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Kalaiyarasu S, Bhatia S, Mishra N, Senthil Kumar D, Kumar M, Sood R, Rajukumar K, Ponnusamy B, Desai D, Singh VP. Elicitation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 M2e and HA2-Specific Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Chicken Following Immunization With Recombinant M2e-HA2 Fusion Protein. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:571999. [PMID: 33614753 PMCID: PMC7892607 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.571999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed to evaluate the elicitation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (AIV) M2e and HA2-specific immunity in chicken to develop broad protective influenza vaccine against HPAI H5N1. Based on the analysis of Indian AIV H5N1 sequences, the conserved regions of extracellular domain of M2 protein (M2e) and HA2 were identified. Synthetic gene construct coding for M2e and two immunodominant HA2 conserved regions was designed and synthesized after codon optimization. The fusion recombinant protein (~38 kDa) was expressed in a prokaryotic system and characterized by Western blotting with anti-His antibody and anti-AIV polyclonal chicken serum. The M2e–HA2 fusion protein was found to be highly reactive with known AIV-positive and -negative chicken sera by ELISA. Two groups of specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were immunized (i/m) with M2e synthetic peptide and M2e–HA2 recombinant protein along with one control group with booster on the 14th day and 28th day with the same dose and route. Pre-immunization sera and whole blood were collected on day 0 followed by 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days and 2 weeks after the second booster (42 day). Lymphocyte proliferation assay by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method revealed that the stimulation index (SI) was increased gradually from days 0 to 14 in the immunized group (p < 0.05) than that in control chicken. Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA analysis by RT-qPCR showed maximum upregulation in the M2e–HA2-vaccinated group compared to M2e- and sham-vaccinated groups. M2e–HA2 recombinant protein-based indirect ELISA revealed that M2e–HA2 recombinant fusion protein has induced strong M2e and HA2-specific antibody responses from 7 days post-primary immunization, and then the titer gradually increased after booster dose. Similarly, M2e peptide ELISA revealed that M2e–HA2 recombinant fusion protein elicited M2e-specific antibody from day 14 onward. In contrast, no antibody response was detected in the chicken immunized with synthetic peptide M2e alone or control group. Findings of this study will be very useful in future development of broad protective H5N1 influenza vaccine targeting M2e and HA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Dhanapal Senthil Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Richa Sood
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Katherukamem Rajukumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Boopathi Ponnusamy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Dhruv Desai
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
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Brooks BD, Closmore A, Yang J, Holland M, Cairns T, Cohen GH, Bailey-Kellogg C. Characterizing Epitope Binding Regions of Entire Antibody Panels by Combining Experimental and Computational Analysis of Antibody: Antigen Binding Competition. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163659. [PMID: 32796656 PMCID: PMC7464469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines and immunotherapies depend on the ability of antibodies to sensitively and specifically recognize particular antigens and specific epitopes on those antigens. As such, detailed characterization of antibody-antigen binding provides important information to guide development. Due to the time and expense required, high-resolution structural characterization techniques are typically used sparingly and late in a development process. Here, we show that antibody-antigen binding can be characterized early in a process for whole panels of antibodies by combining experimental and computational analyses of competition between monoclonal antibodies for binding to an antigen. Experimental "epitope binning" of monoclonal antibodies uses high-throughput surface plasmon resonance to reveal which antibodies compete, while a new complementary computational analysis that we call "dock binning" evaluates antibody-antigen docking models to identify why and where they might compete, in terms of possible binding sites on the antigen. Experimental and computational characterization of the identified antigenic hotspots then enables the refinement of the competitors and their associated epitope binding regions on the antigen. While not performed at atomic resolution, this approach allows for the group-level identification of functionally related monoclonal antibodies (i.e., communities) and identification of their general binding regions on the antigen. By leveraging extensive epitope characterization data that can be readily generated both experimentally and computationally, researchers can gain broad insights into the basis for antibody-antigen recognition in wide-ranging vaccine and immunotherapy discovery and development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Brooks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
- Inovan Inc., Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.C.); (G.H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-435-222-1403
| | - Adam Closmore
- Department of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
| | - Juechen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA; (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Michael Holland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA; (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Tina Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.C.); (G.H.C.)
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.C.); (G.H.C.)
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Jang Y, Shin JS, Lee JY, Shin H, Kim SJ, Kim M. In Vitro and In Vivo Antiviral Activity of Nylidrin by Targeting the Hemagglutinin 2-Mediated Membrane Fusion of Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050581. [PMID: 32466302 PMCID: PMC7290441 DOI: 10.3390/v12050581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus, one of the major human respiratory pathogens, is responsible for annual seasonal endemics and unpredictable periodic pandemics. Despite the clinical availability of vaccines and antivirals, the antigenic diversity and drug resistance of this virus makes it a persistent threat to public health, underlying the need for the development of novel antivirals. In a cell culture-based high-throughput screen, a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist, nylidrin, was identified as an antiviral compound against influenza A virus. The molecule was effective against multiple isolates of subtype H1N1, but had limited activity against subtype H3N2, depending on the strain. By examining the antiviral activity of its chemical analogues, we found that ifenprodil and clenbuterol also had reliable inhibitory effects against A/H1N1 strains. Field-based pharmacophore modeling with comparisons of active and inactive compounds revealed the importance of positive and negative electrostatic patterns of phenyl aminoethanol derivatives. Time-of-addition experiments and visualization of the intracellular localization of nucleoprotein NP demonstrated that an early step of the virus life cycle was suppressed by nylidrin. Ultimately, we discovered that nylidrin targets hemagglutinin 2 (HA2)-mediated membrane fusion by blocking conformational change of HA at acidic pH. In a mouse model, preincubation of a mouse-adapted influenza A virus (H1N1) with nylidrin completely blocked intranasal viral infection. The present study suggests that nylidrin could provide a core chemical skeleton for the development of a direct-acting inhibitor of influenza A virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Jang
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.S.S.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.S.S.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Joo-Youn Lee
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.S.S.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Heegwon Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Sang Jick Kim
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.S.S.); (J.-Y.L.)
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-860-7540
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Characterisation of the antigenic epitopes in the subunit 2 haemagglutinin of avian influenza virus H5N1. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2199-2212. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Durães-Carvalho R, Salemi M. In-depth phylodynamics, evolutionary analysis and in silico predictions of universal epitopes of Influenza A subtypes and Influenza B viruses. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 121:174-182. [PMID: 29355604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study applied High-Performance Computing to explore the high-resolution phylodynamics and the evolutionary dynamics of Influenza viruses (IVs) A and B and their subtypes in-depth to identify peptide-based candidates for broad-spectrum vaccine targets. For this purpose, we collected all the available Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) nucleotide and amino acid sequences (more than 100,000) of IVs isolated from all the reservoirs and intermediate hosts species, from all geographic ranges and from different isolation sources, covering a period of almost one century of sampling years. We highlight that despite the constant changes in Influenza evolutionary dynamics over time, which are responsible for the generation of novel strains, our study identified the presence of highly conserved peptides distributed in all the HA and NA found in H1-H18 and N1-N11 IAV subtypes and IBVs. Additionally, predictions through computational methods showed that these peptides could have a strong affinity to bind to HLA-A∗02:01/HLA-DRB1∗01:01 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules, therefore acting as a double ligand. Moreover, epitope prediction in antigens from pathogens responsible for secondary bacterial infection was also studied. These findings show that the regions mapped here may potentially be explored as universal epitope-based candidates to develop therapies leading to a broader response against the infection induced by all circulating IAVs, IBVs and Influenza-associated bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Durães-Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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Hua CK, Gacerez AT, Sentman CL, Ackerman ME, Choi Y, Bailey-Kellogg C. Computationally-driven identification of antibody epitopes. eLife 2017; 6:29023. [PMID: 29199956 PMCID: PMC5739537 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding where antibodies recognize antigens can help define mechanisms of action and provide insights into progression of immune responses. We investigate the extent to which information about binding specificity implicitly encoded in amino acid sequence can be leveraged to identify antibody epitopes. In computationally-driven epitope localization, possible antibody–antigen binding modes are modeled, and targeted panels of antigen variants are designed to experimentally test these hypotheses. Prospective application of this approach to two antibodies enabled epitope localization using five or fewer variants per antibody, or alternatively, a six-variant panel for both simultaneously. Retrospective analysis of a variety of antibodies and antigens demonstrated an almost 90% success rate with an average of three antigen variants, further supporting the observation that the combination of computational modeling and protein design can reveal key determinants of antibody–antigen binding and enable efficient studies of collections of antibodies identified from polyclonal samples or engineered libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey K Hua
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, United States
| | - Albert T Gacerez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, United States
| | - Charles L Sentman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, United States
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, United States
| | - Yoonjoo Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against HA Protein of H1N1 Swine Influenza Virus and Protective Efficacy against H1 Viruses in Mice. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080209. [PMID: 28786930 PMCID: PMC5580466 DOI: 10.3390/v9080209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
H1N1 swine influenza viruses (SIV) are prevalent in pigs globally, and occasionally emerge in humans, which raises concern about their pandemic threats. To stimulate hemagglutination (HA) of A/Swine/Guangdong/LM/2004 (H1N1) (SW/GD/04) antibody response, eukaryotic expression plasmid pCI-neo-HA was constructed and used as an immunogen to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Five mAbs (designed 8C4, 8C6, 9D6, 8A4, and 8B1) against HA protein were obtained and characterized. Western blot showed that the 70 kDa HA protein could be detected by all mAbs in MDCK cells infected with SW/GD/04. Three mAbs—8C4, 8C6, and 9D6—have hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralization test (NT) activities, and 8C6 induces the highest HI and NT titers. The protection efficacy of 8C6 was investigated in BALB/c mice challenged with homologous or heterologous strains of the H1 subtype SIV. The results indicate that mAb 8C6 protected the mice from viral infections, especially the homologous strain, which was clearly demonstrated by the body weight changes and reduction of viral load. Thus, our findings document for the first time that mAb 8C6 might be of potential therapeutic value for H1 subtype SIV infection.
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Hollý J, Fogelová M, Jakubcová L, Tomčíková K, Vozárová M, Varečková E, Kostolanský F. Comparison of infectious influenza A virus quantification methods employing immuno-staining. J Virol Methods 2017; 247:107-113. [PMID: 28610903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by highly variable influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose perpetual threat to humans as well as to animals. Their surveillance requires reliable methods for their qualitative and quantitative analysis. The most frequently utilized quantification method is the titration by plaque assay or 50% tissue culture infectious dose estimation by TCID50. However, both methods are time-consuming. Moreover, some IAV strains form hardly visible plaques, and the evaluation of TCID50 is subjective. Employment of immuno-staining into the classic protocols for plaque assay or TCID50 assay enables to avoid these problems and moreover, shorten the time needed for reliable infectious virus quantification. Results obtained by these two alternatives of classic virus titration methods were compared to the newer rapid culture assay (RCA), where titration endpoint of infectious virus was estimated microscopically based on the immuno-staining of infected cells. In our analysis of compared methods, five different IAV strains of H1, H3 and H5 subtypes were used and results were statistically evaluated. We conclude that the RCA proved to be at least as reliable in assessment of infectious viral titer as plaque assay and TCID50, considering the employed immuno-staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Hollý
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Margaréta Fogelová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Jakubcová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Karolína Tomčíková
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Vozárová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Varečková
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - František Kostolanský
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Bitrus Y, Andrew JN, Owolodun OA, Luka PD, Umaru DA. The reoccurrence of H5N1 outbreaks necessitates the development of safe and effective influenza vaccine technologies for the prevention and control of avian influenza in Sub-Saharan Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/bmbr2015.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Xie X, Lin Y, Pang M, Zhao Y, Kalhoro DH, Lu C, Liu Y. Monoclonal antibody specific to HA2 glycopeptide protects mice from H3N2 influenza virus infection. Vet Res 2015; 46:33. [PMID: 25888728 PMCID: PMC4364502 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine influenza virus (CIV) subtype H3N2 is a newly identified, highly contagious respiratory pathogen that causes cough, pneumonia and other respiratory symptoms in dogs. Data indicate that the virus is responsible for recent clinical cases of dog disease in China. However, therapeutic options for this disease are very limited. In this study, seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CIV JS/10 (an H3N2 subtype virus) were produced and characterized. Among them, mAb D7, which is specific for the HA2 glycopeptide (gp), induced the highest neutralization titers. The protection provided by mAb D7 was evaluated in BALB/c mice challenged with homologous or heterologous strains of H3N2 influenza virus, including two strains of CIV and one strain of swine influenza virus (SIV). The data show that mAb D7 protected the mice from infection with the three viral strains, especially the homologous strain, which was indicated by the recovery of body weight, reduction of viral load, and reduction of tissue damage. Moreover, the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the lungs, as detected by ELISA, were reduced in the infected mice treated with the mAb D7 compared with those without mAb D7 treatment. Thus, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that a mAb could reduce the release of IFN-γ and TNF-α associated with tissue damage by CIV infection and that the mAb might be of great therapeutic value for CIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Maoda Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yanbing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | | | - Chengping Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yongjie Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Protective immunity based on the conserved hemagglutinin stalk domain and its prospects for universal influenza vaccine development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:546274. [PMID: 24982895 PMCID: PMC4055638 DOI: 10.1155/2014/546274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) is an excellent and chief target that elicits neutralizing antibodies during vaccination or natural infection. Its HA2 subunit (stem domain) is most conserved as compared to HA1 subunit (globular head domain). Current influenza vaccine relies on globular head domain that provides protection only against the homologous vaccine strains, rarely provides cross-protection against divergent strains, and needs to be updated annually. There is an urge for a truly universal vaccine that provides broad cross-protection against different subtype influenza A viruses along with influenza B viruses and need not be updated annually. Antibodies against the stem domain of hemagglutinin (HA) are able to neutralize a wide spectrum of influenza virus strains and subtypes. These stem-specific antibodies have great potential for the development of universal vaccine against influenza viruses. In this review, we have discussed the stem-specific cross-reactive antibodies and heterosubtypic protection provided by them. We have also discussed their epitope-based DNA vaccine and their future prospects in this scenario.
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Wei H, Lenz SD, Thompson DH, Pogranichniy RM. DNA-epitope vaccine provided efficient protection to mice against lethal dose of influenza A virus H1N1. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:14-9. [PMID: 24405102 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza virus (SIV) is a fast-evolving viral pathogen in pig populations. However, commercial vaccines, based on inactivated viruses, cannot provide complete protection with induced humoral immunity only and require frequent updates to fight against current isolates. A DNA vaccine delivering conservative epitopes was designed in this study in the hope of meeting the need. In this study, a B-cell epitope (HA2.30-130), a quadruplicated Th-cell epitope (NP55-69), and a quadruplicated CTL epitope (NP147-158) were fused separately to the C-terminal of VP22c gene in the modified pcDNA3.1 plasmid. The expression of epitopes was confirmed by in vitro transfection of 293FT cells. The DNA vaccine administered intramuscularly stimulated epitope-specific immunity against the two T-cell epitopes in all ten mice before the virus challenge. Only two out of ten mice were ELISA positive against the B-cell epitope. All vaccinated mice survived a lethal dose of virus challenge, while all mice in the challenge control group died. The DNA vaccine delivering epitopes in this study showed promising protection against influenza virus in an animal model; however, more work needs to be done to evaluate the best conserved protective epitopes which can be applied in developing a universal DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wei
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
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13
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Shen X, Zhang X, Liu S. Novel hemagglutinin-based influenza virus inhibitors. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5 Suppl 2:S149-59. [PMID: 23977436 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.06.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus has caused seasonal epidemics and worldwide pandemics, which caused tremendous loss of human lives and socioeconomics. Nowadays, only two classes of anti-influenza drugs, M2 ion channel inhibitors and neuraminidase inhibitors respectively, are used for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza virus infection. Unfortunately, influenza virus strains resistant to one or all of those drugs emerge frequently. Hemagglutinin (HA), the glycoprotein in influenza virus envelope, plays a critical role in viral binding, fusion and entry processes. Therefore, HA is a promising target for developing anti-influenza drugs, which block the initial entry step of viral life cycle. Here we reviewed recent understanding of conformational changes of HA in protein folding and fusion processes, and the discovery of HA-based influenza entry inhibitors, which may provide more choices for preventing and controlling potential pandemics caused by multi-resistant influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintian Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; ; Department of Physiology, Huaihua Medical College, Huaihua 418000, China
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Influenza A virus entry inhibitors targeting the hemagglutinin. Viruses 2013; 5:352-73. [PMID: 23340380 PMCID: PMC3564125 DOI: 10.3390/v5010352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) has caused seasonal influenza epidemics and influenza pandemics, which resulted in serious threat to public health and socioeconomic impacts. Until now, only 5 drugs belong to two categories are used for prophylaxis and treatment of IAV infection. Hemagglutinin (HA), the envelope glycoprotein of IAV, plays a critical role in viral binding, fusion and entry. Therefore, HA is an attractive target for developing anti‑IAV drugs to block the entry step of IAV infection. Here we reviewed the recent progress in the study of conformational changes of HA during viral fusion process and the development of HA-based IAV entry inhibitors, which may provide a new choice for controlling future influenza pandemics.
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Staneková Z, Adkins I, Kosová M, Janulíková J, Sebo P, Varečková E. Heterosubtypic protection against influenza A induced by adenylate cyclase toxoids delivering conserved HA2 subunit of hemagglutinin. Antiviral Res 2012; 97:24-35. [PMID: 23036818 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The protective efficacy of currently available influenza vaccines is restricted to vaccine strains and their close antigenic variants. A new strategy to obtain cross-protection against influenza is based on conserved antigens of influenza A viruses (IAV), which are able to elicit a protective immune response. Here we describe a vaccination approach involving the conserved stem part of hemagglutinin, the HA2 subunit, shared by different HA subtypes of IAV. To increase its immunogenicity, a novel strategy of antigen delivery to antigen presenting cells (APCs) has been used. The HA2 segment (residues 23-185) was inserted into a genetically detoxified adenylate cyclase toxoid (CyaA-E5) which specifically targets and penetrates CD11b-expressing dendritic cells. The CyaA-E5-HA2 toxoid induced HA2(93-102), HA2(96-104) and HA2(170-178)-specific and Th1 polarized T-cell responses, and also elicited strong broadly cross-reactive HA2-specific antibody response. BALB/c mice immunized with three doses of purified CyaA-E5-HA2 without any adjuvant recovered from influenza infection 2days earlier than the control mock-immunized mice. More importantly, immunized mice were protected against a lethal challenge with 2LD(50) dose of a homologous virus (H3 subtype), as well as against the infection with a heterologous (H7 subtype) influenza A virus. This is the first report on heterosubtypic protection against influenza A infection mediated by an HA2-based vaccine that can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses without the need of adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Staneková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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16
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Wu CY, Yeh YC, Chan JT, Yang YC, Yang JR, Liu MT, Wu HS, Hsiao PW. A VLP vaccine induces broad-spectrum cross-protective antibody immunity against H5N1 and H1N1 subtypes of influenza A virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42363. [PMID: 22879951 PMCID: PMC3413679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent threats of influenza epidemics and pandemics have prioritized the development of a universal vaccine that offers protection against a wider variety of influenza infections. Here, we demonstrate a genetically modified virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, referred to as H5M2eN1-VLP, that increased the antigenic content of NA and induced rapid recall of antibody against HA2 after viral infection. As a result, H5M2eN1-VLP vaccination elicited a broad humoral immune response against multiple viral proteins and caused significant protection against homologous RG-14 (H5N1) and heterologous A/California/07/2009 H1N1 (CA/07) and A/PR/8/34 H1N1 (PR8) viral lethal challenges. Moreover, the N1-VLP (lacking HA) induced production of a strong NA antibody that also conferred significant cross protection against H5N1 and heterologous CA/07 but not PR8, suggesting the protection against N1-serotyped viruses can be extended from avian-origin to CA/07 strain isolated in humans, but not to evolutionally distant strains of human-derived. By comparative vaccine study of an HA-based VLP (H5N1-VLP) and NA-based VLPs, we found that H5N1-VLP vaccination induced specific and strong protective antibodies against the HA1 subunit of H5, thus restricting the breadth of cross-protection. In summary, we present a feasible example of direction of VLP vaccine immunity toward NA and HA2, which resulted in cross protection against both seasonal and pandemic influenza strains, that could form the basis for future design of a better universal vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- Cross Protection/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Wu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Chih Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Rong Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsan Liu
- Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Sheng Wu
- Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ye J, Shao H, Perez DR. Passive immune neutralization strategies for prevention and control of influenza A infections. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:175-86. [PMID: 22339460 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination significantly reduces influenza severity, seasonal human influenza epidemics still cause more than 250,000 deaths annually. Vaccine efficacy is limited in high-risk populations such as infants, the elderly and immunosuppressed individuals. In the event of an influenza pandemic (such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic), a significant delay in vaccine availability represents a significant public health concern, particularly in high-risk groups. The increasing emergence of strains resistant to the two major anti-influenza drugs, adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors, and the continuous circulation of avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential in poultry, strongly calls for alternative prophylactic and treatment options. In this review, we focus on passive virus neutralization strategies for the prevention and control of influenza type A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Ye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park & Virginia - Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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18
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Cao Z, Meng J, Li X, Wu R, Huang Y, He Y. The epitope and neutralization mechanism of AVFluIgG01, a broad-reactive human monoclonal antibody against H5N1 influenza virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38126. [PMID: 22662275 PMCID: PMC3360650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus underscores the importance of effective antiviral approaches. AVFluIgG01 is a potent and broad-reactive H5N1-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody (mAb) showing great potential for use either for therapeutic purposes or as a basis of vaccine development, but its antigenic epitope and neutralization mechanism have not been finely characterized. In this study, we first demonstrated that AVFluIgG01 targets a novel conformation-dependent epitope in the globular head region of H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA). By selecting mimotopes from a random peptide library in combination with computational algorithms and site-directed mutagenesis, the epitope was mapped to three conserved discontinuous sites (I-III) that are located closely at the three-dimensional structure of HA. Further, we found that this HA1-specific human mAb can efficiently block both virus-receptor binding and post-attachment steps, while its Fab fragment exerts the post-attachment inhibition only. Consistently, AVFluIgG01 could inhibit HA-mediated cell-cell membrane fusion at a dose-dependent manner and block the acquisition of pH-induced protease sensitivity. These results suggest a neutralization mechanism of AVFluIgG01 by simultaneously blocking viral attachment to the receptors on host cells and interfering with HA conformational rearrangements associated with membrane fusion. The presented data provide critical information for developing novel antiviral therapeutics and vaccines against HPAI H5N1 virus.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Computational Biology/methods
- Epitopes/immunology
- Giant Cells/drug effects
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Protein Conformation
- Virus Attachment/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Cao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiazi Meng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yanxin Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northern Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxian He
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Cold-adapted pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus live vaccine elicits cross-reactive immune responses against seasonal and H5 influenza A viruses. J Virol 2012; 86:5953-8. [PMID: 22438541 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.07149-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid transmission of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus (pH1N1) among humans has raised the concern of a potential emergence of reassortment between pH1N1 and highly pathogenic influenza strains, especially the avian H5N1 influenza virus. Here, we report that the cold-adapted pH1N1 live attenuated vaccine (CApH1N1) elicits cross-reactive immunity to seasonal and H5 influenza A viruses in the mouse model. Immunization with CApH1N1 induced both systemic and mucosal antibodies with broad reactivity to seasonal and H5 strains, including HAPI H5N1 and the avian H5N2 virus, providing complete protection against heterologous and heterosubtypic lethal challenges. Our results not only accentuate the merit of using live attenuated influenza virus vaccines in view of cross-reactivity but also represent the potential of CApH1N1 live vaccine for mitigating the clinical severity of infections that arise from reassortments between pH1N1 and highly pathogenic H5 subtype viruses.
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20
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Staneková Z, Mucha V, Sládková T, Blaškovičová H, Kostolanský F, Varečková E. Epitope specificity of anti-HA2 antibodies induced in humans during influenza infection. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 6:389-95. [PMID: 22236105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conserved, fusion-active HA2 glycopolypeptide (HA2) subunit of influenza A hemagglutinin comprises four distinct antigenic sites. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognizing three of these sites are broadly cross-reactive and protective. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to establish whether antibodies specific to these three antigenic sites were elicited during a natural influenza infection or by vaccination of humans. METHODS Forty-five paired acute and convalescent sera from individuals with a confirmed influenza A (subtype H3) infection were examined for the presence of HA2-specific antibodies. The fraction of antibodies specific to three particular antigenic sites (designated IIF4, FC12, and CF2 here) was investigated using competitive enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Increased levels of antibodies specific to an ectodomain of HA2 (EHA2: N-terminal residues 23-185 of HA2) were detected in 73% of tested convalescent sera (33/45), while an increased level of antibodies specific to the HA2 fusion peptide (N-terminal residues 1-38) was induced in just 15/45 individuals (33%). Competitive assays confirmed that antibodies specific to the IIF4 epitope (within HA2 residues 125-175) prevailed in 86% (13/15) over those specific to the other two epitopes during infection. However, only a negligible increase in HA2-specific antibodies was detectable following vaccination with a current subunit vaccine. CONCLUSIONS We observed that the antigenic site localized within N-terminal HA2 residues 125-175 was more immunogenic than that within residues 1-38 (HA2 fusion protein), although both are weak natural immunogens. We suggest that new anti-influenza vaccines should include HA2 (or specific epitopes localized within this glycopolypeptide) to enhance their cross-protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Staneková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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21
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Montaner AD, Denichilo A, Rodríguez JM, Fló J, López RA, Pontoriero A, Savy V, Baumeister E, Frank R, Zorzopulos J, Elías F. Addition of the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide IMT504 to a seasonal flu vaccine increases hemagglutinin antibody titers in young adult and elder rats, and expands the anti-hemagglutinin antibody repertoire. Nucleic Acid Ther 2011; 21:265-74. [PMID: 21793787 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2011.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Flu vaccines are partially protective in infants and elder people. New adjuvants such as immunostimulatory oligonucleotides (ODNs) are strong candidates to solve this problem, because a combination with several antigens has demonstrated effectiveness. Here, we report that IMT504, the prototype of a major class of immunostimulatory ODNs, is a potent adjuvant of the influenza vaccine in young adult and elderly rats. Flu vaccines that use virosomes or whole viral particles as antigens were combined with IMT504 and injected in rats. Young adult and elderly animals vaccinated with IMT504-adjuvated preparations reached antibody titers 20-fold and 15-fold higher than controls, respectively. Antibody titers remained high throughout a 120 day-period. Animals injected with the IMT504-adjuvated vaccine showed expansion of the anti-hemagglutinin antibody repertoire and a significant increase in the antibody titer with hemagglutination inhibition capacity when confronted to viral strains included or not in the vaccine. This indicates that the addition of IMT504 in flu vaccines may contribute to the development of significant cross-protective immune response against shifted or drifted flu strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Daniel Montaner
- Centro de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. Cesar Milstein," National Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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22
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Serological response to the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus for disease diagnosis and estimating the infection rate in Thai population. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16164. [PMID: 21283570 PMCID: PMC3026791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals infected with the 2009 pandemic virus A(H1N1) developed serological response which can be measured by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (microNT) assays. Methodology/Principal Findings MicroNT and HI assays for specific antibody to the 2009 pandemic virus were conducted in serum samples collected at the end of the first epidemic wave from various groups of Thai people: laboratory confirmed cases, blood donors and health care workers (HCW) in Bangkok and neighboring province, general population in the North and the South, as well as archival sera collected at pre- and post-vaccination from vaccinees who received influenza vaccine of the 2006 season. This study demonstrated that goose erythrocytes yielded comparable HI antibody titer as compared to turkey erythrocytes. In contrast to the standard protocol, our investigation found out the necessity to eliminate nonspecific inhibitor present in the test sera by receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) prior to performing microNT assay. The investigation in pre-pandemic serum samples showed that HI antibody was more specific to the 2009 pandemic virus than NT antibody. Based on data from pre-pandemic sera together with those from the laboratory confirmed cases, HI antibody titers ≥40 for adults and ≥20 for children could be used as the cut-off level to differentiate between the individuals with or without past infection by the 2009 pandemic virus. Conclusions/Significance Based on the cut-off criteria, the infection rates of 7 and 12.8% were estimated in blood donors and HCW, respectively after the first wave of the 2009 influenza pandemic. Among general population, the infection rate of 58.6% was found in children versus 3.1% in adults.
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23
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Staneková Z, Varečková E. Conserved epitopes of influenza A virus inducing protective immunity and their prospects for universal vaccine development. Virol J 2010; 7:351. [PMID: 21118546 PMCID: PMC3009981 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses belong to the best studied viruses, however no effective prevention against influenza infection has been developed. The emerging of still new escape variants of influenza A viruses causing epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics represents a threat for human population. Therefore, current, hot task of influenza virus research is to look for a way how to get us closer to a universal vaccine. Combination of chosen conserved antigens inducing cross-protective antibody response with epitopes activating also cross-protective cytotoxic T-cells would offer an attractive strategy for improving protection against drift variants of seasonal influenza viruses and reduces the impact of future pandemic strains. Antigenically conserved fusion-active subunit of hemagglutinin (HA2 gp) and ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (eM2) are promising candidates for preparation of broadly protective HA2- or eM2-based vaccine that may aid in pandemic preparedness. Overall protective effect could be achieved by contribution of epitopes recognized by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) that have been studied extensively to reach much broader control of influenza infection. In this review we present the state-of-art in this field. We describe known adaptive immune mechanisms mediated by influenza specific B- and T-cells involved in the anti-influenza immune defense together with the contribution of innate immunity. We discuss the mechanisms of neutralization of influenza infection mediated by antibodies, the role of CTL in viral elimination and new approaches to develop epitope based vaccine inducing cross-protective influenza virus-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Staneková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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24
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Kositanont U, Wongsurakiat P, Pooruk P, Maranetra N, Puthavathana P. Induction of cross-neutralizing antibody against H5N1 virus after vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine in COPD patients. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:329-34. [PMID: 20565296 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Archival serum samples from elderly individuals with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who were enrolled in a double-blind case-control study of seasonal influenza vaccine efficacy were assayed for cross-neutralizing antibody formation to avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. Of 118 serum samples, 58 were collected from influenza vaccinees (mean age 68.5 y), and 60 from placebo controls (mean age 68.4 y) who received vitamin B injections. Blood samples were collected before and at 1 mo after seasonal influenza vaccination from all subjects; in addition, for a longitudinal follow-up period of 1 y paired-blood samples were collected again from subjects who developed acute respiratory illness. Hemagglutination inhibition assay for antibodies to influenza A (H1N1), influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B viruses was carried out to determine the serological response to vaccination, and to diagnose influenza viral infection, while microneutralization assays were performed to detect cross-reactive antibody to H5N1 virus. Pre-existing cross-reactive H5N1 antibody at reciprocal titer 10 was found in 6 (10.3%) vaccinees and 4 (6.7%) placebo controls. There was no change in H5N1 antibody titer in these subjects after vaccination. On the other hand, 3 (5.2%) vaccinees developed seroconversion to H5N1 virus at 1 mo after vaccination, even though they had no pre-existing H5N1 antibody in their first blood samples. No cross-neutralizing antibody to H5N1 virus was detected in the placebo controls or in the 22 influenza patients, suggesting that influenza vaccination, but not influenza virus infection, induces cross-neutralizing antibody against avian influenza H5N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uraiwan Kositanont
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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25
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Targets for the induction of protective immunity against influenza a viruses. Viruses 2010; 2:166-188. [PMID: 21994606 PMCID: PMC3185556 DOI: 10.3390/v2010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic caused by the new influenza A(H1N1) virus of swine origin and the current pandemic threat caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses of the H5N1 subtype have renewed the interest in the development of vaccines that can induce broad protective immunity. Preferably, vaccines not only provide protection against the homologous strains, but also against heterologous strains, even of another subtype. Here we describe viral targets and the arms of the immune response involved in protection against influenza virus infections such as antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and the M2 protein and cellular immune responses directed against the internal viral proteins.
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26
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Yoshida R, Igarashi M, Ozaki H, Kishida N, Tomabechi D, Kida H, Ito K, Takada A. Cross-protective potential of a novel monoclonal antibody directed against antigenic site B of the hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000350. [PMID: 19300497 PMCID: PMC2652660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A viruses has been classified into sixteen distinct subtypes (H1–H16) to date. The HA subtypes of influenza A viruses are principally defined as serotypes determined by neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition tests using polyclonal antisera to the respective HA subtypes, which have little cross-reactivity to the other HA subtypes. Thus, it is generally believed that the neutralizing antibodies are not broadly cross-reactive among HA subtypes. In this study, we generated a novel monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific to HA, designated MAb S139/1, which showed heterosubtypic cross-reactive neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition of influenza A viruses. This MAb was found to have broad reactivity to many other viruses (H1, H2, H3, H5, H9, and H13 subtypes) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We further found that MAb S139/1 showed neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition activities against particular strains of H1, H2, H3, and H13 subtypes of influenza A viruses. Mutant viruses that escaped neutralization by MAb S139/1 were selected from the A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2), A/Adachi/2/57 (H2N2), and A/WSN/33 (H1N1) strains, and sequence analysis of the HA genes of these escape mutants revealed amino acid substitutions at positions 156, 158, and 193 (H3 numbering). A molecular modeling study showed that these amino acids were located on the globular head of the HA and formed a novel conformational epitope adjacent to the receptor-binding domain of HA. Furthermore, passive immunization of mice with MAb S139/1 provided heterosubtypic protection. These results demonstrate that MAb S139/1 binds to a common antigenic site shared among a variety of HA subtypes and neutralizes viral infectivity in vitro and in vivo by affecting viral attachment to cells. The present study supports the notion that cross-reactive antibodies play some roles in heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection, and underscores the potential therapeutic utility of cross-reactive antibodies against influenza. Neutralizing antibodies play a critical role in protection from influenza A virus infection. Most neutralizing antibodies recognize hemagglutinin (HA), which is the major surface glycoprotein of influenza viruses. The HA has been classified into sixteen antigenically distinct subtypes. Since HA subtypes of influenza A viruses are principally defined as serotypes determined by neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition tests using polyclonal antisera to the respective HA subtypes, which have little cross-reactivity to the other HA subtypes, it is generally believed that the neutralizing antibodies are not broadly cross-reactive among HA subtypes. Herein we present a novel cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibody that reacts with a variety of HA subtypes in vitro and provides heterosubtypic protection against influenza A virus infections in mice. We demonstrate that this antibody recognizes a common epitope adjacent to the receptor binding region of HA and inhibits virus binding to the cells. The present study supports the notion that cross-reactive antibodies, as well as cytotoxic T lymphocytes, play some roles in heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection, and underscores the potential therapeutic utility of cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment against infection with influenza A viruses, including the hypothetical new pandemic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Yoshida
- Department of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Department of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Noriko Kishida
- Laboratory of Influenza Viruses, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tomabechi
- Department of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Department of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kimihito Ito
- Department of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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27
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Monoclonal antibodies against the fusion peptide of hemagglutinin protect mice from lethal influenza A virus H5N1 infection. J Virol 2008; 83:2553-62. [PMID: 19109379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02165-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The HA2 glycopolypeptide (gp) is highly conserved in all influenza A virus strains, and it is known to play a major role in the fusion of the virus with the endosomal membrane in host cells during the course of viral infection. Vaccines and therapeutics targeting this HA2 gp could induce efficient broad-spectrum immunity against influenza A virus infections. So far, there have been no studies on the possible therapeutic effects of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), specifically against the fusion peptide of hemagglutinin (HA), upon lethal infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. We have identified MAb 1C9, which binds to GLFGAIAGF, a part of the fusion peptide of the HA2 gp. We evaluated the efficacy of MAb 1C9 as a therapy for influenza A virus infections. This MAb, which inhibited cell fusion in vitro when administered passively, protected 100% of mice from challenge with five 50% mouse lethal doses of HPAI H5N1 influenza A viruses from two different clades. Furthermore, it caused earlier clearance of the virus from the lung. The influenza virus load was assessed in lung samples from mice challenged after pretreatment with MAb 1C9 (24 h prior to challenge) and from mice receiving early treatment (24 h after challenge). The study shows that MAb 1C9, which is specific to the antigenically conserved fusion peptide of HA2, can contribute to the cross-clade protection of mice infected with H5N1 virus and mediate more effective recovery from infection.
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Lim APC, Chan CEZ, Wong SKK, Chan AHY, Ooi EE, Hanson BJ. Neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against H5N1 influenza HA selected from a Fab-phage display library. Virol J 2008; 5:130. [PMID: 18957074 PMCID: PMC2582236 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of neutralizing antibodies with specificity away from the traditional mutation prone antigenic regions, against the conserved regions of hemagglutinin from H5N1 influenza virus has the potential to provide a therapeutic option which can be developed ahead of time in preparation for a possible pandemic due to H5N1 viruses. In this study, we used a combination of panning strategies against the hemagglutinin (HA) of several antigenic distinct H5N1 isolates to bias selection of Fab-phage from a naïve human library away from the antigenic regions of HA, toward the more conserved portions of the protein. All of the identified Fab clones which showed binding to multiple antigenically distinct HA were converted to fully human IgG, and tested for their ability to neutralize the uptake of H5N1-virus like particles (VLP) into MDCK cells. Five of the antibodies which showed binding to the relatively conserved HA2 subunit of HA, exhibited neutralization of H5N1-VLP uptake in a dose dependant manner. The inhibitory effects of these five antibodies were similar to those observed with a previously described neutralizing antibody specific for the 140s antigenic loop present within HA1 and highlight the exciting possibility that these antibodies may be efficacious against multiple H5N1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline P C Lim
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Dr, 117510, Singapore.
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Gocník M, Fislová T, Mucha V, Sládková T, Russ G, Kostolanský F, Varečková E. Antibodies induced by the HA2 glycopolypeptide of influenza virus haemagglutinin improve recovery from influenza A virus infection. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:958-967. [PMID: 18343837 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The haemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A virus consists of two glycopolypeptides designated HA1 and HA2. Antibodies recognizing HA1 inhibit virus haemagglutination, neutralize virus infectivity and provide good protection against infection, but do not cross-react with the HA of other subtypes. Little is known regarding the biological activities of antibodies against HA2. To study the role of antibodies directed against HA2 during influenza virus infection, two vaccinia virus recombinants (rVVs) were used expressing chimeric molecules of HA, in which HA1 and HA2 were derived from different HA subtypes. The KG-11 recombinant expressed HA1 from A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus and HA2 from A/NT/60 (H3N2) virus, whilst KG-12 recombinant expressed HA1 from A/NT/60 virus and HA2 from A/PR/8/34 virus. Immunization of BALB/c mice with rVV expressing HA2 of the HA subtype homologous to the challenge virus [A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) or A/Mississippi/1/85 (H3N2)] did not prevent virus infection, but nevertheless resulted in an increase in mice survival and faster elimination of virus from the lungs. Passive immunization with antibodies purified from mice immunized with rVVs confirmed that antibodies against HA2 were responsible for the described effect on virus infection. Based on the facts that HA2 is a rather conserved part of the HA and that antibodies against HA2, as shown here, may moderate virus infection, future vaccine design should deal with the problem of how to increase the HA2 antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gocník
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - T Fislová
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - V Mucha
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - T Sládková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - G Russ
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - F Kostolanský
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - E Varečková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Varecková E, Mucha V, Kostolanský F, Gubareva LV, Klimov A. HA2-specific monoclonal antibodies as tools for differential recognition of influenza A virus antigenic subtypes. Virus Res 2007; 132:181-6. [PMID: 18037184 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic reactivity of a set of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) raised against the HA2 subunit of hemagglutinin of H3 subtype was characterized in a rapid culture assay. MAbs FC12 and FE1, known to recognize the same antigenic site (IV), cross-reacted with influenza viruses of H3 and H4 subtypes, regardless of their host origin. No cross-reactivity was detected with other antigenic subtypes tested (H1-H13). The involvement of conserved residues D160, N168, and F171 in the differential recognition of H3 and H4 subtypes is proposed. In contrast, MAb IIF4 that recognizes antigenic site II exhibited a broader inter-subtype reactivity including subtypes H3, H4, H5, H8 and some viruses of H2, H6 and H13 subtypes. The ability of HA2-specific antibodies to differentially react with distinct antigenic subtypes can be utilized in development of diagnostics and in the influenza virus surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Varecková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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