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Sun X, LaVoie M, Lefebvre PA, Gallaher SD, Glaesener AG, Strenkert D, Mehta R, Merchant SS, Silflow CD. Mutation of negative regulatory gene CEHC1 encoding an FBXO3 protein results in normoxic expression of HYDA genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.22.586359. [PMID: 38586028 PMCID: PMC10996464 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.22.586359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen is known to prevent hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas, both by inhibiting the hydrogenase enzyme and by preventing the accumulation of HYDA-encoding transcripts. We developed a screen for mutants showing constitutive accumulation of HYDA1 transcripts in the presence of oxygen. A reporter gene required for ciliary motility, placed under the control of the HYDA1 promoter, conferred motility only in hypoxic conditions. By selecting for mutants able to swim even in the presence of oxygen we obtained strains that express the reporter gene constitutively. One mutant identified a gene encoding an F-box only protein 3 (FBXO3), known to participate in ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation pathways in other eukaryotes. Transcriptome profiles revealed that the mutation, termed cehc1-1 , leads to constitutive expression of HYDA1 and other genes regulated by hypoxia, and of many genes known to be targets of CRR1, a transcription factor in the nutritional copper signaling pathway. CRR1 was required for the constitutive expression of the HYDA1 reporter gene in cehc1-1 mutants. The CRR1 protein, which is normally degraded in Cu-supplemented cells, was stabilized in cehc1-1 cells, supporting the conclusion that CEHC1 acts to facilitate the degradation of CRR1. Our results reveal a novel negative regulator in the CRR1 pathway and possibly other pathways leading to complex metabolic changes associated with response to hypoxia.
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Meng X, Xu C, Li J, Qiu B, Luo J, Hong Q, Tong Y, Fang C, Feng Y, Ma R, Shi X, Lin C, Pan C, Zhu X, Yan X, Cong Y. Multi-scale structures of the mammalian radial spoke and divergence of axonemal complexes in ependymal cilia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:362. [PMID: 38191553 PMCID: PMC10774353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Radial spokes (RS) transmit mechanochemical signals between the central pair (CP) and axonemal dynein arms to coordinate ciliary motility. Atomic-resolution structures of metazoan RS and structures of axonemal complexes in ependymal cilia, whose rhythmic beating drives the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, however, remain obscure. Here, we present near-atomic resolution cryo-EM structures of mouse RS head-neck complex in both monomer and dimer forms and reveal the intrinsic flexibility of the dimer. We also map the genetic mutations related to primary ciliary dyskinesia and asthenospermia on the head-neck complex. Moreover, we present the cryo-ET and sub-tomogram averaging map of mouse ependymal cilia and build the models for RS1-3, IDAs, and N-DRC. Contrary to the conserved RS structure, our cryo-ET map reveals the lack of IDA-b/c/e and the absence of Tektin filaments within the A-tubule of doublet microtubules in ependymal cilia compared with mammalian respiratory cilia and sperm flagella, further exemplifying the structural diversity of mammalian motile cilia. Our findings shed light on the stepwise mammalian RS assembly mechanism, the coordinated rigid and elastic RS-CP interaction modes beneficial for the regulation of asymmetric ciliary beating, and also facilitate understanding on the etiology of ciliary dyskinesia-related ciliopathies and on the ependymal cilia in the development of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Meng
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Benhua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Hong
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yujie Tong
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chuyu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Feng
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Institute of Early Life Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Shanghai Nanoport, Thermofisher Scientific, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyi Shi
- Shanghai Nanoport, Thermofisher Scientific, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chen Pan
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiumin Yan
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Institute of Early Life Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yao Cong
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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Hwang JY, Chai P, Nawaz S, Choi J, Lopez-Giraldez F, Hussain S, Bilguvar K, Mane S, Lifton RP, Ahmad W, Zhang K, Chung JJ. LRRC23 truncation impairs radial spoke 3 head assembly and sperm motility underlying male infertility. eLife 2023; 12:RP90095. [PMID: 38091523 PMCID: PMC10721216 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial spokes (RS) are T-shaped multiprotein complexes on the axonemal microtubules. Repeated RS1, RS2, and RS3 couple the central pair to modulate ciliary and flagellar motility. Despite the cell type specificity of RS3 substructures, their molecular components remain largely unknown. Here, we report that a leucine-rich repeat-containing protein, LRRC23, is an RS3 head component essential for its head assembly and flagellar motility in mammalian spermatozoa. From infertile male patients with defective sperm motility, we identified a splice site variant of LRRC23. A mutant mouse model mimicking this variant produces a truncated LRRC23 at the C-terminus that fails to localize to the sperm tail, causing male infertility due to defective sperm motility. LRRC23 was previously proposed to be an ortholog of the RS stalk protein RSP15. However, we found that purified recombinant LRRC23 interacts with an RS head protein RSPH9, which is abolished by the C-terminal truncation. Evolutionary and structural comparison also shows that LRRC34, not LRRC23, is the RSP15 ortholog. Cryo-electron tomography clearly revealed that the absence of the RS3 head and the sperm-specific RS2-RS3 bridge structure in LRRC23 mutant spermatozoa. Our study provides new insights into the structure and function of RS3 in mammalian spermatozoa and the molecular pathogenicity of LRRC23 underlying reduced sperm motility in infertile human males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Hwang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National UniversityBusanRepublic of Korea
| | - Pengxin Chai
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Shoaib Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologicalSciences, Quaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Genetics, YaleSchool of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Shabir Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics, YaleSchool of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Center forGenome Analysis, Yale UniversityWest HavenUnited States
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologicalSciences, Quaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Jean-Ju Chung
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
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McCafferty CL, Papoulas O, Lee C, Bui KH, Taylor DW, Marcotte EM, Wallingford JB. An amino acid-resolution interactome for motile cilia illuminates the structure and function of ciliopathy protein complexes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.09.548259. [PMID: 37781579 PMCID: PMC10541116 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.09.548259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia are ancient, evolutionarily conserved organelles whose dysfunction underlies motile ciliopathies, a broad class of human diseases. Motile cilia contain myriad different proteins that assemble into an array of distinct machines, so understanding the interactions and functional hierarchies among them presents an important challenge. Here, we defined the protein interactome of motile axonemes using cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL/MS) in Tetrahymena thermophila. From over 19,000 XLs, we identified 4,757 unique amino acid interactions among 1,143 distinct proteins, providing both macromolecular and atomic-scale insights into diverse ciliary machines, including the Intraflagellar Transport system, axonemal dynein arms, radial spokes, the 96 nm ruler, and microtubule inner proteins, among others. Guided by this dataset, we used vertebrate multiciliated cells to reveal novel functional interactions among several poorly-defined human ciliopathy proteins. The dataset therefore provides a powerful resource for studying the basic biology of an ancient organelle and the molecular etiology of human genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn L. McCafferty
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ophelia Papoulas
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Khanh Huy Bui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - David W. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Edward M. Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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5
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Hwang JY, Chai P, Nawaz S, Choi J, Lopez-Giraldez F, Hussain S, Bilguvar K, Mane S, Lifton RP, Ahmad W, Zhang K, Chung JJ. LRRC23 truncation impairs radial spoke 3 head assembly and sperm motility underlying male infertility. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.25.530050. [PMID: 36865175 PMCID: PMC9980178 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.25.530050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Radial spokes (RS) are T-shaped multiprotein complexes on the axonemal microtubules. Repeated RS1, RS2, and RS3 couple the central pair to modulate ciliary and flagellar motility. Despite the cell type specificity of RS3 substructures, their molecular components remain largely unknown. Here, we report that a leucine-rich repeat-containing protein, LRRC23, is an RS3 head component essential for its head assembly and flagellar motility in mammalian spermatozoa. From infertile male patients with defective sperm motility, we identified a splice site variant of LRRC23. A mutant mouse model mimicking this variant produces a truncated LRRC23 at the C-terminus that fails to localize to the sperm tail, causing male infertility due to defective sperm motility. LRRC23 was previously proposed to be an ortholog of the RS stalk protein RSP15. However, we found that purified recombinant LRRC23 interacts with an RS head protein RSPH9, which is abolished by the C-terminal truncation. Evolutionary and structural comparison also shows that LRRC34, not LRRC23, is the RSP15 ortholog. Cryo-electron tomography clearly revealed that the absence of the RS3 head and the sperm-specific RS2-RS3 bridge structure in LRRC23 mutant spermatozoa. Our study provides new insights into the structure and function of RS3 in mammalian spermatozoa and the molecular pathogenicity of LRRC23 underlying reduced sperm motility in infertile human males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Hwang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
- Present address, Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea, 43241
| | - Pengxin Chai
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Shoaib Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Present address, Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar, 26999
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, 02841
| | | | - Shabir Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Present address, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 00250
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, 02841
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516
| | - Richard P. Lifton
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Jean-Ju Chung
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
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Zhou L, Liu H, Liu S, Yang X, Dong Y, Pan Y, Xiao Z, Zheng B, Sun Y, Huang P, Zhang X, Hu J, Sun R, Feng S, Zhu Y, Liu M, Gui M, Wu J. Structures of sperm flagellar doublet microtubules expand the genetic spectrum of male infertility. Cell 2023; 186:2897-2910.e19. [PMID: 37295417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sperm motility is crucial for successful fertilization. Highly decorated doublet microtubules (DMTs) form the sperm tail skeleton, which propels the movement of spermatozoa. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and artificial intelligence (AI)-based modeling, we determined the structures of mouse and human sperm DMTs and built an atomic model of the 48-nm repeat of the mouse sperm DMT. Our analysis revealed 47 DMT-associated proteins, including 45 microtubule inner proteins (MIPs). We identified 10 sperm-specific MIPs, including seven classes of Tektin5 in the lumen of the A tubule and FAM166 family members that bind the intra-tubulin interfaces. Interestingly, the human sperm DMT lacks some MIPs compared with the mouse sperm DMT. We also discovered variants in 10 distinct MIPs associated with a subtype of asthenozoospermia characterized by impaired sperm motility without evident morphological abnormalities. Our study highlights the conservation and tissue/species specificity of DMTs and expands the genetic spectrum of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunni Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haobin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, The Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhuang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Beihong Zheng
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Pengyu Huang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan Feng
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Miao Gui
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Lee C, Ma Y, Tu F, Wallingford JB. Ordered deployment of distinct ciliary beating machines in growing axonemes of vertebrate multiciliated cells. Differentiation 2023; 131:49-58. [PMID: 37120964 PMCID: PMC10523804 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The beating of motile cilia requires the coordinated action of diverse machineries that include not only the axonemal dynein arms, but also the central apparatus, the radial spokes, and the microtubule inner proteins. These machines exhibit complex radial and proximodistal patterns in mature axonemes, but little is known about the interplay between them during motile ciliogenesis. Here, we describe and quantify the relative rates of axonemal deployment for these diverse cilia beating machineries during the final stages of differentiation of Xenopus epidermal multiciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjae Lee
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Yun Ma
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Fan Tu
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, USA
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8
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Pereira R, Sousa M. Morphological and Molecular Bases of Male Infertility: A Closer Look at Sperm Flagellum. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020383. [PMID: 36833310 PMCID: PMC9956255 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a major health problem worldwide without an effective therapy or cure. It is estimated to affect 8-12% of couples in the reproductive age group, equally affecting both genders. There is no single cause of infertility, and its knowledge is still far from complete, with about 30% of infertile couples having no cause identified (named idiopathic infertility). Among male causes of infertility, asthenozoospermia (i.e., reduced sperm motility) is one of the most observed, being estimated that more than 20% of infertile men have this condition. In recent years, many researchers have focused on possible factors leading to asthenozoospermia, revealing the existence of many cellular and molecular players. So far, more than 4000 genes are thought to be involved in sperm production and as regulators of different aspects of sperm development, maturation, and function, and all can potentially cause male infertility if mutated. In this review, we aim to give a brief overview of the typical sperm flagellum morphology and compile some of the most relevant information regarding the genetic factors involved in male infertility, with a focus on sperm immotility and on genes related to sperm flagellum development, structure, or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Pereira
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-1918-127-817
| | - Mário Sousa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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9
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Romano MZ, Ben Rhouma M, Messaoudi I, Aniello F, Minucci S, Venditti M. Expression of RSPH6A in the first wave of rat spermatogenesis and oxidative stress conditions: Attenuation by melatonin. Reprod Med Biol 2023; 22:e12542. [PMID: 37795044 PMCID: PMC10545975 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Here, we report, for the first time, the temporal expression and localization of axonemal radial spoke head homolog A (RSPH6A) protein during the first wave of rat spermatogenesis and in oxidative stress conditions. Methods For the developmental study, testes were collected from rats at different developmental stages (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 60 postnatal days); for in vivo treatment, 24 rats were treated with cadmium and/or melatonin. From each sample, western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF) analyses for RSPH6A were performed. Results RSPH6A expression starts at 21 PND alongside the appearance of I spermatocytes (SPC) with a significant increase up to 60 PND. Data were confirmed by IF analysis, showing that RPSH6A expression is restricted to I and II SPC, spermatids, and mature sperm. In vivo experiments showed that the expression and localization of RSPH6A in the testis and epididymal spermatozoa of adult rats treated with cadmium were impaired. Interestingly, melatonin (an antioxidant), given together with Cd, can counteract its damaging effects. Conclusions All combined data confirm that RSPH6A contributes to the onset of fertility by acting on sperm motility, raising the possibility of using RSPH6A as a marker for normal fertility in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zelinda Romano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sez. Fisiologia Umana e Funzioni Biologiche Integrate “F. Bottazzi”Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NapoliItaly
| | - Mariem Ben Rhouma
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio‐RessourcésInstitut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de MonastirMonastirTunisia
| | - Imed Messaoudi
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio‐RessourcésInstitut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de MonastirMonastirTunisia
| | - Francesco Aniello
- Dipartimento di BiologiaUniversità di Napoli “Federico II”NapoliItaly
| | - Sergio Minucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sez. Fisiologia Umana e Funzioni Biologiche Integrate “F. Bottazzi”Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NapoliItaly
| | - Massimo Venditti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sez. Fisiologia Umana e Funzioni Biologiche Integrate “F. Bottazzi”Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NapoliItaly
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10
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Pinskey JM, Lagisetty A, Gui L, Phan N, Reetz E, Tavakoli A, Fu G, Nicastro D. Three-dimensional flagella structures from animals' closest unicellular relatives, the Choanoflagellates. eLife 2022; 11:e78133. [PMID: 36384644 PMCID: PMC9671500 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In most eukaryotic organisms, cilia and flagella perform a variety of life-sustaining roles related to environmental sensing and motility. Cryo-electron microscopy has provided considerable insight into the morphology and function of flagellar structures, but studies have been limited to less than a dozen of the millions of known eukaryotic species. Ultrastructural information is particularly lacking for unicellular organisms in the Opisthokonta clade, leaving a sizeable gap in our understanding of flagella evolution between unicellular species and multicellular metazoans (animals). Choanoflagellates are important aquatic heterotrophs, uniquely positioned within the opisthokonts as the metazoans' closest living unicellular relatives. We performed cryo-focused ion beam milling and cryo-electron tomography on flagella from the choanoflagellate species Salpingoeca rosetta. We show that the axonemal dyneins, radial spokes, and central pair complex in S. rosetta more closely resemble metazoan structures than those of unicellular organisms from other suprakingdoms. In addition, we describe unique features of S. rosetta flagella, including microtubule holes, microtubule inner proteins, and the flagellar vane: a fine, net-like extension that has been notoriously difficult to visualize using other methods. Furthermore, we report barb-like structures of unknown function on the extracellular surface of the flagellar membrane. Together, our findings provide new insights into choanoflagellate biology and flagella evolution between unicellular and multicellular opisthokonts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Pinskey
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Adhya Lagisetty
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Long Gui
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Nhan Phan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Evan Reetz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Amirrasoul Tavakoli
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Gang Fu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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11
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Wang J, Wang W, Shen L, Zheng A, Meng Q, Li H, Yang S. Clinical detection, diagnosis and treatment of morphological abnormalities of sperm flagella: A review of literature. Front Genet 2022; 13:1034951. [PMID: 36425067 PMCID: PMC9679630 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1034951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm carries male genetic information, and flagella help move the sperm to reach oocytes. When the ultrastructure of the flagella is abnormal, the sperm is unable to reach the oocyte and achieve insemination. Multiple morphological abnormalities of sperm flagella (MMAF) is a relatively rare idiopathic condition that is mainly characterized by multiple defects in sperm flagella. In the last decade, with the development of high-throughput DNA sequencing approaches, many genes have been revealed to be related to MMAF. However, the differences in sperm phenotypes and reproductive outcomes in many cases are attributed to different pathogenic genes or different pathogenic mutations in the same gene. Here, we will review information about the various phenotypes resulting from different pathogenic genes, including sperm ultrastructure and encoding proteins with their location and functions as well as assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes. We will share our clinical detection and diagnosis experience to provide additional clinical views and broaden the understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shenmin Yang
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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12
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Intertwined Wdr47-NTD dimer recognizes a basic-helical motif in Camsap proteins for proper central-pair microtubule formation. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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13
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Differential requirements of IQUB for the assembly of radial spoke 1 and the motility of mouse cilia and flagella. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Sood P, Lin A, Yan C, McGillivary R, Diaz U, Makushok T, Nadkarni A, Tang SKY, Marshall WF. Modular, cascade-like transcriptional program of regeneration in Stentor. eLife 2022; 11:80778. [PMID: 35924891 PMCID: PMC9371601 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant ciliate Stentor coeruleus is a classical model system for studying regeneration and morphogenesis in a single cell. The anterior of the cell is marked by an array of cilia, known as the oral apparatus, which can be induced to shed and regenerate in a series of reproducible morphological steps, previously shown to require transcription. If a cell is cut in half, each half regenerates an intact cell. We used RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to assay the dynamic changes in Stentor’s transcriptome during regeneration, after both oral apparatus shedding and bisection, allowing us to identify distinct temporal waves of gene expression including kinases, RNA -binding proteins, centriole biogenesis factors, and orthologs of human ciliopathy genes. By comparing transcriptional profiles of different regeneration events, we identified distinct modules of gene expression corresponding to oral apparatus regeneration, posterior holdfast regeneration, and recovery after wounding. By measuring gene expression after blocking translation, we show that the sequential waves of gene expression involve a cascade mechanism in which later waves of expression are triggered by translation products of early-expressed genes. Among the early-expressed genes, we identified an E2F transcription factor and the RNA-binding protein Pumilio as potential regulators of regeneration based on the expression pattern of their predicted target genes. RNAi-mediated knockdown experiments indicate that Pumilio is required for regenerating oral structures of the correct size. E2F is involved in the completion of regeneration but is dispensable for earlier steps. This work allows us to classify regeneration genes into groups based on their potential role for regeneration in distinct cell regeneration paradigms, and provides insight into how a single cell can coordinate complex morphogenetic pathways to regenerate missing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranidhi Sood
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Athena Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and BioPhysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Connie Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Rebecca McGillivary
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ulises Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Tatyana Makushok
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ambika Nadkarni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, palo alto, United States
| | - Sindy K Y Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Wallace F Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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15
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Gadadhar S, Hirschmugl T, Janke C. The tubulin code in mammalian sperm development and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 137:26-37. [PMID: 35067438 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal elements that play key roles throughout the different steps of sperm development. As an integral part of the sperm flagellum, the molecular machine that generates sperm motility, microtubules are also essential for the progressive swimming of sperm to the oocyte, which is a prerequisite for fertilisation. Given the central role of microtubules in all steps of spermatogenesis, their functions need to be tightly controlled. Recent work has showcased tubulin posttranslational modifications as key players in sperm development and function, with aberrations often leading to male infertility with a broad spectrum of sperm defects. Posttranslational modifications are part of the tubulin code, a mechanism that can control microtubule functions by modulating the properties of their molecular building blocks, the tubulin proteins. Here we review the current knowledge on the implications of the tubulin code in sperm development and functions and its importance for male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Gadadhar
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France.
| | | | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France.
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16
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Zhang X, Sun J, Lu Y, Zhang J, Shimada K, Noda T, Zhao S, Koyano T, Matsuyama M, Zhou S, Wu J, Ikawa M, Liu M. LRRC23 is a conserved component of the radial spoke that is necessary for sperm motility and male fertility in mice. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs259381. [PMID: 34585727 PMCID: PMC10658914 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are ancient structures that achieve controlled motor functions through the coordinated interaction based on microtubules and some attached projections. Radial spokes (RSs) facilitate the beating motion of these organelles by mediating signal transduction between dyneins and a central pair (CP) of singlet microtubules. RS complex isolation from Chlamydomonas axonemes enabled the detection of 23 radial spoke proteins (RSP1-RSP23), although the roles of some radial spoke proteins remain unknown. Recently, RSP15 has been reported to be bound to the stalk of RS2, but its homolog in mammals has not been identified. Herein, we show that Lrrc23 is an evolutionarily conserved testis-enriched gene encoding an RSP15 homolog in mice. We found that LRRC23 localizes to the RS complex within murine sperm flagella and interacts with RSPH3A and RSPH3B. The knockout of Lrrc23 resulted in male infertility due to RS disorganization and impaired motility in murine spermatozoa, whereas the ciliary beating was not significantly affected. These data indicate that LRRC23 is a key regulator that underpins the integrity of the RS complex within the flagella of mammalian spermatozoa, whereas it is dispensable in cilia. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jiang Sun
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Yonggang Lu
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Jintao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Keisuke Shimada
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Taichi Noda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Animal Core Facility of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Takayuki Koyano
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Shigei Medical Research Institute, 701-0202 Okayama, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsuyama
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Shigei Medical Research Institute, 701-0202 Okayama, Japan
| | - Shushu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, 108-8639 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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17
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Wdr47, Camsaps, and Katanin cooperate to generate ciliary central microtubules. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5796. [PMID: 34608154 PMCID: PMC8490363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The axonemal central pair (CP) are non-centrosomal microtubules critical for planar ciliary beat. How they form, however, is poorly understood. Here, we show that mammalian CP formation requires Wdr47, Camsaps, and microtubule-severing activity of Katanin. Katanin severs peripheral microtubules to produce central microtubule seeds in nascent cilia. Camsaps stabilize minus ends of the seeds to facilitate microtubule outgrowth, whereas Wdr47 concentrates Camsaps into the axonemal central lumen to properly position central microtubules. Wdr47 deficiency in mouse multicilia results in complete loss of CP, rotatory beat, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Overexpression of Camsaps or their microtubule-binding regions induces central microtubules in Wdr47-/- ependymal cells but at the expense of low efficiency, abnormal numbers, and wrong location. Katanin levels and activity also impact the central microtubule number. We propose that Wdr47, Camsaps, and Katanin function together for the generation of non-centrosomal microtubule arrays in polarized subcellular compartments.
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18
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Dahlin HR, Zheng N, Scott JD. Beyond PKA: Evolutionary and structural insights that define a docking and dimerization domain superfamily. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100927. [PMID: 34256050 PMCID: PMC8339350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-interaction domains can create unique macromolecular complexes that drive evolutionary innovation. By combining bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses with structural approaches, we have discovered that the docking and dimerization (D/D) domain of the PKA regulatory subunit is an ancient and conserved protein fold. An archetypal function of this module is to interact with A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) that facilitate compartmentalization of this key cell-signaling enzyme. Homology searching reveals that D/D domain proteins comprise a superfamily with 18 members that function in a variety of molecular and cellular contexts. Further in silico analyses indicate that D/D domains segregate into subgroups on the basis of their similarity to type I or type II PKA regulatory subunits. The sperm autoantigenic protein 17 (SPA17) is a prototype of the type II or R2D2 subgroup that is conserved across metazoan phyla. We determined the crystal structure of an extended D/D domain from SPA17 (amino acids 1-75) at 1.72 Å resolution. This revealed a four-helix bundle-like configuration featuring terminal β-strands that can mediate higher order oligomerization. In solution, SPA17 forms both homodimers and tetramers and displays a weak affinity for AKAP18. Quantitative approaches reveal that AKAP18 binding occurs at nanomolar affinity when SPA17 heterodimerizes with the ropporin-1-like D/D protein. These findings expand the role of the D/D fold as a versatile protein-interaction element that maintains the integrity of macromolecular architectures within organelles such as motile cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Dahlin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ning Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - John D Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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19
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Lindemann CB, Lesich KA. The many modes of flagellar and ciliary beating: Insights from a physical analysis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:36-51. [PMID: 33675288 PMCID: PMC8048621 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism that allows the axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella to produce both helical and planar beating is an enduring puzzle. The nine outer doublets of eukaryotic cilia and flagella are arranged in a circle. Therefore, each doublet pair with its associated dynein motors, should produce torque to bend the flagellum in a different direction. Sequential activation of each doublet pair should, therefore result in a helical bending wave. In reality, most cilia and flagella have a well‐defined bending plane and many exhibit an almost perfectly flat (planar) beating pattern. In this analysis we examine the physics that governs flagellar bending, and arrive at two distinct possibilities that could explain the mechanism of planar beating. Of these, the mechanism with the best observational support is that the flagellum behaves as two ribbons of doublets interacting with a central partition. We also examine the physics of torsion in flagella and conclude that torsion could play a role in transitioning from a planar to a helical beating modality in long flagella. Lastly, we suggest some tests that would provide theoretical and/or experimental evaluation of our proposals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Lindemann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathleen A Lesich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
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20
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Distinct architecture and composition of mouse axonemal radial spoke head revealed by cryo-EM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021180118. [PMID: 34871179 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021180118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The radial spoke (RS) heads of motile cilia and flagella contact projections of the central pair (CP) apparatus to coordinate motility, but the morphology is distinct for protozoa and metazoa. Here we show the murine RS head is compositionally distinct from that of Chlamydomonas Our reconstituted murine RS head core complex consists of Rsph1, Rsph3b, Rsph4a, and Rsph9, lacking Rsph6a and Rsph10b, whose orthologs exist in the protozoan RS head. We resolve its cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure at 3.2-Å resolution. Our atomic model further reveals a twofold symmetric brake pad-shaped structure, in which Rsph4a and Rsph9 form a compact body extended laterally with two long arms of twisted Rsph1 β-sheets and potentially connected dorsally via Rsph3b to the RS stalk. Furthermore, our modeling suggests that the core complex contacts the periodic CP projections either rigidly through its tooth-shaped Rsph4a regions or elastically through both arms for optimized RS-CP interactions and mechanosignal transduction.
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21
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Grossman-Haham I, Coudray N, Yu Z, Wang F, Zhang N, Bhabha G, Vale RD. Structure of the radial spoke head and insights into its role in mechanoregulation of ciliary beating. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:20-28. [PMID: 33318704 PMCID: PMC7855469 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-00519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Motile cilia power cell locomotion and drive extracellular fluid flow by propagating bending waves from their base to tip. The coordinated bending of cilia requires mechanoregulation by the radial spoke (RS) protein complexes and the microtubule central pair (CP). Despite their importance for ciliary motility across eukaryotes, the molecular function of the RSs is unknown. Here, we reconstituted the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii RS head that abuts the CP and determined its structure using single-particle cryo-EM to 3.1-Å resolution, revealing a flat, negatively charged surface supported by a rigid core of tightly intertwined proteins. Mutations in this core, corresponding to those involved in human ciliopathies, compromised the stability of the recombinant complex, providing a molecular basis for disease. Partially reversing the negative charge on the RS surface impaired motility in C. reinhardtii. We propose that the RS-head architecture is well-suited for mechanoregulation of ciliary beating through physical collisions with the CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Grossman-Haham
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Coudray
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zanlin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
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22
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Kumar N, Singh AK. The anatomy, movement, and functions of human sperm tail: an evolving mystery. Biol Reprod 2020; 104:508-520. [PMID: 33238303 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperms have attracted attention of many researchers since it was discovered by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1677. Though a small cell, its every part has complex structure and different function to play in carrying life. Sperm tail is most complicated structure with more than 1000 proteins involved in its functioning. With the advent of three-dimensional microscopes, many studies are undergoing to understand exact mechanism of sperm tail movement. Most recent studies have shown that sperms move by spinning rather than swimming. Each subunit of tail, including axonemal, peri-axonemal structures, plays essential roles in sperm motility, capacitation, hyperactivation, fertilization. Furthermore, over 2300 genes are involved in spermatogenesis. A number of genetic mutations have been linked with abnormal sperm flagellar development leading to motility defects and male infertility. It was found that 6% of male infertility cases are related to genetic causes, and 4% of couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection for male subfertility have chromosomal abnormalities. Hence, an understanding of sperm tail development and genes associated with its normal functioning can help in better diagnosis of male infertility and its management. There is still a lot that needs to be discovered about genes, proteins contributing to normal human sperm tail development, movement, and role in male fertility. Sperm tail has complex anatomy, with surrounding axoneme having 9 + 2 microtubules arrangement along its entire length and peri-axonemal structures that contribute in sperm motility and fertilization. In future sperm tail-associated genes, proteins and subunits can be used as markers of male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522503, India
| | - Amit Kant Singh
- Department of Physiology, U.P. University of Medical Sciences, Etawah 206130, Uttar Pradesh, India
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23
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Lee L, Ostrowski LE. Motile cilia genetics and cell biology: big results from little mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:769-797. [PMID: 32915243 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of motile cilia and their role in disease has increased tremendously over the last two decades, with critical information and insight coming from the analysis of mouse models. Motile cilia form on specific epithelial cell types and typically beat in a coordinated, whip-like manner to facilitate the flow and clearance of fluids along the cell surface. Defects in formation and function of motile cilia result in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetically heterogeneous disorder with a well-characterized phenotype but no effective treatment. A number of model systems, ranging from unicellular eukaryotes to mammals, have provided information about the genetics, biochemistry, and structure of motile cilia. However, with remarkable resources available for genetic manipulation and developmental, pathological, and physiological analysis of phenotype, the mouse has risen to the forefront of understanding mammalian motile cilia and modeling PCD. This is evidenced by a large number of relevant mouse lines and an extensive body of genetic and phenotypic data. More recently, application of innovative cell biological techniques to these models has enabled substantial advancement in elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and function of mammalian motile cilia. In this article, we will review genetic and cell biological studies of motile cilia in mouse models and their contributions to our understanding of motile cilia and PCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Ostrowski
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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24
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Poghosyan E, Iacovache I, Faltova L, Leitner A, Yang P, Diener DR, Aebersold R, Zuber B, Ishikawa T. The structure and symmetry of the radial spoke protein complex in Chlamydomonas flagella. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs245233. [PMID: 32694165 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.245233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The radial spoke is a key element in a transducer apparatus controlling the motility of eukaryotic cilia. The transduction biomechanics is a long-standing question in cilia biology. The radial spoke has three regions - a spoke head, a bifurcated neck and a stalk. Although the neck and the stalk are asymmetric, twofold symmetry of the head has remained controversial. In this work we used single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis to generate a 3D structure of the whole radial spoke at unprecedented resolution. We show the head region at 15 Å (1.5 nm) resolution and confirm twofold symmetry. Using distance constraints generated by cross-linking mass spectrometry, we locate two components, RSP2 and RSP4, at the head and neck regions. Our biophysical analysis of isolated RSP4, RSP9, and RSP10 affirmed their oligomeric state. Our results enable us to redefine the boundaries of the regions and propose a model of organization of the radial spoke component proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliya Poghosyan
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ioan Iacovache
- University of Bern, Institute of Anatomy, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Faltova
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Leitner
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pinfen Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Dennis R Diener
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Faculty of Science, Rämistrasse 71, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Zuber
- University of Bern, Institute of Anatomy, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Paudel B, Gervasi MG, Porambo J, Caraballo DA, Tourzani DA, Mager J, Platt MD, Salicioni AM, Visconti PE. Sperm capacitation is associated with phosphorylation of the testis-specific radial spoke protein Rsph6a†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:440-454. [PMID: 30239614 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian sperm undergo a series of biochemical and physiological changes collectively known as capacitation in order to acquire the ability to fertilize. Although the increase in phosphorylation associated with mouse sperm capacitation is well established, the identity of the proteins involved in this signaling cascade remains largely unknown. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has been used to identify the exact sites of phosphorylation and to compare the relative extent of phosphorylation at these sites. In the present work, we find that a novel site of phosphorylation on a peptide derived from the radial spoke protein Rsph6a is more phosphorylated in capacitated mouse sperm. The Rsph6a gene has six exons, five of which are conserved during evolution in flagellated cells. The exon containing the capacitation-induced phosphorylation site was found exclusively in eutherian mammals. Transcript analyses revealed at least two different testis-specific splicing variants for Rsph6a.Rsph6a mRNA expression was restricted to spermatocytes. Using antibodies generated against the Rsph6a N-terminal domain, western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses indicated that the protein remains in mature sperm and localizes to the sperm flagellum. Consistent with its role in the axoneme, solubility analyses revealed that Rsph6 is attached to cytoskeletal structures. Based on previous studies in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we predict that Rsph6 participates in the interaction between the central pair of microtubules and the surrounding pairs. The findings that Rsph6a is more phosphorylated during capacitation and is predicted to function in axonemal localization make Rsph6a a candidate protein mediating signaling processes in the sperm flagellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidur Paudel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - María Gracia Gervasi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Porambo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Diego A Caraballo
- IFIBYNE-CONICET, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darya A Tourzani
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesse Mager
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark D Platt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Ana María Salicioni
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pablo E Visconti
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Yoke H, Ueno H, Narita A, Sakai T, Horiuchi K, Shingyoji C, Hamada H, Shinohara K. Rsph4a is essential for the triplet radial spoke head assembly of the mouse motile cilia. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008664. [PMID: 32203505 PMCID: PMC7147805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia/flagella are essential for swimming and generating extracellular fluid flow in eukaryotes. Motile cilia harbor a 9+2 arrangement consisting of nine doublet microtubules with dynein arms at the periphery and a pair of singlet microtubules at the center (central pair). In the central system, the radial spoke has a T-shaped architecture and regulates the motility and motion pattern of cilia. Recent cryoelectron tomography data reveal three types of radial spokes (RS1, RS2, and RS3) in the 96 nm axoneme repeat unit; however, the molecular composition of the third radial spoke, RS3 is unknown. In human pathology, it is well known mutation of the radial spoke head-related genes causes primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) including respiratory defect and infertility. Here, we describe the role of the primary ciliary dyskinesia protein Rsph4a in the mouse motile cilia. Cryoelectron tomography reveals that the mouse trachea cilia harbor three types of radial spoke as with the other vertebrates and that all triplet spoke heads are lacking in the trachea cilia of Rsph4a-deficient mice. Furthermore, observation of ciliary movement and immunofluorescence analysis indicates that Rsph4a contributes to the generation of the planar beating of motile cilia by building the distal architecture of radial spokes in the trachea, the ependymal tissues, and the oviduct. Although detailed mechanism of RSs assembly remains unknown, our results suggest Rsph4a is a generic component of radial spoke heads, and could explain the severe phenotype of human PCD patients with RSPH4A mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoke
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Ueno
- Molecular Function & Life Sciences, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Narita
- Structural Biology Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kahoru Horiuchi
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Shingyoji
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Shinohara
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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27
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Martinez G, Beurois J, Dacheux D, Cazin C, Bidart M, Kherraf ZE, Robinson DR, Satre V, Le Gac G, Ka C, Gourlaouen I, Fichou Y, Petre G, Dulioust E, Zouari R, Thierry-Mieg N, Touré A, Arnoult C, Bonhivers M, Ray P, Coutton C. Biallelic variants in MAATS1 encoding CFAP91, a calmodulin-associated and spoke-associated complex protein, cause severe astheno-teratozoospermia and male infertility. J Med Genet 2020; 57:708-716. [PMID: 32161152 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) consistently lead to male infertility due to a reduced or absent sperm motility defined as asthenozoospermia. Despite numerous genes recently described to be recurrently associated with MMAF, more than half of the cases analysed remain unresolved, suggesting that many yet uncharacterised gene defects account for this phenotype METHODS: Exome sequencing was performed on 167 infertile men with an MMAF phenotype. Immunostaining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in sperm cells from affected individuals were performed to characterise the ultrastructural sperm defects. Gene inactivation using RNA interference (RNAi) was subsequently performed in Trypanosoma. RESULTS We identified six unrelated affected patients carrying a homozygous deleterious variants in MAATS1, a gene encoding CFAP91, a calmodulin-associated and spoke-associated complex (CSC) protein. TEM and immunostaining experiments in sperm cells showed severe central pair complex (CPC) and radial spokes defects. Moreover, we confirmed that the WDR66 protein is a physical and functional partner of CFAP91 into the CSC. Study of Trypanosoma MAATS1's orthologue (TbCFAP91) highlighted high sequence and structural analogies with the human protein and confirmed the axonemal localisation of the protein. Knockdown of TbCFAP91 using RNAi impaired flagellar movement led to CPC defects in Trypanosoma as observed in humans. CONCLUSIONS We showed that CFAP91 is essential for normal sperm flagellum structure and function in human and Trypanosoma and that biallelic variants in this gene lead to severe flagellum malformations resulting in astheno-teratozoospermia and primary male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Martinez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Grenoble, France.,CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM de Génétique Chromosomique, Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Beurois
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Dacheux
- Université de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline Cazin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Bidart
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Grenoble, France.,CHU Grenoble Alpes, Unité Médicale de Génétique Moléculaire : Maladies Héréditaires et Oncologie, Pôle Biologie, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Grenoble, France
| | - Zine-Eddine Kherraf
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Grenoble, France.,CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM GI-DPI, Grenoble, France
| | - Derrick R Robinson
- Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Satre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Grenoble, France.,CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM de Génétique Chromosomique, Grenoble, France
| | - Gerald Le Gac
- INSERM UMR1078, Université Bretagne Loire - Université de Brest, Etablissement Français du Sang - Bretagne, Institut Brestois Santé-Agro-Matière, Brest, France.,Service de Génétique Médicale et Biologie de la Reproduction, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Histocompatibilité, CHRU de Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Chandran Ka
- INSERM UMR1078, Université Bretagne Loire - Université de Brest, Etablissement Français du Sang - Bretagne, Institut Brestois Santé-Agro-Matière, Brest, France
| | - Isabelle Gourlaouen
- INSERM UMR1078, Université Bretagne Loire - Université de Brest, Etablissement Français du Sang - Bretagne, Institut Brestois Santé-Agro-Matière, Brest, France
| | - Yann Fichou
- INSERM UMR1078, Université Bretagne Loire - Université de Brest, Etablissement Français du Sang - Bretagne, Institut Brestois Santé-Agro-Matière, Brest, France
| | - Graciane Petre
- INSERM U1205, UFR Chimie Biologie, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel Dulioust
- Laboratoire d'Histologie Embryologie - Biologie de la Reproduction, GH Cochin Broca Hôtel Dieu, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Raoudha Zouari
- Polyclinique les Jasmins, Centre d'Aide Médicale à la Procréation, Centre Urbain Nord, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Aminata Touré
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Grenoble, France
| | - Mélanie Bonhivers
- Université de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Ray
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Grenoble, France.,CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM GI-DPI, Grenoble, France
| | - Charles Coutton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Grenoble, France .,CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM de Génétique Chromosomique, Grenoble, France
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28
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Beeby M, Ferreira JL, Tripp P, Albers SV, Mitchell DR. Propulsive nanomachines: the convergent evolution of archaella, flagella and cilia. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:253-304. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Echoing the repeated convergent evolution of flight and vision in large eukaryotes, propulsive swimming motility has evolved independently in microbes in each of the three domains of life. Filamentous appendages – archaella in Archaea, flagella in Bacteria and cilia in Eukaryotes – wave, whip or rotate to propel microbes, overcoming diffusion and enabling colonization of new environments. The implementations of the three propulsive nanomachines are distinct, however: archaella and flagella rotate, while cilia beat or wave; flagella and cilia assemble at their tips, while archaella assemble at their base; archaella and cilia use ATP for motility, while flagella use ion-motive force. These underlying differences reflect the tinkering required to evolve a molecular machine, in which pre-existing machines in the appropriate contexts were iteratively co-opted for new functions and whose origins are reflected in their resultant mechanisms. Contemporary homologies suggest that archaella evolved from a non-rotary pilus, flagella from a non-rotary appendage or secretion system, and cilia from a passive sensory structure. Here, we review the structure, assembly, mechanism and homologies of the three distinct solutions as a foundation to better understand how propulsive nanomachines evolved three times independently and to highlight principles of molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Beeby
- Department of Life Sciences, Frankland Road, Imperial College of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josie L Ferreira
- Department of Life Sciences, Frankland Road, Imperial College of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Patrick Tripp
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79211 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79211 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David R Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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29
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Touré A, Martinez G, Kherraf ZE, Cazin C, Beurois J, Arnoult C, Ray PF, Coutton C. The genetic architecture of morphological abnormalities of the sperm tail. Hum Genet 2020; 140:21-42. [PMID: 31950240 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spermatozoa contain highly specialized structural features reflecting unique functions required for fertilization. Among them, the flagellum is a sperm-specific organelle required to generate the motility, which is essential to reach the egg. The flagellum integrity is, therefore, critical for normal sperm function and flagellum defects consistently lead to male infertility due to reduced or absent sperm motility defined as asthenozoospermia. Multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), also called short tails, is among the most severe forms of sperm flagellum defects responsible for male infertility and is characterized by the presence in the ejaculate of spermatozoa being short, coiled, absent and of irregular caliber. Recent studies have demonstrated that MMAF is genetically heterogeneous which is consistent with the large number of proteins (over one thousand) localized in the human sperm flagella. In the past 5 years, genomic investigation of the MMAF phenotype allowed the identification of 18 genes whose mutations induce MMAF and infertility. Here we will review information about those genes including their expression pattern, the features of the encoded proteins together with their localization within the different flagellar protein complexes (axonemal or peri-axonemal) and their potential functions. We will categorize the identified MMAF genes following the protein complexes, functions or biological processes they may be associated with, based on the current knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminata Touré
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France.,Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Martinez
- INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM de Génétique Chromosomique, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Zine-Eddine Kherraf
- INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM GI-DPI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Cazin
- INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Beurois
- INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre F Ray
- INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM GI-DPI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Charles Coutton
- INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France. .,CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM de Génétique Chromosomique, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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30
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Rare Human Diseases: Model Organisms in Deciphering the Molecular Basis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121614. [PMID: 31835861 PMCID: PMC6952885 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a recessive heterogeneous disorder of motile cilia, affecting one per 15,000-30,000 individuals; however, the frequency of this disorder is likely underestimated. Even though more than 40 genes are currently associated with PCD, in the case of approximately 30% of patients, the genetic cause of the manifested PCD symptoms remains unknown. Because motile cilia are highly evolutionarily conserved organelles at both the proteomic and ultrastructural levels, analyses in the unicellular and multicellular model organisms can help not only to identify new proteins essential for cilia motility (and thus identify new putative PCD-causative genes), but also to elucidate the function of the proteins encoded by known PCD-causative genes. Consequently, studies involving model organisms can help us to understand the molecular mechanism(s) behind the phenotypic changes observed in the motile cilia of PCD affected patients. Here, we summarize the current state of the art in the genetics and biology of PCD and emphasize the impact of the studies conducted using model organisms on existing knowledge.
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31
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Sperm morphology of Elasmus polistis Burks, 1971 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae). Micron 2019; 127:102757. [PMID: 31574380 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sperm morphology of the parasitoid Elasmus polistis (Eulophidae) has been investigated with light and transmission electron microscopy. The sperm were filiform and spiraled, with 165.6 (± 4.6) μm in length, and showed a distinctive head, formed by a one-layered small acrosome and a nucleus, and a flagellar region. An extracellular sheath from which many long filaments radiated out covered the acrosome and part of the nucleus. The spiral nucleus, with 24.1 (± 1.3) μm in length, was filled with homogeneously compact chromatin. In the nucleus-flagellum transition, the centriole adjunct extended posteriorly from the nuclear base in a spiral around the basal body, which has two central microtubules, and axoneme for approximately 1.1 μm. The two mitochondrial derivatives began roughly at the same level and at the base of the centriole adjunct. In cross-section, they were symmetrical, with a slightly oval shape and a smaller diameter in comparison to the axoneme. The latter, also spiraled, consisted of 9 + 9 + 2 microtubules that was formed from the basal body situated just below and aligned with the nucleus. The E. polistis sperm showed the same basic structures and morphological characteristics as observed in other Chalcidoidea. However, it was possible to distinguish the sperm of this species from those of other Eulophidae by (i) the long length of the centriole adjunct on the flagellum, and (ii) the presence of two central microtubules within the basal body. The sperm characteristics suggest that Eulophidae is closely related to Trichogrammatidae and both families are more similar to Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, and Torymidae than Agaonidae.
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32
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Cilia Distal Domain: Diversity in Evolutionarily Conserved Structures. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020160. [PMID: 30769894 PMCID: PMC6406257 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface to fulfill sensory and motility functions. Their basic structure consists of an axoneme templated by a centriole/basal body. Striking differences in ciliary ultra-structures can be found at the ciliary base, the axoneme and the tip, not only throughout the eukaryotic tree of life, but within a single organism. Defects in cilia biogenesis and function are at the origin of human ciliopathies. This structural/functional diversity and its relationship with the etiology of these diseases is poorly understood. Some of the important events in cilia function occur at their distal domain, including cilia assembly/disassembly, IFT (intraflagellar transport) complexes' remodeling, and signal detection/transduction. How axonemal microtubules end at this domain varies with distinct cilia types, originating different tip architectures. Additionally, they show a high degree of dynamic behavior and are able to respond to different stimuli. The existence of microtubule-capping structures (caps) in certain types of cilia contributes to this diversity. It has been proposed that caps play a role in axoneme length control and stabilization, but their roles are still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on cilia structure diversity with a focus on the cilia distal domain and caps and discuss how they affect cilia structure and function.
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33
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Zhu X, Poghosyan E, Rezabkova L, Mehall B, Sakakibara H, Hirono M, Kamiya R, Ishikawa T, Yang P. The roles of a flagellar HSP40 ensuring rhythmic beating. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 30:228-241. [PMID: 30427757 PMCID: PMC6589562 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-01-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP40s are regarded as cochaperones, perpetually shuttling client polypeptides to HSP70s for refolding. However, many HSP40s that are central for disparate processes diverge from this paradigm. To elucidate the noncanonical mechanisms, we investigated HSP40 in the radial spoke (RS) complex in flagella. Disruption of the gene by the MRC1 transposon in Chlamydomonas resulted in jerky flagella. Traditional electron microscopy, cryo-electron tomography, and sub-tomogram analysis revealed RSs of various altered morphologies that, unexpectedly, differed between the two RS species. This indicates that HSP40 locks the RS into a functionally rigid conformation, facilitating its interactions with the adjacent central pair apparatus for transducing locally varied mechanical feedback, which permits rhythmic beating. Missing HSP40, like missing RSs, could be restored in a tip-to-base direction when HSP40 mutants fused with a HSP40 donor cell. However, without concomitant de novo RS assembly, the repair was exceedingly slow, suggesting HSP40/RS-coupled intraflagellar trafficking and assembly. Biochemical analysis and modeling uncovered spoke HSP40’s cochaperone traits. On the basis of our data, we propose that HSP40 accompanies its client RS precursor when traveling to the flagellar tip. Upon arrival, both refold in concert to assemble into the mature configuration. HSP40’s roles in chaperoning and structural maintenance shed new light on its versatility and flagellar biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Emiliya Poghosyan
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Rezabkova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Bridget Mehall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Advanced ICT Research Institute, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
| | - Masafumi Hirono
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Ritsu Kamiya
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Pinfen Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233
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Werner S, Pimenta-Marques A, Bettencourt-Dias M. Maintaining centrosomes and cilia. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3789-3800. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Centrosomes and cilia are present in organisms from all branches of the eukaryotic tree of life. These structures are composed of microtubules and various other proteins, and are required for a plethora of cell processes such as structuring the cytoskeleton, sensing the environment, and motility. Deregulation of centrosome and cilium components leads to a wide range of diseases, some of which are incompatible with life. Centrosomes and cilia are thought to be very stable and can persist over long periods of time. However, these structures can disappear in certain developmental stages and diseases. Moreover, some centrosome and cilia components are quite dynamic. While a large body of knowledge has been produced regarding the biogenesis of these structures, little is known about how they are maintained. In this Review, we propose the existence of specific centrosome and cilia maintenance programs, which are regulated during development and homeostasis, and when deregulated can lead to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Werner
- Cell Cycle Regulation Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Pimenta-Marques
- Cell Cycle Regulation Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mónica Bettencourt-Dias
- Cell Cycle Regulation Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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Primary Cilium Formation and Ciliary Protein Trafficking Is Regulated by the Atypical MAP Kinase MAPK15 in Caenorhabditis elegans and Human Cells. Genetics 2017; 207:1423-1440. [PMID: 29021280 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile and immotile (or primary) cilia are microtubule-based structures that mediate multiple cellular functions, including the transduction of environmental cues, developmental signaling, cellular motility, and modulation of fluid flow. Although their core architectures are similar, motile and primary cilia exhibit marked structural differences that underlie distinct functional properties. However, the extent to which ciliogenesis mechanisms are shared between these different cilia types is not fully described. Here, we report that the atypical MAP kinase MAPK15 (ERK7/8), implicated in the formation of vertebrate motile cilia, also regulates the formation of primary cilia in Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons and human cells. We find that MAPK15 localizes to a basal body subdomain with the ciliopathy protein BBS7 and to cell-cell junctions. MAPK15 also regulates the localization of ciliary proteins involved in cilium structure, transport, and signaling. Our results describe a primary cilia-related role for this poorly studied member of the MAPK family in vivo, and indicate a broad requirement for MAPK15 in the formation of multiple ciliary classes across species.
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Ziv T, Chalifa-Caspi V, Denekamp N, Plaschkes I, Kierszniowska S, Blais I, Admon A, Lubzens E. Dormancy in Embryos: Insight from Hydrated Encysted Embryos of an Aquatic Invertebrate. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1746-1769. [PMID: 28729386 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous aquatic invertebrates remain dormant for decades in a hydrated state as encysted embryos. In search for functional pathways associated with this form of dormancy, we used label-free quantitative proteomics to compare the proteomes of hydrated encysted dormant embryos (resting eggs; RE) with nondormant embryos (amictic eggs; AM) of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilisA total of 2631 proteins were identified in rotifer eggs. About 62% proteins showed higher abundance in AM relative to RE (Fold Change>3; p = 0.05). Proteins belonging to numerous putative functional pathways showed dramatic changes during dormancy. Most striking were changes in the mitochondria indicating an impeded metabolism. A comparison between the abundance of proteins and their corresponding transcript levels, revealed higher concordance for RE than for AM. Surprisingly, numerous highly abundant dormancy related proteins show corresponding high mRNA levels in metabolically inactive RE. As these mRNAs and proteins degrade at the time of exit from dormancy they may serve as a source of nucleotides and amino acids during the exit from dormancy. Because proteome analyses point to a similarity in functional pathways of hydrated RE and desiccated life forms, REs were dried. Similar hatching and reproductive rates were found for wet and dried REs, suggesting analogous pathways for long-term survival in wet or dry forms. Analysis by KEGG pathways revealed a few general strategies for dormancy, proposing an explanation for the low transcriptional similarity among dormancies across species, despite the resemblance in physiological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ziv
- From the ‡Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Vered Chalifa-Caspi
- §National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nadav Denekamp
- ¶Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inbar Plaschkes
- §National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Idit Blais
- **Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and IVF, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arie Admon
- From the ‡Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Esther Lubzens
- From the ‡Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel;
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