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Swahari V, Nakamura A, Hollville E, Hung YH, Kanke M, Kurtz CL, Caravia XM, Roiz-Valle D, He S, Krishnamurthy J, Kapoor S, Prasad V, Flowers C, Beck M, Baran-Gale J, Sharpless N, López-Otín C, Sethupathy P, Deshmukh M. miR-29 is an important driver of aging-related phenotypes. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1055. [PMID: 39191864 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is a consequence of complex molecular changes, but whether a single microRNA (miRNA) can drive aging remains unclear. A miRNA known to be upregulated during both normal and premature aging is miR-29. We find miR-29 to also be among the top miRNAs predicted to drive aging-related gene expression changes. We show that partial loss of miR-29 extends the lifespan of Zmpste24-/- mice, an established model of progeria, indicating that miR-29 is functionally important in this accelerated aging model. To examine whether miR-29 alone is sufficient to promote aging-related phenotypes, we generated mice in which miR-29 can be conditionally overexpressed (miR-29TG). miR-29 overexpression is sufficient to drive many aging-related phenotypes and led to early lethality. Transcriptomic analysis of both young miR-29TG and old WT mice reveals shared downregulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix organization and fatty acid metabolism, and shared upregulation of genes in pathways linked to inflammation. These results highlight the functional importance of miR-29 in controlling a gene expression program that drives aging-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Swahari
- Neuroscience Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ayumi Nakamura
- Neuroscience Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Neurobiology Curriculum; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emilie Hollville
- Neuroscience Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - C Lisa Kurtz
- Department of Genetics; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xurde M Caravia
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Roiz-Valle
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Shenghui He
- Department of Genetics; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Janakiraman Krishnamurthy
- Department of Genetics; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sahil Kapoor
- Neuroscience Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Varun Prasad
- Neuroscience Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cornelius Flowers
- Neuroscience Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matt Beck
- Neuroscience Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeanette Baran-Gale
- Department of Genetics; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Curriculum; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Norman Sharpless
- Department of Genetics; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Neuroscience Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Neurobiology Curriculum; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Lino M, Garcia-Martin R, Muñoz VR, Ruiz GP, Nawaz A, Brandão BB, Dreyfus J, Pan H, Kahn CR. Multi-step regulation of microRNA expression and secretion into small extracellular vesicles by insulin. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114491. [PMID: 39002127 PMCID: PMC11363058 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissues release microRNAs (miRNAs) in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) including exosomes, which can regulate gene expression in distal cells, thus acting as modulators of local and systemic metabolism. Here, we show that insulin regulates miRNA secretion into sEVs from 3T3-L1 adipocytes and that this process is differentially regulated from cellular expression. Thus, of the 53 miRNAs upregulated and 66 miRNAs downregulated by insulin in 3T3-L1 sEVs, only 12 were regulated in parallel in cells. Insulin regulated this process in part by phosphorylating hnRNPA1, causing it to bind to AU-rich motifs in miRNAs, mediating their secretion into sEVs. Importantly, 43% of insulin-regulated sEV-miRNAs are implicated in obesity and insulin resistance. These include let-7 and miR-103, which we show regulate insulin signaling in AML12 hepatocytes. Together, these findings demonstrate an important layer to insulin's regulation of adipose biology and provide a mechanism of tissue crosstalk in obesity and other hyperinsulinemic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsel Lino
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruben Garcia-Martin
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Palermo Ruiz
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allah Nawaz
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruna Brasil Brandão
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Dreyfus
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui Pan
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Paneru BD, Chini J, McCright SJ, DeMarco N, Miller J, Joannas LD, Henao-Mejia J, Titchenell PM, Merrick DM, Lim HW, Lazar MA, Hill DA. Myeloid-derived miR-6236 potentiates adipocyte insulin signaling and prevents hyperglycemia during obesity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5394. [PMID: 38918428 PMCID: PMC11199588 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) influence obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction, but the mechanisms by which they do so are not well understood. We show that miR-6236 is a bona fide miRNA that is secreted by ATMs during obesity. Global or myeloid cell-specific deletion of miR-6236 aggravates obesity-associated adipose tissue insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. miR-6236 augments adipocyte insulin sensitivity by inhibiting translation of negative regulators of insulin signaling, including PTEN. The human genome harbors a miR-6236 homolog that is highly expressed in the serum and adipose tissue of obese people. hsa-MIR-6236 expression negatively correlates with hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, and positively correlates with insulin sensitivity. Together, our findings establish miR-6236 as an ATM-secreted miRNA that potentiates adipocyte insulin signaling and protects against metabolic dysfunction during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bam D Paneru
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia Chini
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sam J McCright
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole DeMarco
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Miller
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leonel D Joannas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Merrick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hee-Woong Lim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Hill
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Yadav P, Tamilselvan R, Mani H, Singh KK. MicroRNA-mediated regulation of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay factors: Insights into microRNA prediction tools and profiling techniques. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:195022. [PMID: 38437914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2024.195022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) stands out as a prominent RNA surveillance mechanism within eukaryotes, meticulously overseeing both RNA abundance and integrity by eliminating aberrant transcripts. These defective transcripts are discerned through the concerted efforts of translating ribosomes, eukaryotic release factors (eRFs), and trans-acting NMD factors, with Up-Frameshift 3 (UPF3) serving as a noteworthy component. Remarkably, in humans, UPF3 exists in two paralogous forms, UPF3A (UPF3) and UPF3B (UPF3X). Beyond its role in quality control, UPF3 wields significant influence over critical cellular processes, including neural development, synaptic plasticity, and axon guidance. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms governing UPF3 remain elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) emerge as pivotal post-transcriptional gene regulators, exerting substantial impact on diverse pathological and physiological pathways. This comprehensive review encapsulates our current understanding of the intricate regulatory nexus between NMD and miRNAs, with particular emphasis on the essential role played by UPF3B in neurodevelopment. Additionally, we bring out the significance of the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) as the molecular bridge connecting NMD and miRNA-mediated gene regulation. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth exploration of diverse computational tools tailored for the prediction of potential miRNA targets. To complement these computational approaches, we delineate experimental techniques designed to validate predicted miRNA-mRNA interactions, empowering readers with the knowledge necessary to select the most appropriate methodology for their specific research objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Raja Tamilselvan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Harita Mani
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Kusum Kumari Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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5
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Recent Advances in the Knowledge of the Mechanisms of Leptin Physiology and Actions in Neurological and Metabolic Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021422. [PMID: 36674935 PMCID: PMC9860943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight is frequently associated with low-grade inflammation. Evidence indicates a relationship between obesity and cancer, as well as with other diseases, such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in which inflammation and the actions of various adipokines play a role in the pathological mechanisms involved in these disorders. Leptin is mainly produced by adipose tissue in proportion to fat stores, but it is also synthesized in other organs, where leptin receptors are expressed. This hormone performs numerous actions in the brain, mainly related to the control of energy homeostasis. It is also involved in neurogenesis and neuroprotection, and central leptin resistance is related to some neurological disorders, e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In peripheral tissues, leptin is implicated in the regulation of metabolism, as well as of bone density and muscle mass. All these actions can be affected by changes in leptin levels and the mechanisms associated with resistance to this hormone. This review will present recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of leptin action and their underlying roles in pathological situations, which may be of interest for revealing new approaches for the treatment of diseases where the actions of this adipokine might be compromised.
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Choi CHJ, Barr W, Zaman S, Model C, Park A, Koenen M, Lin Z, Szwed SK, Marchildon F, Crane A, Carroll TS, Molina H, Cohen P. LRG1 is an adipokine that promotes insulin sensitivity and suppresses inflammation. eLife 2022; 11:e81559. [PMID: 36346018 PMCID: PMC9674348 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While dysregulation of adipocyte endocrine function plays a central role in obesity and its complications, the vast majority of adipokines remain uncharacterized. We employed bio-orthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) and mass spectrometry to comprehensively characterize the secretome of murine visceral and subcutaneous white and interscapular brown adip ocytes. Over 600 proteins were identified, the majority of which showed cell type-specific enrichment. We here describe a metabolic role for leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) as an obesity-regulated adipokine secreted by mature adipocytes. LRG1 overexpression significantly improved glucose homeostasis in diet-induced and genetically obese mice. This was associated with markedly reduced white adipose tissue macrophage accumulation and systemic inflammation. Mechanistically, we found LRG1 binds cytochrome c in circulation to dampen its pro-inflammatory effect. These data support a new role for LRG1 as an insulin sensitizer with therapeutic potential given its immunomodulatory function at the nexus of obesity, inflammation, and associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee J Choi
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD ProgramNew YorkUnited States
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - William Barr
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Samir Zaman
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Corey Model
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Annsea Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Mascha Koenen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Zeran Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Sarah K Szwed
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD ProgramNew YorkUnited States
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Francois Marchildon
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Audrey Crane
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Thomas S Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resouce Center, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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Abstract
An extensive literature base combined with advances in sequencing technologies demonstrate microRNA levels correlate with various metabolic diseases. Mechanistic studies also establish microRNAs regulate central metabolic pathways and thus play vital roles in maintaining organismal energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. This review highlights research progress on the roles and regulation of microRNAs in the peripheral tissues that confer insulin sensitivity. We discuss sequencing technologies used to comprehensively define the target spectrum of microRNAs in metabolic disease that complement studies reporting physiologic roles for microRNAs in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in animal models. We also discuss the emerging roles of exosomal microRNAs as endocrine signals to regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: Sean M. Hartig, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM185, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Murgia N, Ma Y, Najam SS, Liu Y, Przybys J, Guo C, Konopka W, Vinnikov IA. In Vivo Reductionist Approach Identifies miR-15a Protecting Mice From Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:867929. [PMID: 35873003 PMCID: PMC9302447 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.867929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing medical and social problem worldwide. The control of energy homeostasis in the brain is achieved by various regions including the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (ARH). The latter comprises a number of neuronal populations including the first order metabolic neurons, appetite-stimulating agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons and appetite-suppressing proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Using an in vivo reductionist approach and POMCCre-dependent CRISPR-Cas9, we demonstrate that miR-15a-5p protects from obesity. Moreover, we have identified Bace1, a gene previously linked to energy metabolism imbalance, as a direct target of miR-15a-5p. This work warrants further investigations of non-coding RNA-mediated regulation of energy homeostasis and might contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to treat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Murgia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Syeda Sadia Najam
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joanna Przybys
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chenkai Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Witold Konopka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Metabolism, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Łukasiewicz PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ilya A. Vinnikov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ilya A. Vinnikov,
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