1
|
Wang G, Chen B, Zhang X, Du G, Han G, Liu J, Peng Y. The basic leucine zipper domain (bZIP) transcription factor BbYap1 promotes evasion of host humoral immunity and regulates lipid homeostasis contributing to fungal virulence in Beauveria bassiana. mSphere 2024; 9:e0035124. [PMID: 38926907 PMCID: PMC11288043 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00351-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper domain transcription factors (TFs), of which yeast activator protein (Yap) is a significant class, are crucial for the development of sclerotia, the stress response, vegetative growth, and spore adhesion. Nevertheless, nothing is known about how Yap TFs contribute to the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungus. In this work, Beauveria bassiana was used to identify and knock out the yeast gene BbYap1, which is similar to Yap. The BbYap1 gene deletion has an impact on lipid homeostasis of B. bassiana; oleic acid, for example, dropped by 95.69%. The BbYap1 mutant exhibited much less virulence and vegetative development in comparison to the wild strain, while demonstrating a greater sensitivity to chemical stress. It is noteworthy that the physiological abnormalities brought on by BbYap1 deletion were largely repaired by the addition of exogenous oleic acid, as seen by the notable increase in insect survival in the blood cavity injection group. Following infection with the BbYap1 mutant, the host exhibits a considerable down-regulation of the expression of β-1,3-glucan recognition protein, gallerimycin, gloverin, and moricin-like protein genes. Likewise, the introduction of exogenous oleic acid markedly increased the host's expression of the aforementioned genes. In summary, BbYap1 regulates cellular enzyme lipid homeostasis and fungal virulence by eluding host humoral defense, which contributes to fungal chemical stress and vegetative development. IMPORTANCE Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) offer an effective and eco-friendly alternative to curb insect populations in biocontrol strategy. When EPF enter the hemolymph of their host, they encounter a variety of stress reactions, such as immunological and oxidative stress. Basic leucine zipper domain transcription factors, of which yeast activator protein (Yap) is a significant class, have diverse biological functions related to metabolism, development, reproduction, conidiation, stress responses, and pathogenicity. This study demonstrates that BbYap1 of Beauveria bassiana regulates cellular enzyme lipid homeostasis and fungal virulence by eluding host humoral defense, which contributes to fungal chemical stress and vegetative development. These findings offer fresh perspectives for comprehending molecular roles of YAP in EPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Kunming, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Kunming, China
| | - Guangzu Du
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Kunming, China
| | - Guangyu Han
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuejin Peng
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Todorova T, Boyadzhiev K, Dimitrov M, Parvanova P. Bee venom genotoxicity on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells - The role of mitochondria and YAP1 transcription factor. Toxicology 2024; 503:153768. [PMID: 38442839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The present work aims to clarify the genotype differences of a model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to bee venom. The study evaluated various endpoints including cell survival, induction of physiologically active superoxide anions, mitotic gene conversion, mitotic crossing-over, reverse mutations, DNA double-strand breaks, and Ty1 retrotransposition. The role of the intact mitochondria and the YAP1 transcription factor was also evaluated. Our results indicate a genotype-specific response. The first experimental evidence has been provided that bee venom induces physiologically active superoxide anions and DNA double-strand breaks in S. cerevisiae. The lack of oxidative phosphorylation due to disrupted or missing mitochondrial DNA reduces but not diminishes the cytotoxicity of bee venom. The possible modes of action could be considered direct damage to membranes (cytotoxic effect) and indirect damage to DNA through oxidative stress (genotoxic effect). YAP1 transcription factor was not found to be directly involved in cell defense against bee venom treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Todorova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin str., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Krassimir Boyadzhiev
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin str., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Martin Dimitrov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin str., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Petya Parvanova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin str., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu X, Chen Y, Li B, Tian S. Histone H3K4 Methyltransferase PeSet1 Regulates Colonization, Patulin Biosynthesis, and Stress Responses of Penicillium expansum. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0354522. [PMID: 36633412 PMCID: PMC9927251 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03545-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit blue mold disease and patulin contamination caused by Penicillium expansum lead to huge economic losses and food safety concerns worldwide. Many genes have been proven to be involved in the regulation of pathogenic and toxigenic processes of P. expansum. Histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation is well recognized for its association with chromatin regulation and gene transcription. However, it is not clear whether H3K4 methylation is related to infection and patulin biosynthesis in Penicillium. Here, we characterized PeSet1, which is responsible for H3K4me1/me2/me3 in P. expansum. The deletion of PeSet1 caused severe defects in hyphal growth, conidiation, colonization, patulin biosynthesis, and stress responses. Moreover, we demonstrated that PeSet1 is involved in the regulation of patulin biosynthesis by mediating the expression of patulin cluster genes and crucial global regulatory factors. Likewise, PeSet1 positively regulated key genes in β-1,3-glucan biosynthesis and the reactive oxygen species scavenging process to modulate cell wall integrity and oxidative stress responses, respectively. Collectively, we have proven for the first time the function of Set1 in patulin biosynthesis and the crucial role of Set1 in colonization and stress responses in P. expansum. IMPORTANCE Penicillium expansum is one of the most important plant fungal pathogens, which not only causes blue mold rot in various fruits, leading to huge decay losses, but also produces mycotoxin patulin, posing a threat to human health. Both pathogenesis and patulin biosynthesis in P. expansum are regulated by complex and sophisticated networks. We focused on the epigenetic modification and identified a conserved histone H3K4 methyltransferase PeSet1 in P. expansum. Our work revealed the important role of PeSet1 in growth, development, colonization, patulin production, and stress responses of P. expansum. In particular, we originally described the regulation of Set1 on patulin biosynthetic pathway. These findings will provide new targets for the prevention and control of blue mold disease and patulin contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brown AJP. Fungal resilience and host-pathogen interactions: Future perspectives and opportunities. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12946. [PMID: 35962618 PMCID: PMC10078341 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We are constantly exposed to the threat of fungal infection. The outcome-clearance, commensalism or infection-depends largely on the ability of our innate immune defences to clear infecting fungal cells versus the success of the fungus in mounting compensatory adaptive responses. As each seeks to gain advantage during these skirmishes, the interactions between host and fungal pathogen are complex and dynamic. Nevertheless, simply compromising the physiological robustness of fungal pathogens reduces their ability to evade antifungal immunity, their virulence, and their tolerance against antifungal therapy. In this article I argue that this physiological robustness is based on a 'Resilience Network' which mechanistically links and controls fungal growth, metabolism, stress resistance and drug tolerance. The elasticity of this network probably underlies the phenotypic variability of fungal isolates and the heterogeneity of individual cells within clonal populations. Consequently, I suggest that the definition of the fungal Resilience Network represents an important goal for the future which offers the clear potential to reveal drug targets that compromise drug tolerance and synergise with current antifungal therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J P Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Oya IG, Jiménez-Gutiérrez E, Gaillard H, Molina M, Martín H, Wellinger RE. Manganese Stress Tolerance Depends on Yap1 and Stress-Activated MAP Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415706. [PMID: 36555348 PMCID: PMC9779322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding which intracellular signaling pathways are activated by manganese stress is crucial to decipher how metal overload compromise cellular integrity. Here, we unveil a role for oxidative and cell wall stress signaling in the response to manganese stress in yeast. We find that the oxidative stress transcription factor Yap1 protects cells against manganese toxicity. Conversely, extracellular manganese addition causes a rapid decay in Yap1 protein levels. In addition, manganese stress activates the MAPKs Hog1 and Slt2 (Mpk1) and leads to an up-regulation of the Slt2 downstream transcription factor target Rlm1. Importantly, Yap1 and Slt2 are both required to protect cells from oxidative stress in mutants impaired in manganese detoxification. Under such circumstances, Slt2 activation is enhanced upon Yap1 depletion suggesting an interplay between different stress signaling nodes to optimize cellular stress responses and manganese tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inés G. de Oya
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena Jiménez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hélène Gaillard
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Humberto Martín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ralf Erik Wellinger
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Systematic Characterization of bZIP Transcription Factors Required for Development and Aflatoxin Generation by High-Throughput Gene Knockout in Aspergillus flavus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040356. [PMID: 35448587 PMCID: PMC9031554 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) is an important transcription factor required for fungal development, nutrient utilization, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and defense against various stresses. Aspergillus flavus is a major producer of aflatoxin and an opportunistic fungus on a wide range of hosts. However, little is known about the role of most bZIP genes in A. flavus. In this study, we developed a high-throughput gene knockout method based on an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Gene knockout construction by yeast recombinational cloning and screening of the null mutants by double fluorescence provides an efficient way to construct gene-deleted mutants for this multinucleate fungus. We deleted 15 bZIP genes in A. flavus. Twelve of these genes were identified and characterized in this strain for the first time. The phenotypic analysis of these mutants showed that the 15 bZIP genes play a diverse role in mycelial growth (eight genes), conidiation (13 genes), aflatoxin biosynthesis (10 genes), oxidative stress response (11 genes), cell wall stress (five genes), osmotic stress (three genes), acid and alkali stress (four genes), and virulence to kernels (nine genes). Impressively, all 15 genes were involved in the development of sclerotia, and the respective deletion mutants of five of them did not produce sclerotia. Moreover, MetR was involved in this biological process. In addition, HapX and MetR play important roles in the adaptation to excessive iron and sulfur metabolism, respectively. These studies provide comprehensive insights into the role of bZIP transcription factors in this aflatoxigenic fungus of global significance.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li B, Liu N, Zhao X. Response mechanisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the stress factors present in lignocellulose hydrolysate and strategies for constructing robust strains. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:28. [PMID: 35292082 PMCID: PMC8922928 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels such as bioethanol and high value-added products has attracted great interest in recent decades due to the carbon neutral nature of biomass feedstock. However, there are still many key technical difficulties for the industrial application of biomass bioconversion processes. One of the challenges associated with the microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is usually used for bioethanol production refers to the inhibition of the yeast by various stress factors. These inhibitive effects seriously restrict the growth and fermentation performance of the strains, resulting in reduced bioethanol production efficiency. Therefore, improving the stress response ability of the strains is of great significance for industrial production of bioethanol. In this article, the response mechanisms of S. cerevisiae to various hydrolysate-derived stress factors including organic acids, furan aldehydes, and phenolic compounds have been reviewed. Organic acids mainly stimulate cells to induce intracellular acidification, furan aldehydes mainly break the intracellular redox balance, and phenolic compounds have a greater effect on membrane homeostasis. These damages lead to inadequate intracellular energy supply and dysregulation of transcription and translation processes, and then activate a series of stress responses. The regulation mechanisms of S. cerevisiae in response to these stress factors are discussed with regard to the cell wall/membrane, energy, amino acids, transcriptional and translational, and redox regulation. The reported key target genes and transcription factors that contribute to the improvement of the strain performance are summarized. Furthermore, the genetic engineering strategies of constructing multilevel defense and eliminating stress effects are discussed in order to provide technical strategies for robust strain construction. It is recommended that robust S. cerevisiae can be constructed with the intervention of metabolic regulation based on the specific stress responses. Rational design with multilevel gene control and intensification of key enzymes can provide good strategies for construction of robust strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Institute of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Institute of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xuebing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Institute of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mfarej MG, Skibbens RV. Genetically induced redox stress occurs in a yeast model for Roberts syndrome. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6460337. [PMID: 34897432 PMCID: PMC9210317 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a multispectrum developmental disorder characterized by severe limb, craniofacial, and organ abnormalities and often intellectual disabilities. The genetic basis of RBS is rooted in loss-of-function mutations in the essential N-acetyltransferase ESCO2 which is conserved from yeast (Eco1/Ctf7) to humans. ESCO2/Eco1 regulate many cellular processes that impact chromatin structure, chromosome transmission, gene expression, and repair of the genome. The etiology of RBS remains contentious with current models that include transcriptional dysregulation or mitotic failure. Here, we report evidence that supports an emerging model rooted in defective DNA damage responses. First, the results reveal that redox stress is elevated in both eco1 and cohesion factor Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant cells. Second, we provide evidence that Eco1 and cohesion factors are required for the repair of oxidative DNA damage such that ECO1 and cohesin gene mutations result in reduced cell viability and hyperactivation of DNA damage checkpoints that occur in response to oxidative stress. Moreover, we show that mutation of ECO1 is solely sufficient to induce endogenous redox stress and sensitizes mutant cells to exogenous genotoxic challenges. Remarkably, antioxidant treatment desensitizes eco1 mutant cells to a range of DNA damaging agents, raising the possibility that modulating the cellular redox state may represent an important avenue of treatment for RBS and tumors that bear ESCO2 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Mfarej
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Robert V Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lushchak VI, Lushchak O. Interplay between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in living organisms. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 349:109680. [PMID: 34606757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In living organisms most oxygen consumed is reduced to water via four-electron reduction. However, few percentages of oxygen are reduced by consecutive one electron mechanisms giving rise to superoxide anion radical, (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (HO•) and their derivatives collectively called reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nitric oxide (•NO) is produced at oxidation of arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or at reduction of nitrites by diverse reductases. Interaction of •NO with O2•- results in formation of peroxinitrite (ONOO-), a powerful oxidant. Additionally, H2O2 can interact with •NO resulting in HO• production. Nitric oxide and its derivatives are collectively called reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and together with ROS they form a group of so-called reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS). Nonspecific effects of RONS are related to their interaction with various components of living organisms, whereas specific effects are based mainly on interaction with specific proteins containing [Fe-S]-clusters and thiol groups of cysteine residues. Most early ROS studies were mainly focused on their deleterious effects, whereas now more delicate mechanisms of their involvement in signaling and toxic processes are under inspection. Studies of RNS activities in biological systems started from their vasodilating effects which lead to discovery of activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. Interestingly, at low ROS and RNS concentrations signaling effects prevail, whereas at their high concentrations they affect biological systems inhibiting due to massive oxidation of cellular components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine; I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 1 m. Voli, Ternopil, 46002, Ukraine; Research and Development University, 13a Shota Rustaveli Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76000, Ukraine.
| | - Oleh Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine; Research and Development University, 13a Shota Rustaveli Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76000, Ukraine.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Takagi H. Molecular mechanisms and highly functional development for stress tolerance of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1017-1037. [PMID: 33836532 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In response to environmental stress, microorganisms adapt to drastic changes while exerting cellular functions by controlling gene expression, metabolic pathways, enzyme activities, and protein-protein interactions. Microbial cells that undergo a fermentation process are subjected to stresses, such as high temperature, freezing, drying, changes in pH and osmotic pressure, and organic solvents. Combinations of these stresses that continue over long terms often inhibit cells' growth and lead to their death, markedly limiting the useful functions of microorganisms (eg their fermentation ability). Thus, high stress tolerance of cells is required to improve productivity and add value to fermented/brewed foods and biofuels. This review focuses on stress tolerance mechanisms, including l-proline/l-arginine metabolism, ubiquitin system, and transcription factors, and the functional development of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been used not only in basic science as a model of higher eukaryotes but also in fermentation processes for making alcoholic beverages, food products, and bioethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pang Y, Zhang H, Ai HW. Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Redox Indicators for Unveiling Redox Signaling and Oxidative Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1826-1845. [PMID: 34284580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active molecules play essential roles in cell homeostasis, signaling, and other biological processes. Dysregulation of redox signaling can lead to toxic effects and subsequently cause diseases. Therefore, real-time tracking of specific redox-signaling molecules in live cells would be critical for deciphering their functional roles in pathophysiology. Fluorescent protein (FP)-based genetically encoded redox indicators (GERIs) have emerged as valuable tools for monitoring the redox states of various redox-active molecules from subcellular compartments to live organisms. In the first section of this review, we overview the background, focusing on the sensing mechanisms of various GERIs. Next, we review a list of selected GERIs according to their analytical targets and discuss their key biophysical and biochemical properties. In the third section, we provide several examples which applied GERIs to understanding redox signaling and oxidative toxicology in pathophysiological processes. Lastly, a summary and outlook section is included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Hui-Wang Ai
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States.,The UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
John E, Singh KB, Oliver RP, Tan K. Transcription factor control of virulence in phytopathogenic fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:858-881. [PMID: 33973705 PMCID: PMC8232033 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi are a significant threat to economic and food security worldwide. Novel protection strategies are required and therefore it is critical we understand the mechanisms by which these pathogens cause disease. Virulence factors and pathogenicity genes have been identified, but in many cases their roles remain elusive. It is becoming increasingly clear that gene regulation is vital to enable plant infection and transcription factors play an essential role. Efforts to determine their regulatory functions in plant-pathogenic fungi have expanded since the annotation of fungal genomes revealed the ubiquity of transcription factors from a broad range of families. This review establishes the significance of transcription factors as regulatory elements in plant-pathogenic fungi and provides a systematic overview of those that have been functionally characterized. Detailed analysis is provided on regulators from well-characterized families controlling various aspects of fungal metabolism, development, stress tolerance, and the production of virulence factors such as effectors and secondary metabolites. This covers conserved transcription factors with either specialized or nonspecialized roles, as well as recently identified regulators targeting key virulence pathways. Fundamental knowledge of transcription factor regulation in plant-pathogenic fungi provides avenues to identify novel virulence factors and improve our understanding of the regulatory networks linked to pathogen evolution, while transcription factors can themselves be specifically targeted for disease control. Areas requiring further insight regarding the molecular mechanisms and/or specific classes of transcription factors are identified, and direction for future investigation is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Karam B. Singh
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationFloreatWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Richard P. Oliver
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kar‐Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chanet R, Baïlle D, Golinelli-Cohen MP, Riquier S, Guittet O, Lepoivre M, Huang ME, Vernis L. Fe-S coordination defects in the replicative DNA polymerase delta cause deleterious DNA replication in vivo and subsequent DNA damage in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6261760. [PMID: 34009341 PMCID: PMC8495945 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
B-type eukaryotic polymerases contain a [4Fe-4S] cluster in their C-terminus domain, whose role is not fully understood yet. Among them, DNA polymerase delta (Polδ) plays an essential role in chromosomal DNA replication, mostly during lagging strand synthesis. Previous in vitro work suggested that the Fe-S cluster in Polδ is required for efficient binding of the Pol31 subunit, ensuring stability of the Polδ complex. Here we analyzed the in vivo consequences resulting from an impaired coordination of the Fe-S cluster in Polδ. We show that a single substitution of the very last cysteine coordinating the cluster by a serine is responsible for the generation of massive DNA damage during S phase, leading to checkpoint activation, requirement of homologous recombination for repair, and ultimately to cell death when the repair capacities of the cells are overwhelmed. These data indicate that impaired Fe-S cluster coordination in Polδ is responsible for aberrant replication. More generally, Fe-S in Polδ may be compromised by various stress including anti-cancer drugs. Possible in vivo Polδ Fe-S cluster oxidation and collapse may thus occur, and we speculate this could contribute to induced genomic instability and cell death, comparable to that observed in pol3-13 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Chanet
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Dorothée Baïlle
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Golinelli-Cohen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvie Riquier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Guittet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Lepoivre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Meng-Er Huang
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurence Vernis
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mfarej MG, Skibbens RV. DNA damage induces Yap5-dependent transcription of ECO1/CTF7 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242968. [PMID: 33373396 PMCID: PMC7771704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast Eco1 (ESCO2 in humans) acetyltransferase converts chromatin-bound cohesins to a DNA tethering state, thereby establishing sister chromatid cohesion. Eco1 establishes cohesion during DNA replication, after which Eco1 is targeted for degradation by SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase. SCF E3 ligase, and sequential phosphorylations that promote Eco1 ubiquitination and degradation, remain active throughout the M phase. In this way, Eco1 protein levels are high during S phase, but remain low throughout the remaining cell cycle. In response to DNA damage during M phase, however, Eco1 activity increases-providing for a new wave of cohesion establishment (termed Damage-Induced Cohesion, or DIC) which is critical for efficient DNA repair. To date, little evidence exists as to the mechanism through which Eco1 activity increases during M phase in response to DNA damage. Possibilities include that either the kinases or E3 ligase, that target Eco1 for degradation, are inhibited in response to DNA damage. Our results reveal instead that the degradation machinery remains fully active during M phase, despite the presence of DNA damage. In testing alternate models through which Eco1 activity increases in response to DNA damage, the results reveal that DNA damage induces new transcription of ECO1 and at a rate that exceeds the rate of Eco1 turnover, providing for rapid accumulation of Eco1 protein. We further show that DNA damage induction of ECO1 transcription is in part regulated by Yap5-a stress-induced transcription factor. Given the role for mutated ESCO2 (homolog of ECO1) in human birth defects, this study highlights the complex nature through which mutation of ESCO2, and defects in ESCO2 regulation, may promote developmental abnormalities and contribute to various diseases including cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Mfarej
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert V. Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Differential responses of genes and enzymes associated with ROS protective responses in the sugarcane smut fungus. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:1039-1051. [PMID: 33213784 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Sporisorium scitamineum causes sugarcane smut disease. We have previously shown that resistant sugarcane plants induce ROS, coinciding with a delay in fungal colonization. Here, we investigated whether the fungus modifies the enzymatic antioxidant system in vitro and when colonizing sugarcane tissues in response to ROS. In vitro, the exposure to ROS did not affect cell integrity, and a combination of superoxide dismutases (SOD) and catalases (CAT) were active. In vitro, the fungus did not alter the expression of the transcriptional regulator Yap1 and the effector Pep1. The fungus activated distinct enzymes when colonizing plant tissues. Instead of CAT, S. scitamineum induced glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) expression only when colonizing smut-resistant plants. Yap1 had an earlier expression in both smut-susceptible and -resistant plants, with no apparent correlation with the expression of antioxidant genes sod, cat, gpx, or external redox imbalance. The expression of the effector pep1 was induced only in smut-resistant plants, potentially in response to ROS. These results collectively suggest that S. scitamineum copes with oxidative stress by inducing different mechanisms depending on the conditions (in vitro/in planta) and intensity of ROS. Moreover, the effector Pep1 is responsive to the stress imposed only by the sugarcane resistant genotype.
Collapse
|
16
|
Stultz LK, Hunsucker A, Middleton S, Grovenstein E, O'Leary J, Blatt E, Miller M, Mobley J, Hanson PK. Proteomic analysis of the S. cerevisiae response to the anticancer ruthenium complex KP1019. Metallomics 2020; 12:876-890. [PMID: 32329475 PMCID: PMC7362344 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00008f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Like platinum-based chemotherapeutics, the anticancer ruthenium complex indazolium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(iii)], or KP1019, damages DNA, induces apoptosis, and causes tumor regression in animal models. Unlike platinum-based drugs, KP1019 showed no dose-limiting toxicity in a phase I clinical trial. Despite these advances, the mechanism(s) and target(s) of KP1019 remain unclear. For example, the drug may damage DNA directly or by causing oxidative stress. Likewise, KP1019 binds cytosolic proteins, suggesting DNA is not the sole target. Here we use the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model in a proteomic study of the cellular response to KP1019. Mapping protein level changes onto metabolic pathways revealed patterns consistent with elevated synthesis and/or cycling of the antioxidant glutathione, suggesting KP1019 induces oxidative stress. This result was supported by increased fluorescence of the redox-sensitive dye DCFH-DA and increased KP1019 sensitivity of yeast lacking Yap1, a master regulator of the oxidative stress response. In addition to oxidative and DNA stress, bioinformatic analysis revealed drug-dependent increases in proteins involved ribosome biogenesis, translation, and protein (re)folding. Consistent with proteotoxic effects, KP1019 increased expression of a heat-shock element (HSE) lacZ reporter. KP1019 pre-treatment also sensitized yeast to oxaliplatin, paralleling prior research showing that cancer cell lines with elevated levels of translation machinery are hypersensitive to oxaliplatin. Combined, these data suggest that one of KP1019's many targets may be protein metabolism, which opens up intriguing possibilities for combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Stultz
- Department of Chemistry, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL 35254, USA
| | - Alexandra Hunsucker
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL 35254, USA
| | - Sydney Middleton
- Department of Chemistry, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL 35254, USA
| | - Evan Grovenstein
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL 35254, USA
| | - Jacob O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL 35254, USA
| | - Eliot Blatt
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Mary Miller
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - James Mobley
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Pamela K Hanson
- Department of Biology, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mat Nanyan NSB, Takagi H. Proline Homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: How Does the Stress-Responsive Transcription Factor Msn2 Play a Role? Front Genet 2020; 11:438. [PMID: 32411186 PMCID: PMC7198862 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of MSN2, which is the transcription factor gene in response to stress, is well-known to increase the tolerance of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to a wide variety of environmental stresses. Recent studies have found that the Msn2 is a feasible potential mediator of proline homeostasis in yeast. This result is based on the finding that overexpression of the MSN2 gene exacerbates the cytotoxicity of yeast to various amino acid analogs whose uptake is increased by the active amino acid permeases localized on the plasma membrane as a result of a dysfunctional deubiquitination process. Increased understanding of the cellular responses induced by the Msn2-mediated proline incorporation will provide better comprehension of how cells respond to and counteract to different kinds of stimuli and will also contribute to the breeding of industrial yeast strains with increased productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The bZIP Transcription Factor AflRsmA Regulates Aflatoxin B 1 Biosynthesis, Oxidative Stress Response and Sclerotium Formation in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040271. [PMID: 32340099 PMCID: PMC7232220 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites play important roles not only in fungal ecology but also in humans living as beneficial medicine or harmful toxins. In filamentous fungi, bZIP-type transcription factors (TFs) are associated with the proteins involved in oxidative stress response and secondary metabolism. In this study, a connection between a bZIP TF and oxidative stress induction of secondary metabolism is uncovered in an opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus flavus, which produces carcinogenic and mutagenic aflatoxins. The bZIP transcription factor AflRsmA was identified by a homology research of A. flavus genome with the bZIP protein RsmA, involved in secondary metabolites production in Aspergillusnidulans. The AflrsmA deletion strain (ΔAflrsmA) displayed less sensitivity to the oxidative reagents tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH) in comparison with wild type (WT) and AflrsmA overexpression strain (AflrsmAOE), while AflrsmAOE strain increased sensitivity to the oxidative reagents menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB) compared to WT and ΔAflrsmA strains. Without oxidative treatment, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production of ΔAflrsmA strains was consistent with that of WT, but AflrsmAOE strain produced more AFB1 than WT; tBOOH and MSB treatment decreased AFB1 production of ΔAflrsmA compared to WT. Besides, relative to WT, ΔAflrsmA strain decreased sclerotia, while AflrsmAOE strain increased sclerotia. The decrease of AFB1 by ΔAflrsmA but increase of AFB1 by AflrsmAOE was on corn. Our results suggest that AFB1 biosynthesis is regulated by AflRsmA by oxidative stress pathways and provide insights into a possible function of AflRsmA in mediating AFB1 biosynthesis response host defense in pathogen A. flavus.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang C, Cao X, Wang K, Dai X, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Huang X, Ren Q. Positive and negative regulatory effects of transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP1) on the expression of antimicrobial peptides in Macrobrachium nipponense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:130-137. [PMID: 31904541 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP1) plays an irreplaceable role in the response to a variety of external stimulants, such as cellar stress, bacterial and viral infections, and inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we identified a novel AP1 gene from Macrobrachium nipponense and named it MnAP1, which has a full length of 1747 bp contains an 882 bp open reading frame, and encodes a protein with 293 amino acids. The MnAP1 protein contains Pfam and bZIP domains. MnAP1 is widely distributed in hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gill, stomach, and intestinal tissues. The expression levels of MnAP1 in the gills and stomach were significantly upregulated after Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus attacks. We studied the relationship between MnAP1 and the transcripts of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in gills through RNA interference. Interestingly, the regulatory effects of MnAP1 on the expression of different AMPs were different. We found that the expression levels of crustins, including Cru1, Cru3, and Cru4 in the gills were evidently decreased, whereas the synthesis of Cru5 and anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALF3 and ALF4) were obviously increased. We further explored the effect of MnAP1 on the expression of transcription factor relish from M. nipponense. The result showed that the knockdown of MnAP1 can remarkably upregulate the expression of MnRelish. Relish as a member of the nuclear factor κB family that regulates the expression of AMPs in the innate immunity of crustacean. Hence, we also detected the expression levels of Cru5, ALF3, and ALF4 in the gills of MnRelish-silenced prawns. The Data showed that the expression levels of these three AMPs were evidently reduced after MnRelish silencing. Our results indicated that MnAP1 plays a positive role in regulating the expression of AMPs, promotes the JNK/AP1 signaling pathway, and exerts a negative regulatory effect on the synthesis of AMPs by inhibiting the transcription of NF-κB factor in the innate immunity of M. nipponense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Cao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Dai
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruidong Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoxing Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222005, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guan X, Zhao Y, Liu X, Shang B, Xing F, Zhou L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Bhatnagar D, Liu Y. The bZIP transcription factor Afap1 mediates the oxidative stress response and aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. Rev Argent Microbiol 2019; 51:292-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
21
|
Rodrigues-Pousada C, Devaux F, Caetano SM, Pimentel C, da Silva S, Cordeiro AC, Amaral C. Yeast AP-1 like transcription factors (Yap) and stress response: a current overview. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:267-285. [PMID: 31172012 PMCID: PMC6545440 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.06.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Yeast adaptation to stress has been extensively studied. It involves large reprogramming of genome expression operated by many, more or less specific, transcription factors. Here, we review our current knowledge on the function of the eight Yap transcription factors (Yap1 to Yap8) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which were shown to be involved in various stress responses. More precisely, Yap1 is activated under oxidative stress, Yap2/Cad1 under cadmium, Yap4/Cin5 and Yap6 under osmotic shock, Yap5 under iron overload and Yap8/Arr1 by arsenic compounds. Yap3 and Yap7 seem to be involved in hydroquinone and nitrosative stresses, respectively. The data presented in this article illustrate how much knowledge on the function of these Yap transcription factors is advanced. The evolution of the Yap family and its roles in various pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungal species is discussed in the last section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudina Rodrigues-Pousada
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Frédéric Devaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Soraia M Caetano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sofia da Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Carolina Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Román E, Correia I, Prieto D, Alonso R, Pla J. The HOG MAPK pathway in Candida albicans: more than an osmosensing pathway. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:23-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
23
|
Balzi E, Moye-Rowley WS. Unveiling the transcriptional control of pleiotropic drug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Contributions of André Goffeau and his group. Yeast 2018; 36:195-200. [PMID: 30194700 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have provided much of the basic detail underlying the organization and regulation of multiple or pleiotropic drug resistance gene network in eukaryotic microbes. As with many aspects of yeast biology, the initial observations that drove the eventual molecular characterization of multidrug resistance gene were provided by genetics. This review focuses on contributions from the laboratory of Dr. André Goffeau that uncovered key aspects of the transcriptional regulation of these multidrug resistance genes. André's group made many seminal discoveries that helped lead to the current picture we have of how eukaryotic microbes respond to and deal with a variety of antifungal agents. The importance of the transcriptional contribution to antifungal drugs is illustrated by the large number of drug resistant mutants found in several yeast species that lead to increased activity of transcriptional regulators. The characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDR1 gene by the Goffeau group provided the first molecular basis explaining the link between this hyperactive transcription factor and drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Balzi
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - W Scott Moye-Rowley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Interactome analysis of transcriptional coactivator multiprotein bridging factor 1 unveils a yeast AP-1-like transcription factor involved in oxidation tolerance of mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana. Curr Genet 2017; 64:275-284. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
25
|
Kim YH, Han ME, Oh SO. The molecular mechanism for nuclear transport and its application. Anat Cell Biol 2017; 50:77-85. [PMID: 28713609 PMCID: PMC5509903 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2017.50.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transportation between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm is critical for many physiological and pathophysiological processes including gene expression, signal transduction, and oncogenesis. So, the molecular mechanism for the transportation needs to be studied not only to understand cell physiological processes but also to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Recent progress in the research of the nuclear transportation (import and export) via nuclear pore complex and four important factors affecting nuclear transport (nucleoporins, Ran, karyopherins, and nuclear localization signals/nuclear export signals) will be discussed. Moreover, the clinical significance of nuclear transport and its application will be reviewed. This review will provide some critical insight for the molecular design of therapeutics which need to be targeted inside the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hak Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea.,BEER, Busan Society of Evidence-Based mEdicine and Research, Busan, Korea.,Gene and Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Myoung-Eun Han
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea.,Gene and Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sae-Ock Oh
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea.,Gene and Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mendoza-Martínez AE, Lara-Rojas F, Sánchez O, Aguirre J. NapA Mediates a Redox Regulation of the Antioxidant Response, Carbon Utilization and Development in Aspergillus nidulans. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:516. [PMID: 28424666 PMCID: PMC5371717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The redox-regulated transcription factors (TFs) of the bZIP AP1 family, such as yeast Yap1 and fission yeast Pap1, are activated by peroxiredoxin proteins (Prxs) to regulate the antioxidant response. Previously, Aspergillus nidulans mutants lacking the Yap1 ortholog NapA have been characterized as sensitive to H2O2 and menadione. Here we study NapA roles in relation to TFs SrrA and AtfA, also involved in oxidant detoxification, showing that these TFs play different roles in oxidative stress resistance, catalase gene regulation and development, during A. nidulans life cycle. We also uncover novel NapA roles in repression of sexual development, normal conidiation, conidial mRNA accumulation, and carbon utilization. The phenotypic characterization of ΔgpxA, ΔtpxA, and ΔtpxB single, double and triple peroxiredoxin mutants in wild type or ΔnapA backgrounds shows that none of these Prxs is required for NapA function in H2O2 and menadione resistance. However, these Prxs participate in a minor NapA-independent H2O2 resistance pathway and NapA and TpxA appear to regulate conidiation along the same route. Using transcriptomic analysis we show that during conidial development NapA-dependent gene expression pattern is different from canonical oxidative stress patterns. In the course of conidiation, NapA is required for regulation of at least 214 genes, including ethanol utilization genes alcR, alcA and aldA, and large sets of genes encoding proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, drug detoxification, carbohydrate utilization and secondary metabolism, comprising multiple oxidoreductases, membrane transporters and hydrolases. In agreement with this, ΔnapA mutants fail to grow or grow very poorly in ethanol, arabinose or fructose as sole carbon sources. Moreover, we show that NapA nuclear localization is induced not only by oxidative stress but also by growth in ethanol and by carbon starvation. Together with our previous work, these results show that SakA-AtfA, SrrA and NapA oxidative stress-sensing pathways regulate essential aspects of spore physiology (i.e., cell cycle arrest, dormancy, drug production and detoxification, and carbohydrate utilization).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariann E Mendoza-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán, Mexico
| | - Fernando Lara-Rojas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán, Mexico
| | - Olivia Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gomaa OM, Husseiny SM, Abd El Kareem H, Talaat R. Penicillium purpurogenum cultures under ethanol-induced stress and its correlation with fungal adhesion and biodegrading ability. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:2580-2589. [PMID: 26936484 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1155653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are known to be affected by external environmental stimuli, resulting in different stress response effects, which in turn could be used to enhance its biodegrading ability. In a previous study, ethanol was used to manipulate cell-cell and cell-surface interaction to prevent cell loss and maximize the usage of Penicillium purpurogenum cells in the media, a correlation was drawn between ethanol oxidative stress, surface-bound proteins and fungal adhesion. The present study focuses on a more detailed study of the effect of ethanol on the same fungus. The results show that the presence of Yap1p gene and the detection of an oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) suggest that a stress response might be involved in the adhesion process. The process of adhesion could be described as a signaling process and it is affected by the germ tube formation as an initial step in adhesion. Protein profile showed polymorphism in surface-bound proteins for cultures amended with ethanol when compared to control cultures. Ethanol also affected the DNA polymorphic profile of DNA, rendering the fungus genetically variable. P. purpurogenum produced phenol oxidase enzyme and could be used to degrade total phenols in olive mill waste water without the formation of biofilm on the surface of the containers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Gomaa
- a Microbiology Department , National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Sherif M Husseiny
- b Botany Department , Girl's College, Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hussein Abd El Kareem
- a Microbiology Department , National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Riham Talaat
- a Microbiology Department , National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) , Cairo , Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a popular model eukaryotic organism to study diverse aspects of mammalian biology, including responses to cellular stress triggered by redox imbalances within its compartments. The review considers the current knowledge on the signaling pathways that govern the transcriptional response of fission yeast cells to elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms that yeast cells employ to promote cell survival in conditions of intermediate and acute oxidative stress. The role of the Sty1/Spc1/Phh1 mitogen-activated protein kinase in regulating gene expression at multiple levels is discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manos A Papadakis
- a Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Christopher T Workman
- a Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kullik I, Storz G. Transcriptional regulators of the oxidative stress response in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Redox Rep 2016; 1:23-9. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1994.11746951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
30
|
Grant CM, Dawes IW. Synthesis and role of glutathione in protection against oxidative stress in yeast. Redox Rep 2016; 2:223-9. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1996.11747054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
31
|
Huang ME, Facca C, Fatmi Z, Baïlle D, Bénakli S, Vernis L. DNA replication inhibitor hydroxyurea alters Fe-S centers by producing reactive oxygen species in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29361. [PMID: 27405729 PMCID: PMC4942693 DOI: 10.1038/srep29361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is tightly controlled in cells as it is critical for most cellular functions. Iron-Sulfur centers (Fe-S) are metallic cofactors with electronic properties that are associated with proteins and allow fine redox tuning. Following the observation that altered Fe-S biosynthesis is correlated with a high sensitivity to hydroxyurea (HU), a potent DNA replication blocking agent, we identified that oxidative stress response pathway under the control of the main regulator Yap1 attenuates HU deleterious effects, as it significantly increases resistance to HU, Fe-S biosynthesis and DNA replication kinetics in the presence of HU. Yap1 effect is mediated at least in part through up-regulation of two highly conserved genes controlling cytosolic Fe-S biosynthesis and oxidative stress, Dre2 and Tah18. We next observed that HU produces deleterious effects on cytosolic Fe-S clusters in proteins in vivo but not in vitro, suggesting that HU’s impact on Fe-S in vivo is mediated by cellular metabolism. Finally, we evidenced that HU exposure was accompanied by production of reactive oxygen species intracellularly. Altogether, this study provides mechanistic insight on the initial observation that mutants with altered Fe-S biosynthesis are highly sensitive to HU and uncovers a novel mechanism of action of this widely used DNA replication inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Er Huang
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, CNRS UMR2027, 91405 Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Céline Facca
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR2027, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Zakaria Fatmi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Dorothée Baïlle
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, CNRS UMR2027, 91405 Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | | | - Laurence Vernis
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, CNRS UMR2027, 91405 Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Carvalho DO, Oliveira R, Johansson B, Guido LF. Dose-Dependent Protective and Inductive Effects
of Xanthohumol on Oxidative DNA Damage in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Technol Biotechnol 2016; 54:60-69. [PMID: 27904394 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.54.01.16.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of xanthohumol, a prenylflavonoid isolated from the hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.), on Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA oxidative damage and viability was evaluated. Yeast cultures under oxidative stress, induced by H2O2, displayed stronger growth in the presence of 5 mg/L of xanthohumol than cultures with only H2O2. Likewise, DNA damage assessed by the comet assay was significantly lower in cells co-incubated with xanthohumol and H2O2. Accordingly, fluorescence of dichlorofluorescein in cells treated with H2O2 and xanthohumol was considerably lower than in cells exclusively treated with H2O2, indicative of a reactive oxygen species scavenging mechanism and consequent formation of oxidation products, as detected by mass spectrometry. However, at concentrations above 5 mg/L, xanthohumol elicited an opposite effect, leading to a slower growth rate and significant increase in DNA damage. A yeast yap1 deletion mutant strain sensitive to oxidative stress grew more slowly in the presence of at least 5 mg/L of xanthohumol than cultures of the wild type, suggesting that xanthohumol toxicity is mediated by oxidative stress. This evidence provides further insight into the impact of xanthohumol on yeast cells, supporting dose-dependent antioxidant/antigenotoxic and prooxidant/genotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Carvalho
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, PT-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Oliveira
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB),
Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, PT-4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Björn Johansson
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology,
University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, PT-4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís F Guido
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, PT-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bauer NC, Doetsch PW, Corbett AH. Mechanisms Regulating Protein Localization. Traffic 2015; 16:1039-61. [PMID: 26172624 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular functions are dictated by protein content and activity. There are numerous strategies to regulate proteins varying from modulating gene expression to post-translational modifications. One commonly used mode of regulation in eukaryotes is targeted localization. By specifically redirecting the localization of a pool of existing protein, cells can achieve rapid changes in local protein function. Eukaryotic cells have evolved elegant targeting pathways to direct proteins to the appropriate cellular location or locations. Here, we provide a general overview of these localization pathways, with a focus on nuclear and mitochondrial transport, and present a survey of the evolutionarily conserved regulatory strategies identified thus far. We end with a description of several specific examples of proteins that exploit localization as an important mode of regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paul W Doetsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li C, Li H, Wang S, Song X, Zhang Z, Qian Z, Zuo H, Xu X, Weng S, He J. The c-Fos and c-Jun from Litopenaeus vannamei play opposite roles in Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:26-36. [PMID: 25912357 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that activator protein-1 (AP-1) plays a major role in stimulating the transcription of immune effector molecules in cellular response to an incredible array of stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, cellular stresses and bacterial and viral infection. Here, we reported the isolation and characterization of a cDNA from Litopenaeus vannamei encoding the full-length c-Fos protein (named as Lvc-Fos). The predicted amino acid sequences of Lvc-Fos contained a basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) domain, which was characteristic of members of the AP-1 family. Immunoprecipitation and native-PAGE assays determined that Lvc-Fos could interact with the Lvc-Jun, a homolog of c-Jun family in L. vannamei, in a heterodimer manner. Further investigation demonstrated that Lvc-Fos and Lvc-Jun were expressed in all tested tissues and located in the nucleus. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed both Lvc-Fos and Lvc-Jun in gills were up-regulated during Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenges. In addition, reporter gene assays indicated Lvc-Fos and Lvc-Jun could activate the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of Drosophila and shrimp, as well as WSSV immediate early (IE) genes wsv069 and wsv249, in a different manner. Knockdown of Lvc-Fos or Lvc-Jun by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in higher mortalities of L. vannamei after infection with V. parahaemolyticus, suggesting that Lvc-Fos and Lvc-Jun might play protective roles in bacterial infection. However, silencing of Lvc-Fos or Lvc-Jun in shrimp caused lower mortalities and virus loads under WSSV infection, suggesting that Lvc-Fos and Lvc-Jun could be engaged for WSSV replication and pathogenesis. In conclusion, our results provided experimental evidence and novel insight into the roles of L. vannamei AP-1 in bacterial and viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Haoyang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijian Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Zuo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang X, Wu F, Liu L, Liu X, Che Y, Keller NP, Guo L, Yin WB. The bZIP transcription factor PfZipA regulates secondary metabolism and oxidative stress response in the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis fici. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 81:221-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
36
|
Phytochelatin synthase is required for tolerating metal toxicity in a basidiomycete yeast and is a conserved factor involved in metal homeostasis in fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2015; 2. [PMID: 25926993 PMCID: PMC4410428 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-015-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of phytochelatin from glutathione. Phytochelatins protect cells against the toxic effects of non-essential heavy metals, such as cadmium, and hence growth is restricted in the presence of these metals in mutants in PCS-encoding genes. PCS genes from fungi have been characterized in only two species in the Ascomycota, and these genes are considered sparsely distributed in the fungal kingdom. Results A gene encoding a putative PCS was identified in Sporobolomyces sp. strain IAM 13481, a fungus that is a member of the Pucciniomycotina subphylum of the Basidiomycota. The function of this PCS1 gene was assessed by heterologous expression in the Ascomycota yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and by mutating the gene in Sporobolomyces. The gene is required for tolerance to toxic concentrations of non-essential cadmium as well as the essential metal copper. Pcs1 homologs in fungi and other eukaryotes have putative targeting sequences for mitochondrial localization: the S. pombe homolog was fused to green fluorescent protein and it co-localized with a mitochondrial dye. Evaluation of the presence or absence of PCS and PCS-like homologs in the genome sequences of fungi indicates that they have a wide distribution, and the absence in most Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (the Dikarya) species can be explained by a small number of gene losses. Conclusions The ecology of the species within the fungi carrying putative PCS genes, the phenotypes of phytochelatin synthase mutants in two major fungal lineages, and the presence of homologs in many non-Dikarya lineages parallel what is seen in the plant and animal kingdoms. That is, PCS is a protein present early during the evolution of the fungi and whose role is not solely dedicated to combating toxic concentrations of non-essential metals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40694-015-0013-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
37
|
Huang W, Shang Y, Chen P, Cen K, Wang C. Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain transcription factor MBZ1 regulates cell wall integrity, spore adherence, and virulence in Metarhizium robertsii. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8218-31. [PMID: 25673695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.630939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) containing the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain are widely distributed in eukaryotes and display an array of distinct functions. In this study, a bZIP-type TF gene (MBZ1) was deleted and functionally characterized in the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii. The deletion mutant (ΔMBZ1) showed defects in cell wall integrity, adhesion to hydrophobic surfaces, and topical infection of insects. Relative to the WT, ΔMBZ1 was also impaired in growth and conidiogenesis. Examination of putative target gene expression indicated that the genes involved in chitin biosynthesis were differentially transcribed in ΔMBZ1 compared with the WT, which led to the accumulation of a higher level of chitin in mutant cell walls. MBZ1 exhibited negative regulation of subtilisin proteases, but positive control of an adhesin gene, which is consistent with the observation of effects on cell autolysis and a reduction in spore adherence to hydrophobic surfaces in ΔMBZ1. Promoter binding assays indicated that MBZ1 can bind to different target genes and suggested the possibility of heterodimer formation to increase the diversity of the MBZ1 regulatory network. The results of this study advance our understanding of the divergence of bZIP-type TFs at both intra- and interspecific levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanfang Shang
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peilin Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kai Cen
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hara KY, Araki M, Okai N, Wakai S, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Development of bio-based fine chemical production through synthetic bioengineering. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:173. [PMID: 25494636 PMCID: PMC4302092 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine chemicals that are physiologically active, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, flavoring agents as well as additives for foods, feed, and fertilizer are produced by enzymatically or through microbial fermentation. The identification of enzymes that catalyze the target reaction makes possible the enzymatic synthesis of the desired fine chemical. The genes encoding these enzymes are then introduced into suitable microbial hosts that are cultured with inexpensive, naturally abundant carbon sources, and other nutrients. Metabolic engineering create efficient microbial cell factories for producing chemicals at higher yields. Molecular genetic techniques are then used to optimize metabolic pathways of genetically and metabolically well-characterized hosts. Synthetic bioengineering represents a novel approach to employ a combination of computer simulation and metabolic analysis to design artificial metabolic pathways suitable for mass production of target chemicals in host strains. In the present review, we summarize recent studies on bio-based fine chemical production and assess the potential of synthetic bioengineering for further improving their productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Araki
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Naoko Okai
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Wakai
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Diezmann S. Oxidative stress response and adaptation to H2O2 in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its human pathogenic relatives Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
40
|
Macedo D, Tavares L, McDougall GJ, Vicente Miranda H, Stewart D, Ferreira RB, Tenreiro S, Outeiro TF, Santos CN. (Poly)phenols protect from α-synuclein toxicity by reducing oxidative stress and promoting autophagy. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1717-32. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
|
41
|
Cryptococcus neoformans Yap1 is required for normal fluconazole and oxidative stress resistance. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 74:1-9. [PMID: 25445311 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogen that is the most common cause of fungal meningitis. As with most fungal pathogens, the most prevalent clinical antifungal used to treat Cryptococcosis is orally administered fluconazole. Resistance to this antifungal is an increasing concern in treatment of fungal disease in general. Our knowledge of the specific determinants involved in fluconazole resistance in Cryptococcus is limited. Here we report the identification of an important genetic determinant of fluconazole resistance in C. neoformans that encodes a basic region-leucine zipper transcription factor homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yap1. Expression of a codon-optimized form of the Cn YAP1 cDNA in S. cerevisiae complemented defects caused by loss of the endogenous S. cerevisiae YAP1 gene and activated transcription from a reporter gene construct. Mutant strains of C. neoformans lacking YAP1 were hypersensitive to a range of oxidative stress agents but importantly also to fluconazole. Loss of Yap1 homologues from other fungal pathogens like Candida albicans or Aspergillus fumigatus was previously found to cause oxidant hypersensitivity but had no detectable effect on fluconazole resistance. Our data provide evidence for a unique biological role of Yap1 in wild-type fluconazole resistance in C. neoformans.
Collapse
|
42
|
Nussbaum I, Weindling E, Jubran R, Cohen A, Bar-Nun S. Deteriorated stress response in stationary-phase yeast: Sir2 and Yap1 are essential for Hsf1 activation by heat shock and oxidative stress, respectively. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111505. [PMID: 25356557 PMCID: PMC4214751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stationary-phase cultures have been used as an important model of aging, a complex process involving multiple pathways and signaling networks. However, the molecular processes underlying stress response of non-dividing cells are poorly understood, although deteriorated stress response is one of the hallmarks of aging. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a valuable model organism to study the genetics of aging, because yeast ages within days and are amenable to genetic manipulations. As a unicellular organism, yeast has evolved robust systems to respond to environmental challenges. This response is orchestrated largely by the conserved transcription factor Hsf1, which in S. cerevisiae regulates expression of multiple genes in response to diverse stresses. Here we demonstrate that Hsf1 response to heat shock and oxidative stress deteriorates during yeast transition from exponential growth to stationary-phase, whereas Hsf1 activation by glucose starvation is maintained. Overexpressing Hsf1 does not significantly improve heat shock response, indicating that Hsf1 dwindling is not the major cause for Hsf1 attenuated response in stationary-phase yeast. Rather, factors that participate in Hsf1 activation appear to be compromised. We uncover two factors, Yap1 and Sir2, which discretely function in Hsf1 activation by oxidative stress and heat shock. In Δyap1 mutant, Hsf1 does not respond to oxidative stress, while in Δsir2 mutant, Hsf1 does not respond to heat shock. Moreover, excess Sir2 mimics the heat shock response. This role of the NAD+-dependent Sir2 is supported by our finding that supplementing NAD+ precursors improves Hsf1 heat shock response in stationary-phase yeast, especially when combined with expression of excess Sir2. Finally, the combination of excess Hsf1, excess Sir2 and NAD+ precursors rejuvenates the heat shock response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Nussbaum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Esther Weindling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ritta Jubran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aviv Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shoshana Bar-Nun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
García-Santamarina S, Boronat S, Hidalgo E. Reversible Cysteine Oxidation in Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing and Signal Transduction. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2560-80. [DOI: 10.1021/bi401700f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarela García-Santamarina
- Oxidative
Stress and Cell
Cycle Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la
Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative
Stress and Cell
Cycle Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la
Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative
Stress and Cell
Cycle Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la
Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Marinho HS, Real C, Cyrne L, Soares H, Antunes F. Hydrogen peroxide sensing, signaling and regulation of transcription factors. Redox Biol 2014; 2:535-62. [PMID: 24634836 PMCID: PMC3953959 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms by which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) modulates the activity of transcription factors in bacteria (OxyR and PerR), lower eukaryotes (Yap1, Maf1, Hsf1 and Msn2/4) and mammalian cells (AP-1, NRF2, CREB, HSF1, HIF-1, TP53, NF-κB, NOTCH, SP1 and SCREB-1) are reviewed. The complexity of regulatory networks increases throughout the phylogenetic tree, reaching a high level of complexity in mammalians. Multiple H2O2 sensors and pathways are triggered converging in the regulation of transcription factors at several levels: (1) synthesis of the transcription factor by upregulating transcription or increasing both mRNA stability and translation; (ii) stability of the transcription factor by decreasing its association with the ubiquitin E3 ligase complex or by inhibiting this complex; (iii) cytoplasm–nuclear traffic by exposing/masking nuclear localization signals, or by releasing the transcription factor from partners or from membrane anchors; and (iv) DNA binding and nuclear transactivation by modulating transcription factor affinity towards DNA, co-activators or repressors, and by targeting specific regions of chromatin to activate individual genes. We also discuss how H2O2 biological specificity results from diverse thiol protein sensors, with different reactivity of their sulfhydryl groups towards H2O2, being activated by different concentrations and times of exposure to H2O2. The specific regulation of local H2O2 concentrations is also crucial and results from H2O2 localized production and removal controlled by signals. Finally, we formulate equations to extract from typical experiments quantitative data concerning H2O2 reactivity with sensor molecules. Rate constants of 140 M−1 s−1 and ≥1.3 × 103 M−1 s−1 were estimated, respectively, for the reaction of H2O2 with KEAP1 and with an unknown target that mediates NRF2 protein synthesis. In conclusion, the multitude of H2O2 targets and mechanisms provides an opportunity for highly specific effects on gene regulation that depend on the cell type and on signals received from the cellular microenvironment. Complexity of redox regulation increases along the phylogenetic tree. Complex regulatory networks allow for a high degree of H2O2 biological plasticity. H2O2 modulates gene expression at all steps from transcription to protein synthesis. Fast response (s) is mediated by sensors with high H2O2 reactivity. Low reactivity H2O2 sensors may mediate slow (h) or localized H2O2 responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Susana Marinho
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Real
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luísa Cyrne
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, IPL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Antunes
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bauer NC, Corbett AH, Doetsch PW. Automated quantification of the subcellular localization of multicompartment proteins via Q-SCAn. Traffic 2013; 14:1200-8. [PMID: 24034606 PMCID: PMC3836439 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, proteins can occupy multiple intracellular compartments and even move between compartments to fulfill critical biological functions or respond to cellular signals. Examples include transcription factors that reside in the cytoplasm but are mobilized to the nucleus as well as dual-purpose DNA repair proteins that are charged with simultaneously maintaining the integrity of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. While numerous methods exist to study protein localization and dynamics, automated methods to quantify the relative amounts of proteins that occupy multiple subcellular compartments have not been extensively developed. To address this need, we present a rapid, automated method termed quantitative subcellular compartmentalization analysis (Q-SCAn). To develop this method, we exploited the facile molecular biology of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Individual subcellular compartments are defined by a fluorescent marker protein and the intensity of a target GFP-tagged protein is then quantified within each compartment. To validate Q-SCAn, we analyzed relocalization of the transcription factor Yap1 following oxidative stress and then extended the approach to multicompartment localization by examining two DNA repair proteins critical for the base excision repair pathway, Ntg1 and Ung1. Our findings demonstrate the utility of Q-SCAn for quantitative analysis of the subcellular distribution of multicompartment proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Anita H. Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Paul W. Doetsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ronen M, Shalaby S, Horwitz BA. Role of the transcription factor ChAP1 in cytoplasmic redox homeostasis: imaging with a genetically encoded sensor in the maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:786-90. [PMID: 23745603 PMCID: PMC6638657 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The redox-sensitive transcription factor ChAP1 [Cochliobolus heterostrophus YAP1 (Yeast Activator Protein 1) orthologue] of C. heterostrophus is required for oxidative stress tolerance. It is not known, however, to what extent the intracellular redox state changes on exposure of the fungus to oxidants, and whether ChAP1 is involved in the return of the cell to redox homeostasis. In order to answer these questions, we expressed a ratiometric redox-sensitive fluorescent protein sensor, pHyper, in C. heterostrophus. The fluorescence ratio was sensitive to extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations that had been shown previously to inhibit the germination of conidia and growth of the pathogen in culture. chap1 mutants showed a slower return to redox homeostasis than the wild-type on exposure to H2O2. Plant extracts that mimic oxidants in their ability to promote nuclear retention of ChAP1 reduced, rather than oxidized, the fungal cells. This result is consistent with other data suggesting that ChAP1 responds to plant-derived signals other than oxidants. pHyper should be a useful reporter of the intracellular redox state in filamentous fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mordechai Ronen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Liseron-Monfils C, Bi YM, Downs GS, Wu W, Signorelli T, Lu G, Chen X, Bondo E, Zhu T, Lukens LN, Colasanti J, Rothstein SJ, Raizada MN. Nitrogen transporter and assimilation genes exhibit developmental stage-selective expression in maize (Zea mays L.) associated with distinct cis-acting promoter motifs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:26056. [PMID: 24270626 PMCID: PMC4091066 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is considered the most limiting nutrient for maize (Zea mays L.), but there is limited understanding of the regulation of nitrogen-related genes during maize development. An Affymetrix 82K maize array was used to analyze the expression of ≤ 46 unique nitrogen uptake and assimilation probes in 50 maize tissues from seedling emergence to 31 d after pollination. Four nitrogen-related expression clusters were identified in roots and shoots corresponding to, or overlapping, juvenile, adult, and reproductive phases of development. Quantitative real time PCR data was consistent with the existence of these distinct expression clusters. Promoters corresponding to each cluster were screened for over-represented cis-acting elements. The 8-bp distal motif of the Arabidopsis 43-bp nitrogen response element (NRE) was over-represented in nitrogen-related maize gene promoters. This conserved motif, referred to here as NRE43-d8, was previously shown to be critical for nitrate-activated transcription of nitrate reductase (NIA1) and nitrite reductase (NIR1) by the NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 6 (NLP6) in Arabidopsis. Here, NRE43-d8 was over-represented in the promoters of maize nitrate and ammonium transporter genes, specifically those that showed peak expression during early-stage vegetative development. This result predicts an expansion of the NRE-NLP6 regulon and suggests that it may have a developmental component in maize. We also report leaf expression of putative orthologs of nitrite transporters (NiTR1), a transporter not previously reported in maize. We conclude by discussing how each of the four transcriptional modules may be responsible for the different nitrogen uptake and assimilation requirements of leaves and roots at different stages of maize development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong-Mei Bi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Gregory S Downs
- Department of Plant Agriculture; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Wenqing Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Tara Signorelli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Guangwen Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Xi Chen
- Syngenta Biotechnology Inc.; Research Triangle Park; Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Eddie Bondo
- Syngenta Biotechnology Inc.; Research Triangle Park; Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- Syngenta Biotechnology Inc.; Research Triangle Park; Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Lewis N Lukens
- Department of Plant Agriculture; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Joseph Colasanti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Manish N Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
- Correspondence to: Manish N Raizada,
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dejos C, Régnacq M, Bernard M, Voisin P, Bergès T. The MFS-type efflux pump Flr1 induced by Yap1 promotes canthin-6-one resistance in yeast. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3045-51. [PMID: 23912082 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Screening for suppressors of canthin-6-one toxicity in yeast identified Yap1, a transcription factor involved in cell response to a broad range of injuries. Although canthin-6-one did not promote a significant oxidative stress, overexpression of YAP1 gene clearly increased resistance to this drug. We demonstrated that Yap1-mediated resistance involves the plasma membrane major-facilitator-superfamily efflux pump Flr1 but not the vacuolar ATP-binding-cassette transporter Ycf1. FLR1 overexpression was sufficient to reduce sensitivity to the drug, but strictly dependent on a functional YAP1 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Dejos
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, CNRS FRE 3511, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Montibus M, Pinson-Gadais L, Richard-Forget F, Barreau C, Ponts N. Coupling of transcriptional response to oxidative stress and secondary metabolism regulation in filamentous fungi. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:295-308. [PMID: 24041414 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.829416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To survive sudden and potentially lethal changes in their environment, filamentous fungi must sense and respond to a vast array of stresses, including oxidative stresses. The generation of reactive oxygen species, or ROS, is an inevitable aspect of existence under aerobic conditions. In addition, in the case of fungi with pathogenic lifestyles, ROS are produced by the infected hosts and serve as defense weapons via direct toxicity, as well as effectors in fungal cell death mechanisms. Filamentous fungi have thus developed complex and sophisticated responses to evade oxidative killing. Several steps are determinant in these responses, including the activation of transcriptional regulators involved in the control of the antioxidant machinery. Gathering and integrating the most recent advances in knowledge of oxidative stress responses in fungi are the main objectives of this review. Most of the knowledge coming from two models, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fungi of the genus Aspergillus, is summarized. Nonetheless, recent information on various other fungi is delivered when available. Finally, special attention is given on the potential link between the functional interaction between oxidative stress and secondary metabolism that has been suggested in recent reports, including the production of mycotoxins.
Collapse
|
50
|
Culakova H, Dzugasova V, Perzelova J, Gbelska Y, Subik J. Mutation of the CgPDR16 gene attenuates azole tolerance and biofilm production in pathogenic Candida glabrata. Yeast 2013; 30:403-14. [PMID: 23939632 DOI: 10.1002/yea.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The PDR16 gene encodes the homologue of Sec14p, participating in protein secretion, regulation of lipid synthesis and turnover in vivo and acting as a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein in vitro. This gene is also involved in the regulation of multidrug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and pathogenic yeasts. Here we report the results of functional analysis of the CgPDR16 gene, whose mutation has been previously shown to enhance fluconazole sensitivity in Candida glabrata mutant cells. We have cloned the CgPDR16 gene, which was able to complement the pdr16Δ mutation in both C. glabrata and S. cerevisiae. Along with fluconazole, the pdr16Δ mutation resulted in increased susceptibility of mutant cells to several azole antifungals without changes in sensitivity to polyene antibiotics, cycloheximide, NQO, 5-fluorocytosine and oxidants inducing the intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species. The susceptibility of the pdr16Δ mutant strain to itraconazole and 5-fluorocytosine was enhanced by CTBT [7-chlorotetrazolo(5,1-c)benzo(1,2,4)triazine] inducing oxidative stress. The pdr16Δ mutation increased the accumulation of rhodamine 6G in mutant cells, decreased the level of itraconazole resistance caused by gain-of-function mutations in the CgPDR1 gene, and reduced cell surface hydrophobicity and biofilm production. These results point to the pleiotropic phenotype of the pdr16Δ mutant and support the role of the CgPDR16 gene in the control of drug susceptibility and virulence in the pathogenic C. glabrata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Culakova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|