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Linscott MP, Ren JR, Gestl SA, Gunther EJ. Different Oncogenes and Reproductive Histories Shape the Progression of Distinct Premalignant Clones in Multistage Mouse Breast Cancer Models. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:1329-1345. [PMID: 38537934 PMCID: PMC11220927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
A remote carcinogen exposure can predispose to breast cancer onset decades later, suggesting that carcinogen-induced mutations generate long-lived premalignant clones. How subsequent events influence the progression of specific premalignant clones remains poorly understood. Herein, multistage mouse models of mammary carcinogenesis were generated by combining chemical carcinogen exposure [using 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)] with transgenes that enable inducible expression of one of two clinically relevant mammary oncogenes: c-MYC (MYC) or PIK3CAH1047R (PIK). In prior work, DMBA exposure generated mammary clones bearing signature HrasQ61L mutations, which only progressed to mammary cancer after inducible Wnt1 oncogene expression. Here, after an identical DMBA exposure, MYC versus PIK drove cancer progression from mammary clones bearing mutations in distinct Ras family paralogs. For example, MYC drove cancer progression from either Kras- or Nras-mutant clones, whereas PIK transformed Kras-mutant clones only. These Ras mutation patterns were maintained whether oncogenic transgenes were induced within days of DMBA exposure or months later. Completing a full-term pregnancy (parity) failed to protect against either MYC- or PIK-driven tumor progression. Instead, a postpartum increase in mammary tumor predisposition was observed in the context of PIK-driven progression. However, parity decreased the overall prevalence of tumors bearing Krasmut, and the magnitude of this decrease depended on both the number and timing of pregnancies. These multistage models may be useful for elucidating biological features of premalignant mammary neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryknoll P Linscott
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jerry R Ren
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Shelley A Gestl
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward J Gunther
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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2
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Schattner A. Comprehensive Evidence-Based Health Maintenance. Am J Med 2024:S0002-9343(24)00202-X. [PMID: 38582322 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The potential of primary prevention to prevent, delay, or ameliorate disease is immense. However, the total spending on preventive services in the United States remains astoundingly small and represents a meager 3.5% of total health care spending. Moreover, training focused on prevention in medical schools is often neglected, and time-constrained primary providers frequently omit effective preventive and early detection measures, or perform them perfunctorily. Indeed, preventable conditions of serious consequences including "premature" mortality, cardiovascular events, and major organ failure are ubiquitous with the global obesity and diabetes epidemics, and the ongoing high prevalence of noxious habits and drug abuse. Although each aspect has been the subject of extensive research, a succinct evidence-based summary is scarce. We have conducted a review of high-quality evidence (systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and practice guidelines) over the last 20 years to extract the best updated recommendations on comprehensive disease prevention and approved screening, briefly citing significant risk reductions by lifestyle interventions, pharmacological prevention, cancer screening, other endorsed screening, immunizations, and issues in the patient-provider interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Schattner
- The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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3
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Torres W, Pérez JL, Díaz MP, D’Marco L, Checa-Ros A, Carrasquero R, Angarita L, Gómez Y, Chacín M, Ramírez P, Villasmil N, Durán-Agüero S, Cano C, Bermúdez V. The Role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12623. [PMID: 37628804 PMCID: PMC10454572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a process involving cell mutation, increased proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Over the years, this condition has represented one of the most concerning health problems worldwide due to its significant morbidity and mortality. At present, the incidence of cancer continues to grow exponentially. Thus, it is imperative to open new avenues in cancer research to understand the molecular changes driving DNA transformation, cell-to-cell interaction derangements, and immune system surveillance decay. In this regard, evidence supports the relationship between chronic inflammation and cancer. In light of this, a group of bioactive lipids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may have a position as novel anti-inflammatory molecules known as the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), a group of pro-resolutive inflammation agents that could improve the anti-tumor immunity. These molecules have the potential role of chemopreventive and therapeutic agents for various cancer types, and their effects have been documented in the scientific literature. Thus, this review objective centers around understanding the effect of SPMs on carcinogenesis and their potential therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wheeler Torres
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - José Luis Pérez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - María P. Díaz
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Luis D’Marco
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Cardiorrenales y Metabólicas, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Checa-Ros
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Cardiorrenales y Metabólicas, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rubén Carrasquero
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Lissé Angarita
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Concepción 4260000, Chile
| | - Yosselin Gómez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Maricarmen Chacín
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080022, Colombia
| | - Paola Ramírez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Nelson Villasmil
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Samuel Durán-Agüero
- Facultad de Ciencias Para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Los Leones 8420524, Chile
| | - Clímaco Cano
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080022, Colombia
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Polverini PJ, Nör F, Nör JE. Crosstalk between cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment drives progression of premalignant oral epithelium. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 3:1095842. [PMID: 36704239 PMCID: PMC9872128 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.1095842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a subpopulation of cancer cells that exhibit properties of self-renewal and differentiation and have been implicated in metastasis and treatment failures. There is mounting evidence that carcinogen-initiated mucosal epithelial stem cells acquire the CSC phenotype following exposure to environmental or infectious mutagens and are responsible for promoting the malignant transformation of premalignant (dysplastic) epithelium. CSC further contribute to the progression of dysplasia by activating signaling pathways through crosstalk with various cell populations in the tumor microenvironment. Two cell types, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and vascular endothelial cells (EC) nurture CSC development, support CSC stemness, and contribute to tumor progression. Despite mounting evidence implicating CSC in the initiation and progression of dysplastic oral epithelium to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the molecular mechanisms underlying these synergistic biological processes remain unclear. This review will examine the mechanisms that underlie the transformation of normal epithelial stem cells into CSC and the mechanistic link between CSC, TAM, and EC in the growth and the malignant conversation of dysplastic oral epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Polverini
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Correspondence: Peter J. Polverini
| | - Felipe Nör
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jacques E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Basu A, Paul MK, Weiss S. The actin cytoskeleton: Morphological changes in pre- and fully developed lung cancer. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:041304. [PMID: 38505516 PMCID: PMC10903407 DOI: 10.1063/5.0096188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Actin, a primary component of the cell cytoskeleton can have multiple isoforms, each of which can have specific properties uniquely suited for their purpose. These monomers are then bound together to form polymeric filaments utilizing adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis as a source of energy. Proteins, such as Arp2/3, VASP, formin, profilin, and cofilin, serve important roles in the polymerization process. These filaments can further be linked to form stress fibers by proteins called actin-binding proteins, such as α-actinin, myosin, fascin, filamin, zyxin, and epsin. These stress fibers are responsible for mechanotransduction, maintaining cell shape, cell motility, and intracellular cargo transport. Cancer metastasis, specifically epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is one of the key steps of the process, is accompanied by the formation of thick stress fibers through the Rho-associated protein kinase, MAPK/ERK, and Wnt pathways. Recently, with the advent of "field cancerization," pre-malignant cells have also been demonstrated to possess stress fibers and related cytoskeletal features. Analytical methods ranging from western blot and RNA-sequencing to cryo-EM and fluorescent imaging have been employed to understand the structure and dynamics of actin and related proteins including polymerization/depolymerization. More recent methods involve quantifying properties of the actin cytoskeleton from fluorescent images and utilizing them to study biological processes, such as EMT. These image analysis approaches exploit the fact that filaments have a unique structure (curvilinear) compared to the noise or other artifacts to separate them. Line segments are extracted from these filament images that have assigned lengths and orientations. Coupling such methods with statistical analysis has resulted in development of a new reporter for EMT in lung cancer cells as well as their drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shimon Weiss
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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6
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Farabegoli F, Pinheiro M. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Delivery in Lipid-Based Nanoparticles: Potentiality and Perspectives for Future Applications in Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:809706. [PMID: 35496283 PMCID: PMC9046542 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.809706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoprevention is a strategy aimed to not only reduce the risk but also delay the development or recurrence of cancer. An ideal chemopreventive agent is not dangerous and ought not to result in side effects or damage to human health. In this context, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is considered a suitable chemopreventive agent, but its clinical use is limited by many factors, namely, the difference in source, administration, individual metabolism, absorption, and distribution. Genetic and dietary differences greatly cause this variability, which has limited the rational use of EGCG in chemoprevention and, particularly, the definition of a safe and efficient concentration. In the present mini review, the main limitations to a complete understanding of the use of EGCG as a chemopreventive agent will be briefly illustrated. This review also indicates the introduction and trialing of lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) as a proper strategy to deliver EGCG at a well-defined concentration for better investigation of the chemopreventive activity. Finally, some examples of cancers that might benefit from EGCG treatment in different stages of the disease are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Farabegoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fulvia Farabegoli,
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- LAQV, Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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7
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Lessons Learned from Donor Cell-Derived Myeloid Neoplasms: Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040559. [PMID: 35455050 PMCID: PMC9028156 DOI: 10.3390/life12040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-cell derived myeloid neoplasm (DDMN), a rare complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), is of interest for its potential to reveal donor-derived and host-derived factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of leukemia. The accurate diagnosis of donor-derived leukemias has been facilitated by the more frequent use of molecular techniques. In this study, we describe three additional cases of DDMN; the first reported case of donor-derived chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), one acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;21)(q22;22); RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and one donor-derived MDS with deletion 5q. A review of the cytogenetic profiles of previously reported DDMN indicates a significant contribution of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms. Cases with direct evidence of donor- or recipient-dependent factors are rare; a role of direct transfer of leukemic cells, genomic instability of the donor, abnormal gene methylation in donor cells, proleukemic potential of abnormal stromal niche, and the role of immunological surveillance after transplantation has been observed. The role of additional potential pathogenetic factors that are without clinically observed evidence are also reviewed.
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8
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Kader T, Zethoven M, Gorringe KL. Evaluating statistical approaches to define clonal origin of tumours using bulk DNA sequencing: context is everything. Genome Biol 2022; 23:43. [PMID: 35109903 PMCID: PMC8809045 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal analysis of tumour sequencing data enables the evaluation of the relationship of histologically distinct synchronous lesions, such as co-existing benign areas, and temporally distinct tumours, such as primary-recurrence comparisons. In this review, we summarise statistical approaches that are commonly employed to define tumour clonal relatedness using data from bulk DNA technologies. We discuss approaches using total copy number, allele-specific copy number and mutation data, and the relative genomic resolution required for analysis and summarise some of the current tools for inferring clonal relationships. We argue that the impact of the biological context is critical in selecting any particular approach, such as the relative genomic complexity of the lesions being compared, and we recommend considering this context before employing any method to a new dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanjina Kader
- , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Magnus Zethoven
- , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia.
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9
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Kim JI, Fine JP, Sandler DP, Zhao S. Accounting for Preinvasive Conditions in Analysis of Invasive Cancer Risk: Application to Breast Cancer. Epidemiology 2022; 33:48-54. [PMID: 34561346 PMCID: PMC8633059 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preinvasive cancer conditions are often actively treated to minimize progression to life-threatening invasive cancers, but this creates challenges for analysis of invasive cancer risk. Conventional methods of treating preinvasive conditions as censoring events or targeting at the composite outcome could both lead to bias. METHODS We propose two solutions: one that provides exact estimates of risk based on distributional assumptions about progression, and one that provides risk bounds corresponding to extreme cases of no or complete progression. We compare these approaches through simulations and an analysis of the Sister Study data in the context of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast cancer. RESULTS Simulations suggested important biases with conventional approaches, whereas the proposed estimate is consistent when progression parameters are correctly specified, and the risk bounds are robust in all scenarios. With Sister Study, the estimated lifetime risks for invasive breast cancer are 0.220 and 0.269 with DCIS censored or combined. Without detailed progression information, a sensitivity analysis suggested lifetime risk falls between the bounds of 0.214 and 0.269 across assumptions of 10%-95% of DCIS patients progressing to invasive cancer in an average of 1-10 years. CONCLUSIONS When estimating invasive cancer risk while preinvasive conditions are actively treated, it is important to consider the implied assumptions and potential biases of conventional approaches. Although still not perfect, we proposed two practical solutions that provide improved understanding of the underlying mechanism of invasive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung In Kim
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Jason P. Fine
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
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10
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Gare GR, Li J, Joshi R, Magar R, Vaze MP, Yousefpour M, Rodriguez RL, Galeotti JM. W-Net: Dense and diagnostic semantic segmentation of subcutaneous and breast tissue in ultrasound images by incorporating ultrasound RF waveform data. Med Image Anal 2021; 76:102326. [PMID: 34936967 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2021.102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We study the use of raw ultrasound waveforms, often referred to as the "Radio Frequency" (RF) data, for the semantic segmentation of ultrasound scans to carry out dense and diagnostic labeling. We present W-Net, a novel Convolution Neural Network (CNN) framework that employs the raw ultrasound waveforms in addition to the grey ultrasound image to semantically segment and label tissues for anatomical, pathological, or other diagnostic purposes. To the best of our knowledge, this is also the first deep-learning or CNN approach for segmentation that analyzes ultrasound raw RF data along with the grey image. We chose subcutaneous tissue (SubQ) segmentation as our initial clinical goal for dense segmentation since it has diverse intermixed tissues, is challenging to segment, and is an underrepresented research area. SubQ potential applications include plastic surgery, adipose stem-cell harvesting, lymphatic monitoring, and possibly detection/treatment of certain types of tumors. Unlike prior work, we seek to label every pixel in the image, without the use of a background class. A custom dataset consisting of hand-labeled images by an expert clinician and trainees are used for the experimentation, currently labeled into the following categories: skin, fat, fat fascia/stroma, muscle, and muscle fascia. We compared W-Net and attention variant of W-Net (AW-Net) with U-Net and Attention U-Net (AU-Net). Our novel W-Net's RF-Waveform encoding architecture outperformed regular U-Net and AU-Net, achieving the best mIoU accuracy (averaged across all tissue classes). We study the impact of RF data on dense labeling of the SubQ region, which is followed by the analyses of the generalization capability of the networks to patients and analysis on the SubQ tissue classes, determining that fascia tissues, especially muscle fascia in particular, are the most difficult anatomic class to recognize for both humans and AI algorithms. We present diagnostic semantic segmentation, which is semantic segmentation carried out for the purposes of direct diagnostic pixel labeling, and apply it to breast tumor detection task on a publicly available dataset to segment pixels into malignant tumor, benign tumor, and background tissue class. Using the segmented image we diagnose the patient by classifying the breast lesion as either benign or malignant. We demonstrate the diagnostic capability of RF data with the use of W-Net, which achieves the best segmentation scores across all classes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiayuan Li
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Rohan Joshi
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Mrunal Prashant Vaze
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA; Simple Origin Inc, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Michael Yousefpour
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA 15260, USA
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11
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Odell E, Kujan O, Warnakulasuriya S, Sloan P. Oral epithelial dysplasia: Recognition, grading and clinical significance. Oral Dis 2021; 27:1947-1976. [PMID: 34418233 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological grading of epithelial dysplasia remains the principal laboratory method for assessing the risk of malignant transformation in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Current views on the molecular pathogenesis and histological interpretation of the features of epithelial dysplasia are described, and the use of grading systems for epithelial dysplasia is discussed. Changes to the current 2017 WHO criteria for diagnosis are proposed with emphasis on the architectural features of epithelial dysplasia. The predictive values of three-grade and binary systems are summarised, and categories of epithelial dysplasia are reviewed, including lichenoid and verrucous lesions, keratosis of unknown significance, HPV-associated dysplasia, differentiated and basaloid epithelial dysplasia. The implications of finding epithelial dysplasia in an oral biopsy for clinical management are discussed from the pathologists' viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Odell
- King's College London and Head and Neck Pathology Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences King's College London and The WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Sloan
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Chief Histopathologist, AMLo Biosciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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12
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Lu Z, Nie B, Zhai W, Hu Z. Delineating the longitudinal tumor evolution using organoid models. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:560-570. [PMID: 34366272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is an evolutionary process fueled by genetic or epigenetic alterations in the genome. Understanding the evolutionary dynamics that are operative at different stages of tumor progression might inform effective strategies in early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. However, our understanding on the dynamics of tumor evolution through time is very limited since it is usually impossible to sample patient tumors repeatedly. The recent advances in in vitro 3D organoid culture technologies have opened new avenues for the development of more realistic human cancer models that mimic many in vivo biological characteristics in human tumors. Here, we review recent progresses and challenges in cancer genomic evolution studies and advantages of using tumor organoids to study cancer evolution. We propose to establish an experimental evolution model based on continuous passages of patient-derived organoids and longitudinal sampling to study clonal dynamics and evolutionary patterns over time. Development and integration of population genetic theories and computational models into time-course genomic data in tumor organoids will help to pinpoint the key cellular mechanisms underlying cancer evolutionary dynamics, thus providing novel insights on therapeutic strategies for highly dynamic and heterogeneous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolian Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Beina Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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13
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Wang H, Li Y, Zhou D, Li X, Jia S, Qi S, Huang J. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1B1 is a potential marker of colorectal tumors. Histol Histopathol 2021; 36:183-194. [PMID: 33438176 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is common worldwide. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1B1 (ALDH1B1), a member of the ALDH1 family, serves as a biomarker for cancer stem cells. We hypothesized that ALDH1B1 expression is associated with colorectal tumors. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect ALDH1B1 expression across a commercial colorectal tissue microarray. The signal intensities of the positively stained tissues were expressed using the mean integrated optical density (mean IOD). We also analyzed ALDH1B1 mRNA expression in the Oncomine database. The associations between ALDH1B1 expression and CRC stage and prognosis were then evaluated using the web-based tools, GEPIA and UALCAN. Analysis of the tissue microarray revealed that the expression of ALDH1B1 was significantly higher in colorectal adenomas and colorectal adenocarcinoma (IOD/area values=0.117±0.070 and 0.168±0.0168, respectively) compared with normal and cancer-adjacent tissues (IOD/area values=0.051±0.028 and 0.068±0.053). For samples collected in the hospital, ALDH1B1 was highly expressed in the adenoma (IOD/area=0.103±0.054) and CRC (IOD/area=0.116±0.059) tissues compared with the cancer-adjacent tissues (IOD/area=0.066±0.024, p<0.05). The expression of ALDH1B1 in tissues from two resources was not found to be significantly associated with CRC stage. In Oncomine, ALDH1B1 mRNA expression was increased in the colorectal tumor tissues compared with the normal colorectal tissues (p=0.024) and its expression was independent of CRC stage and prognosis (p<0.05). Thus, while the protein and mRNA expression of ALDH1B1 suggests that it is a potential marker of colorectal tumors, its expression is independent of CRC stage and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejing Wang
- Experimental Centre, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanmeng Li
- Experimental Centre, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Donghu Zhou
- Experimental Centre, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaojin Li
- Experimental Centre, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siyu Jia
- Experimental Centre, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Saiping Qi
- Experimental Centre, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- Experimental Centre, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
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14
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Porta‐Pardo E, Valencia A, Godzik A. Understanding oncogenicity of cancer driver genes and mutations in the cancer genomics era. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:4233-4246. [PMID: 32239503 PMCID: PMC7529711 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the key challenges of cancer biology is to catalogue and understand the somatic genomic alterations leading to cancer. Although alternative definitions and search methods have been developed to identify cancer driver genes and mutations, analyses of thousands of cancer genomes return a remarkably similar catalogue of around 300 genes that are mutated in at least one cancer type. Yet, many features of these genes and their role in cancer remain unclear, first and foremost when a somatic mutation is truly oncogenic. In this review, we first summarize some of the recent efforts in completing the catalogue of cancer driver genes. Then, we give an overview of different aspects that influence the oncogenicity of somatic mutations in the core cancer driver genes, including their interactions with the germline genome, other cancer driver mutations, the immune system, or their potential role in healthy tissues. In the coming years, this research holds promise to illuminate how, when, and why cancer driver genes and mutations are really drivers, and thereby move personalized cancer medicine and targeted therapies forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Porta‐Pardo
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC)BarcelonaSpain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC)BadalonaSpain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC)BarcelonaSpain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Adam Godzik
- Division of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of California Riverside School of MedicineRiversideCAUSA
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15
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Li X, Gheinani AH, Adam RM. A multi-omics approach to understanding the field effect in bladder cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2020; 8:775-778. [PMID: 32038978 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2019.07.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Hashemi Gheinani
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosalyn M Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Reiter JG, Baretti M, Gerold JM, Makohon-Moore AP, Daud A, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Azad NS, Kinzler KW, Nowak MA, Vogelstein B. An analysis of genetic heterogeneity in untreated cancers. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:639-650. [PMID: 31455892 PMCID: PMC6816333 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic intratumoural heterogeneity is a natural consequence of imperfect DNA replication. Any two randomly selected cells, whether normal or cancerous, are therefore genetically different. Here, we review the different forms of genetic heterogeneity in cancer and re-analyse the extent of genetic heterogeneity within seven types of untreated epithelial cancers, with particular regard to its clinical relevance. We find that the homogeneity of predicted functional mutations in driver genes is the rule rather than the exception. In primary tumours with multiple samples, 97% of driver-gene mutations in 38 patients were homogeneous. Moreover, among metastases from the same primary tumour, 100% of the driver mutations in 17 patients were homogeneous. With a single biopsy of a primary tumour in 14 patients, the likelihood of missing a functional driver-gene mutation that was present in all metastases was 2.6%. Furthermore, all functional driver-gene mutations detected in these 14 primary tumours were present among all their metastases. Finally, we found that individual metastatic lesions responded concordantly to targeted therapies in 91% of 44 patients. These analyses indicate that the cells within the primary tumours that gave rise to metastases are genetically homogeneous with respect to functional driver-gene mutations, and we suggest that future efforts to develop combination therapies have the potential to be curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G Reiter
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Marina Baretti
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gerold
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alvin P Makohon-Moore
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adil Daud
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nilofer S Azad
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth W Kinzler
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Ludwig Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin A Nowak
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Ludwig Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Valent P, Sadovnik I, Eisenwort G, Herrmann H, Bauer K, Mueller N, Sperr WR, Wicklein D, Schumacher U. Redistribution, homing and organ-invasion of neoplastic stem cells in myeloid neoplasms. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:191-201. [PMID: 31408723 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of a myeloid neoplasm is a step-wise process that originates from leukemic stem cells (LSC) and includes pre-leukemic stages, overt leukemia and a drug-resistant terminal phase. Organ-invasion may occur in any stage, but is usually associated with advanced disease and a poor prognosis. Sometimes, extra-medullary organ invasion shows a metastasis-like or even sarcoma-like destructive growth of neoplastic cells in local tissue sites. Examples are myeloid sarcoma, mast cell sarcoma and localized blast phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. So far, little is known about mechanisms underlying re-distribution and extramedullary dissemination of LSC in myeloid neoplasms. In this article, we discuss mechanisms through which LSC can mobilize out of the bone marrow niche, can transmigrate from the blood stream into extramedullary organs, can invade local tissue sites and can potentially create or support the formation of local stem cell niches. In addition, we discuss strategies to interfere with LSC expansion and organ invasion by targeted drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine III, Austria
| | - Karin Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Niklas Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Wicklein
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Chen J, Zhu C, Wang C, Hu C, Czajkowsky DM, Guo Y, Liu B, Shao Z. Evidence for heightened genetic instability in precancerous spasmolytic polypeptide expressing gastric glands. J Med Genet 2019; 57:385-388. [PMID: 30877236 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is present in more than 90% of resected gastric cancer tissues. However, although widely regarded as a pre-cancerous tissue, its genetic characteristics have not been well studied. METHODS Immunohistochemistry using Trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) antibodies was used to identify TFF2-positive SPEM cells within SPEM glands in the stomach of Helicobacter felis (H. felis) -infected mice and human clinical samples. Laser microdissection was used to isolate specific cells from both the infected mice and the human samples. The genetic instability in these cells was examined by measuring the lengths of microsatellite (MS) markers using capillary electrophoresis. Also, genome-wide genetic variations in the SPEM cells from the clinical sample was examined using deep whole-exome sequencing. RESULTS SPEM cells indeed exhibit not only heightened MS instability (MSI), but also genetic instabilities that extend genome-wide. Furthermore, surprisingly, we found that morphologically normal, TFF2-negative cells also contain a comparable degree of genomic instabilities as the co-resident SPEM cells within the SPEM glands. CONCLUSION These results, for the first time, clearly establish elevated genetic instability as a critical property of SPEM glands, which may provide a greater possibility for malignant clone selection. More importantly, these results indicate that SPEM cells may not be the sole origin of carcinogenesis in the stomach and strongly suggest the common progenitor of these cells, the stem cells, as the source of these genetic instabilities, and thus, potential key players in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangrong Chen
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchao Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuansheng Hu
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel M Czajkowsky
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifeng Shao
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Clonal Hematopoiesis with Oncogenic Potential (CHOP): Separation from CHIP and Roads to AML. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030789. [PMID: 30759825 PMCID: PMC6387423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of leukemia is a step-wise process that is associated with molecular diversification and clonal selection of neoplastic stem cells. Depending on the number and combinations of lesions, one or more sub-clones expand/s after a variable latency period. Initial stages may develop early in life or later in adulthood and include premalignant (indolent) stages and the malignant phase, defined by an acute leukemia. We recently proposed a cancer model in which the earliest somatic lesions are often age-related early mutations detectable in apparently healthy individuals and where additional oncogenic mutations will lead to the development of an overt neoplasm that is usually a preleukemic condition such as a myelodysplastic syndrome. These neoplasms may or may not transform to overt acute leukemia over time. Thus, depending on the type and number of somatic mutations, clonal hematopoiesis (CH) can be divided into CH with indeterminate potential (CHIP) and CH with oncogenic potential (CHOP). Whereas CHIP mutations per se usually create the molecular background of a neoplastic process, CHOP mutations are disease-related or even disease-specific lesions that trigger differentiation and/or proliferation of neoplastic cells. Over time, the acquisition of additional oncogenic events converts preleukemic neoplasms into secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML). In the present article, recent developments in the field are discussed with a focus on CHOP mutations that lead to distinct myeloid neoplasms, their role in disease evolution, and the impact of additional lesions that can drive a preleukemic neoplasm into sAML.
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20
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Sollazzo M, Genchi C, Paglia S, Di Giacomo S, Pession A, de Biase D, Grifoni D. High MYC Levels Favour Multifocal Carcinogenesis. Front Genet 2018; 9:612. [PMID: 30619451 PMCID: PMC6297171 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The term "field cancerisation" describes the formation of tissue sub-areas highly susceptible to multifocal tumourigenesis. In the earlier stages of cancer, cells may indeed display a series of molecular alterations that allow them to proliferate faster, eventually occupying discrete tissue regions with irrelevant morphological anomalies. This behaviour recalls cell competition, a process based on a reciprocal fitness comparison: when cells with a growth advantage arise in a tissue, they are able to commit wild-type neighbours to death and to proliferate at their expense. It is known that cells expressing high MYC levels behave as super-competitors, able to kill and replace less performant adjacent cells; given MYC upregulation in most human cancers, MYC-mediated cell competition is likely to pioneer field cancerisation. Here we show that MYC overexpression in a sub-territory of the larval wing epithelium of Drosophila is sufficient to trigger a number of cellular responses specific to mammalian pre-malignant tissues. Moreover, following induction of different second mutations, high MYC-expressing epithelia were found to be susceptible to multifocal growth, a hallmark of mammalian pre-cancerous fields. In summary, our study identified an early molecular alteration implicated in field cancerisation and established a genetically amenable model which may help study the molecular basis of early carcinogenesis.
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21
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Kent DG, Green AR. Order Matters: The Order of Somatic Mutations Influences Cancer Evolution. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:a027060. [PMID: 28096247 PMCID: PMC5378012 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancers evolve as a consequence of multiple somatic lesions, with competition between subclones and sequential subclonal evolution. Some driver mutations arise either early or late in the evolution of different individual tumors, suggesting that the final malignant properties of a subclone reflect the sum of mutations acquired rather than the order in which they arose. However, very little is known about the cellular consequences of altering the order in which mutations are acquired. Recent studies of human myeloproliferative neoplasms show that the order in which individual mutations are acquired has a dramatic impact on the cell biological and molecular properties of tumor-initiating cells. Differences in clinical presentation, complications, and response to targeted therapy were all observed and implicate mutation order as an important player in cancer biology. These observations represent the first demonstration that the order of mutation acquisition influences stem and progenitor cell behavior and clonal evolution in any cancer. Thus far, the impact of different mutation orders has only been studied in hematological malignancies, and analogous studies of solid cancers are now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Kent
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Hills Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R Green
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Hills Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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