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Farazi MM, Jafarinejad-Farsangi S, Miri Karam Z, Gholizadeh M, Hadadi M, Yari A. Circular RNAs: Epigenetic regulators of PTEN expression and function in cancer. Gene 2024; 916:148442. [PMID: 38582262 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression, without altering the DNA sequence, is involved in many normal cellular growth and division events, as well as diseases such as cancer. Epigenetics is no longer limited to DNA methylation, and histone modification, but regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) also play an important role in epigenetics. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), single-stranded RNAs without 3' and 5' ends, have recently emerged as a class of ncRNAs that regulate gene expression. CircRNAs regulate phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression at various levels of transcription, post-transcription, translation, and post-translation under their own regulation. Given the importance of PTEN as a tumor suppressor in cancer that inhibits one of the most important cancer pathways PI3K/AKT involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival, significant studies have been conducted on the regulatory role of circRNAs in relation to PTEN. These studies will be reviewed in this paper to better understand the function of this protein in cancer and explore new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeideh Jafarinejad-Farsangi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Zahra Miri Karam
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic & Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Gholizadeh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Medicine Greifswald, Greifwald, Germany
| | - Maryam Hadadi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Yari
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic & Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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2
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Pîrlog LM, Pătrășcanu AA, Militaru MS, Cătană A. Insights into Clinical Disorders in Cowden Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:767. [PMID: 38792950 PMCID: PMC11123368 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60050767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome (PHTS) encompasses diverse clinical phenotypes, including Cowden syndrome (CS), Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS), Proteus syndrome (PS), and Proteus-like syndrome. This autosomal dominant genetic predisposition with high penetrance arises from heterozygous germline variants in the PTEN tumour suppressor gene, leading to dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway, which promotes the overgrowth of multiple and heterogenous tissue types. Clinical presentations of CS range from benign and malignant disorders, affecting nearly every system within the human body. CS is the most diagnosed syndrome among the PHTS group, notwithstanding its weak incidence (1:200,000), for which it is considered rare, and its precise incidence remains unknown among other important factors. The literature is notably inconsistent in reporting the frequencies and occurrences of these disorders, adding an element of bias and uncertainty when looking back at the available research. In this review, we aimed to highlight the significant disparities found in various studies concerning CS and to review the clinical manifestations encountered in CS patients. Furthermore, we intended to emphasize the great significance of early diagnosis as patients will benefit from a longer lifespan while being unceasingly advised and supported by a multidisciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin-Manuel Pîrlog
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.-M.P.); (M.S.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrada-Adelaida Pătrășcanu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.-M.P.); (M.S.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Mariela Sanda Militaru
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.-M.P.); (M.S.M.); (A.C.)
- Regional Laboratory Cluj-Napoca, Department of Medical Genetics, Regina Maria Health Network, 400363 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Cătană
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.-M.P.); (M.S.M.); (A.C.)
- Regional Laboratory Cluj-Napoca, Department of Medical Genetics, Regina Maria Health Network, 400363 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Oncogenetics, “Prof. Dr. I. Chiricuță” Institute of Oncology, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Pinto D, Jong MCD, Parameswaran R. Challenges in genetic screening for inherited endocrinopathy affecting the thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands in Singapore. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2024; 53:253-263. [PMID: 38920182 DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the understand-ing of many human diseases, especially cancers, which has contributed to improved and increased survival. The Human Genome Project and The Cancer Genome Atlas project brought about a new era, with an understanding of inherited diseases at a molecular level, which subsequently facilitated the option of precision medicine. Precision medicine has helped tailor treatment decisions at an individual level, for instance in terms of surgical treatments or targeted therapies in advanced diseases. Despite the increasing advances in genetic-lead precision medicine, this has not translated into increasing uptake among patients. Reasons for this may be potential knowledge gaps among clinicians; on reasons for poor uptake of genetic testing such as for cultural, religious or personal beliefs; and on financial implications such as lack of support from insurance companies. In this review, we look at the current scenario of genetic screening for common inherited endocrine conditions affecting the thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands in Singapore, and the implications associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diluka Pinto
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Mechteld C de Jong
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Rajeev Parameswaran
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Griazeva ED, Fedoseeva DM, Radion EI, Ershov PV, Meshkov IO, Semyanihina AV, Makarova AS, Makarov VV, Yudin VS, Keskinov AA, Kraevoy SA. Current Approaches to Epigenetic Therapy. EPIGENOMES 2023; 7:23. [PMID: 37873808 PMCID: PMC10594535 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic therapy is a promising tool for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Several fundamental epigenetic approaches have been proposed. Firstly, the use of small molecules as epigenetic effectors, as the most developed pharmacological method, has contributed to the introduction of a number of drugs into clinical practice. Secondly, various innovative epigenetic approaches based on dCas9 and the use of small non-coding RNAs as therapeutic agents are also under extensive research. In this review, we present the current state of research in the field of epigenetic therapy, considering the prospects for its application and possible limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina D. Griazeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Daria M. Fedoseeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Elizaveta I. Radion
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Ershov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Ivan O. Meshkov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Alexandra V. Semyanihina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (N.N. Blokhin NMRCO), Kashirskoe Shosse, 24, Moscow 115478, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechye, 1, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Anna S. Makarova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Valentin V. Makarov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Vladimir S. Yudin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Anton A. Keskinov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Kraevoy
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Building 1, Moscow 119121, Russia
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Sirhan Z, Alojair R, Thyagarajan A, Sahu RP. Therapeutic Implications of PTEN in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2090. [PMID: 37631304 PMCID: PMC10458395 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the major human malignancies affecting both men and women worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the most prevalent type. Multiple mechanisms have been identified that favor tumor growth as well as impede the efficacy of therapeutic regimens in lung cancer patients. Among tumor suppressor genes that play critical roles in regulating cancer growth, the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) constitutes one of the important family members implicated in controlling various functional activities of tumor cells, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Notably, clinical studies have also documented that lung tumors having an impaired, mutated, or loss of PTEN are associated with low survival or high tumor recurrence rates. To that end, PTEN has been explored as a promising target for anti-cancer agents. Importantly, the ability of PTEN to crosstalk with several signaling pathways provides new approaches to devise effective treatment options for lung cancer treatment. The current review highlights the significance of PTEN and its implications in therapeutic approaches against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anita Thyagarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (Z.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Ravi P. Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (Z.S.); (R.A.)
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Torices L, Mingo J, Rodríguez-Escudero I, Fernández-Acero T, Luna S, Nunes-Xavier CE, López JI, Mercadillo F, Currás M, Urioste M, Molina M, Cid VJ, Pulido R. Functional analysis of PTEN variants of unknown significance from PHTS patients unveils complex patterns of PTEN biological activity in disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:568-577. [PMID: 36543932 PMCID: PMC10172195 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous germline mutations in PTEN gene predispose to hamartomas and tumors in different tissues, as well as to neurodevelopmental disorders, and define at genetic level the PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS). The major physiologic role of PTEN protein is the dephosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), counteracting the pro-oncogenic function of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and PTEN mutations in PHTS patients frequently abrogate PTEN PIP3 catalytic activity. PTEN also displays non-canonical PIP3-independent functions, but their involvement in PHTS pathogeny is less understood. We have previously identified and described, at clinical and genetic level, novel PTEN variants of unknown functional significance in PHTS patients. Here, we have performed an extensive functional characterization of these PTEN variants (c.77 C > T, p.(Thr26Ile), T26I; c.284 C > G, p.(Pro95Arg), P95R; c.529 T > A, p.(Tyr177Asn), Y177N; c.781 C > G, p.(Gln261Glu), Q261E; c.829 A > G, p.(Thr277Ala), T277A; and c.929 A > G, p.(Asp310Gly), D310G), including cell expression levels and protein stability, PIP3-phosphatase activity, and subcellular localization. In addition, caspase-3 cleavage analysis in cells has been assessed using a C2-domain caspase-3 cleavage-specific anti-PTEN antibody. We have found complex patterns of functional activity on PTEN variants, ranging from loss of PIP3-phosphatase activity, diminished protein expression and stability, and altered nuclear/cytoplasmic localization, to intact functional properties, when compared with PTEN wild type. Furthermore, we have found that PTEN cleavage at the C2-domain by the pro-apoptotic protease caspase-3 is diminished in specific PTEN PHTS variants. Our findings illustrate the multifaceted molecular features of pathogenic PTEN protein variants, which could account for the complexity in the genotype/phenotype manifestations of PHTS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Torices
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Janire Mingo
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Escudero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Fernández-Acero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Luna
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - José I López
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Fátima Mercadillo
- Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Currás
- Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Urioste
- Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor J Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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Zhou Y, Xia J, Xu S, She T, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wen M, Jiang T, Xiong Y, Lei J. Experimental mouse models for translational human cancer research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1095388. [PMID: 36969176 PMCID: PMC10036357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1095388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and growth of tumors remains an important and ongoing threat to human life around the world. While advanced therapeutic strategies such as immune checkpoint therapy and CAR-T have achieved astonishing progress in the treatment of both solid and hematological malignancies, the malignant initiation and progression of cancer remains a controversial issue, and further research is urgently required. The experimental animal model not only has great advantages in simulating the occurrence, development, and malignant transformation mechanisms of tumors, but also can be used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of a diverse array of clinical interventions, gradually becoming an indispensable method for cancer research. In this paper, we have reviewed recent research progress in relation to mouse and rat models, focusing on spontaneous, induced, transgenic, and transplantable tumor models, to help guide the future study of malignant mechanisms and tumor prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tao Jiang
- *Correspondence: Jie Lei, ; Yanlu Xiong, ; Tao Jiang,
| | - Yanlu Xiong
- *Correspondence: Jie Lei, ; Yanlu Xiong, ; Tao Jiang,
| | - Jie Lei
- *Correspondence: Jie Lei, ; Yanlu Xiong, ; Tao Jiang,
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8
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Characteristics of PTEN Mutation in Thyroid Tumours: A Retrospective Chart Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051575. [PMID: 36900366 PMCID: PMC10001390 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While some studies suggest that PTEN mutations correlate with a low-risk phenotype in pediatric thyroid nodules, the relationship between the mutation and malignancy in the adult populations is abstruse. This study investigated whether PTEN mutations result in thyroid malignancy, and whether these malignancies are aggressive. This multicenter study involved 316 patients who underwent preoperative molecular testing, and subsequent lobectomy or total thyroidectomy at two quaternary care hospitals. A four-year retrospective review was performed on the 16 charts of patients that opted for surgery following a positive PTEN mutation on molecular testing results from January 2018 to December 2021. Of the total 16 patients, 37.5% (n = 6) had malignant tumours, 18.75% (n = 3) had non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTPs), and 43.75% (n = 7) had benign disease. Aggressive features were detected in 33.33% of the malignant tumours. Malignant tumours were found to have a statistically significant higher allele frequency (AF). The aggressive nodules were all poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs) with copy number alterations (CNAs) and the highest AFs.
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Imyanitov EN, Kuligina ES, Sokolenko AP, Suspitsin EN, Yanus GA, Iyevleva AG, Ivantsov AO, Aleksakhina SN. Hereditary cancer syndromes. World J Clin Oncol 2023; 14:40-68. [PMID: 36908677 PMCID: PMC9993141 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v14.i2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary cancer syndromes (HCSs) are arguably the most frequent category of Mendelian genetic diseases, as at least 2% of presumably healthy subjects carry highly-penetrant tumor-predisposing pathogenic variants (PVs). Hereditary breast-ovarian cancer and Lynch syndrome make the highest contribution to cancer morbidity; in addition, there are several dozen less frequent types of familial tumors. The development of the majority albeit not all hereditary malignancies involves two-hit mechanism, i.e. the somatic inactivation of the remaining copy of the affected gene. Earlier studies on cancer families suggested nearly fatal penetrance for the majority of HCS genes; however, population-based investigations and especially large-scale next-generation sequencing data sets demonstrate that the presence of some highly-penetrant PVs is often compatible with healthy status. Hereditary cancer research initially focused mainly on cancer detection and prevention. Recent studies identified multiple HCS-specific drug vulnerabilities, which translated into the development of highly efficient therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny N Imyanitov
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Kuligina
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Anna P Sokolenko
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Suspitsin
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Grigoriy A Yanus
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Aglaya G Iyevleva
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Alexandr O Ivantsov
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Svetlana N Aleksakhina
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
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Sirico M, D’Angelo A, Gianni C, Casadei C, Merloni F, De Giorgi U. Current State and Future Challenges for PI3K Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:703. [PMID: 36765661 PMCID: PMC9913212 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (PKB/AKT)-mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) axis is a key signal transduction system that links oncogenes and multiple receptor classes which are involved in many essential cellular functions. Aberrant PI3K signalling is one of the most commonly mutated pathways in cancer. Consequently, more than 40 compounds targeting key components of this signalling network have been tested in clinical trials among various types of cancer. As the oncogenic activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway often occurs alongside mutations in other signalling networks, combination therapy should be considered. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the knowledge of the PI3K pathway and discuss the current state and future challenges of targeting this pathway in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sirico
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Alberto D’Angelo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Department of Oncology, Royal United Hospital, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Caterina Gianni
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Chiara Casadei
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Filippo Merloni
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
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Gingival Overgrowths Revealing PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome: Report of Novel PTEN Pathogenic Variants. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010081. [PMID: 36672590 PMCID: PMC9855721 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), is a spectrum of disorders caused by mutations of PTEN, in which non-cancerous growths, called hamartomas, develop in different areas of the body, often including the oral mucosa. PHTS also implies a recognized increased risk of malignancies, as PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene capable of inhibiting progression of several cancers. One of the main and most common clinical manifestation of PHTS are gingival overgrowths presenting as warty lumps. The current study describes patients with gingival or mucosal enlargements leading to the diagnosis of PHTS associated to novel PTEN pathogenic variants. Patients referred to us for gingival lumps suggestive of PHTS associated overgrowths were submitted to genetic analysis in the PTEN gene. Two related and two unrelated patients were investigated. PTEN novel pathogenic variant was found in all of them. Two patients also fulfilled diagnostic criteria of Cowden syndrome (CS). Mucocutaneous lesions, and particularly diffuse gingival overgrowths, are both early and major clinical signs revealing a potential diagnosis of PHTS. Further genetic and clinical assessments are needed in order to confirm and clarify the diagnosis within the PHTS spectrum, including, among others, the CS. A correct interpretation of oral clinical features potentially associated to PHTS is mandatory for diagnosis and a surgical approach can be useful just in case of impairment of periodontal health or for aesthetic needs. The increased risk of malignancies associated to PHTS makes a correct diagnosis pivotal to set up an appropriate lifelong surveillance, aiming at secondary cancer prevention.
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12
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Nussinov R, Zhang M, Maloney R, Liu Y, Tsai CJ, Jang H. Allostery: Allosteric Cancer Drivers and Innovative Allosteric Drugs. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167569. [PMID: 35378118 PMCID: PMC9398924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we discuss the principles of allosteric activating mutations, propagation downstream of the signals that they prompt, and allosteric drugs, with examples from the Ras signaling network. We focus on Abl kinase where mutations shift the landscape toward the active, imatinib binding-incompetent conformation, likely resulting in the high affinity ATP outcompeting drug binding. Recent pharmacological innovation extends to allosteric inhibitor (GNF-5)-linked PROTAC, targeting Bcr-Abl1 myristoylation site, and broadly, allosteric heterobifunctional degraders that destroy targets, rather than inhibiting them. Designed chemical linkers in bifunctional degraders can connect the allosteric ligand that binds the target protein and the E3 ubiquitin ligase warhead anchor. The physical properties and favored conformational state of the engineered linker can precisely coordinate the distance and orientation between the target and the recruited E3. Allosteric PROTACs, noncompetitive molecular glues, and bitopic ligands, with covalent links of allosteric ligands and orthosteric warheads, increase the effective local concentration of productively oriented and placed ligands. Through covalent chemical or peptide linkers, allosteric drugs can collaborate with competitive drugs, degrader anchors, or other molecules of choice, driving innovative drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ryan Maloney
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yonglan Liu
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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13
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Liu XL, Zhang GM, Huang SS, Shi WH, Ye LX, Ren ZL, Zhang JJ, Liu SW, Yu L, Li YL. PTEN loss confers sensitivity to rapalogs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2397-2409. [PMID: 35165399 PMCID: PMC9433447 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapalogs (everolimus and temsirolimus) are allosteric mTORC1 inhibitors and approved agents for advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), although only a subset of patients derive clinical benefit. Progress in genomic characterization has made it possible to generate comprehensive profiles of genetic alterations in ccRCC; however, the correlations between recurrent somatic mutations and rapalog efficacy remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate by using multiple patient-derived ccRCC cell lines that compared to PTEN-proficient cells, PTEN-deficient cells exhibit hypersensitivity to rapalogs. Rapalogs inhibit cell proliferation by inducing G0/G1 arrest without inducing apoptosis in PTEN-deficient ccRCC cell lines. Using isogenic cell lines generated by CRISPR/Cas9, we validate the correlation between PTEN loss and rapalog hypersensitivity. In contrast, deletion of VHL or chromatin-modifying genes (PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1, or KDM5C) fails to influence the cellular response to rapalogs. Our mechanistic study shows that ectopic expression of an activating mTOR mutant (C1483F) antagonizes PTEN-induced cell growth inhibition, while introduction of a resistant mTOR mutant (A2034V) enables PTEN-deficient ccRCC cells to escape the growth inhibitory effect of rapalogs, suggesting that PTEN loss generates vulnerability to mTOR inhibition. PTEN-deficient ccRCC cells are more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of temsirolimus on cell migration and tumor growth in zebrafish and xenograft mice, respectively. Of note, PTEN protein loss as detected by immunohistochemistry is much more frequent than mutations in the PTEN gene in ccRCC patients. Our study suggests that PTEN loss correlates with rapalog sensitivity and could be used as a marker for ccRCC patient selection for rapalog therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lian Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Gui-Ming Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Si-Si Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wen-Hui Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lin-Xuan Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhong-Lu Ren
- College of Medical Information Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Medicinal Information and Real World Engineering Technology Center of Universities, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jia-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shu-Wen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Le Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yi-Lei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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14
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Watson KD, Kim KR, Blatt J. How we approach complex vascular anomalies and overgrowth syndromes. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69 Suppl 3:e29273. [PMID: 36070209 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vascular anomalies, both vascular tumors and vascular malformations, can occur in isolation or as part of syndromes including those which feature phenotypic overgrowth. To update what is known about vascular anomalies associated with overgrowth, PubMed was searched for "overgrowth syndromes and vascular anomalies or malformations." PubMed, OMIM, and the Rare Disease Database also were searched for specific diagnoses. We review individual overgrowth syndromes, provide a case-based approach to the clinical, radiographic, pathologic, and genetic basis for diagnosis, to complications of both the vascular anomalies and the overgrowth, and emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary approach to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Watson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Kyung R Kim
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie Blatt
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Cheng H, Wang M, Su J, Li Y, Long J, Chu J, Wan X, Cao Y, Li Q. Lipid Metabolism and Cancer. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12060784. [PMID: 35743814 PMCID: PMC9224822 DOI: 10.3390/life12060784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is involved in the regulation of numerous cellular processes, such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, inflammation, movement, membrane homeostasis, chemotherapy response, and drug resistance. Reprogramming of lipid metabolism is a typical feature of malignant tumors. In a variety of cancers, fat uptake, storage and fat production are up-regulated, which in turn promotes the rapid growth, invasion, and migration of tumors. This paper systematically summarizes the key signal transduction pathways and molecules of lipid metabolism regulating tumors, and the role of lipid metabolism in programmed cell death. In conclusion, understanding the potential molecular mechanism of lipid metabolism and the functions of different lipid molecules may facilitate elucidating the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of cancer in order to discover new potential targets for the development of effective antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qinglin Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0551-65169051
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16
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Comprehensive characterization of PTEN mutational profile in a series of 34,129 colorectal cancers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1618. [PMID: 35338148 PMCID: PMC8956741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of expression or activity of the tumor suppressor PTEN acts similarly to an activating mutation in the oncogene PIK3CA in elevating intracellular levels of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), inducing signaling by AKT and other pro-tumorigenic signaling proteins. Here, we analyze sequence data for 34,129 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, capturing 3,434 PTEN mutations. We identify specific patterns of PTEN mutation associated with microsatellite stability/instability (MSS/MSI), tumor mutational burden (TMB), patient age, and tumor location. Within groups separated by MSS/MSI status, this identifies distinct profiles of nucleotide hotspots, and suggests differing profiles of protein-damaging effects of mutations. Moreover, discrete categories of PTEN mutations display non-identical patterns of co-occurrence with mutations in other genes important in CRC pathogenesis, including KRAS, APC, TP53, and PIK3CA. These data provide context for clinical targeting of proteins upstream and downstream of PTEN in distinct CRC cohorts.
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17
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Kamani T, Charkhchi P, Zahedi A, Akbari MR. Genetic susceptibility to hereditary non-medullary thyroid cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2022; 20:9. [PMID: 35255942 PMCID: PMC8900298 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-022-00215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-medullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. With the increasing incidence of NMTC in recent years, the familial form of the disease has also become more common than previously reported, accounting for 5-15% of NMTC cases. Familial NMTC is further classified as non-syndromic and the less common syndromic FNMTC. Although syndromic NMTC has well-known genetic risk factors, the gene(s) responsible for the vast majority of non-syndromic FNMTC cases are yet to be identified. To date, several candidate genes have been identified as susceptibility genes in hereditary NMTC. This review summarizes genetic predisposition to non-medullary thyroid cancer and expands on the role of genetic variants in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis and the level of penetrance of NMTC-susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kamani
- Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, 76 Grenville St. Room 6421, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada
| | - Parsa Charkhchi
- Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, 76 Grenville St. Room 6421, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada
| | - Afshan Zahedi
- Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, 76 Grenville St. Room 6421, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada
| | - Mohammad R Akbari
- Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, 76 Grenville St. Room 6421, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.
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18
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Yang N, Liang Y, Yang P, Jiang L. Flurbiprofen inhibits cell proliferation in thyroid cancer through interrupting HIP1R-induced endocytosis of PTEN. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:29. [PMID: 35209947 PMCID: PMC8867849 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of thyroid cancer, a most common tumor in the endocrine system, has increased in recent years. A growing number of studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms of thyroid cancer subtypes, aiming to identify effective therapeutic targets. Endocytosis is of vital significance in the malignant development of tumors, although its involvement in thyroid cancer has been rarely reported. Methods HIP1R expressions in thyroid cancer from the TCGA database were analyzed by UALCAN software. Thyroid epithelial and cancer cell lines were cultured in vitro. Western blotting and quantitative PCR were used to analyze protein and mRNA levels, respectively. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. Immunofluorescence staining indicated protein distribution in cell. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to study protein–protein interaction. Immunohistochemical staining was used to analyze protein expression in clinical tissues. Differences between groups were compared using the two-tailed Student’s t test, and those among three or more groups were compared by one-way or two-way ANOVA. Results In the present study, HIP1R (Huntingtin Interacting Protein 1 Related) was found upregulated in thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines compared with that in the controls, while knockdown of HIP1R significantly inhibited the proliferation of thyroid cancer cells. Since HIP1R is essential for the clathrin-dependent endocytic process, we thereafter explored the effect of HIP1R on the endocytosis of thyroid cancer cells. Interestingly, knockdown of HIP1R significantly reduced the number of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) in thyroid cancer cells. In addition, the interaction between HIP1R and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) was identified in thyroid cancer cells. Knockdown of HIP1R downregulated intracellular PTEN in thyroid cancer cells, but upregulated membrane-binding PTEN. Notably, flurbiprofen, a commonly used analgesic, significantly inhibited the proliferation of thyroid cancer cells and interfered with the interaction between HIP1R and PTEN, thereby enhancing the binding of PTEN to cell membrane. However, the proliferation inhibitory effect of flurbiprofen was attenuated when knocking down HIP1R or PTEN. Conclusions Upregulated HIP1R in thyroid cancer cells promotes cell proliferation and mediates the endocytosis of PTEN. Flurbiprofen may exert an anti-tumor effect on thyroid cancer by blocking the interaction between HIP1R and PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengli Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Street, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Liang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Street, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuming Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Street, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Main AM, Benndorf G, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Fugleholm K, Kistorp T, Loya AC, Poulsgaard L, Rasmussen ÅK, Rossing M, Sølling C, Klose MC. Case Report: Giant Paraganglioma of the Skull Base With Two Somatic Mutations in SDHB and PTEN Genes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:857504. [PMID: 35498434 PMCID: PMC9044027 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.857504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs) are neuroendocrine tumors. They arise from the parasympathetic ganglia and can be either sporadic or due to hereditary syndromes (up to 40%). Most HNPGLs do not produce significant amounts of catecholamines. We report a case of a giant paraganglioma of the skull base with an unusually severe presentation secondary to excessive release of norepinephrine, with a good outcome considering the severity of disease. A 39-year-old Caucasian woman with no prior medical history was found unconscious and emaciated in her home. In the intensive care unit (ICU) the patient was treated for multi-organ failure with multiple complications and difficulties in stabilizing her blood pressure with values up to 246/146 mmHg. She was hospitalized in the ICU for 72 days and on the 31st day clinical assessment revealed jugular foramen syndrome and paralysis of the right n. facialis. A brain MRI confirmed a right-sided tumor of the skull base of 93.553 cm3. Blood tests showed high amounts of normetanephrine (35.1-45.4 nmol/L, ref <1.09 nmol/L) and a tumor biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of a paraganglioma. Phenoxybenzamine and Labetalol were used in high doses ((Dibenyline®, 90 mg x 3 daily) and labetalol (Trandate®, 200 + 300 + 300 mg daily) to stabilize blood pressure. The patient underwent two tumor embolization procedures before total tumor resection on day 243. Normetanephrine and blood pressure normalized after surgery (0.77 nmol/L, ref: < 1.09 nmol/L). The damage to the cranial nerve was permanent. Our patient was comprehensively examined for germline predisposition to PPGLs, however we did not identify any causal aberrations. A somatic deletion and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the short arm (p) of chromosome 1 (including SDHB) and p of chromosome 11 was found. Analysis showed an SDHB (c.565T>G, p.C189G) and PTEN (c.834C>G, p.F278L) missense mutation in tumor DNA. The patient made a remarkable recovery except for neurological deficits after intensive multidisciplinary treatment and rehabilitation. This case demonstrates the necessity for an early tertiary center approach with a multidisciplinary expert team and highlights the efficacy of the correct treatment with alpha-blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa Maria Main
- Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Götz Benndorf
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
- Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kåre Fugleholm
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kistorp
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anand C. Loya
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Poulsgaard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Åse Krogh Rasmussen
- Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Rossing
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Sølling
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Christina Klose
- Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Marianne Christina Klose,
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20
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides are signalling lipids derived from phosphatidylinositol, a ubiquitous phospholipid in the cytoplasmic leaflet of eukaryotic membranes. Initially discovered for their roles in cell signalling, phosphoinositides are now widely recognized as key integrators of membrane dynamics that broadly impact on all aspects of cell physiology and on disease. The past decade has witnessed a vast expansion of our knowledge of phosphoinositide biology. On the endocytic and exocytic routes, phosphoinositides direct the inward and outward flow of membrane as vesicular traffic is coupled to the conversion of phosphoinositides. Moreover, recent findings on the roles of phosphoinositides in autophagy and the endolysosomal system challenge our view of lysosome biology. The non-vesicular exchange of lipids, ions and metabolites at membrane contact sites in between organelles has also been found to depend on phosphoinositides. Here we review our current understanding of how phosphoinositides shape and direct membrane dynamics to impact on cell physiology, and provide an overview of emerging concepts in phosphoinositide regulation.
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21
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Yang C, Chen C, Xiao Q, Wang X, Shou Y, Tian X, Wang S, Li H, Liang Y, Shu J, Chen K, Sun M. Relationship Between PTEN and Angiogenesis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and the Underlying Mechanism. Front Oncol 2021; 11:739297. [PMID: 34796109 PMCID: PMC8593196 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.739297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has high morbidity and mortality rates owing to its ability to infiltrate and metastasize. Microvessels formed in early-stage ESCC promote metastasis. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mediates macrophage polarization, but its effect and mechanism on early ESCC angiogenesis are unclear. To explore the molecular mechanism underlying early ESCC metastasis through blood vessels, we investigated the relationship between PTEN/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/p-AKT protein levels, number of infiltrated macrophages, and angiogenesis in ESCC and ESCC-adjacent normal esophageal mucosa tissues from 49 patients. Additionally, PTEN was overexpressed or silenced in the esophageal cancer cell line EC9706, and its supernatant served as conditioning medium for M1 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The culture medium of macrophages served as conditioning medium for esophageal tumor-associated vascular endothelial cells (TECs) to study the biological behavior of PTEN-plasmid, PTEN-siRNA, and control TECs. We found that M1 TAM infiltration in ESCC tissues was low, whereas M2 TAM infiltration was high. Microvessel density was large, PTEN was down-regulated, and the PI3K/AKT pathway was activated in ESCC specimens. These parameters significantly related to the depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, and pathological staging of ESCC. Silencing of PTEN in EC9706 cells significantly activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in macrophages, promoting M1-to-M2 TAM polarization and enhancing TECs’ ability to proliferate, migrate, invade, form tubes, and secrete vascular endothelial growth factor. We believe that PTEN silencing in esophageal cancer cells activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in macrophages via the tumor microenvironment, induces M2 TAM polarization, and enhances the malignant behavior of TECs, thereby promoting ESCC angiogenesis. Our findings lay an empirical foundation for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbo Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiankun Xiao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Shou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaiyuan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinghao Liang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiao Shu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kuisheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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22
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Sajjadi E, Venetis K, Piciotti R, Gambini D, Blundo C, Runza L, Ferrero S, Guerini-Rocco E, Fusco N. Combined analysis of PTEN, HER2, and hormone receptors status: remodeling breast cancer risk profiling. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1152. [PMID: 34706703 PMCID: PMC8555186 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss is associated with tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and therapy resistance in breast cancer. However, the clinical value of PTEN as a biomarker in these patients is controversial. We sought to determine whether the benefit of traditional biomarkers testing is improved by the analysis of PTEN status for the identification of high-risk breast cancer. METHODS A cohort of 608 patients with breast cancer was included in this study. Based on the expression on the neoplastic cells compared to the normal internal controls by immunohistochemistry (IHC), cases were classified as PTEN-low (PTEN-L) or PTEN-retained (PTEN-WT). The former constituted the study group, while the latter the control group. Analysis of gene expression was performed on publicly available genomic data and included 4265 patients from the METABRIC and MSK cohorts retrieved from cBioPortal. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to analyze the normal distributions of continuous variables. Relationships between PTEN status and the clinicopathologic and molecular features of the patient population were assessed using Fisher's exact test or Chi-squared/Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Survival curves were built according to the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Alteration in PTEN status was significantly different at protein and gene levels, where the reduced protein expression was observed in 280/608 cases (46.1%) from our group, while genetic aberrations in only 315/4265 (7.4%) cases of the METABRIC and MSK cohorts. PTEN-L tumors were significantly enriched for hormone receptors (HR) and HER2 negativity (n = 48, 17.1%) compared to PTEN-WT tumors (n = 22, 6.7%; p = 0.0008). Lack of HR with or without HER2 overexpression/amplification was significantly associated with worse overall survival (OS) in PTEN-L but not in PTEN-WT breast cancers (p < .0001). Moreover, PTEN-L protein expression but not gene alterations was related to the outcome, in terms of both OS and disease-free survival (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The combined analysis of PTEN, HER2, and HR status offers relevant information for a more precise risk assessment of patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sajjadi
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Venetis
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Piciotti
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Gambini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Concetta Blundo
- Breast Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Letterio Runza
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferrero
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Guerini-Rocco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy.
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.
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23
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Abstract
Cowden syndrome (CS) is an autosomal dominant condition caused by mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene, and is characterized by multiple hamartomas and a predisposition to malignant tumors. Characteristic skin lesions include trichilemmomas, acral keratosis, mucocutaneous neuromas, oral papillomas, and penile macules, and are often the first clues to the underlying diagnosis. Here, we discuss the mucocutaneous manifestations of CS, differential diagnoses of genetic causes of each cutaneous finding, genetic analyses for patients with skin manifestations, management of patients with CS, and potential new targeted therapies for CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Lim
- Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Gao C, Li H, Liu C, Xu X, Zhuang J, Zhou C, Liu L, Feng F, Sun C. Tumor Mutation Burden and Immune Invasion Characteristics in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Genome High-Throughput Data Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:650491. [PMID: 33968045 PMCID: PMC8097167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.650491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of immunotherapy has provided a new perspective for the treatment and management of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the relationship between tumor mutation burden (TMB) and immune infiltration and the prognosis of TNBC remains unclear. In this study, to explore the immunogenicity of TNBC, we divided patients with TNBC into high and low TMB groups based on the somatic mutation data of TNBC in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and screened out genes with mutation rate ≥10. Then, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that the 5-year survival rate of the high TMB group was much higher than that of the low TMB group and the two groups also showed differences in immune cell infiltration. Further exploration found that the FAT3 gene, which displays significant difference and a higher mutation rate between the two groups, is not only significantly related to the prognosis of TNBC patients but also exhibits difference in immune cell infiltration between the wild group and the mutant group of the FAT3 gene. The results of gene set enrichment analysis and drug sensitivity analysis further support the importance of the FAT3 gene in TNBC. This study reveals the characteristics of TMB and immune cell infiltration in triple-negative breast cancer and their relationship with prognosis, to provide new biomarkers and potential treatment options for the future treatment of TNBC. The FAT3 gene, as a risk predictor gene of TNBC, is considered a potential biological target and may provide new insight for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chundi Gao
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of Basic Medical, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- College of Basic Medical, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- College of Basic Medical, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fubin Feng
- College of Basic Medical, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China.,Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China
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25
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Luna S, Torices L, Mingo J, Amo L, Rodríguez-Escudero I, Ruiz-Ibarlucea P, Erramuzpe A, Cortés JM, Tejada MI, Molina M, Nunes-Xavier CE, López JI, Cid VJ, Pulido R. A global analysis of the reconstitution of PTEN function by translational readthrough of PTEN pathogenic premature termination codons. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:551-566. [PMID: 33600059 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The PTEN tumor suppressor gene is mutated with high incidence in tumors and in the germline of patients with cancer predisposition or with macrocephaly associated with autism. PTEN nonsense mutations generating premature termination codons (PTC) and producing nonfunctional truncated PTEN proteins are frequent in association with human disease. However, there are no studies addressing the restoration of full-length PTEN proteins from the PTC-mutated PTEN gene by translational readthrough. Here, we have performed a global translational and functional readthrough analysis of the complete collection of PTEN PTC somatic or hereditary mutations found in tumors or in the germline of patients (disease-associated PTEN PTCome), and we set standards for the analysis of the potential of readthrough functional reconstitution in disease-relevant genes. Our analysis indicates that prevalent pathogenic PTEN PTC mutations are susceptible to PTEN functional restoration in response to readthrough-inducing compounds. Comprehensive readthrough analyses of disease-associated PTComes will be valuable tools for the implementation of readthrough-based precision interventions in specific groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Luna
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Leire Torices
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Janire Mingo
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Laura Amo
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Escudero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Asier Erramuzpe
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Cortés
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María I Tejada
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - José I López
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Víctor J Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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26
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Wu R, Wang H, Huangfu J, Xiao R. A-FABP-PTEN/AKT Regulates Insulin Resistance in Preadipocyte Cell 3T3-L1 Cells. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2103-2110. [PMID: 34007196 PMCID: PMC8123973 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s305872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the regulation of A-FABP-PTEN/AKT on insulin resistance in preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cell. METHODS siRNA interference method was used to knock-down the A-FABP expression in 3T3-L1 cells. The cell proliferation was detected by oil-O staining and MTT. The protein and mRNA expression levels of A-FABP, PTEN and AKT were detected by Western blot and qPCR. RESULTS Inhibition of A-FABP expression increased cell proliferation activity of the 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, siRNA3 significantly reduced A-FABP mRNA expression compared with siRNA1 and siRNA2 (P<0.05). The A-FABP mRNA level was significantly increased in the induced 3T3-L1 cells, while the PTEN mRNA expression was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Inhibition of A-FABP can significantly increase the PTEN mRNA expression in the process of induced 3T3-L1 cells (P<0.05). Overexpression of A-FABP can also increase the PTEN mRNA expression in the process of 3T3-L1 cell proliferation (P<0.05). Furthermore, the protein expression levels of PTEN and p-AKT expression were not changed in the process of 3T3-L1 cell proliferation with or without A-FABP interference (P>0.05). However, inhibition of A-FABP significantly increased the PTEN protein expression and reduced the p-AKT protein expression in the induced 3T3-L1 cells. CONCLUSION Our finding suggested that A-FABP can directly inhibit the phosphorylation of AKT and increase the PTEN expression in the process of normal adipocyte differentiation, which speculated that A-FABP played a crucial role by adjusting the AKT activity in the process of adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rensiqin Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Huangfu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jian Huangfu Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, NO.1st Tunnel North Road, Hohhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-18686053304 Email
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Rui Xiao Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, NO.1st Tunnel North Road, Huhhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-18686053304 Email
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27
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Nussinov R, Zhang M, Tsai CJ, Jang H. Phosphorylation and Driver Mutations in PI3Kα and PTEN Autoinhibition. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:543-548. [PMID: 33288731 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PI3K and PTEN are the second and third most highly mutated proteins in cancer following only p53. Their actions oppose each other. PI3K phosphorylates signaling lipid PIP2 to PIP3 PTEN dephosphorylates it back. Driver mutations in both proteins accrue PIP3 PIP3 recruits AKT and PDK1 to the membrane, promoting cell-cycle progression. Here we review phosphorylation events and mutations in autoinhibition in PI3K and PTEN from the structural standpoint. Our purpose is to clarify how they control the autoinhibited states. In autoinhibition, a segment or a subunit of the protein occludes its functional site. Protein-protein interfaces are often only marginally stable, making them sensitive to changes in conditions in living cells. Phosphorylation can stabilize or destabilize the interfaces. Driver mutations commonly destabilize them. In analogy to "passenger mutations," we coin "passenger phosphorylation" to emphasize that the presence of a phosphorylation recognition sequence logo does not necessarily imply function. Rather, it may simply reflect a statistical occurrence. In both PI3K and PTEN, autoinhibiting phosphorylation events are observed in the occluding "piece." In PI3Kα, the "piece" is the p85α subunit. In PTEN, it is the C-terminal segment. In both enzymes the stabilized interface covers the domain that attaches to the membrane. Driver mutations that trigger rotation of the occluding piece or its deletion prompt activation. To date, both enzymes lack specific, potent drugs. We discuss the implications of detailed structural and mechanistic insight into oncogenic activation and how it can advance allosteric precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, NCI, Frederick, Maryland. .,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
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28
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Basic and Translational Models of Cooperative Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165919. [PMID: 32824656 PMCID: PMC7460600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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29
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Parsons R. Discovery of the PTEN Tumor Suppressor and Its Connection to the PI3K and AKT Oncogenes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:a036129. [PMID: 31932465 PMCID: PMC7397838 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10) was discovered over 20 years ago in 1997 and linked to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and AKT oncogenes the following year. The discovery of PTEN emerged from the linked concepts of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that cause and prevent cancer and the fields of tumor viruses and human cancer genetics from which these two concepts arose. While much has been learned since, the initial discovery and characterization, including the discovery that PTEN is a regulator of PI3K and AKT, provide the foundation on which we continue to build our knowledge. To provide the context in which these cancer genes were discovered, background information that led to their discovery will also be discussed, which will hopefully be a useful guide for readers seeking to build on the work of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Parsons
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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30
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Haddadi N, Travis G, Nassif NT, Simpson AM, Marsh DJ. Toward Systems Pathology for PTEN Diagnostics. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a037127. [PMID: 31615872 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Germline alterations of the tumor suppressor PTEN have been extensively characterized in patients with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndromes, encompassing subsets of Cowden syndrome, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, Proteus and Proteus-like syndromes, as well as autism spectrum disorder. Studies have shown an increase in the risk of developing specific cancer types in the presence of a germline PTEN mutation. Furthermore, outside of the familial setting, somatic variants of PTEN occur in numerous malignancies. Here we introduce and discuss the prospect of moving toward a systems pathology approach for PTEN diagnostics, incorporating clinical and molecular pathology data with the goal of improving the clinical management of patients with a PTEN mutation. Detection of a germline PTEN mutation can inform cancer surveillance and in the case of somatic mutation, have value in predicting disease course. Given that PTEN functions in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, identification of a PTEN mutation may highlight new therapeutic opportunities and/or inform therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahal Haddadi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Glena Travis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Najah T Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.,Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Ann M Simpson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.,Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Deborah J Marsh
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.,Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.,Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.,Northern Clinical School, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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