1
|
Yang G, Chen T, Fan TT, Lin XY, Cui YQ, Dong WC, An LZ, Zhang H. Cathepsin B degrades RbcL during freezing-induced programmed cell death in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:81. [PMID: 38418607 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Cathepsin B plays an important role that degrades the Rubisco large subunit RbcL in freezing stress. Programmed cell death (PCD) has been well documented in both development and in response to environmental stresses in plants, however, PCD induced by freezing stress and its molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we characterized freezing-induced PCD and explored its mechanisms in Arabidopsis. PCD induced by freezing stress was similar to that induced by other stresses and senescence in Arabidopsis plants with cold acclimation. Inhibitor treatment assays and immunoblotting indicated that cathepsin B mainly contributed to increased caspase-3-like activity during freezing-induced PCD. Cathepsin B was involved in freezing-induced PCD and degraded the large subunit, RbcL, of Rubisco. Our results demonstrate an essential regulatory mechanism of cathepsin B for Rubisco degradation in freezing-induced PCD, improving our understanding of freezing-induced cell death and nitrogen and carbohydrate remobilisation in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ting-Ting Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yu-Qiong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wei-Chao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li-Zhe An
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bandyopadhyay NC, Gautam S. Programmed cell death in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines is associated with modulation of gene expression resulting in altered states of motility, biofilm and virulence. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104137. [PMID: 37716444 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the foremost report of apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD) came from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag), which displayed rapid post-exponential cell death in PCD inducing media (PIM) but not in a non-inducing media (PNIM). The current study aims to decipher for the first time, the advantages of the existence of PCD in this phytopathogenic microorganism. Analysis of RNA-seq under inducing and non-inducing conditions, revealed differential expression of a number of genes related to key physiology of Xag, such as, motility, xanthan biosynthesis and export as well as virulence. A PCD negative mutant Xag M42 displayed diminished virulence and a contrasting transcriptome pattern. In vitro experiments revealed that under PCD inducing condition, Xag produced negligible xanthan gum as well as extracellular amylase, displayed enhanced swarming motility, released copious e-DNA and formed scanty biofilm. Lack of 'diffusible signalling factor' production was eliminated as possible reason for PCD-induction. Altogether, it appears that, in planta existence of the pathogen metabolically resembles PNIM, and on being transferred to PIM, the cells experience oxidative stress and circumvents it by adopting PCD as an altruistic response. Survival of the remaining population is encouraged by upregulating motility, detachment from the fragile biofilm to achieve dispersal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilantana C Bandyopadhyay
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Satyendra Gautam
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schwarze J, Carolan JC, Stewart GS, McCabe PF, Kacprzyk J. The boundary of life and death: changes in mitochondrial and cytosolic proteomes associated with programmed cell death of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension culture cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1194866. [PMID: 37593044 PMCID: PMC10431908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1194866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Despite the critical role of programmed cell death (PCD) in plant development and defense responses, its regulation is not fully understood. It has been proposed that mitochondria may be important in the control of the early stages of plant PCD, but the details of this regulation are currently unknown. Methods We used Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension culture, a model system that enables induction and precise monitoring of PCD rates, as well as chemical manipulation of this process to generate a quantitative profile of the alterations in mitochondrial and cytosolic proteomes associated with early stages of plant PCD induced by heat stress. The cells were subjected to PCD-inducing heat levels (10 min, 54°C), with/without the calcium channel inhibitor and PCD blocker LaCl3. The stress treatment was followed by separation of cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions and mass spectrometry-based proteome analysis. Results Heat stress induced rapid and extensive changes in protein abundance in both fractions, with release of mitochondrial proteins into the cytosol upon PCD induction. In our system, LaCl3 appeared to act downstream of cell death initiation signal, as it did not affect the release of mitochondrial proteins, but instead partially inhibited changes occurring in the cytosolic fraction, including upregulation of proteins with hydrolytic activity. Discussion We characterized changes in protein abundance and localization associated with the early stages of heat stress-induced PCD. Collectively, the generated data provide new insights into the regulation of cell death and survival decisions in plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schwarze
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Gavin S. Stewart
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F. McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma H, Batra R, Kumar S, Kumar M, Kumar S, Balyan HS, Gupta PK. Identification and characterization of 20S proteasome genes and their relevance to heat/drought tolerance in bread wheat. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
5
|
Molecular mechanisms of mesocotyl elongation induced by brassinosteroid in maize under deep-seeding stress by RNA-sequencing, microstructure observation, and physiological metabolism. Genomics 2021; 113:3565-3581. [PMID: 34455034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep-seeding is an important way to improve maize drought resistance, mesocotyl elongation can significantly enhance its seedling germination. To improve our understanding of transcription-mediated maize mesocotyl elongation under deep-seeding stress. RNA-sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both deep-seeding tolerant W64A and intolerant K12 mesocotyls following culture for 10 days after 2.0 mg·L-1 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) induced stress at the depths of 3 and 20 cm. Phenotypically, the mesocotyl length of both maize significantly increased under 20 cm stress and in the presence of EBR. Microstructure observations revealed that the mesocotyls underwent programmed cell death under deep-seeding stress, which was alleviated by EBR. This was found to be regulated by multiple DEGs encoding cysteine protease/senescence-specific cysteine protease, aspartic protease family protein, phospholipase D, etc. and transcription factors (TFs; MYB, NAC). Additionally, some DEGs associated with cell wall components, i.e., cellulose synthase/cellulose synthase like protein (CESA/CSL), fasciclin-like arabinogalactan (APG), leucine-rich repeat protein (LRR) and lignin biosynthesis enzymes including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, cinnamoyl CoA reductase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase, peroxiredoxin/peroxidase were found to control cell wall sclerosis. Moreover, in auxin, ethylene, brassinosteriod, cytokinin, zeatin, abscisic acid, gibberellin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid signaling transduction pathways, the corresponding DEGs were activated/inhibited by TFs (ARF, BZR1/2, B-ARR, A-ARR, MYC2, ABF, TGA) and synthesis of phytohormones-related metabolites. These findings provide information on the molecular mechanisms controlling maize deep-seeding tolerance and will aid in the breeding of deep-seeding maize varieties.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gupta M, Sharma G, Saxena D, Budhwar R, Vasudevan M, Gupta V, Gupta A, Gupta R, Chandran D. Dual RNA-Seq analysis of Medicago truncatula and the pea powdery mildew Erysiphe pisi uncovers distinct host transcriptional signatures during incompatible and compatible interactions and pathogen effector candidates. Genomics 2019; 112:2130-2145. [PMID: 31837401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) is a serious fungal disease of legumes. To gain novel insights into PM pathogenesis and host resistance/susceptibility, we used dual RNA-Seq to simultaneously capture host and pathogen transcriptomes at 1 d post-inoculation of resistant and susceptible Medicago truncatula genotypes with the PM Erysiphe pisi (Ep). Differential expression analysis indicates that R-gene mediated resistance against Ep involves extensive transcriptional reprogramming. Functional enrichment of differentially expressed host genes and in silico analysis of co-regulated promoters suggests that amplification of PTI, activation of the JA/ET signaling network, and regulation of growth-defense balance correlate with resistance. In contrast, processes that favor biotrophy, including suppression of defense signaling and programmed cell death, and weaker cell wall defenses are important susceptibility factors. Lastly, Ep effector candidates and genes with known/putative virulence functions were identified, representing a valuable resource that can be leveraged to improve our understanding of legume-PM interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India; Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Divya Saxena
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Roli Budhwar
- Bionivid Technology Pvt. Ltd., Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Varsha Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Arunima Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Rashi Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Divya Chandran
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu FQ, Xue HW. The ubiquitin-proteasome system in plant responses to environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2931-2944. [PMID: 31364170 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a rapid regulatory mechanism for selective protein degradation in plants and plays crucial roles in growth and development. There is increasing evidence that the UPS is also an integral part of plant adaptation to environmental stress, such as drought, salinity, cold, nutrient deprivation and pathogens. This review focuses on recent studies illustrating the important functions of the UPS components E2s, E3s and subunits of the proteasome and describes the regulation of proteasome activity during plant responses to environment stimuli. The future research hotspots and the potential for utilization of the UPS to improve plant tolerance to stress are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Qing Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Wei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Transcriptome-based mining and expression profiling of Pythium responsive transcription factors in Zingiber sp. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 19:249-264. [PMID: 30415383 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) fine-tune the host defense transcriptome in response to pathogen invasions. No information is available on Zingiber zerumbet (Zz) TFs involved in defense response against Pythium myriotylum. Here, we provide a global identification, characterization, and temporal expression profiling of Zz TFs following an incompatible interaction with P. myriotylum using a transcriptome sequencing approach. We identified a total of 903 TFs belonging to 96 families based on their conserved domains. Evolutionary analysis clustered the Zz TFs according to their phylogenetic affinity, providing glimpses of their functional diversities. High throughput expression array analysis highlighted a complex interplay between activating and repressing transcription factors in fine-tuning Zz defense response against P. myriotylum. The high differential modulation of TFs involved in cell wall fortification, lignin biosynthesis, and SA/JA hormone crosstalk allows us to envisage that this mechanism plays a central role in restricting P. myriotylum proliferation in Zz. This study lays a solid foundation and provides valuable resources for the investigation of the evolutionary history and biological functions of Zz TF genes involved in defense response.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ten Prominent Host Proteases in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020639. [PMID: 29495279 PMCID: PMC5855861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes integral to the plant immune system. Multiple aspects of defence are regulated by proteases, including the hypersensitive response, pathogen recognition, priming and peptide hormone release. These processes are regulated by unrelated proteases residing at different subcellular locations. In this review, we discuss 10 prominent plant proteases contributing to the plant immune system, highlighting the diversity of roles they perform in plant defence.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghannam A, Jacques A, de Ruffray P, Kauffmann S. NtRING1, putative RING-finger E3 ligase protein, is a positive regulator of the early stages of elicitin-induced HR in tobacco. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:415-28. [PMID: 26542819 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE NtRING1 is a RING-finger protein with a putative E3 ligase activity. NtRING1 regulates HR establishment against different pathogens. Loss-/gain-of-function of NtRING1 altered early stages of HR phenotype establishment. Plant defence responses against pathogens often involve the restriction of pathogens by inducing a hypersensitive response (HR). cDNA clones DD11-39, DD38-11 and DD34-26 were previously obtained from a differential screen aimed at characterising tobacco genes with an elicitin-induced HR-specific pattern of expression. Our precedent observations suggested that DD11-39, DD38-11 and DD34-26 might play roles in the HR establishment. Only for DD11-39 a full-length cDNA sequence was obtained and the corresponding protein encoded for a type-HC RING-finger/putative E3 ligase protein which we termed NtRING1. The expression of NtRING1 was upregulated upon HR induction by elicitin, Ralstonia solanacearum, or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tobacco. Silencing of NtRING1 remarkably delayed the establishment of elicitin-induced HR in tobacco as well as the expression of different early induction genes in tissues undergoing HR. Accordingly, transient overexpression of NtRING1 accelerated the HR launching upon elicitin treatment. Taking together, our data suggests that NtRING1 plays a functional role in the early establishment of HR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghannam
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France.
- Laboratory Functional Genomics for Plant Immunomodulation, Plant Pathology Division, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Alban Jacques
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
- Ecole d'ingénieurs de Purpan, Laboratoire d'Agro-Physiologie, 75 voie du TOEC, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Patrice de Ruffray
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Serge Kauffmann
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kørner CJ, Du X, Vollmer ME, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling in Plant Immunity--At the Crossroad of Life and Death. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26582-98. [PMID: 26556351 PMCID: PMC4661823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and complex immune responses are induced in plants upon pathogen recognition. One form of plant defense response is a programmed burst in transcription and translation of pathogenesis-related proteins, of which many rely on ER processing. Interestingly, several ER stress marker genes are up-regulated during early stages of immune responses, suggesting that enhanced ER capacity is needed for immunity. Eukaryotic cells respond to ER stress through conserved signaling networks initiated by specific ER stress sensors tethered to the ER membrane. Depending on the nature of ER stress the cell prioritizes either survival or initiates programmed cell death (PCD). At present two plant ER stress sensors, bZIP28 and IRE1, have been described. Both sensor proteins are involved in ER stress-induced signaling, but only IRE1 has been additionally linked to immunity. A second branch of immune responses relies on PCD. In mammals, ER stress sensors are involved in activation of PCD, but it is unclear if plant ER stress sensors play a role in PCD. Nevertheless, some ER resident proteins have been linked to pathogen-induced cell death in plants. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of plant ER stress signaling and its cross-talk with immune signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Kørner
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Xinran Du
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Marie E Vollmer
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Involvement of host regulatory pathways during geminivirus infection: a novel platform for generating durable resistance. Funct Integr Genomics 2015; 14:47-58. [PMID: 24233104 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are widely distributed throughout the world and cause devastating yield losses in almost all the economically important crops. In this review, the newly identified roles of various novel plant factors and pathways participating in plant–virus interaction are summarized with a particular focus on the exploitation of various pathways involving ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway, small RNA pathways, cell division cycle components, and the epigenetic mechanism as defense responses during plant–pathogen interactions. Capturing the information on these pathways for the development of strategies against geminivirus infection is argued to provide the basis for new genetic approaches to resistance.
Collapse
|
13
|
Munch D, Teh OK, Malinovsky FG, Liu Q, Vetukuri RR, El Kasmi F, Brodersen P, Hara-Nishimura I, Dangl JL, Petersen M, Mundy J, Hofius D. Retromer contributes to immunity-associated cell death in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:463-79. [PMID: 25681156 PMCID: PMC4456924 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.132043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is required during plant immune responses, but its contribution to the hypersensitive response (HR), a form of programmed cell death (PCD) associated with effector-triggered immunity, is not well understood. HR is induced by nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) immune receptors and can involve vacuole-mediated processes, including autophagy. We previously isolated lazarus (laz) suppressors of autoimmunity-triggered PCD in the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant accelerated cell death11 (acd11) and demonstrated that the cell death phenotype is due to ectopic activation of the LAZ5 NB-LRR. We report here that laz4 is mutated in one of three VACUOLAR PROTEIN SORTING35 (VPS35) genes. We verify that LAZ4/VPS35B is part of the retromer complex, which functions in endosomal protein sorting and vacuolar trafficking. We show that VPS35B acts in an endosomal trafficking pathway and plays a role in LAZ5-dependent acd11 cell death. Furthermore, we find that VPS35 homologs contribute to certain forms of NB-LRR protein-mediated autoimmunity as well as pathogen-triggered HR. Finally, we demonstrate that retromer deficiency causes defects in late endocytic/lytic compartments and impairs autophagy-associated vacuolar processes. Our findings indicate important roles of retromer-mediated trafficking during the HR; these may include endosomal sorting of immune components and targeting of vacuolar cargo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Munch
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ooi-Kock Teh
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Qinsong Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ramesh R Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280
| | - Peter Brodersen
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280
| | - Morten Petersen
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - John Mundy
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Daniel Hofius
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barah P, Winge P, Kusnierczyk A, Tran DH, Bones AM. Molecular signatures in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to insect attack and bacterial infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58987. [PMID: 23536844 PMCID: PMC3607608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under the threat of global climatic change and food shortages, it is essential to take the initiative to obtain a comprehensive understanding of common and specific defence mechanisms existing in plant systems for protection against different types of biotic invaders. We have implemented an integrated approach to analyse the overall transcriptomic reprogramming and systems-level defence responses in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana henceforth) during insect Brevicoryne brassicae (B. brassicae henceforth) and bacterial Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (P. syringae henceforth) attacks. The main aim of this study was to identify the attacker-specific and general defence response signatures in A. thaliana when attacked by phloem-feeding aphids or pathogenic bacteria. RESULTS The obtained annotated networks of differentially expressed transcripts indicated that members of transcription factor families, such as WRKY, MYB, ERF, BHLH and bZIP, could be crucial for stress-specific defence regulation in Arabidopsis during aphid and P. syringae attack. The defence response pathways, signalling pathways and metabolic processes associated with aphid attack and P. syringae infection partially overlapped. Components of several important biosynthesis and signalling pathways, such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET) and glucosinolates, were differentially affected during the two the treatments. Several stress-regulated transcription factors were known to be associated with stress-inducible microRNAs. The differentially regulated gene sets included many signature transcription factors, and our co-expression analysis showed that they were also strongly co-expressed during 69 other biotic stress experiments. CONCLUSIONS Defence responses and functional networks that were unique and specific to aphid or P. syringae stresses were identified. Furthermore, our analysis revealed a probable link between biotic stress and microRNAs in Arabidopsis and, thus gives indicates a new direction for conducting large-scale targeted experiments to explore the detailed regulatory links between them. The presented results provide a comparative understanding of Arabidopsis - B. brassicae and Arabidopsis - P. syringae interactions at the transcriptomic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Barah
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anna Kusnierczyk
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Diem Hong Tran
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle M. Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The Genetic and Molecular Basis of Plant Resistance to Pathogens. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
16
|
Fernández MB, Daleo GR, Guevara MG. DEVDase activity is induced in potato leaves during Phytophthora infestans infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 61:197-203. [PMID: 23127523 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in plants, animals and several branches of unicellular eukaryotes as a part of developmental and/or defense processes. Caspase proteases are universal mediators of animal apoptosis, a type of PCD. In plants, there are not animal caspase homologs; therefore, the characterization of caspase-like activities is of considerable importance to our understanding of PCD in plants. Here we report for the first time the involvement of caspase-3-like activity in the resistance mechanism of potato to Phytophthora infestans infection. We showed that disease development in infected potato leaves is dependent of caspase-3-like activity. Unlike plant DEVDases previously reported, this DEVDase activity was sensitive to the serine protease inhibitor PMSF. As reported for other subtilisin- like proteases with caspase activity, potato DEVDase activity was mainly localized in the apoplast. We demonstrated that in total protein extract DEVDase activity accounts for a 60% of serine proteases; however, this percentage increases to 100% in the apoplast. Additionally, this caspase-3-like activity is constitutively expressed in the apoplast of potato leaves. Total DEVDase activity is induced only in potato cultivars with high field resistance to P. infestans. These results show that potato caspase-3-like protease could constitute a tool in the potato defense mechanisms resulting in partial resistance, although further assays would be necessary in order to elucidate its role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gupta SK, Rai AK, Kanwar SS, Chand D, Singh NK, Sharma TR. The single functional blast resistance gene Pi54 activates a complex defence mechanism in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:757-72. [PMID: 22058403 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Pi54 gene (Pi-k(h)) confers a high degree of resistance to diverse strains of the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. In order to understand the genome-wide co-expression of genes in the transgenic rice plant Taipei 309 (TP) containing the Pi54 gene, microarray analysis was performed at 72 h post-inoculation of the M. oryzae strain PLP-1. A total of 1154 differentially expressing genes were identified in TP-Pi54 plants. Of these, 587 were up-regulated, whereas 567 genes were found to be down-regulated. 107 genes were found that were exclusively up-regulated and 58 genes that were down- regulated in the case of TP-Pi54. Various defence response genes, such as callose, laccase, PAL, and peroxidase, and genes related to transcription factors like NAC6, Dof zinc finger, MAD box, bZIP, and WRKY were found to be up-regulated in the transgenic line. The enzymatic activities of six plant defence response enzymes, such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, β-glucosidase, β-1,3-glucanase, and chitinase, were found to be significantly high in TP-Pi54 at different stages of inoculation by M. oryzae. The total phenol content also increased significantly in resistant transgenic plants after pathogen inoculation. This study suggests the activation of defence response and transcription factor-related genes and a higher expression of key enzymes involved in the defence response pathway in the rice line TP-Pi54, thus leading to incompatible host-pathogen interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Gupta
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hofius D, Munch D, Bressendorff S, Mundy J, Petersen M. Role of autophagy in disease resistance and hypersensitive response-associated cell death. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1257-62. [PMID: 21527936 PMCID: PMC3172097 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancient autophagy pathways are emerging as key defense modules in host eukaryotic cells against microbial pathogens. Apart from actively eliminating intracellular intruders, autophagy is also responsible for cell survival, for example by reducing the deleterious effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress. At the same time, autophagy can contribute to cellular suicide. The concurrent engagement of autophagy in these processes during infection may sometimes mask its contribution to differing pro-survival and pro-death decisions. The importance of autophagy in innate immunity in mammals is well documented, but how autophagy contributes to plant innate immunity and cell death is not that clear. A few research reports have appeared recently to shed light on the roles of autophagy in plant-pathogen interactions and in disease-associated host cell death. We present a first attempt to reconcile the results of this research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Hofius
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - D Munch
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - S Bressendorff
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - J Mundy
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- King Saud University, College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Petersen
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Higaki T, Kurusu T, Hasezawa S, Kuchitsu K. Dynamic intracellular reorganization of cytoskeletons and the vacuole in defense responses and hypersensitive cell death in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2011; 124:315-24. [PMID: 21409543 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved various means for controlled and organized cell destruction, known as programmed cell death (PCD). In plant immune responses against microbial infection, hypersensitive cell death as a form of PCD is a crucial event to prevent the spread of biotrophic pathogens. Recent live cell imaging techniques have revealed dynamic features and significant roles of cytoskeletons and the vacuole during defense responses and the PCD. Actin microfilaments (MFs) focus on the infection sites and function as tracks for the polar transport of antimicrobial materials. To accomplish hypersensitive cell death, further dynamic changes in cytoskeletons are induced. MFs play a role in the structural and functional regulation of the vacuole, leading to execution of the PCD. We here overview spatiotemporal dynamic changes in the cytoskeletons and the vacuoles triggered by signals from pathogens, and propose a hypothetical model for MF-regulated vacuole-mediated PCD in plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lery LMS, Hemerly AS, Nogueira EM, von Krüger WMA, Bisch PM. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the interaction between the endophytic plant-growth-promoting bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and sugarcane. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:562-576. [PMID: 21190439 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-10-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a plant-growth-promoting bacterium that colonizes sugarcane. In order to investigate molecular aspects of the G. diazotrophicus-sugarcane interaction, we performed a quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis by (15)N metabolic labeling of bacteria, root samples, and co-cultures. Overall, more than 400 proteins were analyzed and 78 were differentially expressed between the plant-bacterium interaction model and control cultures. A comparative analysis of the G. diazotrophicus in interaction with two distinct genotypes of sugarcane, SP70-1143 and Chunee, revealed proteins with fundamental roles in cellular recognition. G. diazotrophicus presented proteins involved in adaptation to atypical conditions and signaling systems during the interaction with both genotypes. However, SP70-1143 and Chunee, sugarcane genotypes with high and low contribution of biological nitrogen fixation, showed divergent responses in contact with G. diazotrophicus. The SP70-1143 genotype overexpressed proteins from signaling cascades and one from a lipid metabolism pathway, whereas Chunee differentially synthesized proteins involved in chromatin remodeling and protein degradation pathways. In addition, we have identified 30 bacterial proteins in the roots of the plant samples; from those, nine were specifically induced by plant signals. This is the first quantitative proteomic analysis of a bacterium-plant interaction, which generated insights into early signaling of the G. diazotrophicus-sugarcane interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia M S Lery
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Genômica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee JY, Lu H. Plasmodesmata: the battleground against intruders. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:201-10. [PMID: 21334962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are intercellular channels that establish a symplastic communication pathway between neighboring cells in plants. Owing to this role, opportunistic microbial pathogens have evolved to exploit plasmodesmata as gateways to spread infection from cell to cell within the plant. However, although these pathogens have acquired the capacity to breach the plasmodesmal trafficking pathway, plants are unlikely to relinquish control over a structure essential for their survival so easily. In this review, we examine evidence that suggests plasmodesmata play an active role in plant immunity against viral, fungal and bacterial pathogens. We discuss how these pathogens differ in their lifestyles and infection modes, and present the defense strategies that plants have adopted to prevent the intercellular spread of an infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|