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Tatham L, Kipar A, Sharp J, Kijak E, Herriott J, Neary M, Box H, Gallardo Toledo E, Valentijn A, Cox H, Pertinez H, Curley P, Arshad U, Rajoli RKR, Rannard S, Stewart JP, Owen A. Ronapreve (REGN-CoV; casirivimab and imdevimab) reduces the viral burden and alters the pulmonary response to the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) in K18-hACE2 mice using an experimental design reflective of a treatment use case. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0391623. [PMID: 39012120 PMCID: PMC11302283 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03916-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
With some exceptions, global policymakers have recommended against the use of existing monoclonal antibodies in COVID-19 due to loss of neutralization of newer variants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Ronapreve on compartmental viral replication using paradigms for susceptible and insusceptible variants. Virological efficacy and impact on pathogenicity was assessed in K18-hACE2 mice inoculated with either the Delta or BA.1 Omicron variants. Ronapreve reduced sub-genomic viral RNA levels in lung and nasal turbinate, 4 and 6 days post-infection, for the Delta variant but not the Omicron variant. It also blocked brain infection, which is seen with high frequency in K18-hACE2 mice after Delta variant infection. At day 6, the inflammatory response to lung infection with the Delta variant was altered to a multifocal granulomatous inflammation in which the virus appeared to be confined. The current study provides evidence of an altered tissue response to SARS-CoV-2 after treatment with a monoclonal antibody combination that retains neutralization activity. These data demonstrate that experimental designs that reflect treatment use cases are achievable in animal models for monoclonal antibodies. Extreme caution should be taken when interpreting prophylactic experimental designs that may not be representative of treatment.IMPORTANCEFollowing the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, the WHO recommended against the use of Ronapreve in its COVID-19 treatment guidelines due to a lack of efficacy based on current pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic understanding. However, the continued use of Ronapreve, specifically in vulnerable patients, was advocated by some based on in vitro neutralization data. Here, the virological efficacy of Ronapreve was demonstrated in both the lung and brain compartments using Delta as a paradigm for a susceptible variant. Conversely, a lack of virological efficacy was demonstrated for the Omicron variant. Comparable concentrations of both monoclonal antibodies were observed in the plasma of Delta- and Omicron-infected mice. This study made use of a reliable murine model for SARS-CoV-2 infection, an experimental design reflective of treatment, and demonstrated the utility of this approach when assessing the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/physiology
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19/immunology
- Lung/virology
- Lung/pathology
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Humans
- Disease Models, Animal
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Viral Load/drug effects
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Female
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Tatham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Edyta Kijak
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Herriott
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Neary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Box
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo Gallardo Toledo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Valentijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Pertinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Curley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Usman Arshad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rajith Kumar Reddy Rajoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Rannard
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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González-Paz L, Lossada C, Hurtado-León ML, Vera-Villalobos J, Paz JL, Marrero-Ponce Y, Martinez-Rios F, Alvarado Y. Biophysical Analysis of Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Cell Recognition and Their Effect on Viral Dynamics in Different Cell Types: A Computational Prediction from In Vitro Experimental Data. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8923-8939. [PMID: 38434903 PMCID: PMC10905729 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Recent reports have suggested that the susceptibility of cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection can be influenced by various proteins that potentially act as receptors for the virus. To investigate this further, we conducted simulations of viral dynamics using different cellular systems (Vero E6, HeLa, HEK293, and CaLu3) in the presence and absence of drugs (anthelmintic, ARBs, anticoagulant, serine protease inhibitor, antimalarials, and NSAID) that have been shown to impact cellular recognition by the spike protein based on experimental data. Our simulations revealed that the susceptibility of the simulated cell systems to SARS-CoV-2 infection was similar across all tested systems. Notably, CaLu3 cells exhibited the highest susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, potentially due to the presence of receptors other than ACE2, which may account for a significant portion of the observed susceptibility. Throughout the study, all tested compounds showed thermodynamically favorable and stable binding to the spike protein. Among the tested compounds, the anticoagulant nafamostat demonstrated the most favorable characteristics in terms of thermodynamics, kinetics, theoretical antiviral activity, and potential safety (toxicity) in relation to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated infections in the tested cell lines. This study provides mathematical and bioinformatic models that can aid in the identification of optimal cell lines for compound evaluation and detection, particularly in studies focused on repurposed drugs and their mechanisms of action. It is important to note that these observations should be experimentally validated, and this research is expected to inspire future quantitative experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin González-Paz
- Centro
de Biomedicina Molecular (CBM). Laboratorio de Biocomputación
(LB),Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones
Científicas (IVIC),Maracaibo, Zulia 4001, República Bolivariana de Venezuela
| | - Carla Lossada
- Centro
de Biomedicina Molecular (CBM). Laboratorio de Biocomputación
(LB),Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones
Científicas (IVIC),Maracaibo, Zulia 4001, República Bolivariana de Venezuela
| | - María Laura Hurtado-León
- Facultad
Experimental de Ciencias (FEC). Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio
de Genética y Biología Molecular (LGBM),Universidad del Zulia (LUZ),Maracaibo 4001, República Bolivariana de Venezuela
| | - Joan Vera-Villalobos
- Facultad
de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Departamento de Química
y Ciencias Ambientales, Laboratorio de Análisis Químico
Instrumental (LAQUINS), Escuela Superior
Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil EC090112, Ecuador
| | - José L. Paz
- Departamento
Académico de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de
Química e Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Cercado de Lima, Lima 15081, Perú
| | - Yovani Marrero-Ponce
- Grupo
de Medicina Molecular y Traslacional (MeM&T), Colegio de Ciencias
de la Salud (COCSA), Escuela de Medicina, Edificio de Especialidades
Médicas; e Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISC-USFQ),
Diego de Robles y vía Interoceánica, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Pichincha 170157, Ecuador
| | - Felix Martinez-Rios
- Universidad
Panamericana. Facultad de Ingeniería. Augusto Rodin 498, Ciudad de México 03920, México
| | - Ysaías.
J. Alvarado
- Centro
de Biomedicina Molecular (CBM). Laboratorio de Química Biofísica
Teórica y Experimental (LQBTE),Instituto
Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC),Maracaibo, Zulia 4001, República Bolivariana
de Venezuela
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3
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Mykytyn AZ, Breugem TI, Geurts MH, Beumer J, Schipper D, van Acker R, van den Doel PB, van Royen ME, Zhang J, Clevers H, Haagmans BL, Lamers MM. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron entry is type II transmembrane serine protease-mediated in human airway and intestinal organoid models. J Virol 2023; 97:e0085123. [PMID: 37555660 PMCID: PMC10506477 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00851-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 can enter cells after its spike protein is cleaved by either type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), like TMPRSS2, or cathepsins. It is now widely accepted that the Omicron variant uses TMPRSS2 less efficiently and instead enters cells via cathepsins, but these findings have yet to be verified in more relevant cell models. Although we could confirm efficient cathepsin-mediated entry for Omicron in a monkey kidney cell line, experiments with protease inhibitors showed that Omicron (BA.1 and XBB1.5) did not use cathepsins for entry into human airway organoids and instead utilized TTSPs. Likewise, CRISPR-edited intestinal organoids showed that entry of Omicron BA.1 relied on the expression of the serine protease TMPRSS2 but not cathepsin L or B. Together, these data force us to rethink the concept that Omicron has adapted to cathepsin-mediated entry and indicate that TTSP inhibitors should not be dismissed as prophylactic or therapeutic antiviral strategy against SARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE Coronavirus entry relies on host proteases that activate the viral fusion protein, spike. These proteases determine the viral entry route, tropism, host range, and can be attractive drug targets. Whereas earlier studies using cell lines suggested that the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has changed its protease usage, from cell surface type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) to endosomal cathepsins, we report that this is not the case in human airway and intestinal organoid models, suggesting that host TTSP inhibition is still a viable prophylactic or therapeutic antiviral strategy against current SARS-CoV-2 variants and highlighting the importance of relevant human in vitro cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z. Mykytyn
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim I. Breugem
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten H. Geurts
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Debby Schipper
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Romy van Acker
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Martin E. van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jingshu Zhang
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mart M. Lamers
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Kant R, Kareinen L, Ojha R, Strandin T, Saber SH, Lesnikova A, Kuivanen S, Sirnonen T, Joensuu M, Vapalahti O, Kirchhausen T, Kipar A, Balistreri G. Complete Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Lung Infection in Mice Through Combined Intranasal Delivery of PIKfyve Kinase and TMPRSS2 Protease Inhibitors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549731. [PMID: 37503261 PMCID: PMC10370096 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Emerging variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2 can significantly reduce the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of vaccines and neutralizing antibodies due to mutations in the viral genome. Targeting cell host factors required for infection provides a complementary strategy to overcome this problem since the host genome is less susceptible to variation during the life span of infection. The enzymatic activities of the endosomal PIKfyve phosphoinositide kinase and the serine protease TMPRSS2 are essential to meditate infection in two complementary viral entry pathways. Simultaneous inhibition in cultured cells of their enzymatic activities with the small molecule inhibitors apilimod dimesylate and nafamostat mesylate synergistically prevent viral entry and infection of native SARS-CoV-2 and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-SARS-CoV-2 chimeras expressing the SARS-CoV-2 surface spike (S) protein and of variants of concern. We now report prophylactic prevention of lung infection in mice intranasally infected with SARS-CoV-2 beta by combined intranasal delivery of very low doses of apilimod dimesylate and nafamostat mesylate, in a formulation that is stable for over 3 months at room temperature. Administration of these drugs up to 6 hours post infection did not inhibit infection of the lungs but substantially reduced death of infected airway epithelial cells. The efficiency and simplicity of formulation of the drug combination suggests its suitability as prophylactic or therapeutic treatment against SARS-CoV-2 infection in households, point of care facilities, and under conditions where refrigeration would not be readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kant
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Kareinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ravi Ojha
- Medicum Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomas Strandin
- Medicum Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saber Hassan Saber
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Angelina Lesnikova
- Medicum Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tarja Sirnonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Joensuu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anja Kipar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Medicum Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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5
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Tatham L, Kipar A, Sharp J, Kijak E, Herriott J, Neary M, Box H, Toledo EG, Valentijn A, Cox H, Pertinez H, Curley P, Arshad U, Rajoli RKR, Rannard S, Stewart J, Owen A. Ronapreve (REGN-CoV; casirivimab and imdevimab) reduces the viral burden and alters the pulmonary response to the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) in K18-hACE2 mice using an experimental design reflective of a treatment use case. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.01.23.477397. [PMID: 35118468 PMCID: PMC8811901 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.23.477397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Ronapreve demonstrated clinical application in post-exposure prophylaxis, mild/moderate disease and in the treatment of seronegative patients with severe COVID19 prior to the emergence of the Omicron variant in late 2021. Numerous reports have described loss of in vitro neutralisation activity of Ronapreve and other monoclonal antibodies for BA.1 Omicron and subsequent sub-lineages of the Omicron variant. With some exceptions, global policy makers have recommended against the use of existing monoclonal antibodies in COVID19. Gaps in knowledge regarding the mechanism of action of monoclonal antibodies are noted, and further preclinical study will help understand positioning of new monoclonal antibodies under development. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Ronapreve on compartmental viral replication as a paradigm for a monoclonal antibody combination. The study also sought to confirm absence of in vivo activity against BA.1 Omicron (B.1.1.529) relative to the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant. Methods Virological efficacy of Ronapreve was assessed in K18-hACE2 mice inoculated with either the SARS-CoV-2 Delta or Omicron variants. Viral replication in tissues was quantified using qRT-PCR to measure sub-genomic viral RNA to the E gene (sgE) as a proxy. A histological examination in combination with staining for viral antigen served to determine viral spread and associated damage. Results Ronapreve reduced sub-genomic viral RNA levels in lung and nasal turbinate, 4 and 6 days post infection, for the Delta variant but not the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 at doses 2-fold higher than those shown to be active against previous variants of the virus. It also appeared to block brain infection which is seen with high frequency in K18-hACE2 mice after Delta variant infection. At day 6, the inflammatory response to lung infection with the Delta variant was altered to a mild multifocal granulomatous inflammation in which the virus appeared to be confined. A similar tendency was also observed in Omicron infected, Ronapreve-treated animals. Conclusions The current study provides evidence of an altered tissue response to the SARS-CoV-2 after treatment with a monoclonal antibody combination that retains neutralization activity. These data also demonstrate that experimental designs that reflect the treatment use case are achievable in animal models for monoclonal antibodies deployed against susceptible variants. Extreme caution should be taken when interpreting prophylactic experimental designs when assessing plausibility of monoclonal antibodies for treatment use cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Tatham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edyta Kijak
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne Herriott
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Megan Neary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen Box
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Eduardo Gallardo Toledo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anthony Valentijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Henry Pertinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Curley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Usman Arshad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rajith KR Rajoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Steve Rannard
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Adlhoch C, Aznar I, Baldinelli F, Boklund A, Broglia A, Gerhards N, Mur L, Nannapaneni P, Ståhl K. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07822. [PMID: 36860662 PMCID: PMC9968901 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals is continually evolving. To date, animal species known to transmit SARS-CoV-2 are American mink, raccoon dog, cat, ferret, hamster, house mouse, Egyptian fruit bat, deer mouse and white-tailed deer. Among farmed animals, American mink have the highest likelihood to become infected from humans or animals and further transmit SARS-CoV-2. In the EU, 44 outbreaks were reported in 2021 in mink farms in seven MSs, while only six in 2022 in two MSs, thus representing a decreasing trend. The introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into mink farms is usually via infected humans; this can be controlled by systematically testing people entering farms and adequate biosecurity. The current most appropriate monitoring approach for mink is the outbreak confirmation based on suspicion, testing dead or clinically sick animals in case of increased mortality or positive farm personnel and the genomic surveillance of virus variants. The genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 showed mink-specific clusters with a potential to spill back into the human population. Among companion animals, cats, ferrets and hamsters are those at highest risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which most likely originates from an infected human, and which has no or very low impact on virus circulation in the human population. Among wild animals (including zoo animals), mostly carnivores, great apes and white-tailed deer have been reported to be naturally infected by SARS-CoV-2. In the EU, no cases of infected wildlife have been reported so far. Proper disposal of human waste is advised to reduce the risks of spill-over of SARS-CoV-2 to wildlife. Furthermore, contact with wildlife, especially if sick or dead, should be minimised. No specific monitoring for wildlife is recommended apart from testing hunter-harvested animals with clinical signs or found-dead. Bats should be monitored as a natural host of many coronaviruses.
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Box H, Pennington SH, Kijak E, Tatham L, Caygill CH, Lopeman RC, Jeffreys LN, Herriott J, Sharp J, Neary M, Valentijn A, Pertinez H, Curley P, Arshad U, Rajoli RKR, Rannard S, Stewart JP, Biagini GA, Owen A. Lack of antiviral activity of probenecid in Vero E6 cells and Syrian golden hamsters: a need for better understanding of inter-lab differences in preclinical assays. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.03.03.482788. [PMID: 35262084 PMCID: PMC8902890 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.03.482788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral interventions are urgently required to support vaccination programmes and reduce the global burden of COVID-19. Prior to initiation of large-scale clinical trials, robust preclinical data in support of candidate plausibility are required. The speed at which preclinical models have been developed during the pandemic are unprecedented but there is a vital need for standardisation and assessment of the Critical Quality Attributes. This work provides cross-validation for the recent report demonstrating potent antiviral activity of probenecid against SARS-CoV-2 in preclinical models (1). Vero E6 cells were pre-incubated with probenecid, across a 7-point concentration range, or control media for 2 hours before infection with SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2/Human/Liverpool/REMRQ0001/2020, Pango B; MOI 0.05). Probenecid or control media was then reapplied and plates incubated for 48 hours. Cells were fixed with 4% v/v paraformaldehyde, stained with crystal violet and cytopathic activity quantified by spectrophotometry at 590 nm. Syrian golden hamsters (n=5 per group) were intranasally inoculated with virus (SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant B.1.617.2; 103 PFU/hamster) for 24 hours prior to treatment. Hamsters were treated with probenecid or vehicle for 4 doses. Hamsters were ethically euthanised before quantification of total and sub-genomic pulmonary viral RNAs. No inhibition of cytopathic activity was observed for probenecid at any concentration in Vero E6 cells. Furthermore, no reduction in either total or subgenomic RNA was observed in terminal lung samples from hamsters on day 3 (P > 0.05). Body weight of uninfected hamsters remained stable throughout the course of the experiment whereas both probenecid- (6 - 9% over 3 days) and vehicle-treated (5 - 10% over 3 days) infected hamsters lost body weight which was comparable in magnitude (P > 0.5). The presented data do not support probenecid as a SARS-CoV-2 antiviral. These data do not support use of probenecid in COVID-19 and further analysis is required prior to initiation of clinical trials to investigate the potential utility of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Box
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Shaun H Pennington
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA
| | - Edyta Kijak
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Lee Tatham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Claire H Caygill
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA
| | - Rose C Lopeman
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA
| | - Laura N Jeffreys
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA
| | - Joanne Herriott
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Joanne Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Megan Neary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Anthony Valentijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Henry Pertinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Paul Curley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Usman Arshad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Rajith KR Rajoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Steve Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Giancarlo A Biagini
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
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