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Chen Y, He X, Cai J, Li Q. Functional aspects of the brain lymphatic drainage system in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. J Biomed Res 2024; 38:206-221. [PMID: 38430054 PMCID: PMC11144931 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.37.20230264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of an aging population is advancing at a precipitous rate. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are two of the most common age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, both of which are primarily characterized by the accumulation of toxic proteins and the progressive demise of neuronal structures. Recent discoveries about the brain lymphatic drainage system have precipitated a growing body of investigations substantiating its novel roles, including the clearance of macromolecular waste and the trafficking of immune cells. Notably, aquaporin 4-mediated glymphatic transport, crucial for maintaining neural homeostasis, becomes disrupted during the aging process and is further compromised in the pathogenesis of AD and PD. Functional meningeal lymphatic vessels, which facilitate the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid into the deep cervical lymph nodes, are integral in bridging the central nervous system with peripheral immune responses. Dysfunction in these meningeal lymphatic vessels exacerbates pathological trajectory of the age-related neurodegenerative disease. This review explores modulatory influence of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels on the aging brain and its associated neurodegenerative disorders. It also encapsulates the insights of potential mechanisms and prospects of the targeted non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Shandong Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Xiaoxin He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Jiachen Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Qian Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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2
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Biologically active lipids in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis in disease states. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108011. [PMID: 34614423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have crucial roles in the regulation of interstitial fluids, immune surveillance, and the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine. Lymphatic function is also closely related to the pathogenesis of various disease states such as inflammation, lymphedema, endometriosis, liver dysfunction, and tumor metastasis. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing lymphatic vessels, is a critical determinant in the above conditions. Although the effect of growth factors on lymphangiogenesis is well-characterized, and biologically active lipids are known to affect smooth muscle contractility and vasoaction, there is accumulating evidence that biologically active lipids are also important inducers of growth factors and cytokines that regulate lymphangiogenesis. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of biologically active lipids, including arachidonic acid metabolites, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid, as regulators of lymphangiogenesis, and the emerging importance of the lymphangiogenesis as a therapeutic target.
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3
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Volk-Draper L, Patel R, Bhattarai N, Yang J, Wilber A, DeNardo D, Ran S. Myeloid-Derived Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Progenitors Significantly Contribute to Lymphatic Metastasis in Clinical Breast Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2269-2292. [PMID: 31421071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis is a high-impact prognostic factor for mortality of breast cancer (BC) patients, and it directly depends on tumor-associated lymphatic vessels. We previously reported that lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory lymphangiogenesis is strongly promoted by myeloid-derived lymphatic endothelial cell progenitors (M-LECPs) derived from the bone marrow (BM). As BC recruits massive numbers of provascular myeloid cells, we hypothesized that M-LECPs, within this recruited population, are specifically programmed to promote tumor lymphatics that increase lymph node metastasis. In support of this hypothesis, high levels of M-LECPs were found in peripheral blood and tumor tissues of BC patients. Moreover, the density of M-LECPs and lymphatic vessels positive for myeloid marker proteins strongly correlated with patient node status. It was also established that tumor M-LECPs coexpress lymphatic-specific, stem/progenitor and M2-type macrophage markers that indicate their BM hematopoietic-myeloid origin and distinguish them from mature lymphatic endothelial cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphoid cells, and tissue-resident macrophages. Using four orthotopic BC models, we show that mouse M-LECPs are similarly recruited to tumors and integrate into preexisting lymphatics. Finally, we demonstrate that adoptive transfer of in vitro differentiated M-LECPs, but not naïve or nondifferentiated BM cells, significantly increased metastatic burden in ipsilateral lymph nodes. These data support a causative role of BC-induced lymphatic progenitors in tumor lymphangiogenesis and suggest molecular targets for their inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Volk-Draper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Radhika Patel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Nihit Bhattarai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Andrew Wilber
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois; Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - David DeNardo
- Department of Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sophia Ran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois; Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois.
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Mondor I, Baratin M, Lagueyrie M, Saro L, Henri S, Gentek R, Suerinck D, Kastenmuller W, Jiang JX, Bajénoff M. Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Are Essential Components of the Subcapsular Sinus Macrophage Niche. Immunity 2019; 50:1453-1466.e4. [PMID: 31053503 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In lymph nodes, subcapsular sinus macrophages (SSMs) form an immunological barrier that monitors lymph drained from peripheral tissues. Upon infection, SSMs activate B and natural killer T (NKT) cells while secreting inflammatory mediators. Here, we investigated the mechanisms regulating development and homeostasis of SSMs. Embryonic SSMs originated from yolk sac hematopoiesis and were replaced by a postnatal wave of bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes that proliferated to establish the adult SSM network. The SSM network self-maintained by proliferation with minimal BM contribution. Upon pathogen-induced transient deletion, BM-derived cells contributed to restoring the SSM network. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) were the main source of CSF-1 within the lymph node and conditional deletion of Csf1 in adult LECs decreased the network of SSMs and medullary sinus macrophages (MSMs). Thus, SSMs have a dual hematopoietic origin, and LECs are essential to the niche supporting these macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Baratin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | - Lisa Saro
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Henri
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.
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Abstract
Research over the last decades has provided strong evidence for the pivotal role of the tumor-associated blood and lymphatic vasculature in supporting immunoevasion and in subverting T cell-mediated immunosurveillance. Conversely, tumor blood and lymphatic vessel growth is in part regulated by the immune system, with infiltrating innate as well as adaptive immune cells providing both immunosuppressive and various angiogenic signals. Thus, tumor angiogenesis and escape of immunosurveillance are two cancer hallmarks that are tightly linked and interregulated by cell constituents from compartments secreting both chemokines and cytokines. In this review, we discuss the implication and regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells in regulating blood and lymphatic angiogenesis in tumor progression and metastases. Moreover, we also highlight novel therapeutic approaches that target the tumor vasculature as well as the immune compartment to sustain and improve therapeutic efficacy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Mazzone
- VIB-Center for Cancer Biology and Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000 Belgium;
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- VIB-Center for Cancer Biology and Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000 Belgium;
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94158, USA;
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Wang W, Lin X, Xu H, Sun W, Bouta EM, Zuscik MJ, Chen D, Schwarz EM, Xing L. Attenuated Joint Tissue Damage Associated With Improved Synovial Lymphatic Function Following Treatment With Bortezomib in a Mouse Model of Experimental Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:244-257. [PMID: 30144298 DOI: 10.1002/art.40696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the roles of the synovial lymphatic system in the severity and progression of joint tissue damage and functional responses of synovial lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) to macrophage subsets, and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) in a mouse model of experimental posttraumatic osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS C57BL/6J wild-type mice received a meniscal ligamentous injury to induce posttraumatic knee OA. Lymphangiogenesis was blocked by a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) neutralizing antibody. Synovial lymphatic drainage was examined by near-infrared imaging. Joint damage was assessed by histology. RNA-sequencing and pathway analyses were applied to synovial LECs. Macrophage subsets in the mouse synovium were identified by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. M1 and M2 macrophages were induced from mouse bone marrow cells, and their effects on LECs were examined in cocultures in the presence or absence of BTZ. The effects of BTZ on joint damage, LEC inflammation, and synovial lymphatic drainage were examined. RESULTS Injection of a VEGFR-3 neutralizing antibody into the joints of mice with posttraumatic knee OA reduced synovial lymphatic drainage and accelerated joint tissue damage. Synovial LECs from the mouse OA joints had dysregulated inflammatory pathways and expressed high levels of inflammatory genes. The number of M1 macrophages was increased in the knee joints of mice with posttraumatic OA, thereby promoting the expression of inflammatory genes by LECs; this effect was blocked by BTZ. Treatment with BTZ decreased cartilage loss, reduced the expression of inflammatory genes by LECs, and improved lymphatic drainage in the knee joints of mice with posttraumatic OA. CONCLUSION Experimental posttraumatic knee OA is associated with decreased synovial lymphatic drainage, increased numbers of M1 macrophages, and enhanced inflammatory gene expression by LECs, all of which was improved by treatment with BTZ. Intraarticular administration of BTZ may represent a new therapy for the restoration of synovial lymphatic function in subjects with posttraumatic knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Wang
- Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China, and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Xi Lin
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Hao Xu
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, and Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Sun
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Echoe M Bouta
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Michael J Zuscik
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Di Chen
- Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Lianping Xing
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Zheng Z, Ren K, Peng X, Zhu X, Yi G. Lymphatic Vessels: A Potential Approach to the Treatment of Atherosclerosis? Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 16:498-506. [PMID: 30272526 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2018.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many basic and clinical studies have demonstrated that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Although there are many factors affecting atherosclerosis, the role of lymphatic vessels in this disease has been neglected. Traditionally, lymphatic vessels have been considered to be passages for transporting interstitial fluid to the blood circulation. However, as early as the last century, researchers found that there are numerous lymphatic vessels surrounding sites of atherosclerosis; however, the relationship between lymphatic vessels and atherosclerosis is not clear. With further research, lymphatic vessels were determined to be involved in the induction and resolution of arterial inflammation and also to play a positive role in plaque cholesterol transport. There are abundant immune cells around atherosclerosis, and these immune cells not only have a significant impact on plaque formation but also affect local lymphangiogenesis (IAL). This promotion of IAL seems to relieve the progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, research into the relationship between lymphatic vessels and atherosclerosis is of great importance for improving atherosclerosis treatment. This review highlights what is known about the relationship between lymphatic vessels and atherosclerosis, including the effect of immune cells on IAL, and reverse cholesterol transport. In addition, we present some of our views on the improvement of atherosclerosis treatment, which have significant clinical value in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zheng
- Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Kun Ren
- Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Xiaoshan Peng
- Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Guanghui Yi
- Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
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DeBerge M, Zhang S, Glinton K, Grigoryeva L, Hussein I, Vorovich E, Ho K, Luo X, Thorp EB. Efferocytosis and Outside-In Signaling by Cardiac Phagocytes. Links to Repair, Cellular Programming, and Intercellular Crosstalk in Heart. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1428. [PMID: 29163503 PMCID: PMC5671945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic sensing and engulfment of dying cells and extracellular bodies initiate an intracellular signaling cascade within the phagocyte that can polarize cellular function and promote communication with neighboring non-phagocytes. Accumulating evidence links phagocytic signaling in the heart to cardiac development, adult myocardial homeostasis, and the resolution of cardiac inflammation of infectious, ischemic, and aging-associated etiology. Phagocytic clearance in the heart may be carried out by professional phagocytes, such as macrophages, and non-professional cells, including myofibrolasts and potentially epithelial cells. During cardiac development, phagocytosis initiates growth cues for early cardiac morphogenesis. In diseases of aging, including myocardial infarction, heightened levels of cell death require efficient phagocytic debridement to salvage further loss of terminally differentiated adult cardiomyocytes. Additional risk factors, including insulin resistance and other systemic risk factors, contribute to inefficient phagocytosis, altered phagocytic signaling, and delayed cardiac inflammation resolution. Under such conditions, inflammatory presentation of myocardial antigen may lead to autoimmunity and even possible rejection of transplanted heart allografts. Increased understanding of these basic mechanisms offers therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew DeBerge
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kristofor Glinton
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Luba Grigoryeva
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Islam Hussein
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Esther Vorovich
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Karen Ho
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Edward B Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Vaahtomeri K, Karaman S, Mäkinen T, Alitalo K. Lymphangiogenesis guidance by paracrine and pericellular factors. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1615-1634. [PMID: 28947496 PMCID: PMC5647933 DOI: 10.1101/gad.303776.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review by Vaahtomeri et al. discusses the mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature network is formed, remodeled, and adapted to physiological and pathological challenges. It describes how the lymphatic vasculature network is controlled by an intricate balance of growth factors and biomechanical cues. Lymphatic vessels are important for tissue fluid homeostasis, lipid absorption, and immune cell trafficking and are involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. The mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature network is formed, remodeled, and adapted to physiological and pathological challenges are controlled by an intricate balance of growth factor and biomechanical cues. These transduce signals for the readjustment of gene expression and lymphatic endothelial migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In this review, we describe several of these cues and how they are integrated for the generation of functional lymphatic vessel networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Vaahtomeri
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sinem Karaman
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Karlsson MC, Gonzalez SF, Welin J, Fuxe J. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer metastasis through the lymphatic system. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:781-791. [PMID: 28590032 PMCID: PMC5496496 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It was already in the 18th century when the French surgeon LeDran first noted that breast cancer patients with spread of tumor cells to their axillary lymph nodes had a drastically worse prognosis than patients without spread (LeDran et al., ). Since then, metastatic spread of cancer cells to regional lymph nodes has been established as the most important prognostic factor in many types of cancer (Carter et al., ; Elston and Ellis, ). However, despite its clinical importance, lymph metastasis remains an underexplored area of tumor biology. Fundamental questions, such as when, how, and perhaps most importantly, why tumor cells disseminate through the lymphatic system, remain largely unanswered. Accordingly, no treatment strategies exist that specifically target lymph metastasis. The identification of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a mechanism, which allows cancer cells to dedifferentiate and acquire enhanced migratory and invasive properties, has been a game changer in cancer research. Conceptually, EMT provides an explanation for why epithelial cancers with poor differentiation status are generally more aggressive and prone to metastasize than more differentiated cancers. Inflammatory cytokines, such as TGF-β, which are produced and secreted by tumor-infiltrating immune cells, are potent inducers of EMT. Thus, reactivation of EMT also links cancer-related inflammation to invasive and metastatic disease. Recently, we found that breast cancer cells undergoing TGF-β-induced EMT acquire properties of immune cells allowing them to disseminate in a targeted fashion through the lymphatic system similar to activated dendritic cells during inflammation. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms by which cancer cells spread through the lymphatic system and the links to inflammation and the immune system. We also emphasize how imaging techniques have the potential to further expand our knowledge of the mechanisms of lymph metastasis, and how lymph nodes serve as an interface between cancer and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael C. Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor Biology and Cell Biology (MTC)Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Josefin Welin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor Biology and Cell Biology (MTC)Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jonas Fuxe
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor Biology and Cell Biology (MTC)Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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Volk-Draper LD, Hall KL, Wilber AC, Ran S. Lymphatic endothelial progenitors originate from plastic myeloid cells activated by toll-like receptor-4. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179257. [PMID: 28598999 PMCID: PMC5466303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid-derived lymphatic endothelial cells (M-LECP) are induced by inflammation and play an important role in adult lymphangiogenesis. However, the mechanisms driving M-LECP differentiation are currently unclear. We previously showed that activation of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) induces myeloid-lymphatic transition (MLT) of immortalized mouse myeloid cells. Here the goals were to assess the potential of different TLR4 ligands to induce pro-lymphatic reprogramming in human and mouse primary myeloid cells and to identify transcriptional changes regulating this process. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Human and mouse myeloid cells were reprogrammed to the lymphatic phenotype by TLR4 ligands including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), recombinant high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), and paclitaxel. TLR4 induced similar MLT in cells from mice of different strains and immune status. Commonly induced genes were detected by transcriptional profiling in human and mouse myeloid cells from either immunocompetent or immunodeficient mice. Shared trends included: (1) novel expression of lymphatic-specific markers vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) and podoplanin (PDPN) largely absent prior to induction; (2) lack of notable changes in blood vessel-specific markers; (3) transient expression of VEGFR-3, but sustained increase of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and a variety of inflammatory cytokines; (4) dependency of VEGFR-3 upregulation and other LEC genes on NF-κB; and (5) novel expression of lymphatic-specific (e.g., PROX1) and stem/progenitor (e.g., E2F1) transcription factors known for their roles in adult and embryonic vascular formation. M-LECP generated by TLR4 ligands in vitro were functional in vivo as demonstrated by significantly increased lymphatic vessel density and lymphatic metastasis detected in orthotopic breast cancer models. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We established a novel TLR4-dependent protocol for in vitro production of functionally competent M-LECP from primary human or mouse myeloid cells and identified many potential regulators of this process. This information can be further exploited for research and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D. Volk-Draper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Kelly L. Hall
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Wilber
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
- Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Sophia Ran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
- Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Ran S, Wilber A. Novel role of immature myeloid cells in formation of new lymphatic vessels associated with inflammation and tumors. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:253-263. [PMID: 28408396 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1mr1016-434rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation triggers an immune cell-driven program committed to restoring homeostasis to injured tissue. Central to this process is vasculature restoration, which includes both blood and lymphatic networks. Generation of new vessels or remodeling of existing vessels are also important steps in metastasis-the major cause of death for cancer patients. Although roles of the lymphatic system in regulation of inflammation and cancer metastasis are firmly established, the mechanisms underlying the formation of new lymphatic vessels remain a subject of debate. Until recently, generation of new lymphatics in adults was thought to occur exclusively through sprouting of existing vessels without help from recruited progenitors. However, emerging findings from clinical and experimental studies show that lymphoendothelial progenitors, particularly those derived from immature myeloid cells, play an important role in this process. This review summarizes current evidence for the existence and significant roles of myeloid-derived lymphatic endothelial cell progenitors (M-LECPs) in generation of new lymphatics. We describe specific markers of M-LECPs and discuss their biologic behavior in culture and in vivo, as well as currently known molecular mechanisms of myeloid-lymphatic transition (MLT). We also discuss the implications of M-LECPs for promoting adaptive immunity, as well as cancer metastasis. We conclude that improved mechanistic understanding of M-LECP differentiation and its role in adult lymphangiogenesis may lead to new therapeutic approaches for correcting lymphatic insufficiency or excessive formation of lymphatic vessels in human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, and Simmons Cancer Institute, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Wilber
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, and Simmons Cancer Institute, Springfield, Illinois, USA
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13
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Tauchi Y, Tanaka H, Kumamoto K, Tokumoto M, Sakimura C, Sakurai K, Kimura K, Toyokawa T, Amano R, Kubo N, Muguruma K, Yashiro M, Maeda K, Ohira M, Hirakawa K. Tumor-associated macrophages induce capillary morphogenesis of lymphatic endothelial cells derived from human gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1101-9. [PMID: 27227358 PMCID: PMC4982583 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor lymphangiogenesis is a major prognostic indicator of gastric cancer. Tumor‐induced inflammation has been shown to attract tumor‐associated macrophages that affect lymphangiogenesis. However, detailed mechanisms of macrophage‐induced lymphangiogenesis have not been elucidated. Here, we evaluated the interaction between tumor‐associated macrophages and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) derived from lymph nodes (LNs) of human gastric cancer. Lymphatic endothelial cells were directly or indirectly cocultured with macrophages from healthy human blood, with or without the supernatant of the gastric cancer cell line, OCUM‐12. We analyzed the effect of cancer pretreated macrophages and of macrophages from metastatic LNs of gastric cancer on LECs. We observed morphological changes of LECs in coculture and assessed the gene expression of possible lymphangiogenic molecules of macrophages and LECs after contact coculture, and of cancer pretreated macrophages, by quantitative RT‐PCR. Specimens of metastatic LN of gastric cancer were immunofluorescently stained. We found that tubulogenesis of LECs was observed only in the contact coculture model. OCUM‐12 cells promoted macrophage‐induced tubulogenesis of LECs. Relative gene expression of MMP and adhesion molecules was significantly upregulated in both capillary‐forming LECs and cocultured macrophages. Cancer pretreated macrophages upregulated lymphangiogenic factors including inflammatory cytokines, MMPs, adhesion molecules, and vascular endothelial growth factor‐C. Blocking of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 and macrophage activation suppressed tubulogenesis of LECs. Immunohistochemistry showed macrophages localized around lymphatic vessels. Our results suggested that interaction between LECs and macrophages may be an important initial step of tumor lymphangiogenesis developing LN metastasis. Understanding of its mechanisms could be useful for future therapeutics of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Tauchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanako Kumamoto
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mao Tokumoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chie Sakimura
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsunobu Sakurai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kimura
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Toyokawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Amano
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoshi Kubo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Muguruma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Maeda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis (IAL) is frequently observed in inflammatory bowel diseases. IAL is believed to limit inflammation by enhancing fluid and immune cell clearance. Although monocytes/macrophages (MΦ) are known to contribute to intestinal pathology in inflammatory bowel disease, their role in intestinal IAL has never been studied mechanistically. We investigated contributions of monocytes/MΦ to the development of intestinal inflammation and IAL. METHODS Because inflammatory monocytes express CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), we used CCR2 diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic (CCR2.DTR) mice, in which monocytes can be depleted by diphtheria toxin injection, and CCR2 mice, which have reduced circulating monocytes. Acute or chronic colitis was induced by dextran sodium sulfate or adoptive transfer of CD4CD45RB T cells, respectively. Intestinal inflammation was assessed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, disease activity, and histopathology, whereas IAL was assessed by lymphatic vessel morphology and density. RESULTS We demonstrated that intestinal MΦ expressed vascular endothelial growth factor-C/D. In acute colitis, monocyte-depleted mice were protected from intestinal injury and showed reduced IAL, which was reversed after transfer of wild-type monocytes into CCR2 mice. In chronic colitis, CCR2 deficiency did not attenuate inflammation but reduced IAL. CONCLUSIONS We propose a dual role of MΦ in (1) promoting acute inflammation and (2) contributing to IAL. Our data suggest that intestinal inflammation and IAL could occur independently, because IAL was reduced in the absence of monocytes/MΦ, even when inflammation was present. Future inflammatory bowel disease therapies might exploit promotion of IAL and suppression of MΦ independently, to restore lymphatic clearance and reduce inflammation.
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15
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Gagliostro V, Seeger P, Garrafa E, Salvi V, Bresciani R, Bosisio D, Sozzani S. Pro-lymphangiogenic properties of IFN-γ-activated human dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2016; 173:26-35. [PMID: 26987844 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. In addition, through the release of pro- and anti-angiogenic mediators, DCs are key regulators of blood vessel remodeling, a process that characterizes inflammation. Less information is available on the role of DCs in lymphangiogenesis. This study reports that human DCs produce VEGF-C, a cytokine with potent pro-lymphangiogenic activity when stimulated with IFN-γ. DC-derived VEGF-C was biologically active, being able to promote tube-like structure formation in cultures of human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). DCs co-cultured with IL-15-activated NK cells produced high levels of VEGF-C, suggesting a role for NK-DC cross-talk in peripheral lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues in inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis. Induction of VEGF-C by IFN-γ was detected also in other myeloid cells, such as blood-purified CD1c(+) DCs, CD14(+) monocytes and in monocyte-derived macrophages. In all these cell types, VEGF-C was found associated with the cell membrane by low affinity, heparan sulphate-mediated, interactions. Therefore, human DCs should be considered as new players in inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Gagliostro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pascal Seeger
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emirena Garrafa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bresciani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Humanitas Clinical Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.
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16
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Turley SJ, Cremasco V, Astarita JL. Immunological hallmarks of stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:669-82. [PMID: 26471778 DOI: 10.1038/nri3902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A dynamic and mutualistic interaction between tumour cells and the surrounding stroma promotes the initiation, progression, metastasis and chemoresistance of solid tumours. Far less understood is the relationship between the stroma and tumour-infiltrating leukocytes; however, emerging evidence suggests that the stromal compartment can shape antitumour immunity and responsiveness to immunotherapy. Thus, there is growing interest in elucidating the immunomodulatory roles of the stroma that evolve within the tumour microenvironment. In this Review, we discuss the evidence that stromal determinants interact with leukocytes and influence antitumour immunity, with emphasis on the immunological attributes of stromal cells that may foster their protumorigenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Turley
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Viviana Cremasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Exploratory Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jillian L Astarita
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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17
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Bron S, Henry L, Faes-Van't Hull E, Turrini R, Vanhecke D, Guex N, Ifticene-Treboux A, Marina Iancu E, Semilietof A, Rufer N, Lehr HA, Xenarios I, Coukos G, Delaloye JF, Doucey MA. TIE-2-expressing monocytes are lymphangiogenic and associate specifically with lymphatics of human breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1073882. [PMID: 27057438 PMCID: PMC4801424 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1073882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental mouse models of cancer, increasingly compelling evidence point toward a contribution of tumor associated macrophages (TAM) to tumor lymphangiogenesis. Corresponding experimental observations in human cancer remain scarce although lymphatic metastasis is widely recognized as a predominant route for tumor spread. We previously showed that, in malignant tumors of untreated breast cancer (BC) patients, TIE-2-expressing monocytes (TEM) are highly proangiogenic immunosuppressive cells and that TIE-2 and VEGFR signaling pathways drive TEM immunosuppressive function. We report here that, in human BC, TEM express the canonical lymphatic markers LYVE-1, Podoplanin, VEGFR-3 and PROX-1. Critically, both TEM acquisition of lymphatic markers and insertion into lymphatic vessels were observed in tumors but not in adjacent non-neoplastic tissues, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment shapes both TEM phenotype and spatial distribution. We assessed the lymphangiogenic activity of TEM isolated from dissociated primary breast tumors in vitro and in vivo using endothelial cells (EC) sprouting assay and corneal vascularization assay, respectively. We show that, in addition to their known hemangiogenic function, TEM isolated from breast tumor display a lymphangiogenic activity. Importantly, TIE-2 and VEGFR pathways display variable contributions to TEM angiogenic and lymphangiogenic activities across BC patients; however, combination of TIE-2 and VEGFR kinase inhibitors abrogated these activities and overcame inter-patient variability. These results highlight the direct contribution of tumor TEM to the breast tumor lymphatic network and suggest a combined use of TIE-2 and VEGFR kinase inhibitors as a therapeutic approach to block hem- and lymphangiogenesis in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvian Bron
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Henry
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Riccardo Turrini
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Vanhecke
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Nathalie Rufer
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Anton Lehr
- Institute of Pathology, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, Germany
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Marie-Agnès Doucey
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Lymphangiogenesis and Inflammation-Looking for the "Missing Pieces" of the Puzzle. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:415-26. [PMID: 26169947 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several papers about lymphangiogenesis and inflammation focused on the detailed and complicated descriptions of the molecular pathways accompanying both non-tumor and tumor inflammatory-induced lymphatic vessel development. Many authors are tempted to present inflammatory-induced lymphangiogenesis in pathologic conditions neglecting the role of inflammatory cells during embryonic lymphatic vessel development. Some of the inflammatory cells are largely characterized in inflammatory-induced lymphangiogenesis, while others as mast cells, eosinophils, or plasma cells are less studied. No phenotypic characterization of inflammation-activated lymphatic endothelial cell is available in this moment. Another paradox is related to the existence of few papers regarding lymphangiogenesis inside lymphoid organs and for their related pathology. There are still several "missing pieces of such a big puzzle" of lymphangiogenesis and inflammation, with a direct impact on the ineffectiveness of the anti-inflammatory therapy as lymphangiogenesis inhibitors. The present paper will focus on the controversial issues of lymphangiogenesis and inflammation.
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19
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Weinkopff T, Mackenzie C, Eversole R, Lammie PJ. Filarial excretory-secretory products induce human monocytes to produce lymphangiogenic mediators. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2893. [PMID: 25010672 PMCID: PMC4091784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp. infect over 120 million people worldwide, causing lymphedema, elephantiasis and hydrocele, collectively known as lymphatic filariasis. Most infected individuals appear to be asymptomatic, but many exhibit sub-clinical manifestations including the lymphangiectasia that likely contributes to the development of lymphedema and elephantiasis. As adult worm excretory-secretory products (ES) do not directly activate lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC), we investigated the role of monocyte/macrophage-derived soluble factors in the development of filarial lymphatic pathology. We analyzed the production of IL-8, IL-6 and VEGF-A by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from naïve donors following stimulation with filarial ES products. ES-stimulated PBMCs produced significantly more IL-8, IL-6 and VEGF-A compared to cells cultured in medium alone; CD14(+) monocytes appear to be the primary producers of IL-8 and VEGF-A, but not IL-6. Furthermore, IL-8, IL-6 and VEGF-A induced in vitro tubule formation in LEC Matrigel cultures. Matrigel plugs supplemented with IL-8, IL-6, VEGF-A, or with supernatants from ES-stimulated PBMCs and implanted in vivo stimulated lymphangiogenesis. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that monocytes/macrophages exposed to filarial ES products may modulate lymphatic function through the secretion of soluble factors that stimulate the vessel growth associated with the pathogenesis of filarial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Weinkopff
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles Mackenzie
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rob Eversole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Lammie
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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20
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Abstract
The main function of the lymphatic system is to control and maintain fluid homeostasis, lipid transport, and immune cell trafficking. In recent years, the pathological roles of lymphangiogenesis, the generation of new lymphatic vessels from preexisting ones, in inflammatory diseases and cancer progression are beginning to be elucidated. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid, mediates multiple cellular events, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and trafficking, and is now known as an important mediator of inflammation and cancer. In this review, we will discuss recent findings showing the emerging role of S1P in lymphangiogenesis, in inflammation, and in cancer.
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21
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Van't Hull EF, Bron S, Henry L, Ifticene-Treboux A, Turrini R, Coukos G, Delaloye JF, Doucey MA. Bone marrow-derived cells are implicated as a source of lymphatic endothelial progenitors in human breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e29080. [PMID: 25101222 PMCID: PMC4121340 DOI: 10.4161/onci.29080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) infiltrate into sites of neovascularization in adult tissues and mature into functional blood endothelial cells (BECs) during a process called vasculogenesis. Human marrow-derived EPCs have recently been reported to display a mixed myeloid and lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) phenotype during inflammation-induced angiogenesis; however, their role in cancer remains poorly understood. We report the in vitro differentiation of human cord blood CD133+CD34+ progenitors into podoplanin+ cells expressing both myeloid markers (CD11b, CD14) and the canonical LEC markers vascular endothelium growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3), lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1), and prospero homeobox 1 (PROX-1). These podoplanin+ cells displayed sprouting behavior comparable to that of LECs in vitro and a dual hemangiogenic and lymphangiogenic activity in vivo in an endothelial cell sprouting assay and corneal vascularization assay, respectively. Furthermore, these cells expressed vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) family members A, -C, and -D. Thus, bone-marrow derived EPCs stimulate hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis through their ability to differentiate into LECs and to produce angiogenic factors. Importantly, plasma from patients with breast cancer induced differentiation of CD34+ cord blood progenitors into hemangiogenic and lymphangiogenic CD11b+ myeloid cells, whereas plasma from healthy women did not have this effect. Consistent with these findings, circulating CD11b+ cells from breast cancer patients, but not from healthy women, displayed a similar dual angiogenic activity. Taken together, our results show that marrow-derived EPCs become hemangiogenic and lymphangiogenic upon exposure to cancer plasma. These newly identified functions of bone-marrow derived EPCs are expected to influence the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvian Bron
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Henry
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Riccardo Turrini
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Marie-Agnès Doucey
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Kim H, Kataru RP, Koh GY. Inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis: a double-edged sword? J Clin Invest 2014; 124:936-42. [PMID: 24590279 DOI: 10.1172/jci71607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel remodeling are complex biological processes frequently observed during inflammation. Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis (IAL) is not merely an endpoint event, but actually a phenomenon actively involved in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory disorders. The VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 and VEGF-A/VEGF-R2 signaling pathways are two of the best-studied pathways in IAL. Methods targeting these molecules, such as prolymphangiogenic or antilymphatic treatments, were found to be beneficial in various preclinical and/or clinical studies. This Review focuses on the most recent achievements in the fields of lymphatic biology relevant to inflammatory conditions. Additionally, preclinical and clinical therapies that modulate IAL are summarized.
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23
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Interactions of immune cells and lymphatic vessels. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2014; 214:107-18. [PMID: 24276890 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1646-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to fluid and lipid absorption, immune cell trafficking has now become recognized as one of the major functions of the lymphatic system. Recently, several critical roles of the lymphatic vessels (LVs) in modulating immune reactions during both physiological and pathological conditions have been emerging. As LVs serve as conduits for immune cells, they come to closely interact with macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells, and T and B lymphocytes. Accumulating evidences indicate that reciprocal interactions between the LVs and immune cells exist which cause considerable influence over the process of immune cell migration, LV growth, and ultimately certain immune reactions. This chapter discusses on the interactions of macrophages/monocytes and dendritic cells with peripheral LVs and on those of sinusoidal macrophages and T and B lymphocytes with lymph node LVs.
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24
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Luger D, Yang YA, Raviv A, Weinberg D, Banerjee S, Lee MJ, Trepel J, Yang L, Wakefield LM. Expression of the B-cell receptor component CD79a on immature myeloid cells contributes to their tumor promoting effects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76115. [PMID: 24146823 PMCID: PMC3797715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in promoting tumorigenesis is well-established, and significant effort is being made to further characterize surface markers on MDSCs both for better diagnosis and as potential targets for therapy. Here we show that the B cell receptor adaptor molecule CD79a is unexpectedly expressed on immature bone marrow myeloid cells, and is upregulated on MDSCs generated in multiple different mouse models of metastatic but not non-metastatic cancer. CD79a on MDSCs is upregulated and activated in response to soluble factors secreted by tumor cells. Activation of CD79a on mouse MDSCs, by crosslinking with a specific antibody, maintained their immature phenotype (CD11b+Gr1+), enhanced their migration, increased their suppressive effect on T cell proliferation, and increased secretion of pro-tumorigenic cytokines such as IL-6 and CCL22. Furthermore, crosslinking CD79a on myeloid cells activated signaling through Syk, BLNK, ERK and STAT3 phosphorylation. In vivo, CD79+ myeloid cells showed enhanced ability to promote primary tumor growth and metastasis. Finally we demonstrate that CD79a is upregulated on circulating myeloid cells from lung cancer patients, and that CD79a+ myeloid cells infiltrate human breast tumors. We propose that CD79a plays a functional role in the tumor promoting effects of myeloid cells, and may represent a novel target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Luger
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yu-an Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Asaf Raviv
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Douglas Weinberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subhadra Banerjee
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jane Trepel
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lalage M. Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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25
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Chaitanya GV, Omura S, Sato F, Martinez NE, Minagar A, Ramanathan M, Guttman BW, Zivadinov R, Tsunoda I, Alexander JS. Inflammation induces neuro-lymphatic protein expression in multiple sclerosis brain neurovasculature. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:125. [PMID: 24124909 PMCID: PMC3854084 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with ectopic lymphoid follicle formation. Podoplanin+ (lymphatic marker) T helper17 (Th17) cells and B cell aggregates have been implicated in the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). Since podoplanin expressed by Th17 cells in MS brains is also expressed by lymphatic endothelium, we investigated whether the pathophysiology of MS involves inductions of lymphatic proteins in the inflamed neurovasculature. Methods We assessed the protein levels of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor and podoplanin, which are specific to the lymphatic system and prospero-homeobox protein-1, angiopoietin-2, vascular endothelial growth factor-D, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3, which are expressed by both lymphatic endothelium and neurons. Levels of these proteins were measured in postmortem brains and sera from MS patients, in the myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)-induced EAE and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) mouse models and in cell culture models of inflamed neurovasculature. Results and conclusions Intense staining for LYVE-1 was found in neurons of a subset of MS patients using immunohistochemical approaches. The lymphatic protein, podoplanin, was highly expressed in perivascular inflammatory lesions indicating signaling cross-talks between inflamed brain vasculature and lymphatic proteins in MS. The profiles of these proteins in MS patient sera discriminated between relapsing remitting MS from secondary progressive MS and normal patients. The in vivo findings were confirmed in the in vitro cell culture models of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganta Vijay Chaitanya
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
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26
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Martinez-Corral I, Makinen T. Regulation of lymphatic vascular morphogenesis: Implications for pathological (tumor) lymphangiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1618-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Heparanase promotes lymphangiogenesis and tumor invasion in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Oncogene 2013; 33:1799-808. [PMID: 23644656 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are an important and abundant component of the extracellular matrix, which undergo substantial remodeling throughout tumorigenesis via the enzymatic activity of heparanase. Heparanase has been shown to be upregulated in many human cancers; however, its specific functions in human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) and spontaneous mouse models of cancer have not been evaluated. Here, we investigated the role of heparanase in PanNETs using patient samples and the RIP1-Tag2 (RT2) PanNET-transgenic mouse model. High heparanase expression significantly correlated with more advanced tumor stage, higher tumor grade and the presence of distant metastasis in PanNET patients. We genetically manipulated heparanase levels in the RT2 model using heparanase-transgenic mice, which constitutively overexpress heparanase, and heparanase-knockout mice. Heparanase was found to have a critical role in promoting tumor invasion, through both macrophage and cancer cell sources in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, elevated heparanase levels significantly increased peritumoral lymphangiogenesis in vivo and promoted the trans-differentiation of macrophages into lymphatic endothelial cell-like structures in culture. Conversely, we found that heparanase deletion led to increased angiogenesis and pericyte coverage. Together, these data identify important roles for heparanase in regulating several critical aspects of tumorigenesis, demonstrating that heparanase represents a potential therapeutic target for PanNET patients.
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Bernaudin JF, Kambouchner M, Lacave R. [Lymphatic vascular system, development and lymph formation. Review]. REVUE DE PNEUMOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2013; 69:93-101. [PMID: 23474100 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneumo.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system is widely developed among vertebrates. Lymphatic vessels provide the interstitial fluid (20% of the body weight) drainage through interstitial prelymphatic channels, capillaries, precollectors and collectors flowing into the venous blood. Endothelial cells of capillaries are overlapped and fixed to interstitial collagen and elastic fibres by anchoring filaments facilitating the fluid transfer. Precollectors and collectors have valves controlling the lymph flux direction. In addition to external mechanisms, the lymphangions of collectors have contracting muscle cells driving the flow. Lymphatic endothelial cells are routinely identified by the expression of podoplanin, LYVE-1 and VEGFR3. In the embryo, prelymphatic endothelial cells emerge from the cardinal veins and migrate into the mesenchyma forming embryonic lymphatic sacs. Prox1, Sox18 and COUP-TFII play a major role in the endothelial speciation, VEGFC as VEGFD combined to VEGFR3 in cell migration and proliferation and FoxC2 in valves development. In cancer or inflammation, various factors secreted by cancer cells and/or inflammatory cells induce a neolymphangiogenesis. Recently it has been shown that cells from the bone marrow could be potential precursors for lymphatic endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Bernaudin
- Histologie Biologie Tumorale, ER2 UPMC, Hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.
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Barone F, Nayar S, Buckley CD. The role of non-hematopoietic stromal cells in the persistence of inflammation. Front Immunol 2013; 3:416. [PMID: 23335923 PMCID: PMC3543945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation results from the complex interaction between hematopoietic and stromal cells and growing evidence supports a key role for the stroma in driving the switch from acute resolving to persistence in chronic inflammatory diseases. Stromal cells have also been shown to play a critical role in cancer biology, being involved in cancer growth, dissemination, and inhibition of the autologous immune response, ultimately favoring persistence and metastatic spread. Similarly, blood and lymphatic endothelial cells contribute to tissue homeostasis during physiological inflammation but also lead to discorded leukocyte and tumor cell accumulation in pathological inflammation and cancer. This review aims to summarize the role that pathogenic stroma plays in the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Barone
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Arthritis Research UK, Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, UK
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30
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Blei F. Update September 2012. Lymphat Res Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2012.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francine Blei
- Hassenfeld Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders of NYU Medical Center, New York, New York
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