium elasticity theory can describe the factors that control the mechanism and efficiency of budding. The particle is a smooth sphere which experiences attractive interactions to the lipid head groups. Depending on the parameters, we observe four classes of dynamical trajectories: particle adhesion to the membrane, stalled partially wrapped states, budding followed by scission, and membrane rupture. In most regions of parameter space we find that the elastic theory agrees nearly quantitatively with the simulated phase behavior as a function of adhesion strength, membrane bending rigidity, and particle radius. However, at parameter values near the transition between particle adhesion and budding, we observe long-lived partially wrapped states which are not captured by existing elastic theories. These states could constrain the accessible system parameters for those enveloped viruses or drug delivery vehicles which rely on exo- or endocytosis for membrane transport.
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23
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Derivery E, Helfer E, Henriot V, Gautreau A. Actin polymerization controls the organization of WASH domains at the surface of endosomes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39774. [PMID: 22737254 PMCID: PMC3380866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting of cargoes in endosomes occurs through their selective enrichment into sorting platforms, where transport intermediates are generated. The WASH complex, which directly binds to lipids, activates the Arp2/3 complex and hence actin polymerization onto such sorting platforms. Here, we analyzed the role of actin polymerization in the physiology of endosomal domains containing WASH using quantitative image analysis. Actin depolymerization is known to enlarge endosomes. Using a novel colocalization method that is insensitive to the heterogeneity of size and shape of endosomes, we further show that preventing the generation of branched actin networks induces endosomal accumulation of the WASH complex. Moreover, we found that actin depolymerization induces a dramatic decrease in the recovery of endosomal WASH after photobleaching. This result suggests a built-in turnover, where the actin network, i.e. the product of the WASH complex, contributes to the dynamic exchange of the WASH complex by promoting its detachment from endosomes. Our experiments also provide evidence for a role of actin polymerization in the lateral compartmentalization of endosomes: several WASH domains exist at the surface of enlarged endosomes, however, the WASH domains coalesce upon actin depolymerization or Arp2/3 depletion. Branched actin networks are thus involved in the regulation of the size of WASH domains. The potential role of this regulation in membrane scission are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Derivery
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS UPR3082, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emmanuèle Helfer
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS UPR3082, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Henriot
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS UPR3082, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexis Gautreau
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS UPR3082, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
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24
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Obiang L, Raux H, Ouldali M, Blondel D, Gaudin Y. Phenotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus mutants with mutations in the PSAP motif of the matrix protein. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:857-865. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.039800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) matrix protein (M) has a flexible amino-terminal part that recruits cellular partners. It contains a dynamin-binding site that is required for efficient virus assembly, and two motifs, 24PPPY27 and 37PSAP40, that constitute potential late domains. Late domains are present in proteins of several enveloped viruses and are involved in the ultimate step of the budding process (i.e. fission between viral and cellular membranes). In baby hamster kidney (BHK)-21 cells, it has been demonstrated that the 24PPPY27 motif binds the Nedd4 (neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 4) E3 ubiquitin ligase for efficient virus budding and that the 37PSAP40 motif, although conserved among M proteins of vesiculoviruses, does not possess late-domain activity. In this study, we have re-examined the contribution of the PSAP motif to VSV budding. First, we demonstrate that VSV M indeed binds TSG101 [tumour susceptibility gene 101; a component of the ESCRT1 (endosomal sorting complex required for transport 1)] through its PSAP motif. Second, we analysed the phenotype of several recombinant mutants. We show that a double mutant with point mutations in both the PSAP and the PPPY motifs is impaired compared with a single mutant in the PPPY motif, indicating that the PSAP motif partially compensates for the lack of the PPPY motif. Mutants’ phenotypes depend on cell lines: in CERA (chicken embryo-related, Alger clone) cells, a recombinant virus with a single mutation in the PSAP motif was impaired compared with the wild type, and a mutant with a single mutation in the dynamin-binding motif was much less impaired in Vero cells than in BSR (clones of BHK-21) cells. These results have implications for the VSV budding pathway that will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Obiang
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CNRS (UPR 3296), 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Raux
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CNRS (UPR 3296), 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Malika Ouldali
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CNRS (UPR 3296), 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Danielle Blondel
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CNRS (UPR 3296), 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Yves Gaudin
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CNRS (UPR 3296), 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
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25
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Perforin activity at membranes leads to invaginations and vesicle formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:21016-21. [PMID: 22173634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107473108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic cell granule secretory pathway is essential for immune defence. How the pore-forming protein perforin (PFN) facilitates the cytosolic delivery of granule-associated proteases (granzymes) remains enigmatic. Here we show that PFN is able to induce invaginations and formation of complete internal vesicles in giant unilamellar vesicles. Formation of internal vesicles depends on native PFN and calcium and antibody labeling shows the localization of PFN at the invaginations. This vesiculation is recapitulated in large unilamellar vesicles and in this case PFN oligomers can be seen associated with the necks of the invaginations. Capacitance measurements show PFN is able to increase a planar lipid membrane surface area in the absence of pore formation, in agreement with the ability to induce invaginations. Finally, addition of PFN to Jurkat cells causes the formation of internal vesicles prior to pore formation. PFN is capable of triggering an endocytosis-like event in addition to pore formation, suggesting a new paradigm for its role in delivering apoptosis-inducing granzymes into target cells.
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26
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Structural insights into the rhabdovirus transcription/replication complex. Virus Res 2011; 162:126-37. [PMID: 21963663 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rhabdoviruses have a non-segmented single stranded negative-sense RNA genome. Their multiplication in a host cell requires three viral proteins in addition to the viral RNA genome. The nucleoprotein (N) tightly encapsidates the viral RNA, and the N-RNA complex serves as the template for both transcription and replication. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is a two subunit complex that consists of a large subunit, L, and a non-catalytic cofactor, the phosphoprotein, P. P also acts as a chaperone of nascent RNA-free N by forming a N(0)-P complex that prevents N from binding to cellular RNAs and from polymerizing in the absence of RNA. Here, we discuss the recent molecular and structural studies of individual components and multi-molecular complexes that are involved in the transcription/replication complex of these viruses with regard to their implication in viral transcription and replication.
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27
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Three dimensional morphology of rabies virus studied by cryo-electron tomography. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:32-40. [PMID: 21784158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The rabies virus (RABV) continues to be a worldwide health problem. RABV contains a single-stranded RNA genome that associates with the nucleoprotein N. The resulting ribonucleoprotein complex is surrounded by matrix protein M, lipid bilayer and glycoprotein G. RABV was reported to organize in bullet-like virions, but the role of each viral component in adopting this morphology is unclear. We present here a cryo-electron tomography study of RABV showing additional morphologies consisting in bullet-like virions containing a tubular, lipidic appendage having G-protein at its apex. In addition, there was evidence for an important fraction of pleomorphic particles. These pleomorphic forms differed in the amount of membrane-associated M-, M/N-protein providing interesting insight into its role in viral morphogenesis. In the absence of membrane-associated M-, M/N-protein viral morphology was almost spherical. Other images, showing straight membrane portions, correlate with the M-protein recruitment at the membrane independently of the presence of the G-protein. The viral membrane was found to contain a negative net charge indicating that M-, M/N-protein-membrane charge attraction drives this interaction.
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28
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Baumann MK, Swann MJ, Textor M, Reimhult E. Pleckstrin Homology-Phospholipase C-δ1 Interaction with Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Containing Supported Lipid Bilayers Monitored in Situ with Dual Polarization Interferometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6267-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2009178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina K. Baumann
- Department of Materials, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LSST), ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus J. Swann
- Farfield Group, Farfield House, Southmere Court, Electra Way, Crewe Business Park, Crewe CW1 6GU, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Textor
- Department of Materials, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LSST), ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik Reimhult
- Department of Materials, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LSST), ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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29
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Barroso-González J, García-Expósito L, Puigdomènech I, de Armas-Rillo L, Machado JD, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. Viral infection: Moving through complex and dynamic cell-membrane structures. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:398-408. [PMID: 21966556 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.4.16716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have developed different survival strategies in host cells by crossing cell-membrane compartments, during different steps of their viral life cycle. In fact, the non-regenerative viral membrane of enveloped viruses needs to encounter the dynamic cell-host membrane, during early steps of the infection process, in which both membranes fuse, either at cell-surface or in an endocytic compartment, to promote viral entry and infection. Once inside the cell, many viruses accomplish their replication process through exploiting or modulating membrane traffic, and generating specialized compartments to assure viral replication, viral budding and spreading, which also serve to evade the immune responses against the pathogen. In this review, we have attempted to present some data that highlight the importance of membrane dynamics during viral entry and replicative processes, in order to understand how viruses use and move through different complex and dynamic cell-membrane structures and how they use them to persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Barroso-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral; Laboratorio de Neurosecreción; Unidad de Farmacología; Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología; Facultad de Medicina; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB); Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)
| | - Laura García-Expósito
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral; Laboratorio de Neurosecreción; Unidad de Farmacología; Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología; Facultad de Medicina; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB); Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)
| | - Isabel Puigdomènech
- Fundació irsiCaixa-HIVACAT; Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP); Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Laura de Armas-Rillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral; Laboratorio de Neurosecreción; Unidad de Farmacología; Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología; Facultad de Medicina; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB); Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)
| | - José-David Machado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral; Laboratorio de Neurosecreción; Unidad de Farmacología; Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología; Facultad de Medicina; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB); Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)
| | - Julià Blanco
- Fundació irsiCaixa-HIVACAT; Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP); Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral; Laboratorio de Neurosecreción; Unidad de Farmacología; Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología; Facultad de Medicina; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB); Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)
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30
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Hurley JH, Boura E, Carlson LA, Różycki B. Membrane budding. Cell 2010; 143:875-87. [PMID: 21145455 PMCID: PMC3102176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane budding is a key step in vesicular transport, multivesicular body biogenesis, and enveloped virus release. These events range from those that are primarily protein driven, such as the formation of coated vesicles, to those that are primarily lipid driven, such as microdomain-dependent biogenesis of multivesicular bodies. Other types of budding reside in the middle of this spectrum, including caveolae biogenesis, HIV-1 budding, and ESCRT-catalyzed multivesicular body formation. Some of these latter events involve budding away from cytosol, and this unusual topology involves unique mechanisms. This Review discusses progress toward understanding the structural and energetic bases of these different membrane-budding paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Hurley
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0580, USA.
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31
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The matrix protein of vesicular stomatitis virus binds dynamin for efficient viral assembly. J Virol 2010; 84:12609-18. [PMID: 20943988 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01400-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix proteins (M) direct the process of assembly and budding of viruses belonging to the Mononegavirales order. Using the two-hybrid system, the amino-terminal part of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) M was shown to interact with dynamin pleckstrin homology domain. This interaction was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation of both proteins in cells transfected by a plasmid encoding a c-myc-tagged dynamin and infected by VSV. A role for dynamin in the viral cycle (in addition to its role in virion endocytosis) was suggested by the fact that a late stage of the viral cycle was sensitive to dynasore. By alanine scanning, we identified a single mutation of M protein that abolished this interaction and reduced virus yield. The adaptation of mutant virus (M.L4A) occurred rapidly, allowing the isolation of revertants, among which the M protein, despite having an amino acid sequence distinct from that of the wild type, recovered a significant level of interaction with dynamin. This proved that the mutant phenotype was due to the loss of interaction between M and dynamin. The infectious cycle of the mutant virus M.L4A was blocked at a late stage, resulting in a quasi-absence of bullet-shaped viruses in the process of budding at the cell membrane. This was associated with an accumulation of nucleocapsids at the periphery of the cell and a different pattern of VSV glycoprotein localization. Finally, we showed that M-dynamin interaction affects clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Our study suggests that hijacking the endocytic pathway might be an important feature for enveloped virus assembly and budding at the plasma membrane.
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32
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Kamat NP, Robbins GP, Rawson JS, Therien MJ, Dmochowski IJ, Hammer DA. A Generalized System for Photo-Responsive Membrane Rupture in Polymersomes. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2010; 20:2588-2596. [PMID: 21709747 PMCID: PMC3120224 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes are vesicles whose membranes are comprised of self-assembled block co-polymers. We recently showed that co-encapsulating conjugated multi-porphyrin dyes in a polymersome membrane with ferritin protein in the aqueous lumen confers photo-lability to the polymersome. In the present study, we illustrate that the photo-lability can be extended to vesicles containing dextran, an inert and inexpensive polysaccharide, as the luminal solute. Here we explore how structural features of the polymersome/porphyrin/dextran composite affect its photo-response. Increasing dextran molecular weight, decreasing block copolymer molecular weight, and altering fluorophore-membrane interactions results in increasing the photo-responsiveness of the polymersomes. Amphiphilic interactions of the luminal encapsulant with the membrane coupled with localized heat production in the hydrophobic bilayer likely cause differential thermal expansion in the membrane and the subsequent membrane rupture. This study suggests a general approach to impart photo-responsiveness to any biomimetic vesicle system without chemical modification, as well as a simple, bio-inert method for constructing photo-sensitive carriers for controlled release of encapsulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha P. Kamat
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103 (USA)
| | - Gregory P. Robbins
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103 (USA)
| | | | | | - Ivan J. Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | - Daniel A. Hammer
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103 (USA)
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33
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Genomics and structure/function studies of Rhabdoviridae proteins involved in replication and transcription. Antiviral Res 2010; 87:149-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.02.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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34
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Abstract
Cellular membranes can assume a number of highly dynamic shapes. Many cellular processes also require transient membrane deformations. Membrane shape is determined by the complex interactions of proteins and lipids. A number of families of proteins that directly bend membranes have been identified. Most associate transiently with membranes and deform them. These proteins work by one or more of three types of mechanisms. First, some bend membranes by inserting amphipathic domains into one of the leaflets of the bilayer; increasing the area of only one leaflet causes the membrane to bend. Second, some proteins form a rigid scaffold that deforms the underlying membrane or stabilizes an already bent membrane. Third, some proteins may deform membranes by clustering lipids or by affecting lipid ordering in membranes. Still other proteins may use novel but poorly understood mechanisms. In this review, we summarize what is known about how different families of proteins bend membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Prinz
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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35
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Knyazev DG, Radyukhin VA, Sokolov VS. Intermolecular interactions of influenza M1 proteins on the model lipid membrane surface: A study using the inner field compensation method. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747809010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Enveloped virus particles select their lipid-protein components and egress by budding from the host cell membranes. The matrix protein of many enveloped viruses has been proposed as a crucial element for viral budding; however, molecular mechanisms behind membrane remodeling by the matrix protein are yet to be unraveled. Here, we describe a set of in vitro functional reconstitution assays that allow quantitative evaluation of both, membrane binding and creation of membrane curvature by the matrix protein isolated from Newcastle Disease Virus. Individual budding events orchestrated by the matrix protein can be resolved in real time. The assays may be applied for direct reconstitution of the on-membrane action of cellular proteins involved in membrane curvature induction upon binding in vivo.
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37
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Graham SC, Assenberg R, Delmas O, Verma A, Gholami A, Talbi C, Owens RJ, Stuart DI, Grimes JM, Bourhy H. Rhabdovirus matrix protein structures reveal a novel mode of self-association. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000251. [PMID: 19112510 PMCID: PMC2603668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) proteins of rhabdoviruses are multifunctional proteins essential for virus maturation and budding that also regulate the expression of viral and host proteins. We have solved the structures of M from the vesicular stomatitis virus serotype New Jersey (genus: Vesiculovirus) and from Lagos bat virus (genus: Lyssavirus), revealing that both share a common fold despite sharing no identifiable sequence homology. Strikingly, in both structures a stretch of residues from the otherwise-disordered N terminus of a crystallographically adjacent molecule is observed binding to a hydrophobic cavity on the surface of the protein, thereby forming non-covalent linear polymers of M in the crystals. While the overall topology of the interaction is conserved between the two structures, the molecular details of the interactions are completely different. The observed interactions provide a compelling model for the flexible self-assembly of the matrix protein during virion morphogenesis and may also modulate interactions with host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Graham
- Division of Structural Biology and Oxford Protein Production Facility, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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38
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Carvalho K, Ramos L, Roy C, Picart C. Giant unilamellar vesicles containing phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate: characterization and functionality. Biophys J 2008; 95:4348-60. [PMID: 18502807 PMCID: PMC2567945 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.126912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic systems such as giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are increasingly used for studying protein/lipid interactions due to their size (similar to that of cells) and to their ease of observation by light microscopy techniques. Biophysicists have begun to complexify GUVs to investigate lipid/protein interactions. In particular, composite GUVs have been designed that incorporate lipids that play important physiological roles in cellulo, such as phosphoinositides and among those the most abundant one, phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate (PIP2). Fluorescent lipids are often used as tracers to observe GUV membranes by microscopy but they can not bring quantitative information about the insertion of unlabeled lipids. In this study, we carried out zeta-potential measurements to prove the effective incorporation of PIP2 as well as that of phosphatidylserine in the membrane of GUVs prepared by electroformation and to follow the stability of PIP2-containing GUVs. Using confocal microscopy, we found that long-chain (C16) fluorescent PIP2 analogs used as tracers (0.1% of total lipids) show a uniform distribution in the membrane whereas PIP2 antibodies show PIP2 clustering. However, the clustering effect, which is emphasized when tertiary antibodies are used in addition to secondary ones to enhance the size of the detection complex, is artifactual. We showed that divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) can induce aggregation of PIP2 in the membrane depending on their concentration. Finally, the interaction of ezrin with PIP2-containing GUVs was investigated. Using either labeled ezrin and unlabeled GUVs or both labeled ezrin and GUVs, we showed that clusters of PIP2 and proteins are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Carvalho
- DIMNP, Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5235, Université Montpellier II et I, Montpellier, France
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39
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Sens P, Johannes L, Bassereau P. Biophysical approaches to protein-induced membrane deformations in trafficking. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2008; 20:476-82. [PMID: 18539448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Membrane traffic requires membrane deformation to generate vesicles and tubules. Strong evidence suggests that assembly of curvature-active proteins can drive such membrane shape changes. Well-documented pathways often involve protein scaffolds, in particular coats (clathrin or COP). However, membrane curvature should, in principle, be influenced by any protein binding asymmetrically on a membrane; large membrane morphological changes could result from their aggregation. In the case of Shiga toxin or viral matrix proteins, tubules and buds appear to result from the cargo-driven formation of protein-lipid nanodomains, showing that collective protein behaviour is crucial in the process. We argue here that a combination of in vitro experiments on giant unilamellar vesicles and theoretical modelling based on statistical physics is ideally suited to tackle these collective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sens
- Laboratoire Gulliver, ESPCI, CNRS-UMR 7083, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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40
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Plasma membrane microdomains containing vesicular stomatitis virus M protein are separate from microdomains containing G protein and nucleocapsids. J Virol 2008; 82:5536-47. [PMID: 18367537 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02407-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogold electron microscopy and analysis were used to determine the organization of the major structural proteins of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) during virus assembly. We determined that matrix protein (M protein) partitions into plasma membrane microdomains in VSV-infected cells as well as in transfected cells expressing M protein. The sizes of the M-protein-containing microdomains outside the virus budding sites (50 to 100 nm) were smaller than those at sites of virus budding (approximately 560 nm). Glycoprotein (G protein) and M protein microdomains were not colocalized in the plasma membrane outside the virus budding sites, nor was M protein colocalized with microdomains containing the host protein CD4, which efficiently forms pseudotypes with VSV envelopes. These results suggest that separate membrane microdomains containing either viral or host proteins cluster or merge to form virus budding sites. We also determined whether G protein or M protein was colocalized with VSV nucleocapsid protein (N protein) outside the budding sites. Viral nucleocapsids were observed to cluster in regions of the cytoplasm close to the plasma membrane. Membrane-associated N protein was colocalized with G protein in regions of plasma membrane of approximately 600 nm. In contrast to the case for G protein, M protein was not colocalized with these areas of nucleocapsid accumulation. These results suggest a new model of virus assembly in which an interaction of VSV nucleocapsids with G-protein-containing microdomains is a precursor to the formation of viral budding sites.
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41
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Shnyrova AV, Ayllon J, Mikhalyov II, Villar E, Zimmerberg J, Frolov VA. Vesicle formation by self-assembly of membrane-bound matrix proteins into a fluidlike budding domain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:627-33. [PMID: 18025300 PMCID: PMC2080896 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200705062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The shape of enveloped viruses depends critically on an internal protein matrix, yet it remains unclear how the matrix proteins control the geometry of the envelope membrane. We found that matrix proteins purified from Newcastle disease virus adsorb on a phospholipid bilayer and condense into fluidlike domains that cause membrane deformation and budding of spherical vesicles, as seen by fluorescent and electron microscopy. Measurements of the electrical admittance of the membrane resolved the gradual growth and rapid closure of a bud followed by its separation to form a free vesicle. The vesicle size distribution, confined by intrinsic curvature of budding domains, but broadened by their merger, matched the virus size distribution. Thus, matrix proteins implement domain-driven mechanism of budding, which suffices to control the shape of these proteolipid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Shnyrova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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42
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Chen BJ, Lamb RA. Mechanisms for enveloped virus budding: can some viruses do without an ESCRT? Virology 2007; 372:221-32. [PMID: 18063004 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many enveloped viruses complete their replication cycle by forming vesicles that bud from the plasma membrane. Some viruses encode "late" (L) domain motifs that are able to hijack host proteins involved in the vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) pathway, a cellular budding process that gives rise to multivesicular bodies and that is topologically equivalent to virus budding. Although many enveloped viruses share this mechanism, examples of viruses that require additional viral factors and viruses that appear to be independent of the VPS pathway have been identified. Alternative mechanisms for virus budding could involve other topologically similar process such as cell abscission, which occurs following cytokinesis, or virus budding could proceed spontaneously as a result of lipid microdomain accumulation of viral proteins. Further examination of novel virus-host protein interactions and characterization of other enveloped viruses for which budding requirements are currently unknown will lead to a better understanding of the cellular processes involved in virus assembly and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3500, USA
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43
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Luan Y, Ramos L. Real-Time Observation of Polyelectrolyte-Induced Binding of Charged Bilayers. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:14619-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ja073412h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Luan
- Contribution from the LCVN (UMR CNRS-UM2 No. 5587), CC26, Université Montpellier II, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurence Ramos
- Contribution from the LCVN (UMR CNRS-UM2 No. 5587), CC26, Université Montpellier II, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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44
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McConnell RE, Tyska MJ. Myosin-1a powers the sliding of apical membrane along microvillar actin bundles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:671-81. [PMID: 17502425 PMCID: PMC2064212 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200701144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microvilli are actin-rich membrane protrusions common to a variety of epithelial cell types. Within microvilli of the enterocyte brush border (BB), myosin-1a (Myo1a) forms an ordered ensemble of bridges that link the plasma membrane to the underlying polarized actin bundle. Despite decades of investigation, the function of this unique actomyosin array has remained unclear. Here, we show that addition of ATP to isolated BBs induces a plus end–directed translation of apical membrane along microvillar actin bundles. Upon reaching microvillar tips, membrane is “shed” into solution in the form of small vesicles. Because this movement demonstrates the polarity, velocity, and nucleotide dependence expected for a Myo1a-driven process, and BBs lacking Myo1a fail to undergo membrane translation, we conclude that Myo1a powers this novel form of motility. Thus, in addition to providing a means for amplifying apical surface area, we propose that microvilli function as actomyosin contractile arrays that power the release of BB membrane vesicles into the intestinal lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell E McConnell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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