1
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Liu Y, Lam DMK, Luan M, Zheng W, Ai H. Recent development of oral vaccines (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:223. [PMID: 38590568 PMCID: PMC11000446 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral immunization can elicit an effective immune response and immune tolerance to specific antigens. When compared with the traditional injection route, delivering antigens via the gastrointestinal mucosa offers superior immune effects and compliance, as well as simplicity and convenience, making it a more optimal route for immunization. At present, various oral vaccine delivery systems exist. Certain modified bacteria, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli and particularly Lactobacillus, are considered promising carriers for oral vaccines. These carriers can significantly enhance immunization efficiency by actively replicating in the intestinal tract following oral administration. The present review provided a discussion of the main mechanisms of oral immunity and the research progress made in the field of oral vaccines. Additionally, it introduced the advantages and disadvantages of the currently more commonly administered injectable COVID-19 vaccines, alongside the latest advancements in this area. Furthermore, recent developments in oral vaccines are summarized, and their potential benefits and side effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Follicular Development and Reproductive Health in Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | | | - Mei Luan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Wenfu Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ai
- Key Laboratory of Follicular Development and Reproductive Health in Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
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2
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Jackson HK, Long HM, Yam‐Puc JC, Palmulli R, Haigh TA, Gerber PP, Lee JS, Matheson NJ, Young L, Trowsdale J, Lo M, Taylor GS, Thaventhiran JE, Edgar JR. Bioengineered small extracellular vesicles deliver multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigenic fragments and drive a broad immunological response. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12412. [PMID: 38339765 PMCID: PMC10858312 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the clear risk that zoonotic viruses pose to global health and economies. The scientific community responded by developing several efficacious vaccines which were expedited by the global need for vaccines. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections highlights the need for additional vaccine modalities to provide stronger, long-lived protective immunity. Here we report the design and preclinical testing of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) as a multi-subunit vaccine. Cell lines were engineered to produce sEVs containing either the SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor-binding domain, or an antigenic region from SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid, or both in combination, and we tested their ability to evoke immune responses in vitro and in vivo. B cells incubated with bioengineered sEVs were potent activators of antigen-specific T cell clones. Mice immunised with sEVs containing both sRBD and Nucleocapsid antigens generated sRBD-specific IgGs, nucleocapsid-specific IgGs, which neutralised SARS-CoV-2 infection. sEV-based vaccines allow multiple antigens to be delivered simultaneously resulting in potent, broad immunity, and provide a quick, cheap, and reliable method to test vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K. Jackson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Exosis, Inc. Palm BeachPalm BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Heather M. Long
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | | | - Tracey A. Haigh
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Pehuén Pereyra Gerber
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jin S. Lee
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Nicholas J. Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- NHS Blood and TransplantCambridgeUK
| | | | | | - Mathew Lo
- Exosis, Inc. Palm BeachPalm BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Graham S. Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - James R. Edgar
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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3
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Martínez-Antón JC, Brun A, Vázquez D, Moreno S, Fernández-Balbuena AA, Alda J. Determination of the characteristic inactivation fluence for SARS-CoV-2 under UV-C radiation considering light absorption in culture media. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15293. [PMID: 34315976 PMCID: PMC8316444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94648-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The optical absorption coefficient of culture media is critical for the survival analysis of pathogens under optical irradiation. The quality of the results obtained from experiments relies on the optical analysis of the spatial distribution of fluence which also depends on the geometry of the sample. In this contribution, we consider both the geometrical shape and the culture medium's absorption coefficient to evaluate how the spatial distribution of optical radiation affects pathogens/viruses. In this work, we exposed SARS-CoV-2 to UV-C radiation ([Formula: see text] = 254 nm) and we calculated-considering the influence of the optical absorption of the culture medium-a characteristic inactivation fluence of [Formula: see text] = 4.7 J/m2, or an equivalent 10% survival (D90 dose) of 10.8 J/m2. Experimentally, we diluted the virus into sessile drops of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium to evaluate pathogen activity after controlled doses of UV irradiation. To validate the optical absorption mode, we carried out an additional experiment where we varied droplet size. Our model-including optical absorption and geometrical considerations-provides robust results among a variety of experimental situations, and represents our experimental conditions more accurately. These results will help to evaluate the capability of UV disinfecting strategies applied to a variety of everyday situations, including the case of micro-droplets generated by respiratory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Martínez-Antón
- Applied Optics Complutense Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Arcos de Jalón, 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Carretera Algete-El Casar de Talamanca, Km 8.1, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Vázquez
- Applied Optics Complutense Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Arcos de Jalón, 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Carretera Algete-El Casar de Talamanca, Km 8.1, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio A Fernández-Balbuena
- Applied Optics Complutense Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Arcos de Jalón, 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Alda
- Applied Optics Complutense Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Arcos de Jalón, 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Smith SL, Anderson ER, Cansado-Utrilla C, Prince T, Farrell S, Brant B, Smyth S, Noble PJM, Pinchbeck GL, Marshall N, Roberts L, Hughes GL, Radford AD, Patterson EI. SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies in Dogs and Cats in the United Kingdom. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34189526 PMCID: PMC8240679 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.23.449594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Companion animals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and sporadic cases of pet infections have occurred in the United Kingdom. Here we present the first large-scale serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies in dogs and cats in the UK. Results are reported for 688 sera (454 canine, 234 feline) collected by a large veterinary diagnostic laboratory for routine haematology during three time periods; pre-COVID-19 (January 2020), during the first wave of UK human infections (April-May 2020) and during the second wave of UK human infections (September 2020-February 2021). Both pre-COVID-19 sera and those from the first wave tested negative. However, in sera collected during the second wave, 1.4% (n=4) of dogs and 2.2% (n=2) cats tested positive for neutralising antibodies. The low numbers of animals testing positive suggests pet animals are unlikely to be a major reservoir for human infection in the UK. However, continued surveillance of in-contact susceptible animals should be performed as part of ongoing population health surveillance initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley L Smith
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Enyia R Anderson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Cintia Cansado-Utrilla
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Tessa Prince
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Sean Farrell
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Bethaney Brant
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Stephen Smyth
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Peter-John M Noble
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Nikki Marshall
- Idexx Laboratories Ltd, Grange House, Sandbeck Way, Wetherby LS22 7DN
| | - Larry Roberts
- Idexx Laboratories Ltd, Grange House, Sandbeck Way, Wetherby LS22 7DN
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Alan D Radford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Edward I Patterson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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5
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Kim S, Hao Y, Miller EA, Tay DMY, Yee E, Kongsuphol P, Jia H, McBee M, Preiser PR, Sikes HD. Vertical Flow Cellulose-Based Assays for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection in Human Serum. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1891-1898. [PMID: 33822583 PMCID: PMC8043201 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and inexpensive serological tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies are essential to conduct large-scale seroprevalence surveys and can potentially complement nucleic acid or antigen tests at the point of care. During the COVID-19 pandemic, extreme demand for traditional lateral flow tests has stressed manufacturing capacity and supply chains. Motivated by this limitation, we developed a SARS-CoV-2 antibody test using cellulose, an alternative membrane material, and a double-antigen sandwich format. Functionalized SARS-CoV-2 antigens were used as both capture and reporter binders, replacing the anti-human antibodies currently used in lateral flow tests. The test could provide enhanced sensitivity because it labels only antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and the signal intensity is not diminished due to other human antibodies in serum. Three-dimensional channels in the assay were designed to have consistent flow rates and be easily manufactured by folding wax-printed paper. We demonstrated that this simple, vertical flow, cellulose-based assay could detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in clinical samples within 15 min, and the results were consistent with those from a laboratory, bead-based chemiluminescence immunoassay that was granted emergency use approval by the US FDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yining Hao
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric A. Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dousabel M. Y. Tay
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Emma Yee
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patthara Kongsuphol
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research
Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1
CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Huan Jia
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research
Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1
CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Megan McBee
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research
Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1
CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Peter R. Preiser
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research
Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1
CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang
Technological University Singapore, Singapore 639798,
Singapore
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Program in Polymers and Soft Matter,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research
Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1
CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
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6
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Buck MD, Poirier EZ, Cardoso A, Frederico B, Canton J, Barrell S, Beale R, Byrne R, Caidan S, Crawford M, Cubitt L, Gandhi S, Goldstone R, Grant PR, Gulati K, Hindmarsh S, Howell M, Hubank M, Instrell R, Jiang M, Kassiotis G, Lu WT, MacRae JI, Martini I, Miller D, Moore D, Nastouli E, Nicod J, Nightingale L, Olsen J, Oomatia A, O'Reilly N, Rideg A, Song OR, Strange A, Swanton C, Turajlic S, Wu M, Reis e Sousa C. SARS-CoV-2 detection by a clinical diagnostic RT-LAMP assay. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:9. [PMID: 34095506 PMCID: PMC8170534 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16517.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 calls for rapid and cost-effective methods to accurately identify infected individuals. The vast majority of patient samples is assessed for viral RNA presence by RT-qPCR. Our biomedical research institute, in collaboration between partner hospitals and an accredited clinical diagnostic laboratory, established a diagnostic testing pipeline that has reported on more than 252,000 RT-qPCR results since its commencement at the beginning of April 2020. However, due to ongoing demand and competition for critical resources, alternative testing strategies were sought. In this work, we present a clinically-validated procedure for high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-LAMP that is robust, reliable, repeatable, specific, and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Cardoso
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | - Sam Barrell
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rupert Beale
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Simon Caidan
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Laura Cubitt
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, NW1 2PG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Hubank
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | | | - Ming Jiang
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Wei-Ting Lu
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Moore
- University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, NW1 2PG, UK
- University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jerome Nicod
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Anett Rideg
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ok-Ryul Song
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Amy Strange
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Samra Turajlic
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Mary Wu
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - The Crick COVID-19 Consortium
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, NW1 2PG, UK
- Healh Service Laboratories, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
- The Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK
- University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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7
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Franco-Martínez L, Tecles F, Torres-Cantero A, Bernal E, San Lázaro I, Alcaraz MJ, Vicente-Romero MR, Lamy E, Sánchez-Resalt C, Rubio CP, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ. Analytical validation of an automated assay for the measurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and a pilot evaluation of their changes in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1592-1599. [PMID: 33908223 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to validate a commercially available automated assay for the measurement of total adenosine deaminase (tADA) and its isoenzymes (ADA1 and ADA2) in saliva in a fast and accurate way, and evaluate the possible changes of these analytes in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS The validation, in addition to the evaluation of precision and accuracy, included the analysis of the effects of the main procedures that are currently being used for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation in saliva and a pilot study to evaluate the possible changes in salivary tADA and isoenzymes in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS The automated assay proved to be accurate and precise, with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation below 8.2%, linearity under dilution linear regression with R2 close to 1, and recovery percentage between 80 and 120% in all cases. This assay was affected when the sample is treated with heat or SDS for virus inactivation but tolerated Triton X-100 and NP-40. Individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=71) and who recovered from infection (n=11) had higher mean values of activity of tADA and its isoenzymes than healthy individuals (n=35). CONCLUSIONS tADA and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 can be measured accurately and precisely in saliva samples in a rapid, economical, and reproducible way and can be analyzed after chemical inactivation with Triton X-100 and NP-40. Besides, the changes observed in tADA and isoenzymes in individuals with COVID-19 open the possibility of their potential use as non-invasive biomarkers in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Torres-Cantero
- Preventive Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Enrique Bernal
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad De Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Indra San Lázaro
- Preventive Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María José Alcaraz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad De Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María R Vicente-Romero
- Unit of Microbiology, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad De Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elsa Lamy
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Advanced Research and Training Institute (IIFA), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | | | - Camila P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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8
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Buck MD, Poirier EZ, Cardoso A, Frederico B, Canton J, Barrell S, Beale R, Byrne R, Caidan S, Crawford M, Cubitt L, Gandhi S, Goldstone R, Grant PR, Gulati K, Hindmarsh S, Howell M, Hubank M, Instrell R, Jiang M, Kassiotis G, Lu WT, MacRae JI, Martini I, Miller D, Moore D, Nastouli E, Nicod J, Nightingale L, Olsen J, Oomatia A, O'Reilly N, Rideg A, Song OR, Strange A, Swanton C, Turajlic S, Wu M, Reis e Sousa C. SARS-CoV-2 detection by a clinical diagnostic RT-LAMP assay. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:9. [PMID: 34095506 PMCID: PMC8170534 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16517.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 calls for rapid and cost-effective methods to accurately identify infected individuals. The vast majority of patient samples is assessed for viral RNA presence by RT-qPCR. Our biomedical research institute, in collaboration between partner hospitals and an accredited clinical diagnostic laboratory, established a diagnostic testing pipeline that has reported on more than 252,000 RT-qPCR results since its commencement at the beginning of April 2020. However, due to ongoing demand and competition for critical resources, alternative testing strategies were sought. In this work, we present a clinically-validated procedure for high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-LAMP in 25 minutes that is robust, reliable, repeatable, sensitive, specific, and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Cardoso
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | - Sam Barrell
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rupert Beale
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Simon Caidan
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Laura Cubitt
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, NW1 2PG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Hubank
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | | | - Ming Jiang
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Wei-Ting Lu
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Moore
- University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, NW1 2PG, UK
- University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jerome Nicod
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Anett Rideg
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ok-Ryul Song
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Amy Strange
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Samra Turajlic
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Mary Wu
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - The Crick COVID-19 Consortium
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, NW1 2PG, UK
- Healh Service Laboratories, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
- The Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK
- University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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9
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Shilts J, Crozier TWM, Greenwood EJD, Lehner PJ, Wright GJ. No evidence for basigin/CD147 as a direct SARS-CoV-2 spike binding receptor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:413. [PMID: 33432067 PMCID: PMC7801465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is known to enable viral invasion into human cells through direct binding to host receptors including ACE2. An alternate entry receptor for the virus was recently proposed to be basigin/CD147. These early studies have already prompted a clinical trial and multiple published hypotheses speculating on the role of this host receptor in viral infection and pathogenesis. Here, we report that we are unable to find evidence supporting the role of basigin as a putative spike binding receptor. Recombinant forms of the SARS-CoV-2 spike do not interact with basigin expressed on the surface of human cells, and by using specialized assays tailored to detect receptor interactions as weak or weaker than the proposed basigin-spike binding, we report no evidence for a direct interaction between the viral spike protein to either of the two common isoforms of basigin. Finally, removing basigin from the surface of human lung epithelial cells by CRISPR/Cas9 results in no change in their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the pressing need for clarity on which viral targets may lead to promising therapeutics, we present these findings to allow more informed decisions about the translational relevance of this putative mechanism in the race to understand and treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Shilts
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Thomas W M Crozier
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward J D Greenwood
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK.
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10
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Britton GJ, Chen-Liaw A, Cossarini F, Livanos AE, Spindler MP, Plitt T, Eggers J, Mogno I, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Siu S, Tankelevich M, Grinspan LT, Dixon RE, Jha D, van de Guchte A, Khan Z, Martinez-Delgado G, Amanat F, Hoagland DA, tenOever BR, Dubinsky MC, Merad M, van Bakel H, Krammer F, Bongers G, Mehandru S, Faith JJ. Limited intestinal inflammation despite diarrhea, fecal viral RNA and SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in patients with acute COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.09.03.20183947. [PMID: 32909002 PMCID: PMC7480054 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.03.20183947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We sought to characterize the role of the gastrointestinal immune system in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response associated with COVID-19. We measured cytokines, inflammatory markers, viral RNA, microbiome composition and antibody responses in stool from a cohort of 44 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in stool of 41% of patients and more frequently in patients with diarrhea. Patients who survived had lower fecal viral RNA than those who died. Strains isolated from stool and nasopharynx of an individual were the same. Compared to uninfected controls, COVID-19 patients had higher fecal levels of IL-8 and lower levels of fecal IL-10. Stool IL-23 was higher in patients with more severe COVID-19 disease, and we found evidence of intestinal virus-specific IgA responses associated with more severe disease. We provide evidence for an ongoing humeral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal tract, but little evidence of overt inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Britton
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Alice Chen-Liaw
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Francesca Cossarini
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Alexandra E. Livanos
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Matthew P. Spindler
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Tamar Plitt
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Joseph Eggers
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ilaria Mogno
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Ana S. Gonzalez-Reiche
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Sophia Siu
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Michael Tankelevich
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Lauren Tal Grinspan
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Rebekah E. Dixon
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Divya Jha
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Adriana van de Guchte
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Zenab Khan
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Gustavo Martinez-Delgado
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029
| | - Daisy A. Hoagland
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029
- Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Benjamin R. tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marla C. Dubinsky
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gerold Bongers
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jeremiah J. Faith
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
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11
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Raeiszadeh M, Adeli B. A Critical Review on Ultraviolet Disinfection Systems against COVID-19 Outbreak: Applicability, Validation, and Safety Considerations. ACS PHOTONICS 2020; 7:2941-2951. [PMID: 37556269 PMCID: PMC7571309 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The global health-threatening crisis from the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), highlights the scientific and engineering potentials of applying ultraviolet (UV) disinfection technologies for biocontaminated air and surfaces as the major media for disease transmission. Nowadays, various environmental public settings worldwide, from hospitals and health care facilities to shopping malls and airports, are considering implementation of UV disinfection devices for disinfection of frequently touched surfaces and circulating air streams. Moreover, the general public utilizes UV sterilization devices for various surfaces, from doorknobs and keypads to personal protective equipment, or air purification devices with an integrated UV disinfection technology. However, limited understanding of critical UV disinfection aspects can lead to improper use of this promising technology. In this work, fundamentals of UV disinfection phenomena are addressed; furthermore, the essential parameters and protocols to guarantee the efficacy of the UV sterilization process in a human-safe manner are systematically elaborated. In addition, the latest updates from the open literature on UV dose requirements for incremental log removal of SARS-CoV-2 are reviewed remarking the advancements and existing knowledge gaps. This study, along with the provided illustrations, will play an essential role in the design and fabrication of effective, reliable, and safe UV disinfection systems applicable to preventing viral contagion in the current COVID-19 pandemic, as well as potential future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Raeiszadeh
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, The University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4,
Canada
- Department of Research and
Development, Acuva Technologies, Burnaby,
BC V5J 5G5, Canada
| | - Babak Adeli
- Department of Research and
Development, Acuva Technologies, Burnaby,
BC V5J 5G5, Canada
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12
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Analysis of Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Specimen Transport Media, Nucleic Acid Extraction Reagents, Detergents, and Fixatives. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01713-20. [PMID: 32839250 PMCID: PMC7587104 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01713-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated a multifaceted rapid response by the scientific community, bringing researchers, health officials, and industry together to address the ongoing public health emergency. To meet this challenge, participants need an informed approach for working safely with the etiological agent, the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Work with infectious SARS-CoV-2 is currently restricted to high-containment laboratories, but material can be handled at a lower containment level after inactivation. The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated a multifaceted rapid response by the scientific community, bringing researchers, health officials, and industry together to address the ongoing public health emergency. To meet this challenge, participants need an informed approach for working safely with the etiological agent, the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Work with infectious SARS-CoV-2 is currently restricted to high-containment laboratories, but material can be handled at a lower containment level after inactivation. Given the wide array of inactivation reagents that are being used in laboratories during this pandemic, it is vital that their effectiveness is thoroughly investigated. Here, we evaluated a total of 23 commercial reagents designed for clinical sample transportation, nucleic acid extraction, and virus inactivation for their ability to inactivate SARS-CoV-2, as well as seven other common chemicals, including detergents and fixatives. As part of this study, we have also tested five filtration matrices for their effectiveness at removing the cytotoxic elements of each reagent, permitting accurate determination of levels of infectious virus remaining following treatment. In addition to providing critical data informing inactivation methods and risk assessments for diagnostic and research laboratories working with SARS-CoV-2, these data provide a framework for other laboratories to validate their inactivation processes and to guide similar studies for other pathogens.
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13
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Patterson EI, Elia G, Grassi A, Giordano A, Desario C, Medardo M, Smith SL, Anderson ER, Prince T, Patterson GT, Lorusso E, Lucente MS, Lanave G, Lauzi S, Bonfanti U, Stranieri A, Martella V, Basano FS, Barrs VR, Radford AD, Agrimi U, Hughes GL, Paltrinieri S, Decaro N. Evidence of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in cats and dogs from households in Italy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32743588 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.21.214346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 originated in animals and is now easily transmitted between people. Sporadic detection of natural cases in animals alongside successful experimental infections of pets, such as cats, ferrets and dogs, raises questions about the susceptibility of animals under natural conditions of pet ownership. Here we report a large-scale study to assess SARS-CoV-2 infection in 817 companion animals living in northern Italy, sampled at a time of frequent human infection. No animals tested PCR positive. However, 3.4% of dogs and 3.9% of cats had measurable SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers, with dogs from COVID-19 positive households being significantly more likely to test positive than those from COVID-19 negative households. Understanding risk factors associated with this and their potential to infect other species requires urgent investigation. One Sentence Summary SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in pets from Italy.
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