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Hespanhol JT, Karman L, Sanchez-Limache DE, Bayer-Santos E. Intercepting biological messages: Antibacterial molecules targeting nucleic acids during interbacterial conflicts. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 46:e20220266. [PMID: 36880694 PMCID: PMC9990079 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria live in polymicrobial communities and constantly compete for resources. These organisms have evolved an array of antibacterial weapons to inhibit the growth or kill competitors. The arsenal comprises antibiotics, bacteriocins, and contact-dependent effectors that are either secreted in the medium or directly translocated into target cells. During bacterial antagonistic encounters, several cellular components important for life become a weak spot prone to an attack. Nucleic acids and the machinery responsible for their synthesis are well conserved across the tree of life. These molecules are part of the information flow in the central dogma of molecular biology and mediate long- and short-term storage for genetic information. The aim of this review is to summarize the diversity of antibacterial molecules that target nucleic acids during antagonistic interbacterial encounters and discuss their potential to promote the emergence antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Takuno Hespanhol
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lior Karman
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ethel Bayer-Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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2
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Hespanhol JT, Sanchez-Limache DE, Nicastro GG, Mead L, Llontop EE, Chagas-Santos G, Farah CS, de Souza RF, Galhardo RDS, Lovering AL, Bayer-Santos E. Antibacterial T6SS effectors with a VRR-Nuc domain are structure-specific nucleases. eLife 2022; 11:e82437. [PMID: 36226828 PMCID: PMC9635880 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) secretes antibacterial effectors into target competitors. Salmonella spp. encode five phylogenetically distinct T6SSs. Here, we characterize the function of the SPI-22 T6SS of Salmonella bongori showing that it has antibacterial activity and identify a group of antibacterial T6SS effectors (TseV1-4) containing an N-terminal PAAR-like domain and a C-terminal VRR-Nuc domain encoded next to cognate immunity proteins with a DUF3396 domain (TsiV1-4). TseV2 and TseV3 are toxic when expressed in Escherichia coli and bacterial competition assays confirm that TseV2 and TseV3 are secreted by the SPI-22 T6SS. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that TseV1-4 are evolutionarily related to enzymes involved in DNA repair. TseV3 recognizes specific DNA structures and preferentially cleave splayed arms, generating DNA double-strand breaks and inducing the SOS response in target cells. The crystal structure of the TseV3:TsiV3 complex reveals that the immunity protein likely blocks the effector interaction with the DNA substrate. These results expand our knowledge on the function of Salmonella pathogenicity islands, the evolution of toxins used in biological conflicts, and the endogenous mechanisms regulating the activity of these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Takuno Hespanhol
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | | | - Liam Mead
- Department of Biosciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Edgar Enrique Llontop
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Gustavo Chagas-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Chuck Shaker Farah
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Robson Francisco de Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Rodrigo da Silva Galhardo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Andrew L Lovering
- Department of Biosciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Ethel Bayer-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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3
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A senataxin-associated exonuclease SAN1 is required for resistance to DNA interstrand cross-links. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2592. [PMID: 29968717 PMCID: PMC6030175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstrand DNA cross-links (ICLs) block both replication and transcription, and are commonly repaired by the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway. However, FA-independent repair mechanisms of ICLs remain poorly understood. Here we report a previously uncharacterized protein, SAN1, as a 5′ exonuclease that acts independently of the FA pathway in response to ICLs. Deletion of SAN1 in HeLa cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts causes sensitivity to ICLs, which is prevented by re-expression of wild type but not nuclease-dead SAN1. SAN1 deletion causes DNA damage and radial chromosome formation following treatment with Mitomycin C, phenocopying defects in the FA pathway. However, SAN1 deletion is not epistatic with FANCD2, a core FA pathway component. Unexpectedly, SAN1 binds to Senataxin (SETX), an RNA/DNA helicase that resolves R-loops. SAN1-SETX binding is increased by ICLs, and is required to prevent cross-link sensitivity. We propose that SAN1 functions with SETX in a pathway necessary for resistance to ICLs. When DNA interstrand cross-links damage occurs, it causes disruption of replication and transcription. Here the authors identify FAM120B/SAN1, a 5′ exonuclease involved in the repair process of Interstrand Crosslinks independently of the Fanconi Anemia pathway.
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4
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Price MN, Wetmore KM, Waters RJ, Callaghan M, Ray J, Liu H, Kuehl JV, Melnyk RA, Lamson JS, Suh Y, Carlson HK, Esquivel Z, Sadeeshkumar H, Chakraborty R, Zane GM, Rubin BE, Wall JD, Visel A, Bristow J, Blow MJ, Arkin AP, Deutschbauer AM. Mutant phenotypes for thousands of bacterial genes of unknown function. Nature 2018; 557:503-509. [PMID: 29769716 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
One-third of all protein-coding genes from bacterial genomes cannot be annotated with a function. Here, to investigate the functions of these genes, we present genome-wide mutant fitness data from 32 diverse bacteria across dozens of growth conditions. We identified mutant phenotypes for 11,779 protein-coding genes that had not been annotated with a specific function. Many genes could be associated with a specific condition because the gene affected fitness only in that condition, or with another gene in the same bacterium because they had similar mutant phenotypes. Of the poorly annotated genes, 2,316 had associations that have high confidence because they are conserved in other bacteria. By combining these conserved associations with comparative genomics, we identified putative DNA repair proteins; in addition, we propose specific functions for poorly annotated enzymes and transporters and for uncharacterized protein families. Our study demonstrates the scalability of microbial genetics and its utility for improving gene annotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan N Price
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kelly M Wetmore
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Jordan Waters
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark Callaghan
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jayashree Ray
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hualan Liu
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer V Kuehl
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ryan A Melnyk
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jacob S Lamson
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yumi Suh
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hans K Carlson
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zuelma Esquivel
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Harini Sadeeshkumar
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Romy Chakraborty
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Grant M Zane
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin E Rubin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Judy D Wall
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - James Bristow
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Blow
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Adam P Arkin
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Adam M Deutschbauer
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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5
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Jin H, Roy U, Lee G, Schärer OD, Cho Y. Structural mechanism of DNA interstrand cross-link unhooking by the bacterial FAN1 nuclease. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6482-6496. [PMID: 29514982 PMCID: PMC5925792 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) block the progress of the replication and transcription machineries and can weaken chromosomal stability, resulting in various diseases. FANCD2-FANCI-associated nuclease (FAN1) is a conserved structure-specific nuclease that unhooks DNA ICLs independently of the Fanconi anemia pathway. Recent structural studies have proposed two different mechanistic features for ICL unhooking by human FAN1: a specific basic pocket that recognizes the terminal phosphate of a 1-nucleotide (nt) 5' flap or FAN1 dimerization. Herein, we show that despite lacking these features, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FAN1 (PaFAN1) cleaves substrates at ∼3-nt intervals and resolves ICLs. Crystal structures of PaFAN1 bound to various DNA substrates revealed that its conserved basic Arg/Lys patch comprising Arg-228 and Lys-260 recognizes phosphate groups near the 5' terminus of a DNA substrate with a 1-nt flap or a nick. Substitution of Lys-260 did not affect PaFAN1's initial endonuclease activity but significantly decreased its subsequent exonuclease activity and ICL unhooking. The Arg/Lys patch also interacted with phosphates at a 3-nt gap, and this interaction could drive movement of the scissile phosphates into the PaFAN1-active site. In human FAN1, the ICL-resolving activity was not affected by individual disruption of the Arg/Lys patch or basic pocket. However, simultaneous substitution of both FAN1 regions significantly reduced its ICL-resolving activity, suggesting that these two basic regions play a complementary role in ICL repair. On the basis of these findings, we propose a conserved role for two basic regions in FAN1 to guide ICL unhooking and to maintain genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseok Jin
- From the Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbook 37673, South Korea
| | - Upasana Roy
- the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Gwangrog Lee
- the Department of Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Orlando D Schärer
- the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
- the Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea, and
- the Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yunje Cho
- From the Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbook 37673, South Korea,
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6
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Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a genetic disorder that is characterized by bone marrow failure (BMF), developmental abnormalities and predisposition to cancer. Together with other proteins involved in DNA repair processes and cell division, the FA proteins maintain genome homeostasis, and germline mutation of any one of the genes that encode FA proteins causes FA. Monoallelic inactivation of some FA genes, such as FA complementation group D1 (FANCD1; also known as the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2), leads to adult-onset cancer predisposition but does not cause FA, and somatic mutations in FA genes occur in cancers in the general population. Carcinogenesis resulting from a dysregulated FA pathway is multifaceted, as FA proteins monitor multiple complementary genome-surveillance checkpoints throughout interphase, where monoubiquitylation of the FANCD2-FANCI heterodimer by the FA core complex promotes recruitment of DNA repair effectors to chromatin lesions to resolve DNA damage and mitosis. In this Review, we discuss how the FA pathway safeguards genome integrity throughout the cell cycle and show how studies of FA have revealed opportunities to develop rational therapeutics for this genetic disease and for malignancies that acquire somatic mutations within the FA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Nalepa
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W Walnut Street, R4-421, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5900, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - D Wade Clapp
- Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5900, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
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7
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Rao T, Longerich S, Zhao W, Aihara H, Sung P, Xiong Y. Importance of homo-dimerization of Fanconi-associated nuclease 1 in DNA flap cleavage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018. [PMID: 29518739 PMCID: PMC7105229 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi-associated nuclease 1 (FAN1) removes interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICLs) through its DNA flap endonuclease and exonuclease activities. Crystal structures of human and bacterial FAN1 bound to a DNA flap have been solved. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial FAN1 and human FAN1 (hFAN1) missing a flexible loop are monomeric, while intact hFAN1 is homo-dimeric in structure. Importantly, the monomeric and dimeric forms of FAN1 exhibit very different DNA binding modes. Here, we interrogate the functional differences between monomeric and dimeric forms of FAN1 and provide an explanation for the discrepancy in oligomeric state between the two hFAN1 structures. Specifically, we show that the flexible loop in question is needed for hFAN1 dimerization. While monomeric and dimeric bacterial or human FAN1 proteins cleave a short 5′ flap strand with similar efficiency, optimal cleavage of a long 5′ flap strand is contingent upon protein dimerization. Our study therefore furnishes biochemical evidence for a role of hFAN1 homodimerization in biological processes that involve 5′ DNA Flap cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timsi Rao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Simonne Longerich
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Weixing Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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8
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De Muyt A, Pyatnitskaya A, Andréani J, Ranjha L, Ramus C, Laureau R, Fernandez-Vega A, Holoch D, Girard E, Govin J, Margueron R, Couté Y, Cejka P, Guérois R, Borde V. A meiotic XPF-ERCC1-like complex recognizes joint molecule recombination intermediates to promote crossover formation. Genes Dev 2018; 32:283-296. [PMID: 29440262 PMCID: PMC5859969 DOI: 10.1101/gad.308510.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
De Muyt et al. identified the ZZS (Zip2–Zip4–Spo16) complex, required for crossover formation, which carries two distinct activities: one provided by Zip4, which acts as hub through physical interactions with components of the chromosome axis and the crossover machinery, and the other carried by Zip2 and Spo16, which preferentially bind branched DNA molecules in vitro. Meiotic crossover formation requires the stabilization of early recombination intermediates by a set of proteins and occurs within the environment of the chromosome axis, a structure important for the regulation of meiotic recombination events. The molecular mechanisms underlying and connecting crossover recombination and axis localization are elusive. Here, we identified the ZZS (Zip2–Zip4–Spo16) complex, required for crossover formation, which carries two distinct activities: one provided by Zip4, which acts as hub through physical interactions with components of the chromosome axis and the crossover machinery, and the other carried by Zip2 and Spo16, which preferentially bind branched DNA molecules in vitro. We found that Zip2 and Spo16 share structural similarities to the structure-specific XPF–ERCC1 nuclease, although it lacks endonuclease activity. The XPF domain of Zip2 is required for crossover formation, suggesting that, together with Spo16, it has a noncatalytic DNA recognition function. Our results suggest that the ZZS complex shepherds recombination intermediates toward crossovers as a dynamic structural module that connects recombination events to the chromosome axis. The identification of the ZZS complex improves our understanding of the various activities required for crossover implementation and is likely applicable to other organisms, including mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud De Muyt
- UMR3244, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences and Letters) Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Pyatnitskaya
- UMR3244, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences and Letters) Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jessica Andréani
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Institut de biologie et de technologies de Saclay (iBiTec-S), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), UMR9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Lepakshi Ranjha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Claire Ramus
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble (BIG-BGE), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Raphaëlle Laureau
- UMR3244, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences and Letters) Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ambra Fernandez-Vega
- UMR3244, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences and Letters) Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Holoch
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 75005 Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR934, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Girard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Mines ParisTech, U900, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérome Govin
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble (BIG-BGE), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Raphaël Margueron
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 75005 Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR934, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble (BIG-BGE), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Petr Cejka
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Guérois
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Institut de biologie et de technologies de Saclay (iBiTec-S), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), UMR9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Valérie Borde
- UMR3244, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences and Letters) Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 75005 Paris, France
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9
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10
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Rashid F, Harris PD, Zaher MS, Sobhy MA, Joudeh LI, Yan C, Piwonski H, Tsutakawa SE, Ivanov I, Tainer JA, Habuchi S, Hamdan SM. Single-molecule FRET unveils induced-fit mechanism for substrate selectivity in flap endonuclease 1. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28230529 PMCID: PMC5358979 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) and related structure-specific 5’nucleases precisely identify and incise aberrant DNA structures during replication, repair and recombination to avoid genomic instability. Yet, it is unclear how the 5’nuclease mechanisms of DNA distortion and protein ordering robustly mediate efficient and accurate substrate recognition and catalytic selectivity. Here, single-molecule sub-millisecond and millisecond analyses of FEN1 reveal a protein-DNA induced-fit mechanism that efficiently verifies substrate and suppresses off-target cleavage. FEN1 sculpts DNA with diffusion-limited kinetics to test DNA substrate. This DNA distortion mutually ‘locks’ protein and DNA conformation and enables substrate verification with extreme precision. Strikingly, FEN1 never misses cleavage of its cognate substrate while blocking probable formation of catalytically competent interactions with noncognate substrates and fostering their pre-incision dissociation. These findings establish FEN1 has practically perfect precision and that separate control of induced-fit substrate recognition sets up the catalytic selectivity of the nuclease active site for genome stability. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21884.001 When a cell divides it must copy its genetic information, which is found in the form of strands of DNA. Damage to the DNA may lead to cancer or a number of genetic diseases. However, every time a cell divides more than 10 million toxic “flaps” of excess DNA are generated. A protein called flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) keeps the DNA in good repair by cutting off the flaps in a highly specific and selective manner. Many proteins that interact with DNA are attracted to specific genetic sequences within the DNA strands. However, this is not the case for FEN1 and several other “structure-specific” proteins that help to repair and replicate DNA strands. So how do these proteins select the correct regions of DNA to interact with? Rashid et al. used single-molecule fluorescence measurements to examine how purified FEN1 proteins interact with DNA flaps. The results show that FEN1 can perfectly recognize and correctly remove flaps through a process called “mutual-induced fit”, where the DNA and FEN1 are shaped by each other to produce a highly specific structure. Further work is now needed to examine whether other proteins that are related to FEN1 use a similar process to ensure that they always cut DNA in the same way. More detailed and direct examination of the structure of FEN1 through other experimental methods may also help to reveal how the mutual-induced fit process enables FEN1 to achieve such high levels of precision. This could increase our understanding of how problems with FEN1 and similar proteins lead to different genetic diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21884.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Rashid
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul D Harris
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal S Zaher
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Sobhy
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luay I Joudeh
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chunli Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States.,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Hubert Piwonski
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ivaylo Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States.,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
| | - John A Tainer
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Satoshi Habuchi
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir M Hamdan
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Lawrence KS, Tapley EC, Cruz VE, Li Q, Aung K, Hart KC, Schwartz TU, Starr DA, Engebrecht J. LINC complexes promote homologous recombination in part through inhibition of nonhomologous end joining. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:801-821. [PMID: 27956467 PMCID: PMC5166498 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans SUN domain protein, UNC-84, functions in nuclear migration and anchorage in the soma. We discovered a novel role for UNC-84 in DNA damage repair and meiotic recombination. Loss of UNC-84 leads to defects in the loading and disassembly of the recombinase RAD-51. Similar to mutations in Fanconi anemia (FA) genes, unc-84 mutants and human cells depleted of Sun-1 are sensitive to DNA cross-linking agents, and sensitivity is rescued by the inactivation of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). UNC-84 also recruits FA nuclease FAN-1 to the nucleoplasm, suggesting that UNC-84 both alters the extent of repair by NHEJ and promotes the processing of cross-links by FAN-1. UNC-84 interacts with the KASH protein ZYG-12 for DNA damage repair. Furthermore, the microtubule network and interaction with the nucleoskeleton are important for repair, suggesting that a functional linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is required. We propose that LINC complexes serve a conserved role in DNA repair through both the inhibition of NHEJ and the promotion of homologous recombination at sites of chromosomal breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Lawrence
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Erin C Tapley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Victor E Cruz
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Qianyan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Kayla Aung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Kevin C Hart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Thomas U Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Daniel A Starr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - JoAnne Engebrecht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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12
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Thongthip S, Bellani M, Gregg SQ, Sridhar S, Conti BA, Chen Y, Seidman MM, Smogorzewska A. Fan1 deficiency results in DNA interstrand cross-link repair defects, enhanced tissue karyomegaly, and organ dysfunction. Genes Dev 2016; 30:645-59. [PMID: 26980189 PMCID: PMC4803051 DOI: 10.1101/gad.276261.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thongthip et al. describe a FANCD2/FANCI-associated nuclease 1 (Fan1)-deficient mouse and show that FAN1 is required for cellular and organismal resistance to DNA interstrand cross-links. Karyomegaly becomes prominent in the kidneys and livers of Fan1-deficient mice with age, and mice develop liver dysfunction. Deficiency of FANCD2/FANCI-associated nuclease 1 (FAN1) in humans leads to karyomegalic interstitial nephritis (KIN), a rare hereditary kidney disease characterized by chronic renal fibrosis, tubular degeneration, and characteristic polyploid nuclei in multiple tissues. The mechanism of how FAN1 protects cells is largely unknown but is thought to involve FAN1's function in DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair. Here, we describe a Fan1-deficient mouse and show that FAN1 is required for cellular and organismal resistance to ICLs. We show that the ubiquitin-binding zinc finger (UBZ) domain of FAN1, which is needed for interaction with FANCD2, is not required for the initial rapid recruitment of FAN1 to ICLs or for its role in DNA ICL resistance. Epistasis analyses reveal that FAN1 has cross-link repair activities that are independent of the Fanconi anemia proteins and that this activity is redundant with the 5′–3′ exonuclease SNM1A. Karyomegaly becomes prominent in kidneys and livers of Fan1-deficient mice with age, and mice develop liver dysfunction. Treatment of Fan1-deficient mice with ICL-inducing agents results in pronounced thymic and bone marrow hypocellularity and the disappearance of c-kit+ cells. Our results provide insight into the mechanism of FAN1 in ICL repair and demonstrate that the Fan1 mouse model effectively recapitulates the pathological features of human FAN1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supawat Thongthip
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Marina Bellani
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Siobhan Q Gregg
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Sunandini Sridhar
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Brooke A Conti
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Yanglu Chen
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Michael M Seidman
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Agata Smogorzewska
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Xian Yan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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14
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Bogliolo M, Surrallés J. Fanconi anemia: a model disease for studies on human genetics and advanced therapeutics. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 33:32-40. [PMID: 26254775 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is characterized by bone marrow failure, malformations, and chromosome fragility. We review the recent discovery of FA genes and efforts to develop genetic therapies for FA in the last five years. Because current data exclude FANCM as an FA gene, 15 genes remain bona fide FA genes and three (FANCO, FANCR and FANCS) cause an FA like syndrome. Monoallelic mutations in 6 FA associated genes (FANCD1, FANCJ, FANCM, FANCN, FANCO and FANCS) predispose to breast and ovarian cancer. The products of all these genes are involved in the repair of stalled DNA replication forks by unhooking DNA interstrand cross-links and promoting homologous recombination. The genetic characterization of patients with FA is essential for developing therapies, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a savior sibling donor after embryo selection, gene therapy, or genome editing using genetic recombination or engineered nucleases. Newly acquired knowledge about FA promises to provide therapeutic strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bogliolo
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Jordi Surrallés
- Genome Instability and DNA Repair Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Spain.
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15
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Pizzolato J, Mukherjee S, Schärer OD, Jiricny J. FANCD2-associated nuclease 1, but not exonuclease 1 or flap endonuclease 1, is able to unhook DNA interstrand cross-links in vitro. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26221031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.663666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin and its derivatives, nitrogen mustards and mitomycin C, are used widely in cancer chemotherapy. Their efficacy is linked primarily to their ability to generate DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs), which effectively block the progression of transcription and replication machineries. Release of this block, referred to as unhooking, has been postulated to require endonucleases that incise one strand of the duplex on either side of the ICL. Here we investigated how the 5' flap nucleases FANCD2-associated nuclease 1 (FAN1), exonuclease 1 (EXO1), and flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) process a substrate reminiscent of a replication fork arrested at an ICL. We now show that EXO1 and FEN1 cleaved the substrate at the boundary between the single-stranded 5' flap and the duplex, whereas FAN1 incised it three to four nucleotides in the double-stranded region. This affected the outcome of processing of a substrate containing a nitrogen mustard-like ICL two nucleotides in the duplex region because FAN1, unlike EXO1 and FEN1, incised the substrate predominantly beyond the ICL and, therefore, failed to release the 5' flap. We also show that FAN1 was able to degrade a linear ICL substrate. This ability of FAN1 to traverse ICLs in DNA could help to elucidate its biological function, which is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pizzolato
- From the Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich and
| | | | - Orlando D Schärer
- the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Josef Jiricny
- From the Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich and the Department of Biology, Swiss Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and
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16
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Takahashi D, Sato K, Hirayama E, Takata M, Kurumizaka H. Human FAN1 promotes strand incision in 5'-flapped DNA complexed with RPA. J Biochem 2015; 158:263-70. [PMID: 25922199 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a human infantile recessive disorder. Seventeen FA causal proteins cooperatively function in the DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair pathway. Dual DNA strand incisions around the crosslink are critical steps in ICL repair. FA-associated nuclease 1 (FAN1) is a DNA structure-specific endonuclease that is considered to be involved in DNA incision at the stalled replication fork. Replication protein A (RPA) rapidly assembles on the single-stranded DNA region of the stalled fork. However, the effect of RPA on the FAN1-mediated DNA incision has not been determined. In this study, we purified human FAN1, as a bacterially expressed recombinant protein. FAN1 exhibited robust endonuclease activity with 5'-flapped DNA, which is formed at the stalled replication fork. We found that FAN1 efficiently promoted DNA incision at the proper site of RPA-coated 5'-flapped DNA. Therefore, FAN1 possesses the ability to promote the ICL repair of 5'-flapped DNA covered by RPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan and
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan and
| | - Emiko Hirayama
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan and
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan and
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17
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Herrmann NJ, Knoll A, Puchta H. The nuclease FAN1 is involved in DNA crosslink repair in Arabidopsis thaliana independently of the nuclease MUS81. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:3653-66. [PMID: 25779053 PMCID: PMC4402529 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a severe genetic disorder. Mutations in one of several genes lead to defects in DNA crosslink (CL) repair in human cells. An essential step in CL repair is the activation of the pathway by the monoubiquitination of the heterodimer FANCD2/FANCI, which recruits the nuclease FAN1 to the CL site. Surprisingly, FAN1 function is not conserved between different eukaryotes. No FAN1 homolog is present in Drosophila and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The FAN1 homolog in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is involved in CL repair; a homolog is present in Xenopus but is not involved in CL repair. Here we show that a FAN1 homolog is present in plants and it is involved in CL repair in Arabidopsis thaliana. Both the virus-type replication-repair nuclease and the ubiquitin-binding ubiquitin-binding zinc finger domains are essential for this function. FAN1 likely acts upstream of two sub-pathways of CL repair. These pathways are defined by the Bloom syndrome homolog RECQ4A and the ATPase RAD5A, which is involved in error-free post-replicative repair. Mutations in both FAN1 and the endonuclease MUS81 resulted in greater sensitivity against CLs than in the respective single mutants. These results indicate that the two nucleases define two independent pathways of CL repair in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Herrmann
- Botanical Institute II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe, 76187, Germany
| | - Alexander Knoll
- Botanical Institute II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe, 76187, Germany
| | - Holger Puchta
- Botanical Institute II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe, 76187, Germany
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