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Cherneha M, Zydek I, Braß P, Korth J, Jansen S, Esser S, Karsten CB, Meyer F, Kraiselburd I, Dittmer U, Lindemann M, Horn PA, Witzke O, Thümmler L, Krawczyk A. Immunogenicity of the Monovalent Omicron XBB.1.5-Adapted BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine in People Living with HIV (PLWH). Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:785. [PMID: 39066423 PMCID: PMC11281445 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While SARS-CoV-2 has transitioned to an endemic phase, infections caused by newly emerged variants continue to result in severe, and sometimes fatal, outcomes or lead to long-term COVID-19 symptoms. Vulnerable populations, such as PLWH, face an elevated risk of severe illness. Emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2, including numerous Omicron subvariants, are increasingly associated with breakthrough infections. Adapting mRNA vaccines to these new variants may offer improved protection against Omicron for vulnerable individuals. In this study, we examined humoral and cellular immune responses before and after administering adapted booster vaccinations to PLWH, alongside a control group of healthy individuals. Four weeks following booster vaccination, both groups exhibited a significant increase in neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses. Notably, there was no significant difference in humoral immune response between PLWH and the healthy controls. Immune responses declined rapidly in both groups three months post vaccination. However, PLWH still showed significantly increased neutralizing antibody titers even after three months. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of the adapted vaccination regimen. The results suggest that regular booster immunizations may be necessary to sustain protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Cherneha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (I.Z.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (L.T.)
| | - Isabel Zydek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (I.Z.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (L.T.)
| | - Peer Braß
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (I.Z.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (L.T.)
| | - Johannes Korth
- Department of Nephrology, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- Practice for Kidney Diseases, Dialysis and Apheresis, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Jansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (I.Z.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (L.T.)
| | - Stefan Esser
- Institute for the Research on HIV and AIDS-Associated Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.E.); (C.B.K.)
| | - Christina B. Karsten
- Institute for the Research on HIV and AIDS-Associated Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.E.); (C.B.K.)
| | - Folker Meyer
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (F.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Ivana Kraiselburd
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (F.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.L.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.L.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (I.Z.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (L.T.)
| | - Laura Thümmler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (I.Z.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (L.T.)
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.L.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (I.Z.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (L.T.)
- Institute for Virology, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
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Lamacchia G, Salvati L, Kiros ST, Mazzoni A, Vanni A, Capone M, Carnasciali A, Farahvachi P, Lagi F, Di Lauria N, Rocca A, Colao MG, Liotta F, Cosmi L, Rossolini GM, Bartoloni A, Maggi L, Annunziato F. Fourth Dose of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Transiently Reactivates Spike-Specific Immunological Memory in People Living with HIV (PLWH). Biomedicines 2022; 10:3261. [PMID: 36552017 PMCID: PMC9775459 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: People Living With HIV (PLWH), with advanced disease, lower CD4+ T cell counts or an unsuppressed HIV viral load can have a suboptimal vaccine response. For this reason, in the current COVID-19 pandemic, they represent a prioritized population for the SARS-CoV-2 fourth (or second booster) vaccine dose. This work aims to investigate the effects of a second booster on the reactivation of the spike-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in PLWH. Methods: A total of eight PLWH, who received a fourth dose of the original mRNA vaccines were enrolled. They were evaluated before and then 7 days, 1 month and 2 months after the injection. The humoral response was assessed via a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Immunophenotyping and the functional evaluation of the SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune responses were performed via flow cytometry. Results: Anti-spike IgG levels were above the cut-off value for all subjects at all timepoints. The spike-specific CD4+ T cell response was reactivated one week after the fourth vaccine dose, and on average declined at two months post-vaccination. A similar trend was observed for the spike-specific B cells. A low percentage of spike-specific CD4+ T cells was activated by the B.1.1.529 BA.1 Omicron-spike mutated peptides, and the majority of these cells were reactive to the conserved portions of the spike protein. Similarly, the majority of the spike-specific memory B cells were able to bind both Wuhan and Omicron-spike entire protein. Conclusions: Spike-specific adaptive immune responses are transiently reactivated in PLWH following the fourth mRNA vaccine dose. The breadth of the immune responses to the mutated spike protein provides insight on the possible cross-reactivity for the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lamacchia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Salvati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Seble Tekle Kiros
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Vanni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela Capone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Carnasciali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Parham Farahvachi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Lagi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Di Lauria
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Arianna Rocca
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Colao
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Immunoallergology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
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