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Teuwen JTJ, van der Vorst EPC, Maas SL. Navigating the Maze of Kinases: CaMK-like Family Protein Kinases and Their Role in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6213. [PMID: 38892400 PMCID: PMC11172518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels are a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and even though current treatment strategies focusing on lowering lipid levels are effective, CVD remains the primary cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CVD and is a chronic inflammatory condition in which various cell types and protein kinases play a crucial role. However, the underlying mechanisms of atherosclerosis are not entirely understood yet. Notably, protein kinases are highly druggable targets and represent, therefore, a novel way to target atherosclerosis. In this review, the potential role of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-like (CaMKL) family and its role in atherosclerosis will be discussed. This family consists of 12 subfamilies, among which are the well-described and conserved liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) subfamilies. Interestingly, LKB1 plays a key role and is considered a master kinase within the CaMKL family. It has been shown that LKB1 signaling leads to atheroprotective effects, while, for example, members of the microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK) subfamily have been described to aggravate atherosclerosis development. These observations highlight the importance of studying kinases and their signaling pathways in atherosclerosis, bringing us a step closer to unraveling the underlying mechanisms of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules T. J. Teuwen
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Sanne L. Maas
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Wang Y, Wang R, Zhao Y, Cao S, Li C, Wu Y, Ma L, Liu Y, Yao Y, Jiao Y, Chen Y, Liu S, Zhang K, Wei M, Yang C, Yang G. Discovery of Selective and Potent ATR Degrader for Exploration its Kinase-Independent Functions in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318568. [PMID: 38433368 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
ATR has emerged as a promising target for anti-cancer drug development. Several potent ATR inhibitors are currently undergoing various stages of clinical trials, but none have yet received FDA approval due to unclear regulatory mechanisms. In this study, we discovered a potent and selective ATR degrader. Its kinase-independent regulatory functions in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells were elucidated using this proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) molecule as a probe. The ATR degrader, 8 i, exhibited significantly different cellular phenotypes compared to the ATR kinase inhibitor 1. Mechanistic studies revealed that ATR deletion led to breakdown in the nuclear envelope, causing genome instability and extensive DNA damage. This would increase the expression of p53 and triggered immediately p53-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway, which was earlier and more effective than ATR kinase inhibition. Based on these findings, the in vivo anti-proliferative effects of ATR degrader 8 i were assessed using xenograft models. The degrader significantly inhibited the growth of AML cells in vivo, unlike the ATR inhibitor. These results suggest that the marked anti-AML activity is regulated by the kinase-independent functions of the ATR protein. Consequently, developing potent and selective ATR degraders could be a promising strategy for treating AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Chen Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yue Jiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yukun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shuangwei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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Qian J, Peng M, Li Y, Liu W, Zou X, Chen H, Zhou S, Xiao S, Zhou J. Case report: A germline CHEK1 c.613 + 2T>C leads to a splicing error in a family with multiple cancer patients. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1380093. [PMID: 38686193 PMCID: PMC11056527 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1380093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Genome instability plays a crucial role in promoting tumor development. Germline mutations in genes responsible for DNA repair are often associated with familial cancer syndromes. A noticeable exception is the CHEK1 gene. Despite its well-established role in homologous recombination, germline mutations in CHEK1 are rarely reported. Case presentation In this report, we present a patient diagnosed with ovarian clear cell carcinoma who has a family history of cancer. Her relatives include a grandfather with esophageal cancer, a father with gastric cancer, and an uncle with a brain tumor. The patient carried a typical genomic profile of clear cell carcinoma including mutations in KRAS, PPP2R1A, and PIK3R1. Importantly, her paired peripheral blood cells harbored a germline CHEK1 mutation, CHEK1 exon 6 c.613 + 2T>C, which was also found in her father. Unfortunately, the CHEK1 status of her grandfather and uncle remains unknown due to the unavailability of their specimens. Further evaluation via RT-PCR confirmed a splicing error in the CHEK1 gene, resulting in truncation at the kinase domain region, indicative of a loss-of-function mutation. Conclusion This case highlights a rare germline CHEK1 mutation within a family with a history of cancer. The confirmed splicing error at the mRNA level underscores the functional consequences of this mutation. Documenting such cases is vital for future evaluation of inheritance patterns, clinical penetrance of the mutation, and its association with specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Zou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huafei Chen
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Zhou
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Romero-Zerbo SY, Valverde N, Claros S, Zamorano-Gonzalez P, Boraldi F, Lofaro FD, Lara E, Pavia J, Garcia-Fernandez M, Gago B, Martin-Montañez E. New molecular mechanisms to explain the neuroprotective effects of insulin-like growth factor II in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00049-3. [PMID: 38341032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the hallmarks of Parkinsońs Disease (PD) is oxidative distress, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) has been proven to have antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in some neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. Consequently, there isgrowing interest in understanding the different mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effect of this hormone. OBJECTIVES To clarify the mechanism of action of IGF-II involved in the protective effect of this hormone. METHODS The present study was carried out on a cellular model PD based on the incubation of dopaminergic cells (SN4741) in a culture with the toxic 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), in the presence of IGF-II. This model undertakes proteomic analyses in order to understand which molecular cell pathways might be involved in the neuroprotective effect of IGF-II. The most important proteins found in the proteomic study were tested by Western blot, colorimetric enzymatic activity assay and immunocytochemistry. Along with the proteomic study, mitochondrial morphology and function were also studied by transmission electron microscopy and oxygen consumption rate. The cell cycle was also analysed using 7AAd/BrdU staining, and flow cytometry. RESULTS The results obtained indicate that MPP+, MPP++IGF-II treatment and IGF-II, when compared to control, modified the expression of 197, 246 proteins and 207 respectively. Some of these proteins were found to be involved in mitochondrial structure and function, and cell cycle regulation. Including IGF-II in the incubation medium prevents the cell damage induced by MPP+, recovering mitochondrial function and cell cycle dysregulation, and thereby decreasing apoptosis. CONCLUSION IGF-II improves mitochondrial dynamics by promoting the association of Mitofilin with mitochondria, regaining function and redox homeostasis. It also rebalances the cell cycle, reducing the amount of apoptosis and cell death by the regulation of transcription factors, such as Checkpoint kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana-Yanina Romero-Zerbo
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Nadia Valverde
- Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Silvia Claros
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Pablo Zamorano-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Federica Boraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita. Patologia Generale, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia 4112, Italy
| | - Francesco-Demetrio Lofaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita. Patologia Generale, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia 4112, Italy
| | - Estrella Lara
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Jose Pavia
- Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain.
| | - Maria Garcia-Fernandez
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain.
| | - Belen Gago
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Elisa Martin-Montañez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
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5
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Liao Y, Yuan C, Huang M, Si W, Li D, Wu W, Zhang S, Wu R, Quan Y, Yu X, Liao S. AZD7762 induces CRBN dependent BAG3 degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2024; 35:46-54. [PMID: 37449977 PMCID: PMC10720835 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein degraders are currently under rapid development as a promising modality for drug discovery. They are compounds that orchestrate interactions between a target protein and an E3 ubiquitin ligase, prompting intracellular protein degradation through proteasomal pathway. More protein degraders identification will greatly promote the development of this field. BAG3 is widely recognized as an excellent therapeutic target in cancer treatments. Exploring protein degraders that target BAG3 degradation has profound implications. Herein, molecular docking was applied to assess binding energy between 81 clinical phase I kinase inhibitors and BAG3. BAG3 protein and mRNA level were detected by western blot and quantitative real-time PCR. CCK8 assay and colony formation assay were applied to detect the cell viability and proliferation rate. Cell death was accessed using flow cytometry combined with PI and Annexin V double staining. AZD7762, a Chk1 kinase inhibitor, was identified to induce BAG3 degradation in a ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. AZD7762-induced BAG3 degradation was not dependent on Chk1 expression or activity. CRBN, an E3 ligase, was identified to bind to BAG3 and mediated BAG3 ubiquitination in the presence of AZD7762. By targeting Chk1 and BAG3, two ideal therapeutic targets in cancer treatment, AZD7762 would be a powerful chemotherapy agent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Liao
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College
| | - Mi Huang
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College
| | - WenXia Si
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College
| | - Duanzhuo Li
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College
| | - Weibin Wu
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College
| | - Shifa Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College
| | - Runkun Wu
- Department of Oncology, Zhaoqing First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Quan
- Department of Oncology, Zhaoqing First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College
| | - Shengjie Liao
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College
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6
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Knoblochova L, Duricek T, Vaskovicova M, Zorzompokou C, Rayova D, Ferencova I, Baran V, Schultz RM, Hoffmann ER, Drutovic D. CHK1-CDC25A-CDK1 regulate cell cycle progression and protect genome integrity in early mouse embryos. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56530. [PMID: 37694680 PMCID: PMC10561370 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
After fertilization, remodeling of the oocyte and sperm genomes is essential to convert these highly differentiated and transcriptionally quiescent cells into early cleavage-stage blastomeres that are transcriptionally active and totipotent. This developmental transition is accompanied by cell cycle adaptation, such as lengthening or shortening of the gap phases G1 and G2. However, regulation of these cell cycle changes is poorly understood, especially in mammals. Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is a protein kinase that regulates cell cycle progression in somatic cells. Here, we show that CHK1 regulates cell cycle progression in early mouse embryos by restraining CDK1 kinase activity due to CDC25A phosphatase degradation. CHK1 kinase also ensures the long G2 phase needed for genome activation and reprogramming gene expression in two-cell stage mouse embryos. Finally, Chk1 depletion leads to DNA damage and chromosome segregation errors that result in aneuploidy and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Knoblochova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Tomas Duricek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Michaela Vaskovicova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Chrysoula Zorzompokou
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Diana Rayova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Ivana Ferencova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Vladimir Baran
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of SciencesKosiceSlovakia
| | - Richard M Schultz
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Eva R Hoffmann
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - David Drutovic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
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Wang N, Xu S, Egli D. Replication stress in mammalian embryo development, differentiation, and reprogramming. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:872-886. [PMID: 37202286 PMCID: PMC11214770 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Duplicating a genome of 3 billion nucleotides is challenged by a variety of obstacles that can cause replication stress and affect the integrity of the genome. Recent studies show that replication fork slowing and stalling is prevalent in early mammalian development, resulting in genome instability and aneuploidy, and constituting a barrier to development in human reproduction. Genome instability resulting from DNA replication stress is a barrier to the cloning of animals and to the reprogramming of differentiated cells to induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as a barrier to cell transformation. Remarkably, the regions most impacted by replication stress are shared in these different cellular contexts, affecting long genes and flanking intergenic areas. In this review we integrate our knowledge of DNA replication stress in mammalian embryos, in programming, and in reprogramming, and we discuss a potential role for fragile sites in sensing replication stress and restricting cell cycle progression in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shuangyi Xu
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Li L, Wang L, Liu D, Zhao Y. BRD7 suppresses tumor chemosensitivity to CHK1 inhibitors by inhibiting USP1-mediated deubiquitination of CHK1. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:313. [PMID: 37626049 PMCID: PMC10457387 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), a key effector in the cellular response to DNA lesions, is a crucial component of all cell cycle checkpoints. Recent reports have revealed that CHK1 is highly expressed in numerous cancer types in the clinical settings. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of CHK1 expression in tumor cells remain unclear. Here, we report that CHK1 is negatively regulated by the bromodomain-containing protein 7 (BRD7). Specifically, BRD7 silencing increased CHK1 (but not CHK2) expression at both mRNA and protein levels, in a p53-independent manner in multiple tumor cell lines. Furthermore, BRD7 silencing stabilized CHK1 via reducing its ubiquitination. Mechanistically, BRD7 knockdown not only increased the levels of USP1, a deubiquitinase for CHK1, but also promoted the interaction between CHK1 and USP1, subsequently enhancing the de-ubiquitination of CHK1. USP1 knockdown abrogated BRD7 silencing-induced CHK1 induction. Biologically, the increased expression of CHK1 in tumor cells caused by BRD7 silencing significantly increased cell sensitivity to CHK1 inhibitors by enhancing tumor cell apoptosis, and this effect was reversed by the simultaneous knockdown of CHK1 or USP1. Taken together, our findings suggest that BRD7 is a potential genetic or drug target that may help to improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs targeting CHK1 in combinatorial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linchen Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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9
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Shin U, Lee Y. Unraveling DNA Repair Processes In Vivo: Insights from Zebrafish Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13120. [PMID: 37685935 PMCID: PMC10487404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical role of the DNA repair system in preserving the health and survival of living organisms is widely recognized as dysfunction within this system can result in a broad range of severe conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, blood disorders, infertility, and cancer. Despite comprehensive research on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of DNA repair pathways, there remains a significant knowledge gap concerning these processes at an organismal level. The teleost zebrafish has emerged as a powerful model organism for investigating these intricate DNA repair mechanisms. Their utility arises from a combination of their well-characterized genomic information, the ability to visualize specific phenotype outcomes in distinct cells and tissues, and the availability of diverse genetic experimental approaches. In this review, we provide an in-depth overview of recent advancements in our understanding of the in vivo roles of DNA repair pathways. We cover a variety of critical biological processes including neurogenesis, hematopoiesis, germ cell development, tumorigenesis, and aging, with a specific emphasis on findings obtained from the use of zebrafish as a model system. Our comprehensive review highlights the importance of zebrafish in enhancing our understanding of the functions of DNA repair systems at the organismal level and paves the way for future investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unbeom Shin
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
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10
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Menolfi D, Lee BJ, Zhang H, Jiang W, Bowen NE, Wang Y, Zhao J, Holmes A, Gershik S, Rabadan R, Kim B, Zha S. ATR kinase supports normal proliferation in the early S phase by preventing replication resource exhaustion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3618. [PMID: 37336885 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATR kinase, which coordinates cellular responses to DNA replication stress, is also essential for the proliferation of normal unstressed cells. Although its role in the replication stress response is well defined, the mechanisms by which ATR supports normal cell proliferation remain elusive. Here, we show that ATR is dispensable for the viability of G0-arrested naïve B cells. However, upon cytokine-induced proliferation, Atr-deficient B cells initiate DNA replication efficiently, but by mid-S phase they display dNTP depletion, fork stalling, and replication failure. Nonetheless, productive DNA replication and dNTP levels can be restored in Atr-deficient cells by suppressing origin firing, such as partial inhibition of CDC7 and CDK1 kinase activities. Together, these findings indicate that ATR supports the proliferation of normal unstressed cells by tempering the pace of origin firing during the early S phase to avoid exhaustion of dNTPs and importantly also other replication factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demis Menolfi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Brian J Lee
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Wenxia Jiang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nicole E Bowen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yunyue Wang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Junfei Zhao
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Antony Holmes
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Steven Gershik
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irvine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA.
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11
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Menolfi D, Lee BJ, Zhang H, Jiang W, Bowen NE, Wang Y, Zhao J, Holmes A, Gershik S, Rabadan R, Kim B, Zha S. ATR kinase supports normal proliferation in the early S phase by preventing replication resource exhaustion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542515. [PMID: 37292881 PMCID: PMC10246007 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ATR kinase, which coordinates cellular responses to DNA replication stress, is also essential for the proliferation of normal unstressed cells. Although its role in the replication stress response is well defined, the mechanisms by which ATR supports normal cell proliferation remain elusive. Here, we show that ATR is dispensable for the viability of G0-arrested naïve B cells. However, upon cytokine-induced proliferation, Atr-deficient B cells initiate DNA replication efficiently in early S phase, but by mid-S phase they display dNTP depletion, fork stalling, and replication failure. Nonetheless, productive DNA replication can be restored in Atr-deficient cells by pathways that suppress origin firing, such as downregulation of CDC7 and CDK1 kinase activities. Together, these findings indicate that ATR supports the proliferation of normal unstressed cells by tempering the pace of origin firing during the early S phase to avoid exhaustion of dNTPs and other replication factors.
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12
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Baran V, Mayer A. Checkpoint Kinase 1 Is a Key Signal Transducer of DNA Damage in the Early Mammalian Cleavage Embryo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076778. [PMID: 37047751 PMCID: PMC10095474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
After fertilization, remodeling of the oocyte and sperm genome is essential for the successful initiation of mitotic activity in the fertilized oocyte and subsequent proliferative activity of the early embryo. Despite the fact that the molecular mechanisms of cell cycle control in early mammalian embryos are in principle comparable to those in somatic cells, there are differences resulting from the specific nature of the gene totipotency of the blastomeres of early cleavage embryos. In this review, we focus on the Chk1 kinase as a key transduction factor in monitoring the integrity of DNA molecules during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Baran
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4, 040 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Mayer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Ahmed S, Alam W, Aschner M, Alsharif KF, Albrakati A, Saso L, Khan H. Natural products targeting the ATR-CHK1 signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113797. [PMID: 36271573 PMCID: PMC9590097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most severe medical conditions in the world, causing millions of deaths each year. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are critical for treatment approaches, but both have numerous adverse health effects. Furthermore, the resistance of cancerous cells to anticancer medication leads to treatment failure. The rising burden of cancer requires novel efficacious treatment modalities. Natural remedies offer feasible alternative options against malignancy in contrast to available synthetic medication. Selective killing of cancer cells is privileged mainstream in cancer treatment, and targeted therapy represents the new tool with the potential to pursue this aim. The discovery of innovative therapies targeting essential components of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related Checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR-CHK1)has offered a possibility of significant therapeutic improvement in oncology. The activation and inhibition of this pathway account for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity, respectively. Targeting this pathway can also aid to overcome the resistance of conventional chemo- or radiotherapy. This review enlightens the anticancer role of natural products by ATR-CHK1 activation and inhibition. Additionally, these compounds have been shown to have chemotherapeutic synergistic potential when used in combination with other anticancer drugs. Ideally, this review will trigger interest in natural products targeting ATR-CHK1 and their potential efficacy and safety as cancer lessening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer"Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
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Xu M, Wu W, Zhao M, Chung JPW, Li TC, Chan DYL. Common dysmorphic oocytes and embryos in assisted reproductive technology laboratory in association with gene alternations. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 152:106298. [PMID: 36122887 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amorphic or defected oocytes and embryos are commonly observed in assisted reproductive technology (ART) laboratories. It is believed that a proper gene expression at each stage of embryo development contributes to the possibility of a decent-quality embryo leading to successful implantation. Many studies reported that several defects in embryo morphology are associated with gene expressions during in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. There is lacking literature review on summarizing common morphological defects about gene alternations. In this review, we summarized the current literature. We selected 64 genes that have been reported to be involved in embryo morphological abnormalities in animals and humans, 30 of which were identified in humans and might be the causes of embryonic changes. Five papers focusing on associations of multiple gene expressions and embryo abnormalities using RNA transcriptomes were also included during the search. We have also reviewed our time-lapse image database with over 3000 oocytes/embryos to show morphological defects possibly related to gene alternations reported previously in the literature. This holistic review can better understand the associations between gene alternations and morphological changes. It is also beneficial to select important biomarkers with strong evidence in IVF practice and reveal their potential application in embryo selection. Also, identifying genes may help patients with genetic disorders avoid unnecessary treatments by providing preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic/single gene defects (PGT-M), reduce embryo replacements by less potential, and help scientists develop new methods for oocyte/embryo research in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murong Xu
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Waner Wu
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingpeng Zhao
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jacqueline Pui Wah Chung
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tin Chiu Li
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Yiu Leung Chan
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Ballardin D, Cruz-Gamero JM, Bienvenu T, Rebholz H. Comparing Two Neurodevelopmental Disorders Linked to CK2: Okur-Chung Neurodevelopmental Syndrome and Poirier-Bienvenu Neurodevelopmental Syndrome—Two Sides of the Same Coin? Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:850559. [PMID: 35693553 PMCID: PMC9182197 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.850559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, variants in the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the kinase CK2 have been found to underlie two different, yet symptomatically overlapping neurodevelopmental disorders, termed Okur-Chung neurodevelopmental syndrome (OCNDS) and Poirier-Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome (POBINDS). Both conditions are predominantly caused by de novo missense or nonsense mono-allelic variants. They are characterized by a generalized developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral problems (hyperactivity, repetitive movements and social interaction deficits), hypotonia, motricity and verbalization deficits. One of the main features of POBINDS is epilepsies, which are present with much lower prevalence in patients with OCNDS. While a role for CK2 in brain functioning and development is well acknowledged, these findings for the first time clearly link CK2 to defined brain disorders. Our review will bring together patient data for both syndromes, aiming to link symptoms with genotypes, and to rationalize the symptoms through known cellular functions of CK2 that have been identified in preclinical and biochemical contexts. We will also compare the symptomatology and elaborate the specificities that distinguish the two syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetra Ballardin
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Paris, France
| | - Jose M. Cruz-Gamero
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Bienvenu
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies de Système et d’organe, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Centre Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Heike Rebholz
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Paris, France
- Center of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
- *Correspondence: Heike Rebholz,
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HREM, RNAseq and Cell Cycle Analyses Reveal the Role of the G2/M-Regulatory Protein, WEE1, on the Survivability of Chicken Embryos during Diapause. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040779. [PMID: 35453529 PMCID: PMC9033001 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian blastoderm can enter into diapause when kept at low temperatures and successfully resume development (SRD) when re-incubated in body temperature. These abilities, which are largely affected by the temperature and duration of the diapause, are poorly understood at the cellular and molecular level. To determine how temperature affects embryonic morphology during diapause, high-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) analysis was utilized. While blastoderms diapausing at 12 °C for 28 days presented typical cytoarchitecture, similar to non-diapaused embryos, at 18 °C, much thicker blastoderms with higher cell number were observed. RNAseq was conducted to discover the genes underlying these phenotypes, revealing differentially expressed cell cycle regulatory genes. Among them, WEE1, a negative regulator of G2/M transition, was highly expressed at 12 °C compared to 18 °C. This finding suggested that cells at 12 °C are arrested at the G2/M phase, as supported by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (BrdU) assay and phospho-histone H3 (pH 3) immunostaining. Inhibition of WEE1 during diapause at 12 °C resulted in cell cycle progression beyond the G2/M and augmented tissue volume, resembling the morphology of 18 °C-diapaused embryos. These findings suggest that diapause at low temperatures leads to WEE1 upregulation, which arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, promoting the perseverance of embryonic cytoarchitecture and future SRD. In contrast, WEE1 is not upregulated during diapause at higher temperature, leading to continuous proliferation and maladaptive morphology associated with poor survivability. Combining HREM-based analysis with RNAseq and molecular manipulations, we present a novel mechanism that regulates the ability of diapaused avian embryos to maintain their cytoarchitecture via cell cycle arrest, which enables their SRD.
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Sweet Wormwood and Tortoise Shell Decoction (Thanh Hao Miet Giap Thang) Induces DNA Damage, S-Phase Arrest, and Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells via ATR-CHK1 Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2358290. [PMID: 35287310 PMCID: PMC8917953 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2358290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Sweet wormwood and tortoise shell decoction, Thanh Hao Miet Giap Thang (THMGT) in Vietnamese, a traditional formula composed of five ingredients, is used in complementary care in Vietnam for patients who underwent conventional cancer treatment. To expand the clinical use and explore novel functions of THMGT, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of THMGT in terms of antiproliferative activity and selective cytotoxicity toward human breast cancer cells MCF-7. Methods Cytotoxicity of THMGT against human breast cancer cells MCF-7 and primary fibroblasts from a heathy donor were studied using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Flow cytometry analysis, immunofluorescence, and western blotting were also performed to elucidate underlying mechanisms of THMGT action. Results The SRB assay on treated MCF-7 cells and primary fibroblasts from a heathy donor indicated selective cytotoxicity of THMGT with a selective index of 3.92. Annexin V/PI staining and flow cytometric analysis on stained MCF-7 cells showed that the THMGT-treated cells were arrested at the S phase and subsequently underwent apoptosis. Western blot analysis showed an upregulation of γ-H2AX, increased protein levels of phosphorylated CHK1, TP53, and phosphorylated TP53 in a time-dependent manner, and a downregulated expression of ATR and MDM2. Conclusion These results suggested DNA damaging effect and ATR-CHK1-mediated cell cycle arrest of THMGT on MCF-7 cells resulting in apoptosis induction.
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Disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis coupled with mitotic arrest generates antineoplastic oxidative stress. Oncogene 2022; 41:427-443. [PMID: 34773075 PMCID: PMC8755538 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as critical signals in various cellular processes. Excessive ROS cause cell death or senescence and mediates the therapeutic effect of many cancer drugs. Recent studies showed that ROS increasingly accumulate during G2/M arrest, the underlying mechanism, however, has not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that in cancer cells treated with anticancer agent TH287 or paclitaxel that causes M arrest, mitochondria accumulate robustly and produce excessive mitochondrial superoxide, which causes oxidative DNA damage and undermines cell survival and proliferation. While mitochondrial mass is greatly increased in cells arrested at M phase, the mitochondrial function is compromised, as reflected by reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, increased SUMOylation and acetylation of mitochondrial proteins, as well as an increased metabolic reliance on glycolysis. CHK1 functional disruption decelerates cell cycle, spares the M arrest and attenuates mitochondrial oxidative stress. Induction of mitophagy and blockade of mitochondrial biogenesis, measures that reduce mitochondrial accumulation, also decelerate cell cycle and abrogate M arrest-coupled mitochondrial oxidative stress. These results suggest that cell cycle progression and mitochondrial homeostasis are interdependent and coordinated, and that impairment of mitochondrial homeostasis and the associated redox signaling may mediate the antineoplastic effect of the M arrest-inducing chemotherapeutics. Our findings provide insights into the fate of cells arrested at M phase and have implications in cancer therapy.
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Stage-Specific Effects of Ionizing Radiation during Early Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113975. [PMID: 32492918 PMCID: PMC7312565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early embryonic cells are sensitive to genotoxic stressors such as ionizing radiation. However, sensitivity to these stressors varies depending on the embryonic stage. Recently, the sensitivity and response to ionizing radiation were found to differ during the preimplantation period. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the change during this period are beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we focus on the changes in radio-sensitivity and responses to ionizing radiation during the early developmental stages of the preimplantation (before gastrulation) period in mammals, Xenopus, and fish. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms and the similarities and differences between species.
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ATR-CHK1 pathway as a therapeutic target for acute and chronic leukemias. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102026. [PMID: 32592909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progress in cancer therapy changed the outcome of many patients and moved therapy from chemotherapy agents to targeted drugs. Targeted drugs already changed the clinical practice in treatment of leukemias, such as imatinib (BCR/ABL inhibitor) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), ibrutinib (Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), venetoclax (BCL2 inhibitor) in CLL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or midostaurin (FLT3 inhibitor) in AML. In this review, we focused on DNA damage response (DDR) inhibition, specifically on inhibition of ATR-CHK1 pathway. Cancer cells harbor often defects in different DDR pathways, which render them vulnerable to DDR inhibition. Some DDR inhibitors showed interesting single-agent activity even in the absence of cytotoxic drug especially in cancers with underlying defects in DDR or DNA replication. Almost no mutations were found in ATR and CHEK1 genes in leukemia patients. Together with the fact that ATR-CHK1 pathway is essential for cell development and survival of leukemia cells, it represents a promising therapeutic target for treatment of leukemia. ATR-CHK1 inhibition showed excellent results in preclinical testing in acute and chronic leukemias. However, results in clinical trials are so far insufficient. Therefore, the ongoing and future clinical trials will decide on the success of ATR/CHK1 inhibitors in clinical practice of leukemia treatment.
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Fan Y, Cheng Y, Li Y, Chen B, Wang Z, Wei T, Zhang H, Guo Y, Wang Q, Wei Y, Chen F, Sha J, Guo X, Wang L. Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Neonatal Regenerative Myocardium Revealed Important Roles of Checkpoint Kinase 1 via Activating Mammalian Target of Rapamycin C1/Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase b-1 Pathway. Circulation 2020; 141:1554-1569. [PMID: 32098494 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, regenerative therapy after myocardial infarction is hampered by the limited regenerative capacity of adult heart, whereas a transient regenerative capacity is maintained in the neonatal heart. Systemic phosphorylation signaling analysis on ischemic neonatal myocardium might be helpful to identify key pathways involved in heart regeneration. Our aim was to define the kinase-substrate network in ischemic neonatal myocardium and to identify key pathways involved in heart regeneration after ischemic insult. METHODS Quantitative phosphoproteomics profiling was performed on infarct border zone of neonatal myocardium, and kinase-substrate network analysis revealed 11 kinases with enriched substrates and upregulated phosphorylation levels, including checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) kinase. The effect of CHK1 on cardiac regeneration was tested on Institute of Cancer Research CD1 neonatal and adult mice that underwent apical resection or myocardial infarction. RESULTS In vitro, CHK1 overexpression promoted whereas CHK1 knockdown blunted cardiomyocyte proliferation. In vivo, inhibition of CHK1 hindered myocardial regeneration on resection border zone in neonatal mice. In adult myocardial infarction mice, CHK1 overexpression on infarct border zone upregulated mammalian target of rapamycin C1/ribosomal protein S6 kinase b-1 pathway, promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation, and improved cardiac function. Inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin activity by rapamycin blunted the neonatal cardiomyocyte proliferation induced by CHK1 overexpression in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that phosphoproteome of neonatal regenerative myocardium could help identify important signaling pathways involved in myocardial regeneration. CHK1 is found to be a key signaling responsible for neonatal regeneration. Myocardial overexpression of CHK1 could improve cardiac regeneration in adult hearts by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin C1/ribosomal protein S6 kinase b-1 pathway. Thus, CHK1 might serve as a potential novel target in myocardial repair after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Y.F., Y.L., B.C., Z.W., T.W., Q.W., L.W.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yiwei Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Y.F., Y.L., B.C., Z.W., T.W., Q.W., L.W.), Nanjing Medical University, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology (Y.C., H.Z., Y.G., J.S., X.G.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | | | - Bingrui Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Y.F., Y.L., B.C., Z.W., T.W., Q.W., L.W.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Zimu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Y.F., Y.L., B.C., Z.W., T.W., Q.W., L.W.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Tianwen Wei
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Y.F., Y.L., B.C., Z.W., T.W., Q.W., L.W.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology (Y.C., H.Z., Y.G., J.S., X.G.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yueshuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology (Y.C., H.Z., Y.G., J.S., X.G.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Qiming Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Y.F., Y.L., B.C., Z.W., T.W., Q.W., L.W.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yongyue Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health (Y.W., F.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health (Y.W., F.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Jiahao Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology (Y.C., H.Z., Y.G., J.S., X.G.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology (Y.C., H.Z., Y.G., J.S., X.G.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Y.F., Y.L., B.C., Z.W., T.W., Q.W., L.W.), Nanjing Medical University, China
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22
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Schuler F, Afreen S, Manzl C, Häcker G, Erlacher M, Villunger A. Checkpoint kinase 1 is essential for fetal and adult hematopoiesis. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47026. [PMID: 31379128 PMCID: PMC6680171 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is critical for S-phase fidelity and preventing premature mitotic entry in the presence of DNA damage. Tumor cells have developed a strong dependence on CHK1 for survival, and hence, this kinase has developed into a promising drug target. Chk1 deficiency in mice results in blastocyst death due to G2/M checkpoint failure showing that it is an essential gene and may be difficult to target therapeutically. Here, we show that chemical inhibition of CHK1 kills murine and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) by the induction of BCL2-regulated apoptosis. Cell death in HSPCs is independent of p53 but requires the BH3-only proteins BIM, PUMA, and NOXA. Moreover, Chk1 is essential for definitive hematopoiesis in the embryo. Noteworthy, cell death inhibition in HSPCs cannot restore blood cell formation as HSPCs lacking CHK1 accumulate DNA damage and stop dividing. Moreover, conditional deletion of Chk1 in hematopoietic cells of adult mice selects for blood cells retaining CHK1, suggesting an essential role in maintaining functional hematopoiesis. Our findings establish a previously unrecognized role for CHK1 in establishing and maintaining hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schuler
- Division of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sehar Afreen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and OncologyDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Claudia Manzl
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular pathologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and HygieneUniversity Medical Center FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Miriam Erlacher
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and OncologyDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)FreiburgGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
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23
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Michelena J, Gatti M, Teloni F, Imhof R, Altmeyer M. Basal CHK1 activity safeguards its stability to maintain intrinsic S-phase checkpoint functions. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2865-2875. [PMID: 31366665 PMCID: PMC6719454 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential kinase CHK1 controls cell cycle checkpoint signaling and S-phase progression. Michelena et al. reveal that steady-state activity of CHK1 is required to sustain its own stability and that failure to do so results in CHK1 degradation and sensitizes cells to replication stress. The DNA replication machinery frequently encounters impediments that slow replication fork progression and threaten timely and error-free replication. The CHK1 protein kinase is essential to deal with replication stress (RS) and ensure genome integrity and cell survival, yet how basal levels and activity of CHK1 are maintained under physiological, unstressed conditions is not well understood. Here, we reveal that CHK1 stability is controlled by its steady-state activity during unchallenged cell proliferation. This autoactivatory mechanism, which depends on ATR and its coactivator ETAA1 and is tightly associated with CHK1 autophosphorylation at S296, counters CHK1 ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation, thereby preventing attenuation of S-phase checkpoint functions and a compromised capacity to respond to RS. Based on these findings, we propose that steady-state CHK1 activity safeguards its stability to maintain intrinsic checkpoint functions and ensure genome integrity and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Michelena
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Gatti
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federico Teloni
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Sciences Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Imhof
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Altmeyer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
Mechanisms that limit origin firing are essential as the ˜50,000 origins that replicate the human genome in unperturbed cells are chosen from an excess of ˜500,000 licensed origins. Computational models of the spatiotemporal pattern of replication foci assume that origins fire stochastically with a domino-like progression that places later firing origins near recent fired origins. These stochastic models of origin firing require dormant origin signaling that inhibits origin firing and suppresses licensed origins for passive replication at a distance of ∼7-120 kbp around replication forks. ATR and CHK1 kinase inhibitors increase origin firing and increase origin density in unperturbed cells. Thus, basal ATR and CHK1 kinase-dependent dormant origin signaling inhibits origin firing and there appear to be two thresholds of ATR kinase signaling. A minority of ATR molecules are activated for ATR and CHK1 kinase-dependent dormant origin signaling and this is essential for DNA replication in unperturbed cells. A majority of ATR molecules are activated for ATR and CHK1 kinase-dependent checkpoint signaling in cells treated with DNA damaging agents that target replication forks. Since ATR and CHK1 kinase inhibitors increase origin firing and this is associated with fork stalling and extensive regions of single-stranded DNA, they are DNA damaging agents. Accordingly, the sequence of administration of ATR and CHK1 kinase inhibitors and DNA damaging agents may impact the DNA damage induced by the combination and the efficacy of cell killing by the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Moiseeva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite 2.6, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, United States.
| | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite 2.6, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, United States.
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25
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ATM, DNA-PKcs and ATR: shaping development through the regulation of the DNA damage responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42764-019-00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Bianco JN, Bergoglio V, Lin YL, Pillaire MJ, Schmitz AL, Gilhodes J, Lusque A, Mazières J, Lacroix-Triki M, Roumeliotis TI, Choudhary J, Moreaux J, Hoffmann JS, Tourrière H, Pasero P. Overexpression of Claspin and Timeless protects cancer cells from replication stress in a checkpoint-independent manner. Nat Commun 2019; 10:910. [PMID: 30796221 PMCID: PMC6385232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced replication stress (RS) promotes cancer development but also impedes tumor growth by activating anti-cancer barriers. To determine how cancer cells adapt to RS, we have monitored the expression of different components of the ATR-CHK1 pathway in primary tumor samples. We show that unlike upstream components of the pathway, the checkpoint mediators Claspin and Timeless are overexpressed in a coordinated manner. Remarkably, reducing the levels of Claspin and Timeless in HCT116 cells to pretumoral levels impeded fork progression without affecting checkpoint signaling. These data indicate that high level of Claspin and Timeless increase RS tolerance by protecting replication forks in cancer cells. Moreover, we report that primary fibroblasts adapt to oncogene-induced RS by spontaneously overexpressing Claspin and Timeless, independently of ATR signaling. Altogether, these data indicate that enhanced levels of Claspin and Timeless represent a gain of function that protects cancer cells from of oncogene-induced RS in a checkpoint-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien N Bianco
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 34396, Montpellier, France.,Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Valérie Bergoglio
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL5294, University of Toulouse 3, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Yea-Lih Lin
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Jeanne Pillaire
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL5294, University of Toulouse 3, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Lyne Schmitz
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Julia Gilhodes
- Clinical trials Office - Biostatistics Unit, Institute Claudius Regaud, Institute Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse-Oncopole (IUCT-O), 31100, Toulouse, France
| | - Amelie Lusque
- Clinical trials Office - Biostatistics Unit, Institute Claudius Regaud, Institute Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse-Oncopole (IUCT-O), 31100, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Mazières
- Thoracic Oncology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, University Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Jérôme Moreaux
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL5294, University of Toulouse 3, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Tourrière
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 34396, Montpellier, France.
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 34396, Montpellier, France.
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27
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Abe H, Alavattam KG, Kato Y, Castrillon DH, Pang Q, Andreassen PR, Namekawa SH. CHEK1 coordinates DNA damage signaling and meiotic progression in the male germline of mice. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:1136-1149. [PMID: 29360988 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuity of life depends on mechanisms in the germline that ensure the integrity of the genome. The DNA damage response/checkpoint kinases ATM and ATR are essential signaling factors in the germline. However, it remains unknown how a downstream transducer, Checkpoint Kinase 1 (CHEK1 or CHK1), mediates signaling in the male germline. Here, we show that CHEK1 has distinct functions in both the mitotic and meiotic phases of the male germline in mice. In the mitotic phase, CHEK1 is required for the resumption of prospermatogonia proliferation after birth and the maintenance of spermatogonia. In the meiotic phase, we uncovered two functions for CHEK1: one is the stage-specific attenuation of DNA damage signaling on autosomes, and the other is coordination of meiotic stage progression. On autosomes, the loss of CHEK1 delays the removal of DNA damage signaling that manifests as phosphorylation of histone variant H2AX at serine 139 (γH2AX). Importantly, CHEK1 does not have a direct function in meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI), an essential event in male meiosis, in which ATR is a key regulator. Thus, the functions of ATR and CHEK1 are uncoupled in MSCI, in contrast to their roles in DNA damage signaling in somatic cells. Our study reveals stage-specific functions for CHEK1 that ensure the integrity of the male germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Abe
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kris G Alavattam
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yasuko Kato
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Diego H Castrillon
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qishen Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Paul R Andreassen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Satoshi H Namekawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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28
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Goto H, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, Kaito A, Wang S, Gabazza EC, Inagaki M, Mizoguchi A. Chk1-mediated Cdc25A degradation as a critical mechanism for normal cell cycle progression. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.223123. [PMID: 30635443 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.223123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chk1 (encoded by CHEK1 in mammals) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that transduces checkpoint signals from ATR to Cdc25A during the DNA damage response (DDR). In mammals, Chk1 also controls cellular proliferation even in the absence of exogenous DNA damage. However, little is known about how Chk1 regulates unperturbed cell cycle progression, and how this effect under physiological conditions differs from its regulatory role in DDR. Here, we have established near-diploid HCT116 cell lines containing endogenous Chk1 protein tagged with a minimum auxin-inducible degron (mAID) through CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing. Establishment of these cells enabled us to induce specific and rapid depletion of the endogenous Chk1 protein, which resulted in aberrant accumulation of DNA damage factors that induced cell cycle arrest at S or G2 phase. Cdc25A was stabilized upon Chk1 depletion before the accumulation of DNA damage factors. Simultaneous depletion of Chk1 and Cdc25A partially suppressed the defects caused by Chk1 single depletion. These results indicate that, similar to its function in DDR, Chk1 controls normal cell cycle progression mainly by inducing Cdc25A degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Goto
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Natsume
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Aika Kaito
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Esteban C Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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29
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Kinase-dead ATR differs from ATR loss by limiting the dynamic exchange of ATR and RPA. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5351. [PMID: 30559436 PMCID: PMC6297235 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ATR kinase is activated by RPA-coated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to orchestrate DNA damage responses. Here we show that ATR inhibition differs from ATR loss. Mouse model expressing kinase-dead ATR (Atr+/KD), but not loss of ATR (Atr+/−), displays ssDNA-dependent defects at the non-homologous region of X-Y chromosomes during male meiosis leading to sterility, and at telomeres, rDNA, and fragile sites during mitosis leading to lymphocytopenia. Mechanistically, we find that ATR kinase activity is necessary for the rapid exchange of ATR at DNA-damage-sites, which in turn promotes CHK1-phosphorylation. ATR-KD, but not loss of ATR, traps a subset of ATR and RPA on chromatin, where RPA is hyper-phosphorylated by ATM/DNA-PKcs and prevents downstream repair. Consequently, Atr+/KD cells have shorter inter-origin distances and are vulnerable to induced fork collapses, genome instability and mitotic catastrophe. These results reveal mechanistic differences between ATR inhibition and ATR loss, with implications for ATR signaling and cancer therapy. ATR kinase is a key regulator of chromosome integrity. Here the authors by analysing the phenotype of a mouse model expressing a kinase-dead ATR, reveal the effect of ATR inhibition compared to ATR loss and its consequences for meiosis, DNA replication, checkpoint activation and genome instability .
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30
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Abstract
The chemical treatment of cancer started with the realization that DNA damaging agents such as mustard gas present notable antitumoural properties. Consequently, early drug development focused on genotoxic chemicals, some of which are still widely used in the clinic. However, the efficacy of such therapies is often limited by the side effects of these drugs on healthy cells. A refinement to this approach is to use compounds that can exploit the presence of DNA damage in cancer cells. Given that replication stress (RS) is a major source of genomic instability in cancer, targeting the RS-response kinase ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) has emerged as a promising alternative. With ATR inhibitors now entering clinical trials, we here revisit the biology behind this strategy and discuss potential biomarkers that could be used for a better selection of patients who respond to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Lecona
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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Adam K, Cartel M, Lambert M, David L, Yuan L, Besson A, Mayeux P, Manenti S, Didier C. A PIM-CHK1 signaling pathway regulates PLK1 phosphorylation and function during mitosis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs213116. [PMID: 29976560 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the kinase CHK1 is a key player in the DNA damage response (DDR), several studies have recently provided evidence of DDR-independent roles of CHK1, in particular following phosphorylation of its S280 residue. Here, we demonstrate that CHK1 S280 phosphorylation is cell cycle-dependent and peaks during mitosis. We found that this phosphorylation was catalyzed by the kinase PIM2, whose protein expression was also increased during mitosis. Importantly, we identified polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as a direct target of CHK1 during mitosis. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CHK1 reduced the activating phosphorylation of PLK1 on T210, and recombinant CHK1 was able to phosphorylate T210 of PLK1 in vitro Accordingly, S280-phosphorylated CHK1 and PLK1 exhibited similar specific mitotic localizations, and PLK1 was co-immunoprecipitated with S280-phosphorylated CHK1 from mitotic cell extracts. Moreover, CHK1-mediated phosphorylation of PLK1 was dependent on S280 phosphorylation by PIM2. Inhibition of PIM proteins reduced cell proliferation and mitotic entry, which was rescued by expressing a T210D phosphomimetic mutant of PLK1. Altogether, these data identify a new PIM-CHK1-PLK1 phosphorylation cascade that regulates different mitotic steps independently of the CHK1 DDR function.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Adam
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée
| | - Maëlle Cartel
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Mireille Lambert
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée
| | - Laure David
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Lingli Yuan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Middle Road, Furong, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Arnaud Besson
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Mayeux
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée
| | - Stéphane Manenti
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Didier
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, 31100 Toulouse, France
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32
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Qiu L, Zhao C, Wang P, Fan S, Yan L, Xie B, Jiang S, Wang S, Lin H. Genomic structure, expression, and functional characterization of checkpoint kinase 1 from Penaeus monodon. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198036. [PMID: 29795680 PMCID: PMC5967826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chk1 is a cell-cycle regulator. Chk1 has been identified in organisms ranging from yeast to humans, but few researchers have studied Chk1 in shrimps. We cloned Chk1 from the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). The full-length cDNA sequence of PmChk1 had 3,334 base pairs (bp), with an open reading frame of 1,455 bp. The complete genomic sequence of PmChk1 (11,081 bp) contained 10 exons separated by nine introns. qRT-PCR showed that PmChk1 was highly expressed in the ovaries and gills of P. monodon. The lowest PmChk1 expression was noted in stage III of ovarian development in P. monodon. PmChk1 expression decreased significantly after injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine and eyestalk ablation in P. monodon ovaries. RNA interference experiments were undertaken to examine the expression of PmChk1, PmCDC2, and PmCyclin B. PmChk1 knockdown in the ovaries and hepatopancreas by dsRNA-Chk1 was successful. The localization and level of PmChk1 expression in the hepatopancreas was studied using in situ hybridization, which showed that data were in accordance with those of qRT-PCR. The Gonadosomatic Index of P. monodon after dsRNA-Chk1 injection was significantly higher than that after injection of dsRNA-GFP or phosphate-buffered saline. These data suggest that PmChk1 may have important roles in the ovarian maturation of P. monodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Qiu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sigang Fan
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Yan
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bobo Xie
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shigui Jiang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Shu Wang
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heizhao Lin
- Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, PR China
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33
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Tšuiko O, Jatsenko T, Parameswaran Grace LK, Kurg A, Vermeesch JR, Lanner F, Altmäe S, Salumets A. A speculative outlook on embryonic aneuploidy: Can molecular pathways be involved? Dev Biol 2018; 447:3-13. [PMID: 29391166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The journey of embryonic development starts at oocyte fertilization, which triggers a complex cascade of events and cellular pathways that guide early embryogenesis. Recent technological advances have greatly expanded our knowledge of cleavage-stage embryo development, which is characterized by an increased rate of whole-chromosome losses and gains, mixoploidy, and atypical cleavage morphokinetics. Embryonic aneuploidy significantly contributes to implantation failure, spontaneous miscarriage, stillbirth or congenital birth defects in both natural and assisted human reproduction. Essentially, early embryo development is strongly determined by maternal factors. Owing to considerable limitations associated with human oocyte and embryo research, the use of animal models is inevitable. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the error-prone early stages of development are still poorly described. In this review, we describe known events that lead to aneuploidy in mammalian oocytes and preimplantation embryos. As the processes of oocyte and embryo development are rigorously regulated by multiple signal-transduction pathways, we explore the putative role of signaling pathways in genomic integrity maintenance. Based on the existing evidence from human and animal data, we investigate whether critical early developmental pathways, like Wnt, Hippo and MAPK, together with distinct DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways can be associated with embryo genomic instability, a question that has, so far, remained largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tšuiko
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | | | - Lalit Kumar Parameswaran Grace
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Ants Kurg
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Joris Robert Vermeesch
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Fredrik Lanner
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Signe Altmäe
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu 50410, Estonia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Andres Salumets
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu 50410, Estonia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00029, Finland
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Zhang Y, Lai J, Du Z, Gao J, Yang S, Gorityala S, Xiong X, Deng O, Ma Z, Yan C, Susana G, Xu Y, Zhang J. Targeting radioresistant breast cancer cells by single agent CHK1 inhibitor via enhancing replication stress. Oncotarget 2017; 7:34688-702. [PMID: 27167194 PMCID: PMC5085184 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) remains a standard therapeutic modality for breast cancer patients. However, intrinsic or acquired resistance limits the efficacy of RT. Here, we demonstrate that CHK1 inhibitor AZD7762 alone significantly inhibited the growth of radioresistant breast cancer cells (RBCC). Given the critical role of ATR/CHK1 signaling in suppressing oncogene-induced replication stress (RS), we hypothesize that CHK1 inhibition leads to the specific killing for RBCC due to its abrogation in the suppression of RS induced by oncogenes. In agreement, the expression of oncogenes c-Myc/CDC25A/c-Src/H-ras/E2F1 and DNA damage response (DDR) proteins ATR/CHK1/BRCA1/CtIP were elevated in RBCC. AZD7762 exposure led to significantly higher levels of RS in RBCC, compared to the parental cells. The mechanisms by which CHK1 inhibition led to specific increase of RS in RBCC were related to the interruptions in the replication fork dynamics and the homologous recombination (HR). In summary, RBCC activate oncogenic pathways and thus depend upon mechanisms controlled by CHK1 signaling to maintain RS under control for survival. Our study provided the first example where upregulating RS by CHK1 inhibitor contributes to the specific killing of RBCC, and highlight the importance of the CHK1 as a potential target for treatment of radioresistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The Affiliated Shanxi Dayi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, 030032, PR China
| | - Jinzhi Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhanwen Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jinnan Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The Affiliated Shanxi Dayi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, 030032, PR China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shashank Gorityala
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Xiahui Xiong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ou Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
| | - Zhefu Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
| | | | - Gonzalo Susana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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35
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Carroll BL, Bonica J, Shamseddine AA, Hannun YA, Obeid LM. A role for caspase-2 in sphingosine kinase 1 proteolysis in response to doxorubicin in breast cancer cells - implications for the CHK1-suppressed pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 8:27-40. [PMID: 29321954 PMCID: PMC5757171 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) is a lipid kinase whose activity produces sphingosine 1‐phosphate, a prosurvival lipid associated with proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. SK1 overexpression has been observed in numerous cancers. Recent studies have demonstrated that SK1 proteolysis occurs downstream of the tumor suppressor p53 in response to several DNA‐damaging agents. Moreover, loss of SK1 in p53‐knockout mice resulted in complete protection from thymic lymphoma, providing evidence that regulation of SK1 constitutes a major tumor suppressor function of p53. Given this profound phenotype, this study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which wild‐type p53 regulates proteolysis of SK1 in response to the DNA‐damaging agent doxorubicin in breast cancer cells. We find that p53‐mediated activation of caspase‐2 was required for SK1 proteolysis and that caspase‐2 activity significantly alters the levels of endogenous sphingolipids. As p53 is mutated in 50% of all cancers, we extended our studies to investigate whether SK1 is deregulated in the context of triple‐negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) harboring a mutation in p53. Indeed, caspase‐2 was not activated in these cells and SK1 was not degraded. Moreover, caspase‐2 activation was recently shown to be downstream of the CHK1‐suppressed pathway in p53‐mutant cells, whereby inhibition of the cell cycle kinase CHK1 leads to caspase‐2 activation and apoptosis. Indeed, knockdown and inhibition of CHK1 led to the loss of SK1 in p53‐mutant TNBC cells, providing evidence that SK1 may be the first identified effector of the CHK1‐suppressed pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Carroll
- Department of Medicine Stony Brook Cancer Center Health Sciences Center Stony Brook University NY USA
| | - Joseph Bonica
- Department of Medicine Stony Brook Cancer Center Health Sciences Center Stony Brook University NY USA
| | - Achraf A Shamseddine
- Department of Medicine Stony Brook Cancer Center Health Sciences Center Stony Brook University NY USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine Stony Brook Cancer Center Health Sciences Center Stony Brook University NY USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Department of Medicine Stony Brook Cancer Center Health Sciences Center Stony Brook University NY USA.,Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center NY USA
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36
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Schuler F, Weiss JG, Lindner SE, Lohmüller M, Herzog S, Spiegl SF, Menke P, Geley S, Labi V, Villunger A. Checkpoint kinase 1 is essential for normal B cell development and lymphomagenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1697. [PMID: 29167438 PMCID: PMC5700047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is critical for intrinsic cell cycle control and coordination of cell cycle progression in response to DNA damage. Despite its essential function, CHK1 has been identified as a target to kill cancer cells and studies using Chk1 haploinsufficient mice initially suggested a role as tumor suppressor. Here, we report on the key role of CHK1 in normal B-cell development, lymphomagenesis and cell survival. Chemical CHK1 inhibition induces BCL2-regulated apoptosis in primary as well as malignant B-cells and CHK1 expression levels control the timing of lymphomagenesis in mice. Moreover, total ablation of Chk1 in B-cells arrests their development at the pro-B cell stage, a block that, surprisingly, cannot be overcome by inhibition of mitochondrial apoptosis, as cell cycle arrest is initiated as an alternative fate to limit the spread of damaged DNA. Our findings define CHK1 as essential in B-cell development and potent target to treat blood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schuler
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes G Weiss
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silke E Lindner
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Lohmüller
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon F Spiegl
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Menke
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Labi
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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37
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ATR kinase inhibition induces unscheduled origin firing through a Cdc7-dependent association between GINS and And-1. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1392. [PMID: 29123096 PMCID: PMC5680267 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ATR kinase activity slows replication forks and prevents origin firing in damaged cells. Here we describe proteomic analyses that identified mechanisms through which ATR kinase inhibitors induce unscheduled origin firing in undamaged cells. ATR-Chk1 inhibitor-induced origin firing is mediated by Cdc7 kinase through previously undescribed phosphorylations on GINS that induce an association between GINS and And-1. ATR-Chk1 inhibitor-induced origin firing is blocked by prior exposure to DNA damaging agents showing that the prevention of origin firing does not require ongoing ATR activity. In contrast, ATR-Chk1 inhibitor-induced origins generate additional replication forks that are targeted by subsequent exposure to DNA damaging agents. Thus, the sequence of administration of an ATR kinase inhibitor and a DNA damaging agent impacts the DNA damage induced by the combination. Our experiments identify competing ATR and Cdc7 kinase-dependent mechanisms at replication origins in human cells.
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38
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Oshikawa M, Okada K, Tabata H, Nagata KI, Ajioka I. Dnmt1-dependent Chk1 pathway suppression is protective against neuron division. Development 2017; 144:3303-3314. [PMID: 28928282 DOI: 10.1242/dev.154013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation and cell-cycle exit are tightly coordinated, even in pathological situations. When pathological neurons re-enter the cell cycle and progress through the S phase, they undergo cell death instead of division. However, the mechanisms underlying mitotic resistance are mostly unknown. Here, we have found that acute inactivation of retinoblastoma (Rb) family proteins (Rb, p107 and p130) in mouse postmitotic neurons leads to cell death after S-phase progression. Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) pathway activation during the S phase prevented the cell death, and allowed the division of cortical neurons that had undergone acute Rb family inactivation, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) or in vivo hypoxia-ischemia. During neurogenesis, cortical neurons became protected from S-phase Chk1 pathway activation by the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1, and underwent cell death after S-phase progression. Our results indicate that Chk1 pathway activation overrides mitotic safeguards and uncouples neuronal differentiation from mitotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Oshikawa
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Okada
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tabata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Itsuki Ajioka
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan .,The Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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39
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Biochemical Fractionation of Time-Resolved Drosophila Embryos Reveals Similar Transcriptomic Alterations in Replication Checkpoint and Histone mRNA Processing Mutants. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3264-3279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Chk1 Inhibition of the Replication Factor Drf1 Guarantees Cell-Cycle Elongation at the Xenopus laevis Mid-blastula Transition. Dev Cell 2017; 42:82-96.e3. [PMID: 28697335 PMCID: PMC5505860 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The early cell divisions of many metazoan embryos are rapid and occur in the near absence of transcription. At the mid-blastula transition (MBT), the cell cycle elongates and several processes become established including the onset of bulk transcription and cell-cycle checkpoints. How these events are timed and coordinated is poorly understood. Here we show in Xenopus laevis that developmental activation of the checkpoint kinase Chk1 at the MBT results in the SCFβ-TRCP-dependent degradation of a limiting replication initiation factor Drf1. Inhibition of Drf1 is the primary mechanism by which Chk1 blocks cell-cycle progression in the early embryo and is an essential function of Chk1 at the blastula-to-gastrula stage of development. This study defines the downregulation of Drf1 as an important mechanism to coordinate the lengthening of the cell cycle and subsequent developmental processes. Activation of Chk1 at the Xenopus MBT results in the degradation of Drf1 Drf1 degradation is SCFβ-TRCP dependent Chk1 blocks the cell cycle in the early embryo through inhibition of Drf1 Inhibition of Drf1 is an essential function of Chk1 during gastrulation
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41
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Tu Y, Liu H, Zhu X, Shen H, Ma X, Wang F, Huang M, Gong J, Li X, Wang Y, Guo C, Tang TS. Ataxin-3 promotes genome integrity by stabilizing Chk1. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:4532-4549. [PMID: 28180282 PMCID: PMC5416811 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chk1 protein is essential for genome integrity maintenance and cell survival in eukaryotic cells. After prolonged replication stress, Chk1 can be targeted for proteasomal degradation to terminate checkpoint signaling after DNA repair finishes. To ensure proper activation of DNA damage checkpoint and DNA repair signaling, a steady-state level of Chk1 needs to be retained under physiological conditions. Here, we report a dynamic signaling pathway that tightly regulates Chk1 stability. Under unperturbed conditions and upon DNA damage, ataxin-3 (ATX3) interacts with Chk1 and protects it from DDB1/CUL4A- and FBXO6/CUL1-mediated polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation, thereby promoting DNA repair and checkpoint signaling. Under prolonged replication stress, ATX3 dissociates from Chk1, concomitant with a stronger binding between Chk1 and its E3 ligase, which causes Chk1 proteasomal degradation. ATX3 deficiency results in pronounced reduction of Chk1 abundance, compromised DNA damage response, G2/M checkpoint defect and decreased cell survival after replication stress, which can all be rescued by ectopic expression of ATX3. Taken together, these findings reveal ATX3 to be a novel deubiquitinase of Chk1, providing a new mechanism of Chk1 stabilization in genome integrity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- These authors contributed equally to the work as first authors
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- These authors contributed equally to the work as first authors
| | - Xuefei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- These authors contributed equally to the work as first authors
| | - Hongyan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaolu Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fengli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Juanjuan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 10 64807296; Fax: +86 10 64807313; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Caixia Guo. Tel: +86 10 84097646; Fax: +86 10 84097720;
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 10 64807296; Fax: +86 10 64807313; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Caixia Guo. Tel: +86 10 84097646; Fax: +86 10 84097720;
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42
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Kiesel BF, Shogan JC, Rachid M, Parise RA, Vendetti FP, Bakkenist CJ, Beumer JH. LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous quantitation of the ATM inhibitor AZ31 and the ATR inhibitor AZD6738 in mouse plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 138:158-165. [PMID: 28213176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ATM kinase inhibitor AZ31 and ATR kinase inhibitor AZD6738 are in various phases of preclinical and clinical evaluation for their ability to potentiate chemoradiation. To support the preclinical evaluation of their pharmacokinetics, we developed and validated an LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous quantification of AZ31 and AZD6738 in mouse plasma. A "dilute and shoot" method was used to precipitate proteins from a sample volume of 50μL. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Phenomenex Polar-RP column and a gradient mobile phase consisting of methanol-water with 0.1% formic acid. Detection was accomplished using a Waters Quattro Micro mass spectrometer in positive ionization mode. The assay utilizing 50μL sample was linear from 10 to 5000ng/mL and determined to be both accurate (-8.2 to 8.6%) and precise (<5.4% CV) and achieved the criteria for U.S. FDA guidance for bioanalytical method validation. Quantification was achieved in mouse tissue homogenate using a separate 200μL sample preparation. This LC-MS/MS assay will be essential for determining the tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics in future mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Kiesel
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Shogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madani Rachid
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert A Parise
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frank P Vendetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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43
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Targeting the ATR-CHK1 Axis in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9050041. [PMID: 28448462 PMCID: PMC5447951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9050041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) is a new therapeutic approach in cancer that shows great promise for tumour selectivity. Key components of the DDR are the ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related (ATR) and checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) kinases. This review article describes the role of ATR and its major downstream target, CHK1, in the DDR and why cancer cells are particularly reliant on the ATR-CHK1 pathway, providing the rationale for targeting these kinases, and validation of this hypothesis by genetic manipulation. The recent development of specific inhibitors and preclinical data using these inhibitors not only as chemosensitisers and radiosensitisers but also as single agents to exploit specific pathologies of tumour cells is described. These potent and specific inhibitors have now entered clinical trial and early results are presented.
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44
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Choi SH, Park JH, Nguyen TTN, Shim HJ, Song YH. Initiation of Drosophila chorion gene amplification requires Claspin and mus101, whereas Claspin, but not mus101, plays a major role during elongation. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:466-474. [PMID: 28294450 PMCID: PMC5435936 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Claspin and TopBP1 are checkpoint mediators that are required for the phosphorylation of Chk1 by ATR to maintain genomic stability. Here, we investigated the functions of Drosophila Claspin and mus101 (TopBP1 ortholog) during chorion (eggshell component) gene amplification, which occurs in follicle cells in the absence of global genomic DNA replication. RESULTS Unlike Drosophila mei-41 (ATR ortholog) mutant embryos, Claspin and mus101 mutant embryos showed severe eggshell defects resulting from defects in chorion gene amplification. EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) incorporation assay during initiation and elongation stages revealed that Claspin and mus101 were required for initiation, while only Claspin had a major role in the efficient progression of the replication forks. Claspin proteins were enriched in the amplification foci both in the initiation and elongation stage-follicle cell nuclei in a mei-41-independent manner. The focal localization of ORC2, a component of the origin recognition complex, was not significantly affected in the Claspin mutant, whereas it was reduced in the mus101 mutant. CONCLUSIONS Drosophila Claspin plays a major role in the initiation and elongation stages of chorion gene amplification by localizing to the amplification foci in a mei-41-independent manner. Drosophila mus101 is also involved in chorion gene amplification, mostly functioning in initiation, rather than elongation. Developmental Dynamics 246:466-474, 2016. © 2017 The Authors Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ho Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hong Park
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tram Thi Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Shim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Han Song
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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45
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Merigliano C, Marzio A, Renda F, Somma MP, Gatti M, Vernì F. A Role for the Twins Protein Phosphatase (PP2A-B55) in the Maintenance of Drosophila Genome Integrity. Genetics 2017; 205:1151-1167. [PMID: 28040742 PMCID: PMC5340330 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.192781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a conserved heterotrimeric enzyme that regulates several cellular processes including the DNA damage response and mitosis. Consistent with these functions, PP2A is mutated in many types of cancer and acts as a tumor suppressor. In mammalian cells, PP2A inhibition results in DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and chromosome aberrations (CABs). However, the mechanisms through which PP2A prevents DNA damage are still unclear. Here, we focus on the role of the Drosophila twins (tws) gene in the maintenance of chromosome integrity; tws encodes the B regulatory subunit (B/B55) of PP2A. Mutations in tws cause high frequencies of CABs (0.5 CABs/cell) in Drosophila larval brain cells and lead to an abnormal persistence of γ-H2Av repair foci. However, mutations that disrupt the PP4 phosphatase activity impair foci dissolution but do not cause CABs, suggesting that a delayed foci regression is not clastogenic. We also show that Tws is required for activation of the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint while PP4 is required for checkpoint recovery, a result that points to a conserved function of these phosphatases from flies to humans. Mutations in the ATM-coding gene tefu are strictly epistatic to tws mutations for the CAB phenotype, suggesting that failure to dephosphorylate an ATM substrate(s) impairs DNA DSBs repair. In addition, mutations in the Ku70 gene, which do not cause CABs, completely suppress CAB formation in tws Ku70 double mutants. These results suggest the hypothesis that an improperly phosphorylated Ku70 protein can lead to DNA damage and CABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Merigliano
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Antonio Marzio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Fioranna Renda
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Maria Patrizia Somma
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Vernì
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
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46
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Pharmacologic ATM but not ATR kinase inhibition abrogates p21-dependent G1 arrest and promotes gastrointestinal syndrome after total body irradiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41892. [PMID: 28145510 PMCID: PMC5286430 DOI: 10.1038/srep41892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We show that ATM kinase inhibition using AZ31 prior to 9 or 9.25 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) reduced median time to moribund in mice to 8 days. ATR kinase inhibition using AZD6738 prior to TBI did not reduce median time to moribund. The striking finding associated with ATM inhibition prior to TBI was increased crypt loss within the intestine epithelium. ATM inhibition reduced upregulation of p21, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, and blocked G1 arrest after TBI thereby increasing the number of S phase cells in crypts in wild-type but not Cdkn1a(p21CIP/WAF1)−/− mice. In contrast, ATR inhibition increased upregulation of p21 after TBI. Thus, ATM activity is essential for p21-dependent arrest while ATR inhibition may potentiate arrest in crypt cells after TBI. Nevertheless, ATM inhibition reduced median time to moribund in Cdkn1a(p21CIP/WAF1)−/− mice after TBI. ATM inhibition also increased cell death in crypts at 4 h in Cdkn1a(p21CIP/WAF1)−/−, earlier than at 24 h in wild-type mice after TBI. In contrast, ATR inhibition decreased cell death in crypts in Cdkn1a(p21CIP/WAF1)−/− mice at 4 h after TBI. We conclude that ATM activity is essential for p21-dependent and p21-independent mechanisms that radioprotect intestinal crypts and that ATM inhibition promotes GI syndrome after TBI.
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47
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Isono M, Hoffmann MJ, Pinkerneil M, Sato A, Michaelis M, Cinatl J, Niegisch G, Schulz WA. Checkpoint kinase inhibitor AZD7762 strongly sensitises urothelial carcinoma cells to gemcitabine. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:1. [PMID: 28049532 PMCID: PMC5209915 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background More effective chemotherapies are urgently needed for bladder cancer, a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We therefore explored the efficacy of the combination of gemcitabine and AZD7762, a checkpoint kinase 1/2 (CHK1/2) inhibitor, for bladder cancer. Methods Viability, clonogenicity, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were assessed in urothelial cancer cell lines and various non-malignant urothelial cells treated with gemcitabine and AZD7762. DNA damage was assessed by γH2A.X and 53-BP1 staining and checkpoint activation was followed by Western blotting. Pharmacological inhibition of CHK1 and CHK2 was compared to downregulation of either CHK1 or CHK2 using siRNAs. Results Combined use of gemcitabine and AZD7762 synergistically reduced urothelial carcinoma cell viability and colony formation relative to either single treatment. Non-malignant urothelial cells were substantially less sensitive to this drug combination. Gemcitabine plus AZD7762 inhibited cell cycle progression causing cell accumulation in S-phase. Moreover, the combination induced pronounced levels of apoptosis as indicated by an increase in the fraction of sub-G1 cells, in the levels of cleaved PARP, and in caspase 3/7 activity. Mechanistic investigations showed that AZD7762 treatment inhibited the repair of gemcitabine-induced double strand breaks by interference with CHK1, since siRNA-mediated depletion of CHK1 but not of CHK2 mimicked the effects of AZD7762. Conclusions AZD7762 enhanced sensitivity of urothelial carcinoma cells to gemcitabine by inhibiting DNA repair and disturbing checkpoints. Combining gemcitabine with CHK1 inhibition holds promise for urothelial cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0473-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Isono
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Akinori Sato
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, 359-8513, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Centre for Molecular Processing and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Paul-Ehrlich‑Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Sakurikar N, Thompson R, Montano R, Eastman A. A subset of cancer cell lines is acutely sensitive to the Chk1 inhibitor MK-8776 as monotherapy due to CDK2 activation in S phase. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1380-94. [PMID: 26595527 PMCID: PMC4811467 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage activates Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) to halt cell cycle progression thereby preventing further DNA replication and mitosis until the damage has been repaired. Consequently, Chk1 inhibitors have emerged as promising anticancer therapeutics in combination with DNA damaging drugs, but their single agent activity also provides a novel approach that may be particularly effective in a subset of patients. From analysis of a large panel of cell lines, we demonstrate that 15% are very sensitive to the Chk1 inhibitor MK-8776. Upon inhibition of Chk1, sensitive cells rapidly accumulate DNA double-strand breaks in S phase in a CDK2- and cyclin A-dependent manner. In contrast, resistant cells can continue to grow for at least 7 days despite continued inhibition of Chk1. Resistance can be circumvented by inhibiting Wee1 kinase and thereby directly activating CDK2. Hence, sensitivity to Chk1 inhibition is regulated upstream of CDK2 and correlates with accumulation of CDC25A. We conclude that cells poorly tolerate CDK2 activity in S phase and that a major function of Chk1 is to ensure it remains inactive. Indeed, inhibitors of CDK1 and CDK2 arrest cells in G1 or G2, respectively, but do not prevent progression through S phase demonstrating that neither kinase is required for S phase progression. Inappropriate activation of CDK2 in S phase underlies the sensitivity of a subset of cell lines to Chk1 inhibitors, and this may provide a novel therapeutic opportunity for appropriately stratified patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Sakurikar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Ruth Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Ryan Montano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Alan Eastman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Vendetti FP, Lau A, Schamus S, Conrads TP, O'Connor MJ, Bakkenist CJ. The orally active and bioavailable ATR kinase inhibitor AZD6738 potentiates the anti-tumor effects of cisplatin to resolve ATM-deficient non-small cell lung cancer in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44289-305. [PMID: 26517239 PMCID: PMC4792557 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ATR and ATM are DNA damage signaling kinases that phosphorylate several thousand substrates. ATR kinase activity is increased at damaged replication forks and resected DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). ATM kinase activity is increased at DSBs. ATM has been widely studied since ataxia telangiectasia individuals who express no ATM protein are the most radiosensitive patients identified. Since ATM is not an essential protein, it is widely believed that ATM kinase inhibitors will be well-tolerated in the clinic. ATR has been widely studied, but advances have been complicated by the finding that ATR is an essential protein and it is widely believed that ATR kinase inhibitors will be toxic in the clinic. We describe AZD6738, an orally active and bioavailable ATR kinase inhibitor. AZD6738 induces cell death and senescence in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. AZD6738 potentiates the cytotoxicity of cisplatin and gemcitabine in NSCLC cell lines with intact ATM kinase signaling, and potently synergizes with cisplatin in ATM-deficient NSCLC cells. In contrast to expectations, daily administration of AZD6738 and ATR kinase inhibition for 14 consecutive days is tolerated in mice and enhances the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin in xenograft models. Remarkably, the combination of cisplatin and AZD6738 resolves ATM-deficient lung cancer xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Vendetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan Lau
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Schamus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Department of Defense Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Annandale, VA, USA
| | - Mark J O'Connor
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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50
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A dual molecular analogue tuner for dissecting protein function in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11742. [PMID: 27230261 PMCID: PMC4895048 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function studies are fundamental for dissecting gene function. Yet, methods
to rapidly and effectively perturb genes in mammalian cells, and particularly in
stem cells, are scarce. Here we present a system for simultaneous conditional
regulation of two different proteins in the same mammalian cell. This system
harnesses the plant auxin and jasmonate hormone-induced degradation pathways, and is
deliverable with only two lentiviral vectors. It combines RNAi-mediated silencing of
two endogenous proteins with the expression of two exogenous proteins whose
degradation is induced by external ligands in a rapid, reversible, titratable and
independent manner. By engineering molecular tuners for NANOG, CHK1, p53 and NOTCH1
in mammalian stem cells, we have validated the applicability of the system and
demonstrated its potential to unravel complex biological processes. Loss-of-function approaches are fundamental for dissecting the roles
played by genes but methods to simultaneously perturb several proteins in the same
mammalian cell are scarce. Here the authors harness the plant auxin and jasmonate
hormone-degradation pathways and RNAi technology, to control the levels of two proteins
and validate its application in stem cells.
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