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Yeo XY, Kwon S, Rinai KR, Lee S, Jung S, Park R. A Consolidated Understanding of the Contribution of Redox Dysregulation in the Development of Hearing Impairment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:598. [PMID: 38790703 PMCID: PMC11118506 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The etiology of hearing impairment is multifactorial, with contributions from both genetic and environmental factors. Although genetic studies have yielded valuable insights into the development and function of the auditory system, the contribution of gene products and their interaction with alternate environmental factors for the maintenance and development of auditory function requires further elaboration. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of redox dysregulation as the converging factor between genetic and environmental factor-dependent development of hearing loss, with a focus on understanding the interaction of oxidative stress with the physical components of the peripheral auditory system in auditory disfunction. The potential involvement of molecular factors linked to auditory function in driving redox imbalance is an important promoter of the development of hearing loss over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Yeo
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea;
| | - Soohyun Kwon
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea;
- Department of BioNanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Kimberley R. Rinai
- Department of Life Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sungsu Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital and Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea;
| | - Raekil Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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Karagyaur M, Primak A, Bozov K, Sheleg D, Arbatsky M, Dzhauari S, Illarionova M, Semina E, Samokhodskaya L, Klimovich P, Velichko A, Drach M, Sotskaya E, Popov V, Rubina K, Parfenenko M, Makus J, Tsygankov B, Tkachuk V, Neyfeld E. Novel missense variants in brain morphogenic genes associated with depression and schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1338168. [PMID: 38699454 PMCID: PMC11063365 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1338168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Impaired function of brain morphogenic genes is considered one of the predisposing factors for the manifestation of psychiatric and cognitive disorders, such as paranoid schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Identification of such genes (genes of neurotrophic factors and guidance molecules among them) and their deleterious genetic variants serves as a key to diagnosis, prevention, and possibly treatment of such disorders. In this study, we have examined the prevalence of genomic variants in brain morphogenic genes in individuals with SCZ and MDD within a Russian population. Methods We have performed whole-exome sequencing of 21 DNA samples: 11 from individuals with SCZ and 10 with MDD, followed by ARMS (Amplification-Refractory Mutation System) based screening of detected single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in larger groups: 102 for individuals with SCZ, 79 for those with MDD and 103 for healthy donors. Results Whole-exome sequencing has revealed 226 missense mutations in 79 genes (out of 140 studied), some of which occur in patients with psychiatric disorders significantly more frequently than in healthy donors. We have identified previously undescribed genomic variants in brain morphogenic genes: CDH2 (rs1944294-T and rs17445840-T), DCHS2 (rs11935573-G and rs12500437-G/T) and CDH23 (rs1227051-G/A), significantly associated with the incidence of SCZ and MDD in the Russian population. For some SNVs (rs6265-T, rs1944294-T, rs11935573-G, rs4760-G) sex-biased differences in their prevalence between SCZ/MDD patients and healthy donors was detected. Discussion However, the functional significance of the SNVs identified has still to be confirmed in cellular and animal models. Once it is fulfilled, these SNVs have the potential to complement the diagnostic toolbox for assessing susceptibility to mental disorders. The data obtained indirectly confirm the importance of adequate brain structure formation for its correct functioning and preservation of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Karagyaur
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Primak
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Bozov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Sheleg
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Higher Education “A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Arbatsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stalik Dzhauari
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Illarionova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Semina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa Samokhodskaya
- Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Klimovich
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arkadiy Velichko
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Drach
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir Popov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariia Parfenenko
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Makus
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Tsygankov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Higher Education “A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Neyfeld
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Higher Education “A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Bandekar SJ, Garbett K, Kordon SP, Dintzner E, Shearer T, Sando RC, Araç D. Structure of the extracellular region of the adhesion GPCR CELSR1 reveals a compact module which regulates G protein-coupling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.26.577439. [PMID: 38328199 PMCID: PMC10849658 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.577439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cadherin EGF Laminin G seven-pass G-type receptors (CELSRs or ADGRCs) are conserved adhesion G protein-coupled receptors which are essential for animal development. CELSRs have extracellular regions (ECRs) containing 23 adhesion domains which couple adhesion to intracellular signaling. However, molecular-level insight into CELSR function is sparsely available. We report the 4.3 Å cryo-EM reconstruction of the mCELSR1 ECR with 13 domains resolved in the structure. These domains form a compact module mediated by interdomain interactions with contact between the N- and C-terminal domains. We show the mCELSR1 ECR forms an extended species in the presence of Ca 2+ , which we propose represents the antiparallel cadherin repeat dimer. Using assays for adhesion and G protein-coupling, we assign the N-terminal CADH1-8 module as necessary for cell adhesion and we show the C-terminal CAHD9-GAIN module regulates signaling. Our work provides important molecular context to the literature on CELSR function and opens the door towards further mechanistic studies.
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Wu S, Wu Z, Chen M, Zhong X, Gu H, Du W, Liu W, Lang L, Wang J. Interactions of genetic variations in FAS, GJB2 and PTPRN2 are associated with noise-induced hearing loss: a case-control study in China. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:18. [PMID: 38212800 PMCID: PMC10785407 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to screen and validate noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), construct genetic risk prediction models, and evaluate higher-order gene-gene, gene-environment interactions for NIHL in Chinese population. METHODS First, 83 cases and 83 controls were recruited and 60 candidate SNPs were genotyped. Then SNPs with promising results were validated in another case-control study (153 cases and 252 controls). NIHL-associated SNPs were identified by logistic regression analysis, and a genetic risk model was constructed based on the genetic risk score (GRS), and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used to evaluate interactions among gene-gene and gene-environment. RESULTS Six SNPs in five genes were significantly associated with NIHL risk (p < 0.05). A positive dose-response relationship was found between GRS values and NIHL risk. CART analysis indicated that strongest interaction was among subjects with age ≥ 45 years and cumulative noise exposure ≥ 95 [dB(A)·years], without personal protective equipment, and carried GJB2 rs3751385 (AA/AB) and FAS rs1468063 (AA/AB) (OR = 10.038, 95% CI = 2.770, 47.792), compared with the referent group. CDH23, FAS, GJB2, PTPRN2 and SIK3 may be NIHL susceptibility genes. CONCLUSION GRS values may be utilized in the evaluation of the cumulative effect of genetic risk for NIHL based on NIHL-associated SNPs. Gene-gene, gene-environment interaction patterns play an important role in the incidence of NIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of public health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhidan Wu
- Guangzhou Baiyun District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manlian Chen
- The Sixth people's Hospital Of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiangbin Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of public health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyan Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of public health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Du
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of public health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- The Sixth people's Hospital Of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Li Lang
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Junyi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of public health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Abstract
Tip links are seen under microscopes as double-helical tetrameric complexes of long nonclassical cadherins, cadherin-23 and protocadherin-15. The twisted filamentous structure enables tip links to regulate mechanotransduction in hearing and balance. While the molecular details of the double-helical protocadherin-15 cis dimers have been deciphered, a similar conformation of cadherin-23 is still elusive. In a search of cadherin-23 cis dimers, we performed photoinduced cross-linking of unmodified proteins in solution and on lipid membranes and observed no trace of cadherin-23 cis dimers. Reportedly, tip links are dynamic connections, assembling and disassembling in seconds. Using lipid vesicles, we measured significantly slower aggregations between cis dimers of tip link cadherins than via dimer-monomer interactions, indicating that the trans interactions between two cis dimers may possess steric restraints and defer reassociations. Reconnections of tip links are thus kinetically most desired between protocadherin-15 cis dimers and cadherin-23 monomers. Here we propose that the helical geometry of tip links is induced by protocadherin-15 cis dimers, while cadherin-23 remains single before tip linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerpal Kaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Sanat K Ghosh
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Tripta Bhatia
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Sabyasachi Rakshit
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
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Andres EM, Earnest KK, Xuan H, Zhong C, Rice ML, Raza MH. Innovative Family-Based Genetically Informed Series of Analyses of Whole-Exome Data Supports Likely Inheritance for Grammar in Children with Specific Language Impairment. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1119. [PMID: 37508616 PMCID: PMC10378399 DOI: 10.3390/children10071119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with specific language impairment (SLI) struggle with language acquisition despite average non-verbal intelligence and otherwise typical development. One SLI account focuses on grammar acquisition delay. The current study aimed to detect novel rare genetic variants associated with performance on a grammar assessment, the Test of Early Grammatical Impairment (TEGI), in English-speaking children. The TEGI was selected due to its sensitivity and specificity, consistently high heritability estimates, and its absence from all but one molecular genetic study. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in eight families with SLI (n = 74 total) and follow-up Sanger sequencing in additional unrelated probands (n = 146). We prioritized rare exonic variants shared by individuals with low TEGI performance (n = 34) from at least two families under two filtering workflows: (1) novel and (2) previously reported candidate genes. Candidate variants were observed on six new genes (PDHA2, PCDHB3, FURIN, NOL6, IQGAP3, and BAHCC1), and two genes previously reported for overall language ability (GLI3 and FLNB). We specifically suggest PCDHB3, a protocadherin gene, and NOL6 are critical for ribosome synthesis, as they are important targets of SLI investigation. The proposed SLI candidate genes associated with TEGI performance emphasize the utility of precise phenotyping and family-based genetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Andres
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
| | | | - Hao Xuan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Cuncong Zhong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Mabel L. Rice
- Language Acquisition Studies Lab, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Child Language Doctoral Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Abitbol M, Jagannathan V, Lopez M, Courtin A, Dufaure de Citres C, Gache V, Leeb T. A CDH23 missense variant in Beauceron dogs with non-syndromic deafness. Anim Genet 2023; 54:73-77. [PMID: 36308003 PMCID: PMC10092623 DOI: 10.1111/age.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital coat-colour-related deafness is common among certain canine breeds especially those exhibiting extreme white spotting or merle patterning. We identified a non-syndromic deafness in Beauceron dogs characterised by a bilateral hearing loss in puppies that is not linked to coat colour. Pedigree analysis suggested an autosomal recessive transmission. By combining homozygosity mapping with whole genome sequencing and variant filtering in affected dogs we identified a CDH23:c.700C>T variant. The variant, located in the CHD23 (cadherin related 23) gene, was predicted to induce a CDH23:p.(Pro234Ser) change in the protein. Proline-234 of CDH23 protein is highly conserved across different vertebrate species. In silico tools predicted the CDH23:p.(Pro234Ser) change to be deleterious. CDH23 encodes a calcium-dependent transmembrane glycoprotein localised near the tips of hair-cell stereocilia in the mammalian inner ear. Intact function of these cilia is mandatory for the transformation of the acoustical wave into a neurological signal, leading to sensorineural deafness when impaired. By genotyping a cohort of 90 control Beauceron dogs sampled in France, we found a 3.3% carrier frequency. The CDH23:c.[700C>T] allele is easily detectable with a genetic test to avoid at-risk matings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Abitbol
- Univ Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,Institut NeuroMyoGène INMG-PNMG, CNRS UMR5261, INSERM U1315, Faculté de Médecine, Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marie Lopez
- Cabinet Vétérinaire Le Semnoz, Seynod, France
| | - Ambre Courtin
- Société Centrale Canine, Aubervilliers, France.,Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris-Est Créteil, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Vincent Gache
- Institut NeuroMyoGène INMG-PNMG, CNRS UMR5261, INSERM U1315, Faculté de Médecine, Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Verdes A, Taboada S, Hamilton BR, Undheim EAB, Sonoda GG, Andrade SCS, Morato E, Isabel Marina A, Cárdenas CA, Riesgo A. Evolution, expression patterns and distribution of novel ribbon worm predatory and defensive toxins. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6580756. [PMID: 35512366 PMCID: PMC9132205 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribbon worms are active predators that use an eversible proboscis to inject venom into their prey and defend themselves with toxic epidermal secretions. Previous work on nemertean venom has largely focused on just a few species and has not investigated the different predatory and defensive secretions in detail. Consequently, our understanding of the composition and evolution of ribbon worm venoms is still very limited. Here, we present a comparative study of nemertean venom combining RNA-seq differential gene expression analyses of venom-producing tissues, tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomics of toxic secretions, and mass spectrometry imaging of proboscis sections, to shed light onto the composition and evolution of predatory and defensive toxic secretions in Antarctonemertes valida. Our analyses reveal a wide diversity of putative defensive and predatory toxins with tissue-specific gene expression patterns and restricted distributions to the mucus and proboscis proteomes respectively, suggesting that ribbon worms produce distinct toxin cocktails for predation and defense. Our results also highlight the presence of numerous lineage-specific toxins, indicating that venom evolution is highly divergent across nemerteans, producing toxin cocktails that might be finely tuned to subdue different prey. Our data also suggest that the hoplonemertean proboscis is a highly specialized predatory organ that seems to be involved in a variety of biological functions besides predation, including secretion and sensory perception. Overall, our results advance our knowledge into the diversity and evolution of nemertean venoms and highlight the importance of combining different types of data to characterize toxin composition in understudied venomous organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Verdes
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Sergi Taboada
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.,Departament of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Brett R Hamilton
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Eivind A B Undheim
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gabriel G Sonoda
- Departmento de Genética e Biología Evolutiva, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia C S Andrade
- Departmento de Genética e Biología Evolutiva, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esperanza Morato
- CBMSO Protein Chemistry Facility, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Marina
- CBMSO Protein Chemistry Facility, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - César A Cárdenas
- Departamento Científico, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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Rivera AM, Wilburn DB, Swanson WJ. Domain Expansion and Functional Diversification in Vertebrate Reproductive Proteins. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac105. [PMID: 35587583 PMCID: PMC9154058 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid evolution of fertilization proteins has generated remarkable diversity in molecular structure and function. Glycoproteins of vertebrate egg coats contain multiple zona pellucida (ZP)-N domains (1-6 copies) that facilitate multiple reproductive functions, including species-specific sperm recognition. In this report, we integrate phylogenetics and machine learning to investigate how ZP-N domains diversify in structure and function. The most C-terminal ZP-N domain of each paralog is associated with another domain type (ZP-C), which together form a "ZP module." All modular ZP-N domains are phylogenetically distinct from nonmodular or free ZP-N domains. Machine learning-based classification identifies eight residues that form a stabilizing network in modular ZP-N domains that is absent in free domains. Positive selection is identified in some free ZP-N domains. Our findings support that strong purifying selection has conserved an essential structural core in modular ZP-N domains, with the relaxation of this structural constraint allowing free N-terminal domains to functionally diversify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M. Rivera
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Damien B. Wilburn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Willie J. Swanson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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10
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E-Cadherin Signaling in Salivary Gland Development and Autoimmunity. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11082241. [PMID: 35456333 PMCID: PMC9031707 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin, the major epithelial cadherin, is located in regions of cell–cell contact known as adherens junctions. E-cadherin contributes to the maintenance of the epithelial integrity through homophylic interaction; the cytoplasmic tail of E-cadherin directly binds catenins, forming a dynamic complex that regulates several intracellular signal transduction pathways, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recent progress uncovered a novel and critical role for this adhesion molecule in salivary gland (SG) development and in SG diseases. We summarize the structure and regulation of the E-cadherin gene and transcript in view of the role of this remarkable protein in SG morphogenesis, focusing, in the second part of the review, on altered E-cadherin expression in EMT-mediated SG autoimmunity.
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11
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Neel BL, Nisler CR, Walujkar S, Araya-Secchi R, Sotomayor M. Elastic versus brittle mechanical responses predicted for dimeric cadherin complexes. Biophys J 2022; 121:1013-1028. [PMID: 35151631 PMCID: PMC8943749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are a superfamily of adhesion proteins involved in a variety of biological processes that include the formation of intercellular contacts, the maintenance of tissue integrity, and the development of neuronal circuits. These transmembrane proteins are characterized by ectodomains composed of a variable number of extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats that are similar but not identical in sequence and fold. E-cadherin, along with desmoglein and desmocollin proteins, are three classical-type cadherins that have slightly curved ectodomains and engage in homophilic and heterophilic interactions through an exchange of conserved tryptophan residues in their N-terminal EC1 repeat. In contrast, clustered protocadherins are straighter than classical cadherins and interact through an antiparallel homophilic binding interface that involves overlapped EC1 to EC4 repeats. Here we present molecular dynamics simulations that model the adhesive domains of these cadherins using available crystal structures, with systems encompassing up to 2.8 million atoms. Simulations of complete classical cadherin ectodomain dimers predict a two-phased elastic response to force in which these complexes first softly unbend and then stiffen to unbind without unfolding. Simulated α, β, and γ clustered protocadherin homodimers lack a two-phased elastic response, are brittle and stiffer than classical cadherins and exhibit complex unbinding pathways that in some cases involve transient intermediates. We propose that these distinct mechanical responses are important for function, with classical cadherin ectodomains acting as molecular shock absorbers and with stiffer clustered protocadherin ectodomains facilitating overlap that favors binding specificity over mechanical resilience. Overall, our simulations provide insights into the molecular mechanics of single cadherin dimers relevant in the formation of cellular junctions essential for tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Neel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Collin R Nisler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sanket Walujkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Chemical Physics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Raul Araya-Secchi
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Chemical Physics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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12
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Wu ZD, Lu JQ, Du WJ, Wu S. Association between genetic polymorphisms of cadherin 23 and noise-induced hearing loss: a meta-analysis. Ann Hum Biol 2022; 49:41-53. [PMID: 35786118 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.2016963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NIHL is one of the most common occupational diseases induced by gene-environment interaction. The CDH23 gene is a candidate gene related to NIHL susceptibility. However, the relationship between CDH23 gene and NIHL is still inconclusive. AIM To clarify the association between CDH23 gene and NIHL, a meta-analysis was performed. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A search in MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Data was implemented to collect data. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Six studies were eventually included and all the subjects were Chinese. The results showed that rs1227051, rs1227049, and rs3752752 were not associated with NIHL susceptibility under five genetic models. But rs3802711 reduced the risk of NIHL under the recessive model, and the BB genotype and B allele of rs3802711 were significantly linked to NIHL under recessive, super-dominant, homozygote, and allele genetic models when stratified by the HWE result. Moreover, when not conform to HWE, the BB + AB genotypes and B allele of Exon7 in dominant, super-dominant, homozygote, and allele genetic model increased the risk of NIHL. CDH23 may be a potential gene marker for the prevention and early screening of NIHL in Chinese. Further large and well-designed studies are needed to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Qi Lu
- Yuexiu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jing Du
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Elferich J, Clark S, Ge J, Goehring A, Matsui A, Gouaux E. Molecular structures and conformations of protocadherin-15 and its complexes on stereocilia elucidated by cryo-electron tomography. eLife 2021; 10:74512. [PMID: 34964715 PMCID: PMC8776254 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensory transduction (MT), the conversion of mechanical stimuli into electrical signals, underpins hearing and balance and is carried out within hair cells in the inner ear. Hair cells harbor actin-filled stereocilia, arranged in rows of descending heights, where the tips of stereocilia are connected to their taller neighbors by a filament composed of protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) and cadherin 23 (CDH23), deemed the ‘tip link.’ Tension exerted on the tip link opens an ion channel at the tip of the shorter stereocilia, thus converting mechanical force into an electrical signal. While biochemical and structural studies have provided insights into the molecular composition and structure of isolated portions of the tip link, the architecture, location, and conformational states of intact tip links, on stereocilia, remains unknown. Here, we report in situ cryo-electron microscopy imaging of the tip link in mouse stereocilia. We observe individual PCDH15 molecules at the tip and shaft of stereocilia and determine their stoichiometry, conformational heterogeneity, and their complexes with other filamentous proteins, perhaps including CDH23. The PCDH15 complexes occur in clusters, frequently with more than one copy of PCDH15 at the tip of stereocilia, suggesting that tip links might consist of more than one copy of PCDH15 complexes and, by extension, might include multiple MT complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Elferich
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Sarah Clark
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Jingpeng Ge
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - April Goehring
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Aya Matsui
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Eric Gouaux
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
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14
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Miles A, Blair C, Emili A, Tropepe V. Usher syndrome type 1-associated gene, pcdh15b, is required for photoreceptor structural integrity in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:272551. [PMID: 34668518 PMCID: PMC8669488 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Blindness associated with Usher syndrome type 1 (USH1) is typically characterized as rod photoreceptor degeneration, followed by secondary loss of cones. The mechanisms leading to blindness are unknown because most genetic mouse models only recapitulate auditory defects. We generated zebrafish mutants for one of the USH1 genes, protocadherin-15b (pcdh15b), a putative cell adhesion molecule. Zebrafish Pcdh15 is expressed exclusively in photoreceptors within calyceal processes (CPs), at the base of the outer segment (OS) and within the synapse. In our mutants, rod and cone photoreceptor integrity is compromised, with early and progressively worsening abnormal OS disc growth and detachment, in part due to weakening CP contacts. These effects were attenuated or exacerbated by growth in dark and bright-light conditions, respectively. We also describe novel evidence for structural defects in synapses of pcdh15b mutant photoreceptors. Cell death does not accompany these defects at early stages, suggesting that photoreceptor structural defects, rather than overt cell loss, may underlie vision deficits. Thus, we present the first genetic animal model of a PCDH15-associated retinopathy that can be used to understand the aetiology of blindness in USH1. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: We present one of the first genetic animal mutants for PCDH15 that displays a severe, early retinopathy and suggests that zebrafish could be a useful model for PCDH15-associated retinal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Miles
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Clarke Blair
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Andrew Emili
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Vincent Tropepe
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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15
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Nishiguchi S, Oda H. Structural variability and dynamics in the ectodomain of an ancestral-type classical cadherin revealed by AFM imaging. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:269231. [PMID: 34152409 PMCID: PMC8325961 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type III cadherin represents the ancestral form of classical cadherin in bilaterian metazoans. Drosophila possesses type III and type IVa cadherins, known as DN- and DE-cadherins, respectively. Mature DN- and DE-cadherins have 15 and 7 extracellular cadherin domain (EC) repeats, respectively, with DN-cadherin EC6–EC11 homologous to DE-cadherin EC1–EC6. These EC repeats contain predicted complete or partial Ca2+-free inter-EC linkers that potentially contribute to adhesion. Comparative structure–function studies of DN- and DE-cadherins may help us understand the ancestral and derived states of classical cadherin-mediated adhesion mechanisms. Here, using bead aggregation assays, we found that DN-cadherin EC1–EC11 and DE-cadherin EC1–EC6 exhibit Ca2+-dependent adhesive properties. Using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) imaging in solution, we show that both DN- and DE-cadherin ectodomains share a common morphological framework consisting of a strand-like and a globule-like portion. Furthermore, the DN-cadherin EC repeats are highly variable, flexible in morphology and have at least three bendable sites, one of which is located in EC6–EC11 and can act as a flexible hinge. Our findings provide insights into diversification of classical cadherin-mediated adhesion mechanisms. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Atomic force microscopy imaging reveals that the ectodomain of an ancestral-type classical cadherin has a flexibly bendable strand-like portion responsible for homophilic adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetaka Nishiguchi
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Cell and Developmental Biology, JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,R&D Group, Olympus Corporation, 2-3 Kuboyama-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oda
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Cell and Developmental Biology, JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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16
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Fuster-García C, García-Bohórquez B, Rodríguez-Muñoz A, Aller E, Jaijo T, Millán JM, García-García G. Usher Syndrome: Genetics of a Human Ciliopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6723. [PMID: 34201633 PMCID: PMC8268283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is an autosomal recessive syndromic ciliopathy characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa and, sometimes, vestibular dysfunction. There are three clinical types depending on the severity and age of onset of the symptoms; in addition, ten genes are reported to be causative of USH, and six more related to the disease. These genes encode proteins of a diverse nature, which interact and form a dynamic protein network called the "Usher interactome". In the organ of Corti, the USH proteins are essential for the correct development and maintenance of the structure and cohesion of the stereocilia. In the retina, the USH protein network is principally located in the periciliary region of the photoreceptors, and plays an important role in the maintenance of the periciliary structure and the trafficking of molecules between the inner and the outer segments of photoreceptors. Even though some genes are clearly involved in the syndrome, others are controversial. Moreover, expression of some USH genes has been detected in other tissues, which could explain their involvement in additional mild comorbidities. In this paper, we review the genetics of Usher syndrome and the spectrum of mutations in USH genes. The aim is to identify possible mutation associations with the disease and provide an updated genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fuster-García
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén García-Bohórquez
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Aller
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jaijo
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Millán
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema García-García
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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17
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Protocadherin alpha 3 inhibits lung squamous cell carcinoma metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Genes Genomics 2021; 44:211-218. [PMID: 34086268 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is associated with poor clinical prognosis and lacks available targeted therapy. Given that the major threat of cancer is metastasis, delineation of the molecular mechanism underlying it would help devise therapeutic strategies. OBJECTIVE To investigate the functional role of protocadherin alpha 3 (PCDHA3) in LUSC, as well as investigate the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Data for PCDHA3 expression and clinical information in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were extracted and analyzed in the UALCAN platform. Expression levels of PCDHA3 in LUSC cell lines were analyzed via RT-PCR and western blot. Overexpression of PCDHA3 was conducted via plasmid transfection. CCK-8 and cell cycle assays were utilized to investigate effect of PCDHA3 on cell proliferation. Transwell assay was used to detect migration and invasion. The underlying mechanism was demonstrated via western blot analysis. RESULTS Our data indicate that PCDHA3 was low expressed in three kinds of LUSC cell lines and best in H520 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of PCDHA3 could significantly impair LUSC cells proliferation, invasion and migration. Moreover, PCHDA3 repressed the biomarkers of mesenchymal (N-cadherin, fibronectin and vimentin) and increased expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin and α-catenin). On the other hand, PCDHA3 overexpression partially blocked epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS PCDHA3 suppressed the LUSC cells proliferation, invasion and migration via inhibiting the expression of EMT signatures, suggesting that PCDHA3 could serve as a valuable therapeutic target for LUSC therapy.
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18
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Gray ME, Sotomayor M. Crystal structure of the nonclassical cadherin-17 N-terminus and implications for its adhesive binding mechanism. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:85-94. [PMID: 33682793 PMCID: PMC7938635 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21002247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin superfamily of calcium-dependent cell-adhesion proteins has over 100 members in the human genome. All members of the superfamily feature at least a pair of extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats with calcium-binding sites in the EC linker region. The EC repeats across family members form distinct complexes that mediate cellular adhesion. For instance, classical cadherins (five EC repeats) strand-swap their N-termini and exchange tryptophan residues in EC1, while the clustered protocadherins (six EC repeats) use an extended antiparallel `forearm handshake' involving repeats EC1-EC4. The 7D-cadherins, cadherin-16 (CDH16) and cadherin-17 (CDH17), are the most similar to classical cadherins and have seven EC repeats, two of which are likely to have arisen from gene duplication of EC1-2 from a classical ancestor. However, CDH16 and CDH17 lack the EC1 tryptophan residue used by classical cadherins to mediate adhesion. The structure of human CDH17 EC1-2 presented here reveals features that are not seen in classical cadherins and that are incompatible with the EC1 strand-swap mechanism for adhesion. Analyses of crystal contacts, predicted glycosylation and disease-related mutations are presented along with sequence alignments suggesting that the novel features in the CDH17 EC1-2 structure are well conserved. These results hint at distinct adhesive properties for 7D-cadherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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刘 晓, 陈 森, 孙 宇, 孔 维. [Nonsyndromic deafness due to compound heterozygous mutation of the CDH23 gene]. LIN CHUANG ER BI YAN HOU TOU JING WAI KE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD, AND NECK SURGERY 2021; 35:229-233;237. [PMID: 33794607 PMCID: PMC10128237 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective:To identify the pathogenic gene mutation of two patients with non-syndromic deafness(NSHL). Methods:Two patient with NSHL and their parents were selected in the research object. Each participant provided 3-5 mL of peripheral venous blood, which was used to establish a DNA library. Next generation sequencing was used to detect the sequence of the patient's genome, and the sequencing results were compared with the human genome sequence (GRCh)37/hg19. Sanger sequencing was used to verify the parents' genome sequence. Finally the patient's pathogenic gene mutation was confirmed.Amino acid conservatism and single nucleotide polymorphisms of the mutant sites were analyzed using a variety of databases and software. Results:The mutation was located to CDH23 gene in the chromosomal location 10q21-q22. Complex heterozygous mutations consist of c. 1343T>C and c. 7991_7993delTCA. Parents are heterozygous carriers of a single mutation. Conclusion:The next generation sequencing technology were used to screen the pathogenic gene mutation of inherited deafness. Combined with the genetic sequencing results of parents, the specific pathogenic gene mutation of deafness patients can be identified. While the pathogenicity of complex heterozygous mutation were explained by various pathogenicity analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- 晓宙 刘
- 华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(武汉,430022)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - 森 陈
- 华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(武汉,430022)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - 宇 孙
- 华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(武汉,430022)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - 维佳 孔
- 华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(武汉,430022)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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20
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Balan S, Ohnishi T, Watanabe A, Ohba H, Iwayama Y, Toyoshima M, Hara T, Hisano Y, Miyasaka Y, Toyota T, Shimamoto-Mitsuyama C, Maekawa M, Numata S, Ohmori T, Shimogori T, Kikkawa Y, Hayashi T, Yoshikawa T. Role of an Atypical Cadherin Gene, Cdh23 in Prepulse Inhibition, and Implication of CDH23 in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1190-1200. [PMID: 33595068 PMCID: PMC8266601 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for prepulse inhibition (PPI), an endophenotype of schizophrenia, on mouse chromosome 10 and reported Fabp7 as a candidate gene from an analysis of F2 mice from inbred strains with high (C57BL/6N; B6) and low (C3H/HeN; C3H) PPI levels. Here, we reanalyzed the previously reported QTLs with increased marker density. The highest logarithm of odds score (26.66) peaked at a synonymous coding and splice-site variant, c.753G>A (rs257098870), in the Cdh23 gene on chromosome 10; the c.753G (C3H) allele showed a PPI-lowering effect. Bayesian multiple QTL mapping also supported the same variant with a posterior probability of 1. Thus, we engineered the c.753G (C3H) allele into the B6 genetic background, which led to dampened PPI. We also revealed an e-QTL (expression QTL) effect imparted by the c.753G>A variant for the Cdh23 expression in the brain. In a human study, a homologous variant (c.753G>A; rs769896655) in CDH23 showed a nominally significant enrichment in individuals with schizophrenia. We also identified multiple potentially deleterious CDH23 variants in individuals with schizophrenia. Collectively, the present study reveals a PPI-regulating Cdh23 variant and a possible contribution of CDH23 to schizophrenia susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabeesh Balan
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan,Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IMHANS), Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Tetsuo Ohnishi
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hisako Ohba
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Manabu Toyoshima
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hara
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan,Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuko Hisano
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyasaka
- Deafness Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan,Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Motoko Maekawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan,Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shusuke Numata
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ohmori
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shimogori
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Development, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kikkawa
- Deafness Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hayashi
- Agricultural Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Office, Research Center for Agricultural Information Technology, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan,To whom correspondence should be addressed; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; tel: +81-48-467-5968, fax: +81-48-467-7462, e-mail:
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Structural determinants of protocadherin-15 mechanics and function in hearing and balance perception. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24837-24848. [PMID: 32963095 PMCID: PMC7547225 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920444117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
When sound vibrations reach the inner ear, fine protein filaments called “tip links” stretch and open cochlear hair-cell mechanosensitive channels that trigger sensory perception. Similarly, vestibular hair cells use tip links to sense mechanical stimuli produced by head motions. Tip links are formed by cadherin-23 and protocadherin-15, two large proteins involved in hearing loss and balance disorders. Here we present multiple structures, models, and simulations that depict the lower end of the tip link, including the complete protocadherin-15 ectodomain. These models show an essential connection between cadherin-23 and protocadherin-15 with dual molecular “handshakes” and various protein sites that are mutated in inherited deafness. The simulations also reveal how the tip link responds to force to mediate hearing and balance sensing. The vertebrate inner ear, responsible for hearing and balance, is able to sense minute mechanical stimuli originating from an extraordinarily broad range of sound frequencies and intensities or from head movements. Integral to these processes is the tip-link protein complex, which conveys force to open the inner-ear transduction channels that mediate sensory perception. Protocadherin-15 and cadherin-23, two atypically large cadherins with 11 and 27 extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats, are involved in deafness and balance disorders and assemble as parallel homodimers that interact to form the tip link. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of a protocadherin-15 + cadherin-23 heterotetrameric complex at 2.9-Å resolution, depicting a parallel homodimer of protocadherin-15 EC1-3 molecules forming an antiparallel complex with two cadherin-23 EC1-2 molecules. In addition, we report structures for 10 protocadherin-15 fragments used to build complete high-resolution models of the monomeric protocadherin-15 ectodomain. Molecular dynamics simulations and validated crystal contacts are used to propose models for the complete extracellular protocadherin-15 parallel homodimer and the tip-link bond. Steered molecular dynamics simulations of these models suggest conditions in which a structurally diverse and multimodal protocadherin-15 ectodomain can act as a stiff or soft gating spring. These results reveal the structural determinants of tip-link–mediated inner-ear sensory perception and elucidate protocadherin-15’s structural and adhesive properties relevant in disease.
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22
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Nadar-Ponniah PT, Taiber S, Caspi M, Koffler-Brill T, Dror AA, Siman-Tov R, Rubinstein M, Padmanabhan K, Luxenburg C, Lang RA, Avraham KB, Rosin-Arbesfeld R. Striatin Is Required for Hearing and Affects Inner Hair Cells and Ribbon Synapses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:615. [PMID: 32766247 PMCID: PMC7381154 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatin, a subunit of the serine/threonine phosphatase PP2A, is a core member of the conserved striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complexes. The protein is expressed in the cell junctions between epithelial cells, which play a role in maintaining cell-cell adhesion. Since the cell junctions are crucial for the function of the mammalian inner ear, we examined the localization and function of striatin in the mouse cochlea. Our results show that in neonatal mice, striatin is specifically expressed in the cell-cell junctions of the inner hair cells, the receptor cells in the mammalian cochlea. Auditory brainstem response measurements of striatin-deficient mice indicated a progressive, high-frequency hearing loss, suggesting that striatin is essential for normal hearing. Moreover, scanning electron micrographs of the organ of Corti revealed a moderate degeneration of the outer hair cells in the middle and basal regions, concordant with the high-frequency hearing loss. Additionally, striatin-deficient mice show aberrant ribbon synapse maturation. Loss of the outer hair cells, combined with the aberrant ribbon synapse distribution, may lead to the observed auditory impairment. Together, these results suggest a novel function for striatin in the mammalian auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathamesh T. Nadar-Ponniah
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shahar Taiber
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Caspi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Koffler-Brill
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amiel A. Dror
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ronen Siman-Tov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moran Rubinstein
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krishnanand Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Richard A. Lang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Karen B. Avraham
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rina Rosin-Arbesfeld
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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23
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Choi MS, Graves MJ, Matoo S, Storad ZA, El Sheikh Idris RA, Weck ML, Smith ZB, Tyska MJ, Crawley SW. The small EF-hand protein CALML4 functions as a critical myosin light chain within the intermicrovillar adhesion complex. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9281-9296. [PMID: 32209652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized transporting and sensory epithelial cells employ homologous protocadherin-based adhesion complexes to remodel their apical membrane protrusions into organized functional arrays. Within the intestine, the nutrient-transporting enterocytes utilize the intermicrovillar adhesion complex (IMAC) to assemble their apical microvilli into an ordered brush border. The IMAC bears remarkable homology to the Usher complex, whose disruption results in the sensory disorder type 1 Usher syndrome (USH1). However, the entire complement of proteins that comprise both the IMAC and Usher complex are not yet fully elucidated. Using a protein isolation strategy to recover the IMAC, we have identified the small EF-hand protein calmodulin-like protein 4 (CALML4) as an IMAC component. Consistent with this finding, we show that CALML4 exhibits marked enrichment at the distal tips of enterocyte microvilli, the site of IMAC function, and is a direct binding partner of the IMAC component myosin-7b. Moreover, distal tip enrichment of CALML4 is strictly dependent upon its association with myosin-7b, with CALML4 acting as a light chain for this myosin. We further show that genetic disruption of CALML4 within enterocytes results in brush border assembly defects that mirror the loss of other IMAC components and that CALML4 can also associate with the Usher complex component myosin-7a. Our study further defines the molecular composition and protein-protein interaction network of the IMAC and Usher complex and may also shed light on the etiology of the sensory disorder USH1H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Soo Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Maura J Graves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Samaneh Matoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Zachary A Storad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | | | - Meredith L Weck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Zachary B Smith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Scott W Crawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
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24
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Richardson GP, Petit C. Hair-Bundle Links: Genetics as the Gateway to Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a033142. [PMID: 30617060 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Up to five distinct cell-surface specializations interconnect the stereocilia and the kinocilium of the mature hair bundle in some species: kinocilial links, tip links, top connectors, shaft connectors, and ankle links. In developing hair bundles, transient lateral links are prominent. Mutations in genes encoding proteins associated with these links cause Usher deafness/blindness syndrome or nonsyndromic (isolated) forms of human hereditary deafness, and mice with constitutive or conditional alleles of these genes have provided considerable insight into the molecular composition and function of the different links. We describe the structure of these links and review evidence showing CDH23 and PCDH15 are components of the tip, kinocilial, and transient-lateral links, that stereocilin (STRC) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPRQ) are associated with top and shaft connectors, respectively, and that USH2A and ADGRV1 are associated with the ankle links. Whereas tip links are required for mechanoelectrical transduction, all link proteins play key roles in the normal development and/or the maintenance of hair bundle structure and function. Recent crystallographic and single-particle analyses of PCDH15 and CDH23 provide insight as to how the structure of tip link may contribute to the elastic element predicted to lie in series with the hair cell's mechanoelectrical transducer channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Petit
- Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Collège de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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25
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In Vitro Modeling of the Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Using Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells with Copy Number Variations of PCDH15 and RELN. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0403-18.2019. [PMID: 31540999 PMCID: PMC6800292 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0403-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) and schizophrenia (SCZ) are major psychiatric disorders, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the complicated pathologies of these disorders remain unclear. It is difficult to establish adequate in vitro models for pathological analysis because of the heterogeneity of these disorders. In the present study, to recapitulate the pathologies of these disorders in vitro, we established in vitro models by differentiating mature neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from BP and SCZ patient with contributive copy number variations, as follows: two BP patients with PCDH15 deletion and one SCZ patient with RELN deletion. Glutamatergic neurons and GABAergic neurons were induced from hiPSCs under optimized conditions. Both types of induced neurons from both hiPSCs exhibited similar phenotypes of MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2)-positive dendrite shortening and decreasing synapse numbers. Additionally, we analyzed isogenic PCDH15- or RELN-deleted cells. The dendrite and synapse phenotypes of isogenic neurons were partially similar to those of patient-derived neurons. These results suggest that the observed phenotypes are general phenotypes of psychiatric disorders, and our in vitro models using hiPSC-based technology may be suitable for analysis of the pathologies of psychiatric disorders.
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26
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Shi H, Wang H, Yao J, Lin C, Wei Q, Lu Y, Cao X. Comparative transcriptome analysis of auditory OC-1 cells and zebrafish inner ear tissues in the absence of human OSBPL2 orthologues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:42-49. [PMID: 31629475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 2 (OSBPL2) was first identified as a new deafness-causative gene contribute to non-syndromic hearing loss. However, the underlying mechanism of OSBPL2-induced hearing loss remains unknown. Here, we used hearing-specific cells and tissues OC-1 cells and zebrafish inner ear tissues as models to identify common transcriptome changes in genes and pathways in the absence of human OSBPL2 orthologues by RNA-seq analysis. In total, 2112 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between wild-type (WT) and Osbpl2-/- OC-1 cells, and 877 DEGs were identified between WT and osbpl2b-/- zebrafish inner ear tissues. Functional annotation implicated Osbpl2/osbpl2b in lipid metabolism, cell adhesion and the extracellular matrix in both OC-1 cells and zebrafish inner ear tissues. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis indicated that Osbpl2/osbpl2b were also involved in ubiquitination. Further experiments showed that Osbpl2-/- OC-1 cells exhibited an abnormal focal adhesion morphology characterized by inhibited FAK activity and impaired cell adhesion. In conclusion, we identified novel pathways modulated by OSBPL2 orthologues, providing new insight into the mechanism of hearing loss induced by OSBPL2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Shi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongshun Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changsong Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinjun Wei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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27
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Modak D, Sotomayor M. Identification of an adhesive interface for the non-clustered δ1 protocadherin-1 involved in respiratory diseases. Commun Biol 2019; 2:354. [PMID: 31583286 PMCID: PMC6769022 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins form a large family of calcium-dependent adhesive proteins involved in morphogenesis, cell differentiation, and neuronal connectivity. Non-clustered δ1 protocadherins form a cadherin subgroup of proteins with seven extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats and cytoplasmic domains distinct from those of classical cadherins. Non-clustered δ1 protocadherins mediate homophilic adhesion and have been implicated in various diseases including asthma, autism, and cancer. Here we present X-ray crystal structures of human Protocadherin-1 (PCDH1), a δ1-protocadherin member essential for New World Hantavirus infection that is typically expressed in the brain, airway epithelium, skin keratinocytes, and lungs. The structures suggest a binding mode that involves antiparallel overlap of repeats EC1 to EC4. Mutagenesis combined with binding assays and biochemical experiments validated this mode of adhesion. Overall, these results reveal the molecular mechanism underlying adhesiveness of PCDH1 and δ1-protocadherins, also shedding light on PCDH1's role in maintaining airway epithelial integrity, the loss of which causes respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debadrita Modak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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28
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De-la-Torre P, Choudhary D, Araya-Secchi R, Narui Y, Sotomayor M. A Mechanically Weak Extracellular Membrane-Adjacent Domain Induces Dimerization of Protocadherin-15. Biophys J 2018; 115:2368-2385. [PMID: 30527337 PMCID: PMC6302040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin superfamily of proteins is defined by the presence of extracellular cadherin (EC) "repeats" that engage in protein-protein interactions to mediate cell-cell adhesion, cell signaling, and mechanotransduction. The extracellular domains of nonclassical cadherins often have a large number of EC repeats along with other subdomains of various folds. Protocadherin-15 (PCDH15), a protein component of the inner-ear tip link filament essential for mechanotransduction, has 11 EC repeats and a membrane adjacent domain (MAD12) of atypical fold. Here we report the crystal structure of a pig PCDH15 fragment including EC10, EC11, and MAD12 in a parallel dimeric arrangement. MAD12 has a unique molecular architecture and folds as a ferredoxin-like domain similar to that found in the nucleoporin protein Nup54. Analytical ultracentrifugation experiments along with size-exclusion chromatography coupled to multiangle laser light scattering and small-angle x-ray scattering corroborate the crystallographic dimer and show that MAD12 induces parallel dimerization of PCDH15 near its membrane insertion point. In addition, steered molecular dynamics simulations suggest that MAD12 is mechanically weak and may unfold before tip-link rupture. Sequence analyses and structural modeling predict the existence of similar domains in cadherin-23, protocadherin-24, and the "giant" FAT and CELSR cadherins, indicating that some of them may also exhibit MAD-induced parallel dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro De-la-Torre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Deepanshu Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Raul Araya-Secchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Structural Biophysics, Section for Neutron and X-ray Science, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yoshie Narui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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29
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Ge J, Elferich J, Goehring A, Zhao H, Schuck P, Gouaux E. Structure of mouse protocadherin 15 of the stereocilia tip link in complex with LHFPL5. eLife 2018; 7:38770. [PMID: 30070639 PMCID: PMC6092121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing and balance involve the transduction of mechanical stimuli into electrical signals by deflection of bundles of stereocilia linked together by protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) and cadherin 23 'tip links'. PCDH15 transduces tip link tension into opening of a mechano-electrical transduction (MET) ion channel. PCDH15 also interacts with LHFPL5, a candidate subunit of the MET channel. Here we illuminate the PCDH15-LHFPL5 structure, showing how the complex is composed of PCDH15 and LHFPL5 subunit pairs related by a 2-fold axis. The extracellular cadherin domains define a mobile tether coupled to a rigid, 2-fold symmetric 'collar' proximal to the membrane bilayer. LHFPL5 forms extensive interactions with the PCDH15 transmembrane helices and stabilizes the overall PCDH15-LHFPL5 assembly. Our studies illuminate the architecture of the PCDH15-LHFPL5 complex, localize mutations associated with deafness, and shed new light on how forces in the PCDH15 tether may be transduced into the stereocilia membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpeng Ge
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Johannes Elferich
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - April Goehring
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Huaying Zhao
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Peter Schuck
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Eric Gouaux
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
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30
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Jaiganesh A, De-la-Torre P, Patel AA, Termine DJ, Velez-Cortes F, Chen C, Sotomayor M. Zooming in on Cadherin-23: Structural Diversity and Potential Mechanisms of Inherited Deafness. Structure 2018; 26:1210-1225.e4. [PMID: 30033219 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin-23 (CDH23) is an essential component of hair-cell tip links, fine filaments that mediate inner-ear mechanotransduction. The extracellular domain of CDH23 forms about three-fourths of the tip link with 27 extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats that are structurally similar but not identical to each other. Calcium (Ca2+) coordination at the EC linker regions is key for tip-link elasticity and function. There are ∼116 sites in CDH23 affected by deafness-causing mutations, many of which alter conserved Ca2+-binding residues. Here we present crystal structures showing 18 CDH23 EC repeats, including the most and least conserved, a fragment carrying disease mutations, and EC repeats with non-canonical Ca2+-binding motif sequences and unusual secondary structure. Complementary experiments show deafness mutations' effects on stability and affinity for Ca2+. Additionally, a model of nine contiguous CDH23 EC repeats reveals helicity and potential parallel dimerization faces. Overall, our studies provide detailed structural insight into CDH23 function in mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Jaiganesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pedro De-la-Torre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Aniket A Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Domenic J Termine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Florencia Velez-Cortes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Conghui Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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31
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Narui Y, Sotomayor M. Tuning Inner-Ear Tip-Link Affinity Through Alternatively Spliced Variants of Protocadherin-15. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1702-1710. [PMID: 29443515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human hearing relies upon the tip-to-tip interaction of two nonclassical cadherins, protocadherin-15 (PCDH15) and cadherin-23 (CDH23). Together, these proteins form a filament called the tip link that connects neighboring stereocilia of mechanosensitive hair cells. As sound waves enter the cochlea, the stereocilia deflect and tension is applied to the tip link, opening nearby transduction channels. Disruption of the tip link by loud sound or calcium chelators eliminates transduction currents and illustrates that tip-link integrity is critical for mechanosensing. Tip-link remodeling after disruption is a dynamic process, which can lead to the formation of atypical complexes that incorporate alternatively spliced variants of PCDH15. These variants are categorized into six groups (N1-N6) based upon differences in the first two extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats. Here, we characterized the two N-terminal EC repeats of all PCDH15 variants (pcdh15(N1) to pcdh15(N6)) and combined these variants to test complex formation. We solved the crystal structure of a new complex composed of CDH23 EC1-2 (cdh23) and pcdh15(N2) at 2.3 Å resolution and compared it to the canonical cdh23-pcdh15(N1) complex. While there were subtle structural differences, the binding affinity between cdh23 and pcdh15(N2) is ∼6 times weaker than cdh23 and pcdh15(N1) as determined by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Steered molecular dynamics simulations predict that the unbinding force of the cdh23-pcdh15(N2) complex can be lower than the canonical tip link. Our results demonstrate that alternative heterophilic tip-link structures form stable protein-protein interactions in vitro and suggest that homophilic PCDH15-PCDH15 tip links form through the interaction of additional EC repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Narui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
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32
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Sannigrahi MK, Srinivas S, Rakshit S. The Prospects of Cadherin-23 as a Mediator of Homophilic Cell-Cell Adhesion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1112:99-105. [PMID: 30637693 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins (calcium-dependent adhesion proteins) constitute a family of cell surface proteins that mediate cell-cell adhesion and actively participate in tissue morphogenesis and in mediating tissue integrity. The ecto-domains of cadherins from opposing cell surfaces interact with each other to form the load-bearing trans-dimers and mechanically hold cells together. The "classical" cadherins and desmosomes that form separate groups in cadherin superfamily are mostly explored for their roles in cell-cell adhesion. However, majority of cadherins in cells belong to "nonclassical" group which is poorly explored in the context of their cell-binding properties. This review focuses on the role of "nonclassical" cadherin, cadherin-23, in cell-cell adhesion. Overall, this review highlights the need for further investigations on the role of "nonclassical" cadherin-23 in cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Kumar Sannigrahi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sai Srinivas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sabyasachi Rakshit
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India.
- Centre for Protein Science Design and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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Choudhary D, Kumar A, Magliery TJ, Sotomayor M. Using thermal scanning assays to test protein-protein interactions of inner-ear cadherins. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189546. [PMID: 29261728 PMCID: PMC5736220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play a crucial role in biological processes such as cell-cell adhesion, immune system-pathogen interactions, and sensory perception. Understanding the structural determinants of protein-protein complex formation and obtaining quantitative estimates of their dissociation constant (KD) are essential for the study of these interactions and for the discovery of new therapeutics. At the same time, it is equally important to characterize protein-protein interactions in a high-throughput fashion. Here, we use a modified thermal scanning assay to test interactions of wild type (WT) and mutant variants of N-terminal fragments (EC1+2) of cadherin-23 and protocadherin-15, two proteins essential for inner-ear mechanotransduction. An environmentally sensitive fluorescent dye (SYPRO orange) is used to monitor melting temperature (Tm) shifts of protocadherin-15 EC1+2 (pcdh15) in the presence of increasing concentrations of cadherin-23 EC1+2 (cdh23). These Tm shifts are absent when we use proteins containing deafness-related missense mutations known to disrupt cdh23 binding to pcdh15, and are increased for some rationally designed mutants expected to enhance binding. In addition, surface plasmon resonance binding experiments were used to test if the Tm shifts correlated with changes in binding affinity. We used this approach to find a double mutation (cdh23(T15E)- pcdh15(G16D)) that enhances binding affinity of the cadherin complex by 1.98 kJ/mol, roughly two-fold that of the WT complex. We suggest that the thermal scanning methodology can be used in high-throughput format to quickly compare binding affinities (KD from nM up to 100 μM) for some heterodimeric protein complexes and to screen small molecule libraries to find protein-protein interaction inhibitors and enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanshu Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anusha Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Magliery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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