1
|
Azami M, Moradi Y, Moradkhani A, Aghaei A. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence around the world: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:81. [PMID: 35655237 PMCID: PMC9160514 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covid-19 has been one of the major concerns around the world in the last 2 years. One of the challenges of this disease has been to determine its prevalence. Conflicting results of the serology test in Covid explored the need for an updated meta-analysis on this issue. Thus, this systematic review aimed to estimate the prevalence of global SARS-CoV-2 serology in different populations and geographical areas. METHODS To identify studies evaluating the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2, a comprehensive literature search was performed from international databases, including Medline (PubMed), Web of Sciences, Scopus, EMBASE, and CINHAL. RESULTS In this meta-analysis, the results showed that SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence is between 3 and 15% worldwide. In Eastern Mediterranean, the pooled estimate of seroprevalence SARS-CoV-2 was 15% (CI 95% 5-29%), and in Africa, the pooled estimate was 6% (CI 95% 1-13%). In America, the pooled estimate was 8% (CI 95% 6-11%), and in Europe, the pooled estimate was 5% (CI 95% 4-6%). Also the last region, Western Pacific, the pooled estimate was 3% (CI 95% 2-4%). Besides, we analyzed three of these areas separately. This analysis estimated the prevalence in subgroups such as study population, diagnostic methods, sampling methods, time, perspective, and type of the study. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis showed that the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 has been between 3 and 15% worldwide. Even considering the low estimate of this rate and the increasing vaccination in the world, many people are still susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mobin Azami
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Yousef Moradi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Asra Moradkhani
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran.
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
West EA, Kotoun OJ, Schori LJ, Kopp J, Kaufmann M, Rasi M, Fehr J, Puhan MA, Frei A. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, associated factors, experiences and attitudes of nursing home and home healthcare employees in Switzerland. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:259. [PMID: 35296242 PMCID: PMC8924739 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies in hospital settings exist and have shown healthcare employees to be particularly exposed to SARS-CoV-2. While research focused on hospital staff, little evidence exists for employees in nursing homes and home care. The aims of this study were to assess the seroprevalence in nursing homes and home care employees in the Canton of Zurich, compare it to the general population, assess factors associated with seropositivity and explore the perspective of the employees regarding how the pandemic changed their daily work. METHODS This cross-sectional study is part of the national Corona Immunitas research program of coordinated, seroprevalence studies in Switzerland. Six nursing homes and six home healthcare organizations providing at home care services in Zurich were selected and 296 and 131 employees were recruited, respectively. Assessments included standardized questionnaires, blood sampling for antibodies, and additional work-specific questions. All participants were recruited between 21st September and 23rd October 2020, before the second wave of the pandemic hit Switzerland, and were possibly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 at their work during the first wave in spring 2020. RESULTS Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was 14.9% (95% CI 11.1%-19.6%; range 3.8% to 24.4%) for nursing home employees and 3.8% (95% CI 1.4-9.1%; range 0% to 10%) for home healthcare employees, compared to the general population of Zurich at 3.5% in September 2020 for those aged 20-64. Nurses were 2.6 times more likely to have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies than those employees who were not nurses (95% CI 1.1-6.2). The employees (nursing homes vs. home healthcare) perceived the implementation of general safety measures (44.9% vs. 57.3%) and wearing masks during work (36.8% vs. 43.5%), especially due to the limited communication with residents/clients, as the most crucial changes. CONCLUSIONS Nursing home employees who worked through SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks at their work were substantially more affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the general population and to home healthcare employees who similarly worked through outbreaks in their communities. Employees reported that important resources to cope with the burdensome changes they perceived in their daily work were personal resources and team support. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN18181860 dated 09/07/2020. Retrospectively registered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A West
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Olivia J Kotoun
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larissa J Schori
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Kopp
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Kaufmann
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Rasi
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Fehr
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milo A Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Frei
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Neumann M, Aigner A, Rossow E, Schwarz D, Marschallek M, Steinmann J, Stücker R, Koenigs I, Stock P. Low SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence but high perception of risk among healthcare workers at children's hospital before second pandemic wave in Germany. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:484-494. [PMID: 34415560 PMCID: PMC8378295 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers are considered a particularly high-risk group during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Healthcare workers in paediatrics are a unique subgroup: they come into frequent contact with children, who often experience few or no symptoms when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and, therefore, may transmit the disease to unprotected staff. In Germany, no studies exist evaluating the risk of COVID-19 to healthcare workers in paediatric institutions. METHODS We tested the staff at a large children's hospital in Germany for immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 in a period between the first and second epidemic wave in Germany. We used a questionnaire to assess each individual's exposure risk and his/her own perception of having already been infected with SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS We recruited 619 participants from all sectors, clinical and non-clinical, constituting 70% of the entire staff. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 0.325% (95% confidence interval 0.039-1.168). Self-perceived risk of a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased with age (odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.93). Having experienced symptoms more than doubled the odds of a high self-perceived risk (odds ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.59-3.00). There was no significant difference in self-perceived risk between men and women. CONCLUSIONS Seroprevalence was low among healthcare workers at a large children's hospital in Germany before the second epidemic wave, and it was far from a level that confers herd immunity. Self-perceived risk of infection is often overestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Neumann
- Department of Paediatrics, Altona Children's Hospital, Universität Hamburg, Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Aigner
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eileen Rossow
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Schwarz
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Marschallek
- Department of Paediatrics, Altona Children's Hospital, Universität Hamburg, Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinmann
- Labor Dr. Fenner and Colleagues, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Paediatrics, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Stücker
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Koenigs
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Stock
- Department of Paediatrics, Altona Children's Hospital, Universität Hamburg, Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reicher S, Ratzon R, Ben-Sahar S, Hermoni-Alon S, Mossinson D, Shenhar Y, Friger M, Lustig Y, Alroy-Preis S, Anis E, Sadetzki S, Kaliner E. Nationwide seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Israel. Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:727-734. [PMID: 33884542 PMCID: PMC8059683 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-021-00749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The first local spread of COVID-19 in Israel was detected in March 2020. Due to the diversity in clinical presentations of COVID-19, diagnosis by RT-PCR alone might miss patients with mild or no symptoms. Serology testing may better evaluate the actual magnitude of the spread of infection in the population. This is the first nationwide seroprevalence study conducted in Israel. It is one of the most widespread to be conducted thus far, and the largest per-country population size. The survey was conducted between June 28 and September 14, 2020 and included 54,357 patients who arrived at the Health Maintenance Organizations to undergo a blood test for any reason. A patient was considered seropositive after two consecutive positive results with two different kits (Abbott and DiaSorin).The overall seroprevalence was 3.8% (95%CI 3.7-4.0), males higher than females [4.9% (95%CI 4.6-5.2) vs. 3.1% (95%CI 2.9-3.3) respectively]. Adolescents had the highest prevalence [7.8% (95%CI 7.0-8.6)] compared to other age groups. Participants who had undergone RT-PCR testing had a tenfold higher risk to be seropositive. The prevalence-to-incidence ratio was 4.5-15.7. Serology testing is an important complimentary tool for assessing the actual magnitude of infection and thus essential for implementing policy measures to control the pandemic. A positive serology test result was recently accepted in Israel as being sufficient to define recovery, with possible far-reaching consequences, such as the deploying of employees to ensure the maintenance of a functional economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shay Reicher
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ronit Ratzon
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shay Ben-Sahar
- Schneider Children's Medical Center, Clalit Research Institute, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - David Mossinson
- Meuhedet Health Services, 124 Ibn Gvirol Street, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yotam Shenhar
- Leumit Health Services, 3 Ariel Sharon Street, Or Yehuda, Israel
| | - Michael Friger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sharon Alroy-Preis
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Emilia Anis
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Siegal Sadetzki
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Gertner Institute, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ehud Kaliner
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only adjuvant licensed for human use for the next 70 years. Since the 1990s, a further five adjuvants have been included in licensed vaccines, but the molecular mechanisms by which these adjuvants work remain only partially understood. However, a revolution in our understanding of the activation of the innate immune system through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is improving the mechanistic understanding of adjuvants, and recent conceptual advances highlight the notion that tissue damage, different forms of cell death, and metabolic and nutrient sensors can all modulate the innate immune system to activate adaptive immunity. Furthermore, recent advances in the use of systems biology to probe the molecular networks driving immune response to vaccines ('systems vaccinology') are revealing mechanistic insights and providing a new paradigm for the vaccine discovery and development process. Here, we review the 'known knowns' and 'known unknowns' of adjuvants, discuss these emerging concepts and highlight how our expanding knowledge about innate immunity and systems vaccinology are revitalizing the science and development of novel adjuvants for use in vaccines against COVID-19 and future pandemics.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mahalingasivam V, Tomlinson L. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in patients on haemodialysis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:225-226. [PMID: 33230249 PMCID: PMC7682124 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-00379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie Tomlinson
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|