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Larson EC, Ellis AL, Rodgers MA, Gubernat AK, Gleim JL, Moriarty RV, Balgeman AJ, Menezes YK, Ameel CL, Fillmore DJ, Pergalske SM, Juno JA, Maiello P, White AG, Borish HJ, Godfrey DI, Kent SJ, Ndhlovu LC, O’Connor SL, Scanga CA. Host Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Is Similar in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-Infected, Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated and SIV-Naïve Juvenile Macaques. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0055822. [PMID: 37039653 PMCID: PMC10187125 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00558-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing HIV infection increases tuberculosis (TB) risk in children. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces, but does not abolish, this risk in children with HIV. The immunologic mechanisms involved in TB progression in both HIV-naive and HIV-infected children have not been explored. Much of our current understanding is based on human studies in adults and adult animal models. In this study, we sought to model childhood HIV/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) coinfection in the setting of ART and characterize T cells during TB progression. Macaques equivalent to 4 to 8 year-old children were intravenously infected with SIVmac239M, treated with ART 3 months later, and coinfected with Mtb 3 months after initiating ART. SIV-naive macaques were similarly infected with Mtb alone. TB pathology and total Mtb burden did not differ between SIV-infected, ART-treated and SIV-naive macaques, although lung Mtb burden was lower in SIV-infected, ART-treated macaques. No major differences in frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and unconventional T cell subsets (Vγ9+ γδ T cells, MAIT cells, and NKT cells) in airways were observed between SIV-infected, ART-treated and SIV-naive macaques over the course of Mtb infection, with the exception of CCR5+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells which were slightly lower. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequencies did not differ in the lung granulomas. Immune checkpoint marker levels were similar, although ki-67 levels in CD8+ T cells were elevated. Thus, ART treatment of juvenile macaques, 3 months after SIV infection, resulted in similar progression of Mtb and T cell responses compared to Mtb in SIV-naive macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C. Larson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy L. Ellis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mark A. Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail K. Gubernat
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janelle L. Gleim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan V. Moriarty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexis J. Balgeman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yonne K. Menezes
- Department of Immunobiology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cassaundra L. Ameel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J. Fillmore
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Skyler M. Pergalske
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander G. White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - H. Jacob Borish
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Centre Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Charles A. Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chisenga CC, Filteau S, Siame J, Chisenga M, Prendergast AJ, Kelly P. T-Cell Subsets Predict Mortality in Malnourished Zambian Adults Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129928. [PMID: 26083409 PMCID: PMC4470912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prognostic value of T-cell subsets in Zambian patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART), and to assess the impact of a nutritional intervention on T-cell subsets. METHODS This was a sub-study of a randomised clinical trial of a nutritional intervention for malnourished adults initiating ART. Participants in a randomised controlled trial (NUSTART trial) were enrolled between April and December 2012. Participants received lipid-based nutritional supplement either with or without additional vitamins and minerals. Immunophenotyping was undertaken at baseline and, in survivors, after 12 weeks of ART to characterize T-cell subsets using the markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RA, CCR7, CD28, CD57, CD31, α4β7, Ki67, CD25 and HLA-DR. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis was performed, and responses to treatment were analysed using the Wicoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS Among 181 adults, 36 (20%) died by 12 weeks after starting ART. In univariate analysis, patients who died had fewer proliferating, more naïve and fewer gut homing CD4+ T-cells compared to survivors; and more senescent and fewer proliferating CD8+ T-cells. In a multivariate Cox regression model high naïve CD4+, low proliferating CD4+, high senescent CD8+ and low proliferating CD8+ subsets were independently associated with increased risk of death. Recent CD4+ thymic emigrants increased less between recruitment and 12 weeks of ART in the intervention group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Specific CD4+ T-cell subsets are of considerable prognostic significance for patients initiating ART in Zambia, but only thymic output responded to this nutritional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C. Chisenga
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
- NUSTART project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Suzanne Filteau
- NUSTART project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Siame
- NUSTART project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Molly Chisenga
- NUSTART project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Andrew J. Prendergast
- Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
- NUSTART project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Statins increase the frequency of circulating CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in healthy individuals. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:762506. [PMID: 25759848 PMCID: PMC4352479 DOI: 10.1155/2015/762506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins have been shown to modulate the number and the suppressive function of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells (Treg) in inflammatory conditions. However, it is not well established whether statin could also affect Treg in absence of inflammation. To address this question, eighteen normocholesterolemic male subjects were treated with lovastatin or atorvastatin daily for 45 days. The frequency and phenotype of circulating
Treg were evaluated at days 0, 7, 30, and 45. mRNA levels of FOXP3, IDO, TGF-β, and IL-10 were measured in CD4+ T cells.
We found that both statins significantly increased Treg frequency and FOXP3 mRNA levels at day 30. At day 45, Treg numbers returned to baseline values;
however, TGF-β and FOXP3 mRNA levels remained high, accompanied by increased percentages of CTLA-4- and GITR-expressing Treg. Treg Ki-67
expression was decreased upon statin treatment. Treg frequency positively correlated with plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c),
suggesting a role for HDL-c in Treg homeostasis. Therefore, statins appear to have inflammation-independent immune-modulatory effects.
Thus, the increase in Treg cells frequency likely contributes to immunomodulatory effect of statins, even in healthy individuals.
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Bogers WM, Oostermeijer H, Mooij P, Koopman G, Verschoor EJ, Davis D, Ulmer JB, Brito LA, Cu Y, Banerjee K, Otten GR, Burke B, Dey A, Heeney JL, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Labranche C, Montefiori DC, Liao HX, Haynes B, Geall AJ, Barnett SW. Potent immune responses in rhesus macaques induced by nonviral delivery of a self-amplifying RNA vaccine expressing HIV type 1 envelope with a cationic nanoemulsion. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:947-55. [PMID: 25234719 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-amplifying messenger RNA (mRNA) of positive-strand RNA viruses are effective vectors for in situ expression of vaccine antigens and have potential as a new vaccine technology platform well suited for global health applications. The SAM vaccine platform is based on a synthetic, self-amplifying mRNA delivered by a nonviral delivery system. The safety and immunogenicity of an HIV SAM vaccine encoding a clade C envelope glycoprotein formulated with a cationic nanoemulsion (CNE) delivery system was evaluated in rhesus macaques. The HIV SAM vaccine induced potent cellular immune responses that were greater in magnitude than those induced by self-amplifying mRNA packaged in a viral replicon particle (VRP) or by a recombinant HIV envelope protein formulated with MF59 adjuvant, anti-envelope binding (including anti-V1V2), and neutralizing antibody responses that exceeded those induced by the VRP vaccine. These studies provide the first evidence in nonhuman primates that HIV vaccination with a relatively low dose (50 µg) of formulated self-amplifying mRNA is safe and immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy M Bogers
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Petra Mooij
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Davis
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Yen Cu
- Novartis Vacccines, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Brian Burke
- Novartis Vacccines, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Antu Dey
- Novartis Vacccines, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Celia Labranche
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barton Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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DNA/long peptide vaccination against conserved regions of SIV induces partial protection against SIVmac251 challenge. AIDS 2013; 27:2841-51. [PMID: 24105029 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We recently developed a HIVconsv vaccine strategy, consisting of combined conserved regions of HIV-1, to adequately cover viral diversity. To evaluate efficacy in nonhuman primates, an equivalent SIV-derived immunogen SIVconsv was designed and delivered as plasmid DNA or synthetic long peptides. DESIGN Rhesus macaques lacking protective MHC class I alleles Mamu-A*001 : 01, B*008 : 01, B*017 : 01 were immunized with either SIVconsv synthetic long peptides (S) alone or in combination with plasmid DNA encoding the same conserved regions (D) using SSS or DDSS regimens. METHODS The SIVconsv synthetic long peptide vaccine consisted of 46 approximately 30-amino acid-long peptides emulsified in Montanide ISA-720 and adjuvanted with pegylated type I interferon and imiquimod. RESULTS Both SSS and DDSS regimens generated high frequencies of SIV-specific IFN-γ-producing cells comparable with reported adenoviral vector systems. Strong polyfunctional CD4⁺ T-cell and modest CD8⁺ T-cell responses were generated, which were of central memory T-cell phenotype. Furthermore, SIVconsv-specific antibody responses were induced capable of recognizing the Env glycoprotein. Eight weeks after the last immunization, control and SIVconsv-vaccinated animals were challenged intrarectally with 10 MID50 of pathogenic SIVmac251. Two out of six animals in the DDSS group were protected against infection, while all 14 animals in the SSS and two control groups were infected. Vaccine induced SIV-specific IgG responses in mucosal washes prechallenge were highest in the two protected animals. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that vaccine-elicited responses towards conserved regions can afford partial protection against a high-dose intrarectal SIVmac251 challenge.
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