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Curinha A, Huang Z, Anglen T, Strong MA, Gliech CR, Jewett CE, Friskes A, Holland AJ. Centriole structural integrity defects are a crucial feature of Hydrolethalus Syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.06.583733. [PMID: 38496445 PMCID: PMC10942441 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.06.583733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Hydrolethalus Syndrome (HLS) is a lethal, autosomal recessive ciliopathy caused by the mutation of the conserved centriole protein HYLS1. However, how HYLS1 facilitates the centriole-based templating of cilia is poorly understood. Here, we show that mice harboring the HYLS1 disease mutation die shortly after birth and exhibit developmental defects that recapitulate several manifestations of the human disease. These phenotypes arise from tissue-specific defects in cilia assembly and function caused by a loss of centriole integrity. We show that HYLS1 is recruited to the centriole by CEP120 and functions to recruit centriole inner scaffold proteins that stabilize the centriolar microtubule wall. The HLS mutation disrupts the interaction of HYLS1 with CEP120 leading to HYLS1 displacement and degeneration of the centriole distal end. We propose that tissue-specific defects in centriole integrity caused by the HYLS1 mutation prevent ciliogenesis and drive HLS phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Curinha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taylor Anglen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Margaret A Strong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Colin R Gliech
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cayla E Jewett
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anoek Friskes
- Division of Cell Biology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lei Q, Yu Q, Yang N, Xiao Z, Song C, Zhang R, Yang S, Liu Z, Deng H. Therapeutic potential of targeting polo-like kinase 4. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116115. [PMID: 38199166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, masterfully regulates centriole duplication in a spatiotemporal manner to ensure the fidelity of centrosome duplication and proper mitosis. Abnormal expression of PLK4 contributes to genomic instability and associates with a poor prognosis in cancer. Inhibition of PLK4 is demonstrated to exhibit significant efficacy against various types of human cancers, further highlighting its potential as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. As such, numerous small-molecule inhibitors with distinct chemical scaffolds targeting PLK4 have been extensively investigated for the treatment of different human cancers, with several undergoing clinical evaluation (e.g., CFI-400945). Here, we review the structure, distribution, and biological functions of PLK4, encapsulate its intricate regulatory mechanisms of expression, and highlighting its multifaceted roles in cancer development and metastasis. Moreover, the recent advancements of PLK4 inhibitors in patent or literature are summarized, and their therapeutic potential as monotherapies or combination therapies with other anticancer agents are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Quanwei Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Na Yang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhaolin Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Shuxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Scott P, Curinha A, Gliech C, Holland AJ. PLK4 self-phosphorylation drives the selection of a single site for procentriole assembly. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202301069. [PMID: 37773039 PMCID: PMC10541313 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202301069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a key regulator of centriole biogenesis, but how PLK4 selects a single site for procentriole assembly remains unclear. Using ultrastructure expansion microscopy, we show that PLK4 localizes to discrete sites along the wall of parent centrioles. While there is variation in the number of sites PLK4 occupies on the parent centriole, most PLK4 localize at a dominant site that directs procentriole assembly. Inhibition of PLK4 activity leads to stable binding of PLK4 to the centriole and increases occupancy to a maximum of nine sites. We show that self-phosphorylation of an unstructured linker promotes the release of active PLK4 from the centriole to drive the selection of a single site for procentriole assembly. Preventing linker phosphorylation blocks PLK4 turnover, leading to supernumerary sites of PLK4 localization and centriole amplification. Therefore, self-phosphorylation is a major driver of the spatial patterning of PLK4 at the centriole and plays a critical role in selecting a single centriole duplication site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Scott
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana Curinha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Colin Gliech
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J. Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ryniawec JM, Buster DW, Slevin LK, Boese CJ, Amoiroglou A, Dean SM, Slep KC, Rogers GC. Polo-like kinase 4 homodimerization and condensate formation regulate its own protein levels but are not required for centriole assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar80. [PMID: 37163316 PMCID: PMC10398880 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-12-0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) is the master-regulator of centriole assembly, and cell cycle-dependent regulation of its activity maintains proper centrosome number. During most of the cell cycle, Plk4 levels are nearly undetectable due to its ability to autophosphorylate and trigger its own ubiquitin-mediated degradation. However, during mitotic exit, Plk4 forms a single aggregate on the centriole surface to stimulate centriole duplication. Whereas most Polo-like kinase family members are monomeric, Plk4 is unique because it forms homodimers. Notably, Plk4 trans-autophosphorylates a degron near its kinase domain, a critical step in autodestruction. While it is thought that the purpose of homodimerization is to promote trans-autophosphorylation, this has not been tested. Here, we generated separation-of-function Plk4 mutants that fail to dimerize and show that homodimerization creates a binding site for the Plk4 activator, Asterless. Surprisingly, however, Plk4 dimer mutants are catalytically active in cells, promote centriole assembly, and can trans-autophosphorylate through concentration-dependent condensate formation. Moreover, we mapped and then deleted the weak-interacting regions within Plk4 that mediate condensation and conclude that dimerization and condensation are not required for centriole assembly. Our findings suggest that Plk4 dimerization and condensation function simply to down-regulate Plk4 and suppress centriole overduplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Ryniawec
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Daniel W. Buster
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Lauren K. Slevin
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Cody J. Boese
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Anastasia Amoiroglou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Spencer M. Dean
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Kevin C. Slep
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Gregory C. Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
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Liu Q, Peng X, Shen M, Qian Q, Xing J, Li C, Gregory R. Ribo-uORF: a comprehensive data resource of upstream open reading frames (uORFs) based on ribosome profiling. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:D248-D261. [PMID: 36440758 PMCID: PMC9825487 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are typically defined as translation sites located within the 5' untranslated region upstream of the main protein coding sequence (CDS) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Although uORFs are prevalent in eukaryotic mRNAs and modulate the translation of downstream CDSs, a comprehensive resource for uORFs is currently lacking. We developed Ribo-uORF (http://rnainformatics.org.cn/RiboUORF) to serve as a comprehensive functional resource for uORF analysis based on ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) data. Ribo-uORF currently supports six species: human, mouse, rat, zebrafish, fruit fly, and worm. Ribo-uORF includes 501 554 actively translated uORFs and 107 914 upstream translation initiation sites (uTIS), which were identified from 1495 Ribo-seq and 77 quantitative translation initiation sequencing (QTI-seq) datasets, respectively. We also developed mRNAbrowse to visualize items such as uORFs, cis-regulatory elements, genetic variations, eQTLs, GWAS-based associations, RNA modifications, and RNA editing. Ribo-uORF provides a very intuitive web interface for conveniently browsing, searching, and visualizing uORF data. Finally, uORFscan and UTR5var were developed in Ribo-uORF to precisely identify uORFs and analyze the influence of genetic mutations on uORFs using user-uploaded datasets. Ribo-uORF should greatly facilitate studies of uORFs and their roles in mRNA translation and posttranscriptional control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mengyuan Shen
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Qian
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junlian Xing
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chen Li
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Richard I Gregory
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Jürgens L, Wethmar K. The Emerging Role of uORF-Encoded uPeptides and HLA uLigands in Cellular and Tumor Biology. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246031. [PMID: 36551517 PMCID: PMC9776223 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances have facilitated the detection of numerous non-canonical human peptides derived from regulatory regions of mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and other cryptic transcripts. In this review, we first give an overview of the classification of these novel peptides and summarize recent improvements in their annotation and detection by ribosome profiling, mass spectrometry, and individual experimental analysis. A large fraction of the novel peptides originates from translation at upstream open reading frames (uORFs) that are located within the transcript leader sequence of regular mRNA. In humans, uORF-encoded peptides (uPeptides) have been detected in both healthy and malignantly transformed cells and emerge as important regulators in cellular and immunological pathways. In the second part of the review, we focus on various functional implications of uPeptides. As uPeptides frequently act at the transition of translational regulation and individual peptide function, we describe the mechanistic modes of translational regulation through ribosome stalling, the involvement in cellular programs through protein interaction and complex formation, and their role within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-associated immunopeptidome as HLA uLigands. We delineate how malignant transformation may lead to the formation of novel uORFs, uPeptides, or HLA uLigands and explain their potential implication in tumor biology. Ultimately, we speculate on a potential use of uPeptides as peptide drugs and discuss how uPeptides and HLA uLigands may facilitate translational inhibition of oncogenic protein messages and immunotherapeutic approaches in cancer therapy.
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Ryniawec JM, Rogers GC. Balancing the scales: fine-tuning Polo-like kinase 4 to ensure proper centriole duplication. Genes Dev 2022; 36:647-649. [PMID: 35835509 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349815.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) is the master regulator of centriole assembly. Several evolutionarily conserved mechanisms strictly regulate Plk4 abundance and activity to ensure cells maintain a proper number of centrioles. In this issue of Genes & Development, Phan et al. (pp. 718-736) add to this growing list by describing a new mechanism of control that restricts Plk4 translation through competitive ribosome binding at upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in the mature Plk4 mRNA. Fascinatingly, this mechanism is especially critical in the development of primordial germ cells in mice that are transcriptionally hyperactive and thus exquisitely sensitive to Plk4 mRNA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ryniawec
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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