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Šopin T, Liška F, Kučera T, Cmarko D, Vacík T. Lysine Demethylase KDM2A Promotes Proteasomal Degradation of TCF/LEF Transcription Factors in a Neddylation-Dependent Manner. Cells 2023; 12:2620. [PMID: 37998355 PMCID: PMC10670284 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling is essential for a plethora of biological processes ranging from early embryogenesis to aging. Malfunctions of this crucial signaling pathway are associated with various developmental defects and diseases, including cancer. Although TCF/LEF transcription factors (TCF/LEFs) are known to be essential for this pathway, the regulation of their intracellular levels is not completely understood. Here, we show that the lysine demethylase KDM2A promotes the proteasomal destabilization of TCF/LEFs independently of its demethylase domain. We found that the KDM2A-mediated destabilization of TCF/LEFs is dependent on the KDM2A zinc finger CXXC domain. Furthermore, we identified the C-terminal region of TCF7L2 and the CXXC domain of KDM2A as the domains responsible for the interaction between the two proteins. Our study is also the first to show that endogenous TCF/LEF proteins undergo KDM2A-mediated proteasomal degradation in a neddylation-dependent manner. Here, we reveal a completely new mechanism that affects canonical Wnt signaling by regulating the levels of TCF/LEF transcription factors through their KDM2A-promoted proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Šopin
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (F.L.); (T.Š.); (D.C.)
| | - František Liška
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (F.L.); (T.Š.); (D.C.)
| | - Tomáš Kučera
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Dušan Cmarko
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (F.L.); (T.Š.); (D.C.)
| | - Tomáš Vacík
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (F.L.); (T.Š.); (D.C.)
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Hintze M, Katsanos D, Shahrezaei V, Barkoulas M. Phenotypic Robustness of Epidermal Stem Cell Number in C. elegans Is Modulated by the Activity of the Conserved N-acetyltransferase nath-10/NAT10. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640856. [PMID: 34084768 PMCID: PMC8168469 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual cells and organisms experience perturbations from internal and external sources, yet manage to buffer these to produce consistent phenotypes, a property known as robustness. While phenotypic robustness has often been examined in unicellular organisms, it has not been sufficiently studied in multicellular animals. Here, we investigate phenotypic robustness in Caenorhabditis elegans seam cells. Seam cells are stem cell-like epithelial cells along the lateral edges of the animal, which go through asymmetric and symmetric divisions contributing cells to the hypodermis and neurons, while replenishing the stem cell reservoir. The terminal number of seam cells is almost invariant in the wild-type population, allowing the investigation of how developmental precision is achieved. We report here that a loss-of-function mutation in the highly conserved N-acetyltransferase nath-10/NAT10 increases seam cell number variance in the isogenic population. RNA-seq analysis revealed increased levels of mRNA transcript variability in nath-10 mutant populations, which may have an impact on the phenotypic variability observed. Furthermore, we found disruption of Wnt signaling upon perturbing nath-10 function, as evidenced by changes in POP-1/TCF nuclear distribution and ectopic activation of its GATA transcription factor target egl-18. These results highlight that NATH-10/NAT-10 can influence phenotypic variability partly through modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hintze
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Katsanos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vahid Shahrezaei
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Zhao HM, Liu Y, Huang XY, Liu XK, Chen F, Zhang XY, Liu FC, Lu XY, Wang Y, Liu DY. Pharmacological mechanism of Sishen Wan ® attenuated experimental chronic colitis by inhibiting wnt/β-catenin pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 240:111936. [PMID: 31078692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sishen Wan (SSW) is a commercial and frequently used Chinese patent medicine listed in the Chinese Pharmacopeia, which is usually used to treat chronic colitis. AIM OF THE STUDY We explored the pharmacological mechanism of Sishen Wan attenuated experimental chronic colitis by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental chronic colitis was induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). The therapeutic effect of SSW were analyzed by index of colonic weight, colonic length, pathological score. Cytokines expression were analyzed by ELISA, while the apoptosis level was checked by TUNEL staining. These proteins of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was analyzed by Western blot assay. RESULTS Rats with TNBS-induced chronic colitis were treated by SSW for 10 days. The efficacy of SSW was demonstrated by improved macroscopic and microscopic colonic damage. SSW increased the level of ATP in colonic mucosa, while SSW inhibited β-catenin, ubiquitination of Nemo-like-kinase-associated ring finger protein and T-cell factor, and expression of Wnt/β-catenin downstream proteins (including c-Myc, cyclo-oxygenase-2, cyclin D1, survivin, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and zipper-interacting protein kinase), and improved lymphoid enhancer factor ubiquitination and β-TrCP activity, followed by excessive apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS SSW effectively attenuated experimental chronic colitis induced by TNBS, which was realized by inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Mei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Xue-Ke Liu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhang
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Fu-Chun Liu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Xiu-Yun Lu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Duan-Yong Liu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangxi, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Ghosh TK, Aparicio-Sánchez JJ, Buxton S, Ketley A, Mohamed T, Rutland CS, Loughna S, Brook JD. Acetylation of TBX5 by KAT2B and KAT2A regulates heart and limb development. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 114:185-198. [PMID: 29174768 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TBX5 plays a critical role in heart and forelimb development. Mutations in TBX5 cause Holt-Oram syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition that affects the formation of the heart and upper-limb. Several studies have provided significant insight into the role of TBX5 in cardiogenesis; however, how TBX5 activity is regulated by other factors is still unknown. Here we report that histone acetyltransferases KAT2A and KAT2B associate with TBX5 and acetylate it at Lys339. Acetylation potentiates its transcriptional activity and is required for nuclear retention. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of kat2a and kat2b transcripts in zebrafish severely perturb heart and limb development, mirroring the tbx5a knockdown phenotype. The phenotypes found in MO-injected embryos were also observed when we introduced mutations in the kat2a or kat2b genes using the CRISPR-Cas system. These studies highlight the importance of KAT2A and KAT2B modulation of TBX5 and their impact on heart and limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Ghosh
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - José J Aparicio-Sánchez
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Sarah Buxton
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ami Ketley
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Tasabeeh Mohamed
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- The School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Siobhan Loughna
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - J David Brook
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Incani F, Serra ML, Meloni A, Cossu C, Saba L, Cabras T, Messana I, Rosatelli MC. AIRE acetylation and deacetylation: effect on protein stability and transactivation activity. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:85. [PMID: 25158603 PMCID: PMC4256887 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-014-0085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The AIRE protein plays a remarkable role as a regulator of central tolerance by controlling the promiscuous expression of tissue-specific antigens in thymic medullary epithelial cells. Defects in AIRE gene cause the autoimmune polyendocrinopathy- candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy, a rare disease frequent in Iranian Jews, Finns, and Sardinian population. RESULTS In this study, we have precisely mapped, by mass spectrometry experiments, the sites of protein acetylation and, by mutagenesis assays, we have described a set of acetylated lysines as being crucial in influencing the subcellular localization of AIRE. Furthermore, we have also determined that the de-acetyltransferase enzymes HDAC1-2 are involved in the lysine de-acetylation of AIRE. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of our results and those reported in literature, we propose a model in which lysines acetylation increases the stability of AIRE in the nucleus. In addition, we observed that the interaction of AIRE with deacetylases complexes inhibits its transcriptional activity and is probably responsible for the instability of AIRE, which becomes more susceptible to degradation in the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Incani
- />Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Unità di Ricerca di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, via Jenner s/n, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Serra
- />Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Unità di Ricerca di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, via Jenner s/n, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Meloni
- />Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Cossu
- />Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Unità di Ricerca di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, via Jenner s/n, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luisella Saba
- />Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Unità di Ricerca di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, via Jenner s/n, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- />Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- />Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Rosatelli
- />Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Unità di Ricerca di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, via Jenner s/n, Cagliari, Italy
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Histone deacetylase 3 promotes RCAN1 stability and nuclear translocation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105416. [PMID: 25144594 PMCID: PMC4140772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1; also referred as DSCR1 or MCIP1) is located in close proximity to a Down syndrome critical region of human chromosome 21. Although RCAN1 is an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin signaling that controls lymphocyte activation, apoptosis, heart development, skeletal muscle differentiation, and cardiac function, it is not yet clear whether RCAN1 might be involved in other cellular activities. In this study, we explored the extra-functional roles of RCAN1 by searching for novel RCAN1-binding partners. Using a yeast two-hybrid assay, we found that RCAN1 (RCAN1-1S) interacts with histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in mammalian cells. We also demonstrate that HDAC3 deacetylates RCAN1. In addition, HDAC3 increases RCAN1 protein stability by inhibiting its poly-ubiquitination. Furthermore, HDAC3 promotes RCAN1 nuclear translocation. These data suggest that HDAC3, a new binding regulator of RCAN1, affects the protein stability and intracellular localization of RCAN1.
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7
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Pan Y, Jin JH, Yu Y, Wang J. Significant enhancement of hPrx1 chaperone activity through lysine acetylation. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1773-6. [PMID: 25082442 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The reversible acetylation of proteins plays a key role in regulating biological processes, including chromatin remodeling, progression of the cell cycle, and actin nucleation. Human peroxiredoxin 1(hPrx1), one of the most abundant proteins in the cytoplasm, has been shown to be acetylated in human liver-carcinoma tissues. However, little is known about what function(s) the acetylation serves for hPrx1. Herein, using the method of genetic code expansion, we incorporated N(ε)-acetyllysine (AcK) site-specifically into hPrx1. Our data showed that acetylation the K(27) residue promotes oligomerization of hPrx1 at low concentrations. In addition, K(27)-acetylated hPrx1(hPrx1-AcK27) exhibited greatly enhanced chaperone activity (e.g. protecting the protein malate dehydrogenase (MDH) from thermally induced aggregation and assisting the refolding of denatured citrate synthase (CS)). These findings suggest that the site-specific acetylation of hPrx1 may change its biological role in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Pan
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101 (P.R. China)
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Zhao D, Li FL, Cheng ZL, Lei QY. Impact of acetylation on tumor metabolism. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e963452. [PMID: 27308346 PMCID: PMC4905055 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.963452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation of protein lysine residues is a reversible and dynamic process that is controlled by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs and SIRTs). Recent studies have revealed that acetylation modulates not only nuclear proteins but also cytoplasmic or mitochondrial proteins, including many metabolic enzymes. In tumors, cellular metabolism is reprogrammed to provide intermediates for biosynthesis such as nucleotides, fatty acids, and amino acids, and thereby favor the rapid proliferation of cancer cells and tumor development. An increasing number of investigations have indicated that acetylation plays an important role in tumor metabolism. Here, we summarize the substrates that are modified by acetylation, especially oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and enzymes that are implicated in tumor metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College; Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Molecular and Cell Biology Lab; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College; Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Molecular and Cell Biology Lab; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou-Li Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College; Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Molecular and Cell Biology Lab; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun-Ying Lei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College; Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Molecular and Cell Biology Lab; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Gao C, Xiao G, Hu J. Regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by posttranslational modifications. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:13. [PMID: 24594309 PMCID: PMC3977945 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway (or Wnt/β-catenin pathway) plays a pivotal role in embryonic development and adult homeostasis; deregulation of the Wnt pathway contributes to the initiation and progression of human diseases including cancer. Despite its importance in human biology and disease, how regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is achieved remains largely undefined. Increasing evidence suggests that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Wnt pathway components are essential for the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. PTMs create a highly dynamic relay system that responds to Wnt stimulation without requiring de novo protein synthesis and offer a platform for non-Wnt pathway components to be involved in the regulation of Wnt signaling, hence providing alternative opportunities for targeting the Wnt pathway. This review highlights the current status of PTM-mediated regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway with a focus on factors involved in Wnt-mediated stabilization of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Elfert S, Weise A, Bruser K, Biniossek ML, Jägle S, Senghaas N, Hecht A. Acetylation of human TCF4 (TCF7L2) proteins attenuates inhibition by the HBP1 repressor and induces a conformational change in the TCF4::DNA complex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61867. [PMID: 23613959 PMCID: PMC3626699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The members of the TCF/LEF family of DNA-binding proteins are components of diverse gene regulatory networks. As nuclear effectors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling they act as assembly platforms for multimeric transcription complexes that either repress or activate gene expression. Previously, it was shown that several aspects of TCF/LEF protein function are regulated by post-translational modification. The association of TCF/LEF family members with acetyltransferases and deacetylases prompted us to investigate whether vertebrate TCF/LEF proteins are subject to acetylation. Through co-expression with p300 and CBP and subsequent analyses using mass spectrometry and immunodetection with anti-acetyl-lysine antibodies we show that TCF4 can be acetylated at lysine K₁₅₀ by CBP. K₁₅₀ acetylation is restricted to TCF4E splice variants and requires the simultaneous presence of β-catenin and the unique TCF4E C-terminus. To examine the functional consequences of K₁₅₀ acetylation we substituted K₁₅₀ with amino acids representing the non-acetylated and acetylated states. Reporter gene assays based on Wnt/β-catenin-responsive promoter regions did not indicate a general role of K₁₅₀ acetylation in transactivation by TCF4E. However, in the presence of CBP, non-acetylatable TCF4E with a K₁₅₀R substitution was more susceptible to inhibition by the HBP-1 repressor protein compared to wild-type TCF4E. Acetylation of K₁₅₀ using a bacterial expression system or amino acid substitutions at K₁₅₀ alter the electrophoretic properties of TCF4E::DNA complexes. This result suggests that K₁₅₀ acetylation leads to a conformational change that may also represent the mechanism whereby acetylated TCF4E acquires resistance against HBP1. In summary, TCF4 not only recruits acetyltransferases but is also a substrate for these enzymes. The fact that acetylation affects only a subset of TCF4 splice variants and is mediated preferentially by CBP suggests that the conditional acetylation of TCF4E is a novel regulatory mechanism that diversifies the transcriptional output of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in response to changing intracellular signaling milieus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Elfert
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Weise
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Bruser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin L. Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Jägle
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Senghaas
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hecht
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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McGhee JD. TheCaenorhabditis elegansintestine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:347-67. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Duveau F, Félix MA. Role of pleiotropy in the evolution of a cryptic developmental variation in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001230. [PMID: 22235190 PMCID: PMC3250502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using vulval phenotypes in Caenorhabditis elegans, the authors show that cryptic genetic variation can evolve through selection for pleiotropic effects that alter fitness, and identify a cryptic variant that has conferred enhanced fitness on domesticated worms under laboratory conditions. Robust biological systems are expected to accumulate cryptic genetic variation that does not affect the system output in standard conditions yet may play an evolutionary role once phenotypically expressed under a strong perturbation. Genetic variation that is cryptic relative to a robust trait may accumulate neutrally as it does not change the phenotype, yet it could also evolve under selection if it affects traits related to fitness in addition to its cryptic effect. Cryptic variation affecting the vulval intercellular signaling network was previously uncovered among wild isolates of Caenorhabditis elegans. Using a quantitative genetic approach, we identify a non-synonymous polymorphism of the previously uncharacterized nath-10 gene that affects the vulval phenotype when the system is sensitized with different mutations, but not in wild-type strains. nath-10 is an essential protein acetyltransferase gene and the homolog of human NAT10. The nath-10 polymorphism also presents non-cryptic effects on life history traits. The nath-10 allele carried by the N2 reference strain leads to a subtle increase in the egg laying rate and in the total number of sperm, a trait affecting the trade-off between fertility and minimal generation time in hermaphrodite individuals. We show that this allele appeared during early laboratory culture of N2, which allowed us to test whether it may have evolved under selection in this novel environment. The derived allele indeed strongly outcompetes the ancestral allele in laboratory conditions. In conclusion, we identified the molecular nature of a cryptic genetic variation and characterized its evolutionary history. These results show that cryptic genetic variation does not necessarily accumulate neutrally at the whole-organism level, but may evolve through selection for pleiotropic effects that alter fitness. In addition, cultivation in the laboratory has led to adaptive evolution of the reference strain N2 to the laboratory environment, which may modify other phenotypes of interest. Robustness is a property of biological systems that ensures the production of reproducible phenotypes in spite of underlying environmental, stochastic, and genetic variability. A consequence of robustness is that potentially functional genetic variation is free to accumulate in natural populations because it is buffered at the phenotypic level. Even if this so-called “cryptic” genetic variation has no obvious effects under standard conditions, it may become phenotypically expressed upon major genetic or environmental perturbations. Here we used the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to identify genetic variations involved in the cryptic evolution of vulval cell fate induction between wild strains. We found that a mutation in the essential nath-10 gene not only contributes to cryptic genetic variation in the vulval system, but also affects key life history traits that are expected to be under a strong selective pressure (brood size, age at sexual maturity, sperm number and rate of progeny production). Indeed, an allele of nath-10 that emerged during the laboratory domestication of C. elegans about 50 years ago confers a strong competitive advantage over the ancestral allele under laboratory conditions. A genetic variation that is cryptic for a robust trait can therefore affect more sensitive phenotypes and thus evolve under selection.
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Archbold HC, Yang YX, Chen L, Cadigan KM. How do they do Wnt they do?: regulation of transcription by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:74-109. [PMID: 21624092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signalling is known to play many roles in metazoan development and tissue homeostasis. Misregulation of the pathway has also been linked to many human diseases. In this review, specific aspects of the pathway's involvement in these processes are discussed, with an emphasis on how Wnt/β-catenin signalling regulates gene expression in a cell and temporally specific manner. The T-cell factor (TCF) family of transcription factors, which mediate a large portion of Wnt/β-catenin signalling, will be discussed in detail. Invertebrates contain a single TCF gene that contains two DNA-binding domains, the high mobility group (HMG) domain and the C-clamp, which increases the specificity of DNA binding. In vertebrates, the situation is more complex, with four TCF genes producing many isoforms that contain the HMG domain, but only some of which possess a C-clamp. Vertebrate TCFs have been reported to act in concert with many other transcription factors, which may explain how they obtain sufficient specificity for specific DNA sequences, as well as how they achieve a wide diversity of transcriptional outputs in different cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Archbold
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-1048, USA
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14
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Abstract
Wnts are conserved, secreted signaling proteins that can influence cell behavior by stabilizing β-catenin. Accumulated β-catenin enters the nucleus, where it physically associates with T-cell factor (TCF) family members to regulate target gene expression in many developmental and adult tissues. Recruitment of β-catenin to Wnt response element (WRE) chromatin converts TCFs from transcriptional repressors to activators. This review will outline the complex interplay between factors contributing to TCF repression and coactivators working with β-catenin to regulate Wnt targets. In addition, three variations of the standard transcriptional switch model will be discussed. One is the Wnt/β-catenin symmetry pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans, where Wnt-mediated nuclear efflux of TCF is crucial for activation of targets. Another occurs in vertebrates, where distinct TCF family members are associated with repression and activation, and recent evidence suggests that Wnt signaling facilitates a "TCF exchange" on WRE chromatin. Finally, a "reverse switch" mechanism for target genes that are directly repressed by Wnt/β-catenin signaling occurs in Drosophila cells. The diversity of TCF regulatory mechanisms may help to explain how a small group of transcription factors can function in so many different contexts to regulate target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken M Cadigan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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15
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Yang XD, Huang S, Lo MC, Mizumoto K, Sawa H, Xu W, Robertson S, Lin R. Distinct and mutually inhibitory binding by two divergent β-catenins coordinates TCF levels and activity in C. elegans. Development 2011; 138:4255-65. [PMID: 21852394 DOI: 10.1242/dev.069054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wnt target gene activation in C. elegans requires simultaneous elevation of β-catenin/SYS-1 and reduction of TCF/POP-1 nuclear levels within the same signal-responsive cell. SYS-1 binds to the conserved N-terminal β-catenin-binding domain (CBD) of POP-1 and functions as a transcriptional co-activator. Phosphorylation of POP-1 by LIT-1, the C. elegans Nemo-like kinase homolog, promotes POP-1 nuclear export and is the main mechanism by which POP-1 nuclear levels are lowered. We present a mechanism whereby SYS-1 and POP-1 nuclear levels are regulated in opposite directions, despite the fact that the two proteins physically interact. We show that the C terminus of POP-1 is essential for LIT-1 phosphorylation and is specifically bound by the diverged β-catenin WRM-1. WRM-1 does not bind to the CBD of POP-1, nor does SYS-1 bind to the C-terminal domain. Furthermore, binding of WRM-1 to the POP-1 C terminus is mutually inhibitory with SYS-1 binding at the CBD. Computer modeling provides a structural explanation for the specificity in WRM-1 and SYS-1 binding to POP-1. Finally, WRM-1 exhibits two independent and distinct molecular functions that are novel for β-catenins: WRM-1 serves both as the substrate-binding subunit and an obligate regulatory subunit for the LIT-1 kinase. Mutual inhibitory binding would result in two populations of POP-1: one bound by WRM-1 that is LIT-1 phosphorylated and exported from the nucleus, and another, bound by SYS-1, that remains in the nucleus and transcriptionally activates Wnt target genes. These studies could provide novel insights into cancers arising from aberrant Wnt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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16
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Shultz MD, Cao X, Chen CH, Cho YS, Davis NR, Eckman J, Fan J, Fekete A, Firestone B, Flynn J, Green J, Growney JD, Holmqvist M, Hsu M, Jansson D, Jiang L, Kwon P, Liu G, Lombardo F, Lu Q, Majumdar D, Meta C, Perez L, Pu M, Ramsey T, Remiszewski S, Skolnik S, Traebert M, Urban L, Uttamsingh V, Wang P, Whitebread S, Whitehead L, Yan-Neale Y, Yao YM, Zhou L, Atadja P. Optimization of the in vitro cardiac safety of hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4752-72. [PMID: 21650221 DOI: 10.1021/jm200388e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have shown promise in treating various forms of cancer. However, many HDAC inhibitors from diverse structural classes have been associated with QT prolongation in humans. Inhibition of the human ether a-go-go related gene (hERG) channel has been associated with QT prolongation and fatal arrhythmias. To determine if the observed cardiac effects of HDAC inhibitors in humans is due to hERG blockade, a highly potent HDAC inhibitor devoid of hERG activity was required. Starting with dacinostat (LAQ824), a highly potent HDAC inhibitor, we explored the SAR to determine the pharmacophores required for HDAC and hERG inhibition. We disclose here the results of these efforts where a high degree of pharmacophore homology between these two targets was discovered. This similarity prevented traditional strategies for mitigating hERG binding/modulation from being successful and novel approaches for reducing hERG inhibition were required. Using a hERG homology model, two compounds, 11r and 25i, were discovered to be highly efficacious with weak affinity for the hERG and other ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Shultz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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17
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Robertson SM, Lo MC, Odom R, Yang XD, Medina J, Huang S, Lin R. Functional analyses of vertebrate TCF proteins in C. elegans embryos. Dev Biol 2011; 355:115-23. [PMID: 21539828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the canonical Wnt pathway, signaling results in the stabilization and increased levels of β-catenin in responding cells. β-catenin then enters the nucleus, functioning as a coactivator for the Wnt effector, TCF/LEF protein. In the absence of Wnt signaling, TCF is complexed with corepressors, together repressing Wnt target genes. In C. elegans, Wnt signaling specifies the E blastomere to become the endoderm precursor. Activation of endoderm genes in E requires not only an increase in β-catenin level, but a concomitant decrease in the nuclear level of POP-1, the sole C. elegans TCF. A decrease in nuclear POP-1 levels requires Wnt-induced phosphorylation of POP-1 and 14-3-3 protein-mediated nuclear export. Nuclear POP-1 levels remain high in the sister cell of E, MS, where POP-1 represses the expression of endoderm genes. Here we express three vertebrate TCF proteins (human TCF4, mouse LEF1 and Xenopus TCF3) in C. elegans embryos and compare their localization, repression and activation functions to POP-1. All three TCFs are localized to the nucleus in C. elegans embryos, but none undergoes Wnt-induced nuclear export. Although unable to undergo Wnt-induced nuclear export, human TCF4, but not mouse LEF1 or Xenopus TCF3, can repress endoderm genes in MS, in a manner very similar to POP-1. This repressive activity requires that human TCF4 recognizes specific promoter sequences upstream of endoderm genes and interacts with C. elegans corepressors. Domain swapping identified two regions of POP-1 that are sufficient to confer nuclear asymmetry to human TCF4 when swapped with its corresponding domains. Despite undergoing Wnt-induced nuclear export, the human TCF4/POP-1 chimeric protein continues to function as a repressor for endoderm genes in E, a result we attribute to the inability of hTCF4 to bind to C. elegans β-catenin. Our results reveal a higher degree of species specificity among TCF proteins for coactivator interactions than for corepressor interactions, and uncover a basic difference between how POP-1 and human TCF4 steady state nuclear levels are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Robertson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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18
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Singh BN, Zhang G, Hwa YL, Li J, Dowdy SC, Jiang SW. Nonhistone protein acetylation as cancer therapy targets. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010; 10:935-54. [PMID: 20553216 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetylation and deacetylation are counteracting, post-translational modifications that affect a large number of histone and nonhistone proteins. The significance of histone acetylation in the modification of chromatin structure and dynamics, and thereby gene transcription regulation, has been well recognized. A steadily growing number of nonhistone proteins have been identified as acetylation targets and reversible lysine acetylation in these proteins plays an important role(s) in the regulation of mRNA stability, protein localization and degradation, and protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. The recruitment of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) to the transcriptional machinery is a key element in the dynamic regulation of genes controlling cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Many nonhistone proteins targeted by acetylation are the products of oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes and are directly involved in tumorigenesis, tumor progression and metastasis. Aberrant activity of HDACs has been documented in several types of cancers and HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been employed for therapeutic purposes. Here we review the published literature in this field and provide updated information on the regulation and function of nonhistone protein acetylation. While concentrating on the molecular mechanism and pathways involved in the addition and removal of the acetyl moiety, therapeutic modalities of HDACi are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahma N Singh
- Department of Mycology & Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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19
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Daniel AR, Gaviglio AL, Czaplicki LM, Hillard CJ, Housa D, Lange CA. The progesterone receptor hinge region regulates the kinetics of transcriptional responses through acetylation, phosphorylation, and nuclear retention. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:2126-38. [PMID: 20861224 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptors (PRs) are critical regulators of mammary gland development and contributors to breast cancer progression. Posttranslational modifications of PR have been shown to alter hormone responsiveness. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that upon hormone binding, PR is acetylated at the consensus sequence, KXKK (amino acids 638-641), located within the hinge region. We created an acetylation-deficient (K-A) mutant as well as acetylation mimics (K-Q or K-T). Interestingly, similar to K-A PR, PR acetylation mimics (K-Q or K-T) displayed delayed phosphorylation and nuclear entry relative to wild-type (wt) PR-B, indicative of disruption of PR nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling. Wt PR-B, but not K-mutant PRs, induced c-myc at 1 h of progestin treatment. However, at 6 h of treatment, c-myc induction was comparable with levels induced by wt PR-B, suggesting that the precise timing of PR phosphorylation and nuclear retention are critical for cells to rapidly initiate robust transcriptional programs. In contrast to c-myc, progestin-induced serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK) expression displayed sensitivity to PR acetylation but not nuclear entry. Namely, in the presence of progestin, acetylation-deficient (K-A) mutant PR-B up-regulated SGK mRNA relative to wt PR; progesterone response element-luciferase assays confirmed this result. However, K-Q and K-T acetylation mimics only weakly induced SGK expression independently of nuclear retention. These data reveal the ability of PR acetylation to alter the magnitude of transcriptional response at selected (slow response) promoters (SGK), whereas the hinge region dictates the kinetics of the transcriptional response to hormone at other (rapid response) promoters (c-myc). In sum, the PR hinge region is multifunctional. Understanding the ability of this region to couple acetylation, phosphorylation, and nuclear entry may provide clues to mechanisms of altered hormone responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Daniel
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 806, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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20
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Phillips BT, Kimble J. A new look at TCF and beta-catenin through the lens of a divergent C. elegans Wnt pathway. Dev Cell 2009; 17:27-34. [PMID: 19619489 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is extensively characterized, broadly conserved, and clinically important. In this review, we describe the C. elegans Wnt/beta-catenin asymmetry pathway and suggest that some of its unusual features may have important implications for the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA.
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21
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Witze ES, Field ED, Hunt DF, Rothman JH. C. elegans pur alpha, an activator of end-1, synergizes with the Wnt pathway to specify endoderm. Dev Biol 2008; 327:12-23. [PMID: 19084000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The endoderm of C. elegans arises entirely from a single progenitor cell, the E blastomere, whose identity is specified by GATA type transcription factors, including END-1. In response to an inductive interaction mediated through Wnt/MAP kinase signaling pathways, POP-1, a Lef/Tcf-type transcription factor, restricts end-1 transcription to the posterior daughter of the mesendoderm progenitor (EMS cell), resulting in activation of endoderm differentiation by the SKN-1 and MED-1/2 transcription factors. We purified a factor from semi-synchronized early embryos that binds to an end-1 cis regulatory region critical for its endoderm-specific expression. Mass spectrometry identified this protein, PLP-1, as a C. elegans orthologue of the vertebrate pur alpha transcription factor. Expression of end-1 is attenuated in embryos depleted for PLP-1. While removal of plp-1 activity alone does not prevent endoderm development, it strongly enhances the loss of endoderm in mutants defective for the Wnt pathway. In contrast, loss of PLP-1 function does not synergize with mutants in the endoderm-inducing MAPK pathway. Moreover, nuclear localization of PLP-1 during interphase requires components of the MAPK pathway, suggesting that PLP-1 is influenced by MAPK signaling. PLP-1 is transiently asymmetrically distributed during cell divisions, with higher levels in the chromatin of the future posterior daughter of EMS and other dividing cells shortly after mitosis compared to that in their sisters. These findings imply that PLP-1 acts as a transcriptional activator of end-1 expression that may be modulated by MAPK signaling to promote endoderm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Witze
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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22
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Blanco-García N, Asensio-Juan E, de la Cruz X, Martínez-Balbás MA. Autoacetylation regulates P/CAF nuclear localization. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:1343-52. [PMID: 19015268 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806075200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation is a posttranslational modification that alters the biological activities of proteins by affecting their association with other proteins or DNA, their catalytic activities, or their subcellular distribution. The acetyltransferase P/CAF is autoacetylated and acetylated by p300 in vivo. P/CAF autoacetylation is an intramolecular or intermolecular event. Intramolecular acetylation targets five lysines within the nuclear localization signal at the P/CAF C terminus. We analyzed how the subcellular distribution of P/CAF is regulated by intramolecular autoacetylation and found that a P/CAF mutant lacking histone acetyltransferase activity accumulated primarily in the cytoplasm. This cytoplasmic fraction of P/CAF is enriched for nonautoacetylated P/CAF. In addition, P/CAF deacetylation by HDAC3 and in a minor degree by HDAC1, HDAC2, or HDAC4 leads to cytoplasmic accumulation of P/CAF. Importantly, our data show that P/CAF accumulates in the cytoplasm during apoptosis. These results reveal the molecular mechanism of autoacetylation control of P/CAF nuclear translocation and suggest a novel pathway by which P/CAF activity is controlled in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Blanco-García
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Baldiri i Reixac 15-21, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Ge X, Jin Q, Zhang F, Yan T, Zhai Q. PCAF acetylates {beta}-catenin and improves its stability. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:419-27. [PMID: 18987336 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-08-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-Catenin plays an important role in development and tumorigenesis. However, the effect of a key acetyltransferase p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) on beta-catenin signaling is largely unknown. In this study, we found PCAF could increase the beta-catenin transcriptional activity, induce its nuclear translocation, and up-regulate its protein level by inhibiting its ubiquitination and improving its stability. Further studies showed that PCAF directly binds to and acetylates beta-catenin. The key ubiquitination sites Lys-19 and Lys-49 of beta-catenin were shown as the critical residues for PCAF-induced acetylation and stabilization. Knockdown of PCAF in colon cancer cells markedly reduced the protein level, transcriptional activity, and acetylation level of beta-catenin; promoted cell differentiation; inhibited cell migration; and repressed xenografted tumorigenesis and tumor growth in nude mice. All these data demonstrate that PCAF acetylates beta-catenin and regulates its stability, and they raise the prospect that therapies targeting PCAF may be of clinical use in beta-catenin-driven diseases, such as colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Ge
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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24
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Nucleolar localization and dynamic roles of flap endonuclease 1 in ribosomal DNA replication and damage repair. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:4310-9. [PMID: 18443037 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00200-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the wealth of information available on the biochemical functions and our recent findings of its roles in genome stability and cancer avoidance of the structure-specific flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), its cellular compartmentalization and dynamics corresponding to its involvement in various DNA metabolic pathways are not yet elucidated. Several years ago, we demonstrated that FEN1 migrates into the nucleus in response to DNA damage and under certain cell cycle conditions. In the current paper, we found that FEN1 is superaccumulated in the nucleolus and plays a role in the resolution of stalled DNA replication forks formed at the sites of natural replication fork barriers. In response to UV irradiation and upon phosphorylation, FEN1 migrates to nuclear plasma to participate in the resolution of UV cross-links on DNA, most likely employing its concerted action of exonuclease and gap-dependent endonuclease activities. Based on yeast complementation experiments, the mutation of Ser(187)Asp, mimicking constant phosphorylation, excludes FEN1 from nucleolar accumulation. The replacement of Ser(187) by Ala, eliminating the only phosphorylation site, retains FEN1 in nucleoli. Both of the mutations cause UV sensitivity, impair cellular UV damage repair capacity, and decline overall cellular survivorship.
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25
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Michaelidis TM, Lie DC. Wnt signaling and neural stem cells: caught in the Wnt web. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 331:193-210. [PMID: 17828608 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Wnt proteins have now been identified as major physiological regulators of multiple aspects of stem cell biology, from self-renewal and pluripotency to precursor cell competence and terminal differentiation. Neural stem cells are the cellular building blocks of the developing nervous system and provide the basis for continued neurogenesis in the adult mammalian central nervous system. Here, we outline the most recent advances in the field about the critical factors and regulatory networks involved in Wnt signaling and discuss recent findings on how this increasingly intricate pathway contributes to the shaping of the developing and adult nervous system on the level of the neural stem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theologos M Michaelidis
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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26
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Stiehl DP, Fath DM, Liang D, Jiang Y, Sang N. Histone deacetylase inhibitors synergize p300 autoacetylation that regulates its transactivation activity and complex formation. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2256-2264. [PMID: 17332356 PMCID: PMC4526273 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p300/cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein-binding protein (CBP) are general coactivators for multiple transcription factors involved in various cellular processes. Several highly conserved domains of p300/CBP serve as interacting sites for transcription factors and regulatory proteins. Particularly, the intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity and transactivation domains (TAD) play essential roles for their coactivating function. Autoacetylation of p300/CBP is commonly observed in cell-free HAT assays and has been implicated in the regulation of their HAT activity. Here, we show that six lysine-rich regions in several highly conserved functional domains of p300 are targeted by p300HAT for acetylation in cell-free systems. We show that p300 is susceptible to acetylation in cultured tumor cells and that its acetylation status is affected by histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. We further show that either treatment with deacetylase inhibitors or coexpression of Gal4-p300HAT, which alone has no transactivation activity, stimulates the activity of the COOH-terminal TAD of p300 (p300C-TAD). We have defined the minimal p300C-TAD and show that it is sufficient to respond to deacetylase inhibitors and is a substrate for p300HAT. Finally, we show that acetylated p300 possesses enhanced ability to interact with p53. Taken together, our data suggest that acetylation regulates p300C-TAD and that acetylation of p300/CBP may contribute to the dynamic regulation of their complex formation with various interacting partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Stiehl
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna M. Fath
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dongming Liang
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Cellular Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yubao Jiang
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Cellular Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nianli Sang
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Cellular Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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27
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Abstract
Lymphoid enhancer factor/T cell factor proteins (LEF/TCFs) mediate Wnt signals in the nucleus by recruiting beta-catenin and its co-activators to Wnt response elements (WREs) of target genes. This activity is important during development but its misregulation plays a role in disease such as cancer, where overactive Wnt signaling drives LEF/TCFs to transform cells. The size of the LEF/TCF family is small: approximately four members in vertebrates and one orthologous form in flies, worms and hydra. However, size belies complexity. The LEF/TCF family exhibits extensive patterns of alternative splicing, alternative promoter usage and activities of repression, as well as activation. Recent work from numerous laboratories has highlighted how this complexity has important biological consequences in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Arce
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
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28
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Wnt signaling in C. elegans: New insights into the regulation of POP‐1/ TCF‐mediated activation and repression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1574-3349(06)17003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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Yamada M, Ohnishi J, Ohkawara B, Iemura S, Satoh K, Hyodo-Miura J, Kawachi K, Natsume T, Shibuya H. NARF, an nemo-like kinase (NLK)-associated ring finger protein regulates the ubiquitylation and degradation of T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF). J Biol Chem 2006; 281:20749-20760. [PMID: 16714285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602089200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-Catenin is a key player in the Wnt signaling pathway, and interacts with cofactor T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) to generate a transcription activator complex that activates Wnt-induced genes. We previously reported that Nemo-like kinase (NLK) negatively regulates Wnt signaling via phosphorylation of TCF/LEF. To further evaluate the physiological roles of NLK, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening to identify NLK-interacting proteins. From this screen, we isolated a novel RING finger protein that we term NARF (NLK associated RING finger protein). Here, we show that NARF induces the ubiquitylation of TCF/LEF in vitro and in vivo, and functions as an E3 ubiquitin-ligase that specifically cooperates with the E2 conjugating enzyme E2-25K. We found that NLK augmented NARF binding and ubiquitylation of TCF/LEF, and this required NLK kinase activity. The ubiquitylated TCF/LEF was subsequently degraded by the proteasome. Furthermore, NARF inhibited formation of the secondary axis induced by the ectopic expression of beta-catenin in Xenopus embryos. Collectively, our findings raise the possibility that NARF functions as a novel ubiquitin-ligase to suppress the Wnt-beta-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Yamada
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, and SORST, JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Junji Ohnishi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, and SORST, JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Bisei Ohkawara
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, and SORST, JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Shunichiro Iemura
- National Institutes of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Biological Information Research Center (JBIRC), Kohtoh-ku, Tokyo 135-0064
| | - Kiyotoshi Satoh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, and SORST, JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Junko Hyodo-Miura
- Division of Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kawachi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, and SORST, JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Tohru Natsume
- National Institutes of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Biological Information Research Center (JBIRC), Kohtoh-ku, Tokyo 135-0064
| | - Hiroshi Shibuya
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, and SORST, JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062; Center of Excellence Program for Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062.
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30
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di Bari MG, Ciuffini L, Mingardi M, Testi R, Soddu S, Barilà D. c-Abl acetylation by histone acetyltransferases regulates its nuclear-cytoplasmic localization. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:727-33. [PMID: 16648821 PMCID: PMC1500821 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Abl function is strictly dependent on its subcellular localization. Using an in vitro approach, we identify c-Abl as a new substrate for p300, CBP (CREB-binding protein) and PCAF (p300/CBP-associated factor) histone acetyltransferases. Remarkably, acetylation markedly alters its subcellular localization. Point mutagenesis indicated that Lys 730, located in the second nuclear localization signal, is the main target of p300 activity. It has previously been reported that c-Abl accumulates in the cytoplasm during myogenic differentiation. Here, we show that c-Abl protein is acetylated at early stages of myogenic differentiation. Indeed, acetylation on Lys 730 drives c-Abl accumulation in the cytoplasm and promotes differentiation. Thus, Lys 730 acetylation is a novel post-translational modification of c-Abl and a novel mechanism for modulating its subcellular localization that contributes to myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna di Bari
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ciuffini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Mingardi
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Testi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Soddu
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Barilà
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
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31
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Eastburn DJ, Han M. A gain-of-function allele of cbp-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of the mammalian CBP/p300 gene, causes an increase in histone acetyltransferase activity and antagonism of activated Ras. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:9427-34. [PMID: 16227593 PMCID: PMC1265831 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.21.9427-9434.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An RTK-Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway plays a key role in vulval induction in Caenorhabditis elegans. We have previously carried out screens for suppressors of activated Ras to identify factors that play critical roles in the regulation of the pathway. ku258 was isolated as a semidominant allele that suppresses the Multivulva phenotype caused by activated let-60 ras. Our genetic and molecular analyses indicate that ku258 is a gain-of-function allele resulting from two point mutations in the C. elegans homolog of the transcriptional coactivator p300/CBP, cbp-1. Genetic data also suggest that cbp-1 may act downstream of the Ras signaling pathway, but not primarily downstream of the Wnt signaling pathway, to negatively regulate vulval cell fate specification. cbp-1 may function in concert with LIN-1, an Ets transcription factor family member that is one of the targets of MAPK. In vitro histone acetylation assays have revealed that together, the two point mutations cause a sevenfold increase in the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity of recombinant CBP-1. To our knowledge, this is the only such HAT activity mutation isolated in a CBP/p300 family protein, and this mutation may define a negative role of the HAT activity in antagonizing Ras function in a specific developmental event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Eastburn
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
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32
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Glozak MA, Sengupta N, Zhang X, Seto E. Acetylation and deacetylation of non-histone proteins. Gene 2005; 363:15-23. [PMID: 16289629 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1220] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the first report of p53 as a non-histone target of a histone acetyltransferase (HAT), there has been a rapid proliferation in the description of new non-histone targets of HATs. Of these, transcription factors comprise the largest class of new targets. The substrates for HATs extend to cytoskeletal proteins, molecular chaperones and nuclear import factors. Deacetylation of these non-histone proteins by histone deacetylases (HDACs) opens yet another exciting new field of discovery in the role of the dynamic acetylation and deacetylation on cellular function. This review will focus on these non-histone targets of HATs and HDACs and the consequences of their modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A Glozak
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, SRB 23011, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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33
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Guidez F, Howell L, Isalan M, Cebrat M, Alani RM, Ivins S, Hormaeche I, McConnell MJ, Pierce S, Cole PA, Licht J, Zelent A. Histone acetyltransferase activity of p300 is required for transcriptional repression by the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:5552-66. [PMID: 15964811 PMCID: PMC1156991 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.13.5552-5566.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activities of proteins such as p300, CBP, and P/CAF play important roles in activation of gene expression. We now show that the HAT activity of p300 can also be required for down-regulation of transcription by a DNA binding repressor protein. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), originally identified as a fusion with retinoic acid receptor alpha in rare cases of all-trans-retinoic acid-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia, is a transcriptional repressor that recruits histone deacetylase-containing corepressor complexes to specific DNA binding sites. PLZF associates with p300 in vivo, and its ability to repress transcription is specifically dependent on HAT activity of p300 and acetylation of lysines in its C-terminal C2-H2 zinc finger motif. An acetylation site mutant of PLZF does not repress transcription and is functionally deficient in a colony suppression assay despite retaining its abilities to interact with corepressor/histone deacetylase complexes. This is due to the fact that acetylation of PLZF activates its ability to bind specific DNA sequences both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results indicate that a histone deacetylase-dependent transcriptional repressor can be positively regulated through acetylation and point to an unexpected role of a coactivator protein in transcriptional repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Guidez
- Section of Haemato-Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
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34
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Dormeyer W, Ott M, Schnölzer M. Probing lysine acetylation in proteins: strategies, limitations, and pitfalls of in vitro acetyltransferase assays. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:1226-39. [PMID: 15933374 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500047-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The acetylation of proteins at specific lysine residues by acetyltransferase enzymes has emerged as a posttranslational modification of high biological impact. Although lysine acetylation in histone proteins is an integral part of the histone code the acetylation of a multitude of non-histone proteins was recently recognized as a regulatory signal in many cellular processes. New substrates of acetyltransferase enzymes are continuously identified, and the analysis of acetylation sites in proteins is increasingly performed by mass spectrometry. However, the characterization of lysine acetylation in proteins using mass spectrometric techniques has some limitations and pitfalls. The non-enzymatic cysteine acetylation especially can result in false-positive identification of acetylated proteins. Here we demonstrate the application of various mass spectrometric techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of protein acetylation. We describe diverse combinations of biochemical methods useful to map the acetylation sites in proteins and discuss their advantages and limitations. As an example, we present a detailed analysis of the acetylation of the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein, which is known to be acetylated in vivo by the acetyltransferases p300 and p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Dormeyer
- Protein Analysis Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Lysine acetylation has been shown to occur in many protein targets, including core histones, about 40 transcription factors and over 30 other proteins. This modification is reversible in vivo, with its specificity and level being largely controlled by signal-dependent association of substrates with acetyltransferases and deacetylases. Like other covalent modifications, lysine acetylation exerts its effects through "loss-of-function" and "gain-of-function" mechanisms. Among the latter, lysine acetylation generates specific docking sites for bromodomain proteins. For example, bromodomains of Gcn5, PCAF, TAF1 and CBP are able to recognize acetyllysine residues in histones, HIV Tat, p53, c-Myb or MyoD. In addition to the acetyllysine moiety, the flanking sequences also contribute to efficient recognition. The relationship between acetyllysine and bromodomains is reminiscent of the specific recognition of phosphorylated residues by phospho-specific binding modules such as SH2 domains and 14-3-3 proteins. Therefore, lysine acetylation forges a novel signaling partnership with bromodomains to govern the temporal and spatial regulation of protein functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jiao Yang
- Molecular Oncology Group, Royal Victoria Hospital, Room H5.41, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada.
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36
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Thevenet L, Méjean C, Moniot B, Bonneaud N, Galéotti N, Aldrian-Herrada G, Poulat F, Berta P, Benkirane M, Boizet-Bonhoure B. Regulation of human SRY subcellular distribution by its acetylation/deacetylation. EMBO J 2004; 23:3336-45. [PMID: 15297880 PMCID: PMC514523 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
SRY, a Y chromosome-encoded DNA-binding protein, is required for testis organogenesis in mammals. Expression of the SRY gene in the genital ridge is followed by diverse early cell events leading to Sertoli cell determination/differentiation and subsequent sex cord formation. Little is known about SRY regulation and its mode of action during testis development, and direct gene targets for SRY are still lacking. In this study, we demonstrate that interaction of the human SRY with histone acetyltransferase p300 induces the acetylation of SRY both in vitro and in vivo at a single conserved lysine residue. We show that acetylation participates in the nuclear localisation of SRY by increasing SRY interaction with importin beta, while specific deacetylation by HDAC3 induces a cytoplasmic delocalisation of SRY. Finally, by analysing p300 and HDAC3 expression profiles during both human or mouse gonadal development, we suggest that acetylation and deacetylation of SRY may be important mechanisms for regulating SRY activity during mammalian sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Thevenet
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Méjean
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Brigitte Moniot
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Bonneaud
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Galéotti
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UPR 2580, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Francis Poulat
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Berta
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Monsef Benkirane
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Brigitte Boizet-Bonhoure
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
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37
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Lévy L, Wei Y, Labalette C, Wu Y, Renard CA, Buendia MA, Neuveut C. Acetylation of beta-catenin by p300 regulates beta-catenin-Tcf4 interaction. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:3404-14. [PMID: 15060161 PMCID: PMC381622 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.8.3404-3414.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation modulates the activities of nonhistone regulatory proteins and plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular gene transcription. In this study, we showed that the transcriptional coactivator p300 acetylated beta-catenin at lysine 345, located in arm repeat 6, in vitro and in vivo. Acetylation of this residue increased the affinity of beta-catenin for Tcf4, and the cellular Tcf4-bound pool of beta-catenin was significantly enriched in acetylated form. We demonstrated that the acetyltransferase activity of p300 was required for efficient activation of transcription mediated by beta-catenin/Tcf4 and that the cooperation between p300 and beta-catenin was severely reduced by the K345R mutation, implying that acetylation of beta-catenin plays a part in the coactivation of beta-catenin by p300. Interestingly, acetylation of beta-catenin had opposite, negative effects on the binding of beta-catenin to the androgen receptor. Our data suggest that acetylation of beta-catenin in the arm 6 domain regulates beta-catenin transcriptional activity by differentially modulating its affinity for Tcf4 and the androgen receptor. Thus, our results describe a new mechanism by which p300 might regulate beta-catenin transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Lévy
- Unité d'Oncogenèse et Virologie Moléculaire (INSERM U579), Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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38
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Lo MC, Gay F, Odom R, Shi Y, Lin R. Phosphorylation by the β-Catenin/MAPK Complex Promotes 14-3-3-Mediated Nuclear Export of TCF/POP-1 in Signal-Responsive Cells in C. elegans. Cell 2004; 117:95-106. [PMID: 15066285 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In C. elegans embryos, a Wnt/MAPK signaling pathway downregulates the TCF/LEF transcription factor POP-1, resulting in a lower nuclear level in signal-responsive cells compared to their sisters. Although the beta-catenin WRM-1 is required for POP-1 downregulation, a direct interaction between these two proteins does not seem to be required, as the beta-catenin-interacting domain of POP-1 is dispensable for both POP-1 downregulation and function in early embryos. We show here that WRM-1 downregulates POP-1 by promoting its phosphorylation by the MAP kinase LIT-1 and subsequent nuclear export via a 14-3-3 protein, PAR-5. In signal-responsive cells, we also detect a concurrent upregulation of nuclear LIT-1 that is dependent on Wnt/MAPK signaling. Our results suggest a model whereby Wnt/MAPK signaling downregulates POP-1 levels in responsive cells, in part by increasing nuclear LIT-1 levels, thereby increasing POP-1 phosphorylation and PAR-5-mediated nuclear export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Chia Lo
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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39
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Sík A, Passer BJ, Koonin EV, Pellegrini L. Self-regulated Cleavage of the Mitochondrial Intramembrane-cleaving Protease PARL Yields Pβ, a Nuclear-targeted Peptide. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:15323-9. [PMID: 14732705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313756200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) is an emerging paradigm in signal transduction. RIP is mediated by intramembrane-cleaving proteases (I-CliPs), which liberate biologically active nuclear or secreted domains from their membrane-tethered precursor proteins. The yeast Pcp1p/Rbd1p protein is a Rhomboid-like I-CliP that regulates mitochondrial membrane remodeling and fusion through cleavage of Mgm1p, a regulator of these essential activities. Although this ancient function is conserved in PARL (Presenilins-associated Rhomboid-like protein), the mammalian ortholog of Pcp1p/Rbd1p, the two proteins show a strong divergence at their N termini. However, the N terminus of PARL is significantly conserved among vertebrates, particularly among mammals, suggesting that this domain evolved a distinct but still unknown function. Here, we show that the cytosolic N-terminal domain of PARL is cleaved at positions 52-53 (alpha-site) and 77-78 (beta-site). Whereas alpha-cleavage is constitutive and removes the mitochondrial targeting sequence, beta-cleavage appears to be developmentally controlled and dependent on PARL I-CliP activity supplied in trans. The beta-cleavage of PARL liberates Pbeta, a nuclear targeted peptide whose sequence is conserved only in mammals. Thus, in addition to its evolutionarily conserved function in regulating mitochondrial dynamics, PARL might mediate a mammalian-specific, developmentally regulated mitochondria-to-nuclei signaling through regulated proteolysis of its N terminus and release of the Pbeta peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Sík
- Centre de Recherche Robert Giffard, l'Université Laval, G1J 2G3 Quebec, Canada
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