1
|
Ghasemi N, Azizi H. Exploring Myc puzzle: Insights into cancer, stem cell biology, and PPI networks. Gene 2024; 916:148447. [PMID: 38583818 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
"The grand orchestrator," "Universal Amplifier," "double-edged sword," and "Undruggable" are just some of the Myc oncogene so-called names. It has been around 40 years since the discovery of the Myc, and it remains in the mainstream of cancer treatment drugs. Myc is part of basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) superfamily proteins, and its dysregulation can be seen in many malignant human tumors. It dysregulates critical pathways in cells that are connected to each other, such as proliferation, growth, cell cycle, and cell adhesion, impacts miRNAs action, intercellular metabolism, DNA replication, differentiation, microenvironment regulation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Myc, surprisingly, is used in stem cell research too. Its family includes three members, MYC, MYCN, and MYCL, and each dysfunction was observed in different cancer types. This review aims to introduce Myc and its function in the body. Besides, Myc deregulatory mechanisms in cancer cells, their intricate aspects will be discussed. We will look at promising drugs and Myc-based therapies. Finally, Myc and its role in stemness, Myc pathways based on PPI network analysis, and future insights will be explained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Ghasemi
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Hossein Azizi
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paul PK, Umarvaish S, Bajaj S, S. RF, Mohan H, Annaert W, Chaudhary V. Maintenance of proteostasis by Drosophila Rer1 is essential for competitive cell survival and Myc-driven overgrowth. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011171. [PMID: 38408084 PMCID: PMC10919865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Defects in protein homeostasis can induce proteotoxic stress, affecting cellular fitness and, consequently, overall tissue health. In various growing tissues, cell competition based mechanisms facilitate detection and elimination of these compromised, often referred to as 'loser', cells by the healthier neighbors. The precise connection between proteotoxic stress and competitive cell survival remains largely elusive. Here, we reveal the function of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi localized protein Rer1 in the regulation of protein homeostasis in the developing Drosophila wing epithelium. Our results show that loss of Rer1 leads to proteotoxic stress and PERK-mediated phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α. Clonal analysis showed that rer1 mutant cells are identified as losers and eliminated through cell competition. Interestingly, we find that Rer1 levels are upregulated upon Myc-overexpression that causes overgrowth, albeit under high proteotoxic stress. Our results suggest that increased levels of Rer1 provide cytoprotection to Myc-overexpressing cells by alleviating the proteotoxic stress and thereby supporting Myc-driven overgrowth. In summary, these observations demonstrate that Rer1 acts as a novel regulator of proteostasis in Drosophila and reveal its role in competitive cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Kumar Paul
- Cell and developmental signaling laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Umarvaish
- Cell and developmental signaling laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shivani Bajaj
- Cell and developmental signaling laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rishana Farin S.
- Cell and developmental signaling laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hrudya Mohan
- Cell and developmental signaling laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Varun Chaudhary
- Cell and developmental signaling laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vízkeleti L, Spisák S. Rewired Metabolism Caused by the Oncogenic Deregulation of MYC as an Attractive Therapeutic Target in Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:1745. [PMID: 37443779 PMCID: PMC10341379 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC is one of the most deregulated oncogenes on multiple levels in cancer. As a node transcription factor, MYC plays a diverse regulatory role in many cellular processes, including cell cycle and metabolism, both in physiological and pathological conditions. The relentless growth and proliferation of tumor cells lead to an insatiable demand for energy and nutrients, which requires the rewiring of cellular metabolism. As MYC can orchestrate all aspects of cellular metabolism, its altered regulation plays a central role in these processes, such as the Warburg effect, and is a well-established hallmark of cancer development. However, our current knowledge of MYC suggests that its spatial- and concentration-dependent contribution to tumorigenesis depends more on changes in the global or relative expression of target genes. As the direct targeting of MYC is proven to be challenging due to its relatively high toxicity, understanding its underlying regulatory mechanisms is essential for the development of tumor-selective targeted therapies. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the diverse forms of MYC oncogenic deregulation, including DNA-, transcriptional- and post-translational level alterations, and their consequences for cellular metabolism. Furthermore, we also review the currently available and potentially attractive therapeutic options that exploit the vulnerability arising from the metabolic rearrangement of MYC-driven tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vízkeleti
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Sándor Spisák
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lechable M, Tang X, Siebert S, Feldbacher A, Fernández-Quintero ML, Breuker K, Juliano CE, Liedl KR, Hobmayer B, Hartl M. High Intrinsic Oncogenic Potential in the Myc-Box-Deficient Hydra Myc3 Protein. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091265. [PMID: 37174665 PMCID: PMC10177328 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene myc has been intensively studied primarily in vertebrate cell culture systems. Myc transcription factors control fundamental cellular processes such as cell proliferation, cell cycle control and stem cell maintenance. Myc interacts with the Max protein and Myc/Max heterodimers regulate thousands of target genes. The genome of the freshwater polyp Hydra encodes four myc genes (myc1-4). Previous structural and biochemical characterization showed that the Hydra Myc1 and Myc2 proteins share high similarities with vertebrate c-Myc, and their expression patterns suggested a function in adult stem cell maintenance. In contrast, an additional Hydra Myc protein termed Myc3 is highly divergent, lacking the common N-terminal domain and all conserved Myc-boxes. Single cell transcriptome analysis revealed that the myc3 gene is expressed in a distinct population of interstitial precursor cells committed to nerve- and gland-cell differentiation, where the Myc3 protein may counteract the stemness actions of Myc1 and Myc2 and thereby allow the implementation of a differentiation program. In vitro DNA binding studies showed that Myc3 dimerizes with Hydra Max, and this dimer efficiently binds to DNA containing the canonical Myc consensus motif (E-box). In vivo cell transformation assays in avian fibroblast cultures further revealed an unexpected high potential for oncogenic transformation in the conserved Myc3 C-terminus, as compared to Hydra Myc2 or Myc1. Structure modeling of the Myc3 protein predicted conserved amino acid residues in its bHLH-LZ domain engaged in Myc3/Max dimerization. Mutating these amino acid residues in the human c-Myc (MYC) sequence resulted in a significant decrease in its cell transformation potential. We discuss our findings in the context of oncogenic transformation and cell differentiation, both relevant for human cancer, where Myc represents a major driver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lechable
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Xuechen Tang
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Angelika Feldbacher
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monica L Fernández-Quintero
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Breuker
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Celina E Juliano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Hartl
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
García-Caballero D, Hart JR, Vogt PK. The MYC-regulated lncRNA LNROP (ENSG00000254887) enables MYC-driven cell proliferation by controlling the expression of OCT2. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:168. [PMID: 36849510 PMCID: PMC9971199 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
MYC controls most of the non-coding genome. Several long noncoding transcripts were originally identified in the human B cell line P496-3 and then shown to be required for MYC-driven proliferation of Burkitt lymphoma-derived RAMOS cells. In this study, we used RAMOS cells exclusively as a representative of the human B cell lineage. One of the MYC-controlled lncRNAs required for RAMOS cell proliferation is ENSG00000254887 which we will term LNROP (long non-coding regulator of POU2F2). In the genome, LNROP is located in close proximity of POU2F2, the gene encoding OCT2. OCT2 is a transcription factor with important roles in sustaining the proliferation of human B cells. Here we show that LNROP is a nuclear RNA and a direct target of MYC. Downregulation of LNROP attenuates the expression of OCT2. This effect of LNROP on the expression of OCT2 is unidirectional as downregulation of OCT2 does not alter the expression of LNROP. Our data suggest that LNROP is a cis-acting regulator of OCT2. To illustrate the downstream reach of LNROP, we chose a prominent target of OCT2, the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Downregulation of OCT2 elevates the expression of SHP-1. Our data suggest the following path of interactions: LNROP enables the proliferation of B cells by positively and unidirectionally regulating the growth-stimulatory transcription factor OCT2. In actively proliferating B cells, OCT2 attenuates the expression and anti-proliferative activity of SHP-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-Caballero
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Hart
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter K Vogt
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chang S, Li Q, Huang B, Chen W, Tan H. Genome-wide identification and characterisation of bHLH transcription factors in Artemisia annua. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:63. [PMID: 36721100 PMCID: PMC9890702 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A. annua (also named Artemisia annua, sweet wormwood) is the main source of the anti-malarial drug artemisinin, which is synthesised and stored in its trichomes. Members of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors (TFs) have been implicated in artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua and in trichome development in other plant species. RESULTS Here, we have systematically identified and characterised 226 putative bHLH TFs in A. annua. All of the proteins contain a HLH domain, 213 of which also contain the basic motif that mediates DNA binding of HLH dimers. Of these, 22 also contained a Myc domain that permits dimerisation with other families of TFs; only two proteins lacking the basic motif contained a Myc domain. Highly conserved GO annotations reflected the transcriptional regulatory role of the identified TFs, and suggested conserved roles in biological processes such as iron homeostasis, and guard cell and endosperm development. Expression analysis revealed that three genes (AabHLH80, AabHLH96, and AaMyc-bHLH3) exhibited spatiotemporal expression patterns similar to genes encoding key enzymes in artemisinin synthesis. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive analysis of bHLH TFs provides a new resource to direct further analysis into key molecular mechanisms underlying and regulating artemisinin biosynthesis and trichome development, as well as other biological processes, in the key medicinal plant A. annua.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Chang
- Department Chinese Medicine Authentication, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department Chinese Medicine Authentication, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Baokang Huang
- Department Chinese Medicine Authentication, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department Chinese Medicine Authentication, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Hexin Tan
- Department Chinese Medicine Authentication, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fioresi R, Demurtas P, Perini G. Deep learning for MYC binding site recognition. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 2:1015993. [PMID: 36544623 PMCID: PMC9760990 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2022.1015993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation: The definition of the genome distribution of the Myc transcription factor is extremely important since it may help predict its transcriptional activity particularly in the context of cancer. Myc is among the most powerful oncogenes involved in the occurrence and development of more than 80% of different types of pediatric and adult cancers. Myc regulates thousands of genes which can be in part different, depending on the type of tissues and tumours. Myc distribution along the genome has been determined experimentally through chromatin immunoprecipitation This approach, although powerful, is very time consuming and cannot be routinely applied to tumours of individual patients. Thus, it becomes of paramount importance to develop in silico tools that can effectively and rapidly predict its distribution on a given cell genome. New advanced computational tools (DeeperBind) can then be successfully employed to determine the function of Myc in a specific tumour, and may help to devise new directions and approaches to experiments first and personalized and more effective therapeutic treatments for a single patient later on. Results: The use of DeeperBind with DeepRAM on Colab platform (Google) can effectively predict the binding sites for the MYC factor with an accuracy above 0.96 AUC, when trained with multiple cell lines. The analysis of the filters in DeeperBind trained models shows, besides the consensus sequence CACGTG classically associated to the MYC factor, also the other consensus sequences G/C box or TGGGA, respectively bound by the SP1 and MIZ-1 transcription factors, which are known to mediate the MYC repressive response. Overall, our findings suggest a stronger synergy between the machine learning tools as DeeperBind and biological experiments, which may reduce the time consuming experiments by providing a direction to guide them.
Collapse
|
8
|
Nagasaka M, Inoue Y, Yoshida M, Miyajima C, Morishita D, Tokugawa M, Nakamoto H, Sugano M, Ohoka N, Hayashi H. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP17 regulates c‐Myc levels and controls cell proliferation and glycolysis. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:465-478. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagasaka
- Department of Cell Signaling Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University 467‐8603 Nagoya Japan
| | - Yasumichi Inoue
- Department of Cell Signaling Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University 467‐8603 Nagoya Japan
- Department of Innovative Therapeutics Sciences Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University 467‐8603 Nagoya Japan
| | - Manaka Yoshida
- Department of Cell Signaling Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University 467‐8603 Nagoya Japan
| | - Chiharu Miyajima
- Department of Cell Signaling Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University 467‐8603 Nagoya Japan
- Department of Innovative Therapeutics Sciences Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University 467‐8603 Nagoya Japan
| | - Daisuke Morishita
- Department of Cell Signaling Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University 467‐8603 Nagoya Japan
- Chordia Therapeutics Inc 251‐0012 Kanagawa Japan
| | - Muneshige Tokugawa
- Department of Cell Signaling Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University 467‐8603 Nagoya Japan
| | - Haruna Nakamoto
- Department of Cell Signaling Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University 467‐8603 Nagoya Japan
| | - Mayumi Sugano
- Department of Cell Signaling Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University 467‐8603 Nagoya Japan
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products National Institute of Health Sciences 210‐9501 Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Hayashi
- Department of Cell Signaling Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University 467‐8603 Nagoya Japan
- Department of Innovative Therapeutics Sciences Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University 467‐8603 Nagoya Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dai M, Radhakrishnan S, Li R, Tan R, Yan K, Fan G, Liu M. Targeted Protein Degradation: An Important Tool for Drug Discovery for "Undruggable" Tumor Transcription Factors. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221095950. [PMID: 35466792 PMCID: PMC9047787 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221095950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional small-molecule drugs (SMDs) are compounds characterized by low
molecular weight, high cell permeability, and high selectivity. In clinical
translation, SMDs are regarded as good candidates for oral drug formulation. SMD
inhibitors play an important role in cancer treatment; however, resistance and
low effectiveness have been major bottlenecks in clinical application.
Generally, only 20% of cell proteins can potentially be targeted and have been
developed as SMDs; thus, some types of tumor targets are considered
“undruggable.” Among these are transcription factors (TFs), an important class
of proteins that regulate the occurrence, formation, and development of tumors.
It is difficult for SMDs and macromolecular drugs to identify bioactive sites in
TFs and hence for use as pharmacological inhibitors in targeting TF proteins.
For this reason, technologies that enable targeted protein degradation, such as
proteolysis-targeting chimera or molecular glues, could serve as a potential
tool to solve these conundrums.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Dai
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, 89674Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sridhar Radhakrishnan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, 37580National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruirong Tan
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, 598782Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuo Yan
- Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gang Fan
- Department of Urology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,477382The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Pathology, 1861Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gonzalez-Pecchi V, Kwan AK, Doyle S, Ivanov AA, Du Y, Fu H. NSD3S stabilizes MYC through hindering its interaction with FBXW7. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:438-447. [PMID: 31638140 PMCID: PMC7333476 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The MYC transcription factor plays a key role in cell growth control. Enhanced MYC protein stability has been found to promote tumorigenesis. Thus, understanding how MYC stability is controlled may have significant implications for revealing MYC-driven growth regulatory mechanisms in physiological and pathological processes. Our previous work identified the histone lysine methyltransferase nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 3 (NSD3) as a MYC modulator. NSD3S, a noncatalytic isoform of NSD3 with oncogenic activity, appears to bind, stabilize, and activate the transcriptional activity of MYC. However, the mechanism by which NSD3S stabilizes MYC remains to be elucidated. To uncover the nature of the interaction and the underlying mechanism of MYC regulation by NSD3S, we characterized the binding interface between both proteins by narrowing the interface to a 15-amino acid region in NSD3S that is partially required for MYC regulation. Mechanistically, NSD3S binds to MYC and reduces the association of F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7) with MYC, which results in suppression of FBXW7-mediated proteasomal degradation of MYC and an increase in MYC protein half-life. These results support a critical role for NSD3S in the regulation of MYC function and provide a novel mechanism for NSD3S oncogenic function through inhibition of FBXW7-mediated degradation of MYC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gonzalez-Pecchi
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Albert K Kwan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrey A Ivanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pirozzi F, Lee B, Horsley N, Burkardt DD, Dobyns WB, Graham JM, Dentici ML, Cesario C, Schallner J, Porrmann J, Di Donato N, Sanchez-Lara PA, Mirzaa GM. Proximal variants in CCND2 associated with microcephaly, short stature, and developmental delay: A case series and review of inverse brain growth phenotypes. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2719-2738. [PMID: 34087052 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin D2 (CCND2) is a critical cell cycle regulator and key member of the cyclin D2-CDK4 (DC) complex. De novo variants of CCND2 clustering in the distal part of the protein have been identified as pathogenic causes of brain overgrowth (megalencephaly, MEG) and severe cortical malformations in children including the megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus (MPPH) syndrome. Megalencephaly-associated CCND2 variants are localized to the terminal exon and result in accumulation of degradation-resistant protein. We identified five individuals from three unrelated families with novel variants in the proximal region of CCND2 associated with microcephaly, mildly simplified cortical gyral pattern, symmetric short stature, and mild developmental delay. Identified variants include de novo frameshift variants and a dominantly inherited stop-gain variant segregating with the phenotype. This is the first reported association between proximal CCND2 variants and microcephaly, to our knowledge. This series expands the phenotypic spectrum of CCND2-related disorders and suggests that distinct classes of CCND2 variants are associated with reciprocal effects on human brain growth (microcephaly and megalencephaly due to possible loss or gain of protein function, respectively), adding to the growing paradigm of inverse phenotypes due to dysregulation of key brain growth genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Pirozzi
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benson Lee
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicole Horsley
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Deepika D Burkardt
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - John M Graham
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maria L Dentici
- Medical Genetics Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy.,Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cesario
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Jens Schallner
- Department of Neuropediatrics, School of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph Porrmann
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nataliya Di Donato
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fairlie WD, Lee EF. Co-Operativity between MYC and BCL-2 Pro-Survival Proteins in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2841. [PMID: 33799592 PMCID: PMC8000576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), c-MYC and related proteins are arguably amongst the most widely studied in all of biology. Every year there are thousands of papers reporting on different aspects of their biochemistry, cellular and physiological mechanisms and functions. This plethora of literature can be attributed to both proteins playing essential roles in the normal functioning of a cell, and by extension a whole organism, but also due to their central role in disease, most notably, cancer. Many cancers arise due to genetic lesions resulting in deregulation of both proteins, and indeed the development and survival of tumours is often dependent on co-operativity between these protein families. In this review we will discuss the individual roles of both proteins in cancer, describe cancers where co-operativity between them has been well-characterised and finally, some strategies to target these proteins therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Douglas Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Erinna F. Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3084, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vecchio E, Fiume G, Correnti S, Romano S, Iaccino E, Mimmi S, Maisano D, Nisticò N, Quinto I. Insights about MYC and Apoptosis in B-Lymphomagenesis: An Update from Murine Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4265. [PMID: 32549409 PMCID: PMC7352788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between cell survival and cell death represents an essential part of human tissue homeostasis, while altered apoptosis contributes to several pathologies and can affect the treatment efficacy. Impaired apoptosis is one of the main cancer hallmarks and some types of lymphomas harbor mutations that directly affect key regulators of cell death (such as BCL-2 family members). The development of novel techniques in the field of immunology and new animal models has greatly accelerated our understanding of oncogenic mechanisms in MYC-associated lymphomas. Mouse models are a powerful tool to reveal multiple genes implicated in the genesis of lymphoma and are extensively used to clarify the molecular mechanism of lymphoma, validating the gene function. Key features of MYC-induced apoptosis will be discussed here along with more recent studies on MYC direct and indirect interactors, including their cooperative action in lymphomagenesis. We review our current knowledge about the role of MYC-induced apoptosis in B-cell malignancies, discussing the transcriptional regulation network of MYC and regulatory feedback action of miRs during MYC-driven lymphomagenesis. More importantly, the finding of new modulators of apoptosis now enabling researchers to translate the discoveries that have been made in the laboratory into clinical practice to positively impact human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.F.); (S.C.); (S.R.); (E.I.); (S.M.); (D.M.); (N.N.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ileana Quinto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.F.); (S.C.); (S.R.); (E.I.); (S.M.); (D.M.); (N.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The MYCL and MXD1 transcription factors regulate the fitness of murine dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4885-4893. [PMID: 32071205 PMCID: PMC7060746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915060117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously found that MYCL is required by a Batf3-dependent classical dendritic cell subset (cDC1) for optimal CD8 T cell priming, but the underlying mechanism has remained unclear. The MAX-binding proteins encompass a family of transcription factors with overlapping DNA-binding specificities, conferred by a C-terminal basic helix-loop-helix domain, which mediates heterodimerization. Thus, regulation of transcription by these factors is dependent on divergent N-terminal domains. The MYC family, including MYCL, has actions that are reciprocal to the MXD family, which is mediated through the recruitment of higher-order activator and repressor complexes, respectively. As potent proto-oncogenes, models of MYC family function have been largely derived from their activity at supraphysiological levels in tumor cell lines. MYC and MYCN have been studied extensively, but empirical analysis of MYCL function had been limited due to highly restricted, lineage-specific expression in vivo. Here we observed that Mycl is expressed in immature cDC1s but repressed on maturation, concomitant with Mxd1 induction in mature cDC1s. We hypothesized that MYCL and MXD1 regulate a shared, but reciprocal, transcriptional program during cDC1 maturation. In agreement, immature cDC1s in Mycl -/- -deficient mice exhibited reduced expression of genes that regulate core biosynthetic processes. Mature cDC1s from Mxd1 -/- mice exhibited impaired ability to inhibit the transcriptional signature otherwise supported by MYCL. The present study reveals LMYC and MXD1 as regulators of a transcriptional program that is modulated during the maturation of Batf3-dependent cDC1s.
Collapse
|
15
|
Morgan RK, Psaras AM, Lassiter Q, Raymer K, Brooks TA. G-quadruplex deconvolution with physiological mimicry enhances primary screening: Optimizing the FRET Melt 2 assay. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194478. [PMID: 31891781 PMCID: PMC8922283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.194478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-B-DNA G-quadruplex (G4) structures have shown promise as molecular targets. Modulating G4 stability for oncogenic transcriptional control is a promising avenue for the development of novel therapeutics. Extracellularly, G4 stabilization can be mediated by alkali cations, modifying water content, or with molecular crowding. Intracellularly, G4 formation is mediated by negative superhelicity and transcriptional activity, and can be stabilized with small molecules or oligonucleotides. Numerous G4-stabilizing compounds have been identified that impact promoter activity in plasmids. These compounds, however, infrequently show activity in cells, are found to have non-G4-mediated mechanisms of action, or do not demonstrate activity in vivo. The G4 field requires enhanced predictive screening methods to identify compounds with G4-mediated in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy. Using the best characterized promoter G4 to date, MYC, we examined the effects of varying annealing conditions (rate of cool down and number of heat/cool cycles), co-solvents (glucose, acetonitrile, polyethylene glycol, dextran sulfate, sucrose, ficoll-70, glycerol) and nucleoplasm on G4 formation and compound screening. We observed a marked decrease in hit rates when shifting from simple buffer conditions to include potassium and glycerol, and utilizing two or more rapid annealing cycles; the difference in hit compounds coincides with previous findings of active, inactive, and non-G4-mediated activity, including NSC338258, Quindoline i, and TMPyP4; with these changes, we describe a modification of the primary FRET Melt screening assay - the FRET Melt2. This understanding of physiological principles governing the above G4 formation will better inform future drug discovery efforts for this and other oncogenic promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna K Morgan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America; School of Pharmacy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Maria Psaras
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States of America
| | - Quinea Lassiter
- School of Pharmacy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, United States of America; Department of Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Raymer
- School of Pharmacy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Tracy A Brooks
- School of Pharmacy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, United States of America; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Y, Sun XX, Sears RC, Dai MS. Writing and erasing MYC ubiquitination and SUMOylation. Genes Dis 2019; 6:359-371. [PMID: 31832515 PMCID: PMC6889025 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor c-MYC (MYC thereafter) controls diverse transcription programs and plays a key role in the development of many human cancers. Cells develop multiple mechanisms to ensure that MYC levels and activity are precisely controlled in normal physiological context. As a short half-lived protein, MYC protein levels are tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Over a dozen of ubiquitin ligases have been found to ubiquitinate MYC whereas a number of deubiquitinating enzymes counteract this process. Recent studies show that SUMOylation and deSUMOylation can also regulate MYC protein stability and activity. Interestingly, evidence suggests an intriguing crosstalk between MYC ubiquitination and SUMOylation. Deregulation of the MYC ubiquitination-SUMOylation regulatory network may contribute to tumorigenesis. This review is intended to provide the current understanding of the complex regulation of the MYC biology by dynamic ubiquitination and SUMOylation and their crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiao Chen
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Sun
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mu-Shui Dai
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aksoz M, Albayrak E, Aslan GS, Turan RD, Alyazici LY, Siyah P, Tuysuz EC, Canikyan S, Yucel D, Meric N, Gulbas Z, Sahin F, Kocabas F. c-Myc Inhibitor 10074-G5 Induces Murine and Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Expansion and HDR Modulator Rad51 Expression. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 19:479-494. [DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180905100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background:c-Myc plays a major role in the maintenance of glycolytic metabolism and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence.Objective:Targeting modulators of HSC quiescence and metabolism could lead to HSC cell cycle entry with concomitant expansion.Methods and Results:Here we show that c-Myc inhibitor 10074-G5 treatment leads to 2-fold increase in murine LSKCD34low HSC compartment post 7 days. In addition, c-Myc inhibition increases CD34+ and CD133+ human HSC number. c-Myc inhibition leads to downregulation of glycolytic and cyclindependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) gene expression ex vivo and in vivo. In addition, c-Myc inhibition upregulates major HDR modulator Rad51 expression in hematopoietic cells. Besides, c-Myc inhibition does not alter proliferation kinetics of endothelial cells, fibroblasts or adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, however, it limits bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation. We further demonstrate that a cocktail of c-Myc inhibitor 10074-G5 along with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and i-NOS inhibitor L-NIL provides a robust HSC maintenance and expansion ex vivo as evident by induction of all stem cell antigens analyzed. Intriguingly, the cocktail of c-Myc inhibitor 10074-G5, TUDCA and L-NIL improves HDR related gene expression.Conclusion:These findings provide tools to improve ex vivo HSC maintenance and expansion, autologous HSC transplantation and gene editing through modulation of HSC glycolytic and HDR pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Aksoz
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Albayrak
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Galip Servet Aslan
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Raife Dilek Turan
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lamia Yazgi Alyazici
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Siyah
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Can Tuysuz
- Biotechnology Program, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Yeditepe University, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serli Canikyan
- Onkim Stem Cell Technologies, Istanbul Technical University - KOSGEB, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dogacan Yucel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Neslihan Meric
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zafer Gulbas
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Anadolu Medical Center, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kocabas
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Uda RM, Nishimoto N, Matsui T, Takagi S. Photoinduced binding of malachite green copolymer to parallel G-quadruplex DNA. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4454-4459. [PMID: 31073583 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00411d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Designing ligands that selectively target G-quadruplex DNAs has gained attention due to their possible roles in regulation of gene expression and as anti-cancer agents. In this article, we report irradiation-induced ligand binding to G-quadruplex DNAs which offers a novel approach to targeting specific G-quadruplexes. Photoinduced binding to G-quadruplex DNAs was observed for copolymers of poly(vinyl alcohol) carrying a malachite green moiety (PVAMG). This molecule has an aromatic ring with cationic charge, which after irradiation becomes a binding site for G-quadruplex DNA. PVAMGs acted as neutral polymers with no binding affinity under dark conditions. The photoinduced binding was revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, UV melting curve, and DNA polymerase stop assay. PVAMGs showed preference to parallel G-quadruplex structures over mixed parallel/antiparallel structures. PVAMGs were found to be noncytotoxic under both dark and irradiated conditions up to a concentration of 20 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko M Uda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara college, Yata 22, Yamato-koriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang L, Meng Y, Zhang QY. LAPTM4B is a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker for lung adenocarcinoma and associated with mutant EGFR. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:293. [PMID: 30940109 PMCID: PMC6444825 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane-4 beta (LAPTM4B), a novel oncogene, promotes tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic biomarker in several cancers. This study was to determine the clinical significance and biological roles of LAPTM4B in lung adenocarcinoma (LAC). Methods LAPTM4B expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of 63 LAC tumors. Serum levels of LAPTM4B were measured by enzyme-linked immuosorbent assays (ELISA). The study included untreated group (n = 216), chemotherapy group (n = 29), chemotherapy efficacy group (n = 179), EGFR-TKIs group (n = 57) and 68 healthy controls. Statistical analysis was performed to explore the correlation between LAPTM4B expression and clinicopathological parameters in LAC. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to assess the prognostic significance of LAPTM4B in LAC. In vitro assays were performed to assess the biological roles of LAPTM4B in LAC cells. Western blotting assays were examined to identify the underlying pathways involved in the tumor-promoting role of LAPTM4B. Results We found LAPTM4B was upregulated in LAC tissues and high LAPTM4B expression was significantly correlated with poor prognosis. Serum LAPTM4B levels were significantly decreased after chemotherapy. Patients in invalid response group showed higher LAPTM4B levels than the valid response group. Overexpression of LAPTM4B promoted, while silencing of LAPTM4B inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration of LAC cells via PI3K/AKT and EMT signals. LAPTM4B expression level was associated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations. In addition, LAPTM4B plays important roles in EGFR-promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion and gefitinib-induced apoptosis. Conclusions Collectively, our data propose that LAPTM4B may be a cancer biomarker for LAC and a potential therapeutic target which facilitates the development of a novel therapeutic strategy against LAC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5506-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yue Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Qing-Yun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hartl M, Glasauer S, Gufler S, Raffeiner A, Puglisi K, Breuker K, Bister K, Hobmayer B. Differential regulation of myc homologs by Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in the early metazoan Hydra. FEBS J 2019; 286:2295-2310. [PMID: 30869835 PMCID: PMC6618008 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The c‐Myc protein is a transcription factor with oncogenic potential controlling fundamental cellular processes. Homologs of the human c‐myc protooncogene have been identified in the early diploblastic cnidarian Hydra (myc1, myc2). The ancestral Myc1 and Myc2 proteins display the principal design and biochemical properties of their vertebrate derivatives, suggesting that important Myc functions arose very early in metazoan evolution. c‐Myc is part of a transcription factor network regulated by several upstream pathways implicated in oncogenesis and development. One of these signaling cascades is the Wnt/β‐Catenin pathway driving cell differentiation and developmental patterning, but also tumorigenic processes including aberrant transcriptional activation of c‐myc in several human cancers. Here, we show that genetic or pharmacological stimulation of Wnt/β‐Catenin signaling in Hydra is accompanied by specific downregulation of myc1 at mRNA and protein levels. The myc1 and myc2 promoter regions contain consensus binding sites for the transcription factor Tcf, and Hydra Tcf binds to the regulatory regions of both promoters. The myc1 promoter is also specifically repressed in the presence of ectopic Hydra β‐Catenin/Tcf in avian cell culture. We propose that Hydra myc1 is a negative Wnt signaling target, in contrast to vertebrate c‐myc, which is one of the best studied genes activated by this pathway. On the contrary, myc2 is not suppressed by ectopic β‐Catenin in Hydra and presumably represents the structural and functional c‐myc ortholog. Our data implicate that the connection between β‐Catenin‐mediated signaling and myc1 and myc2 gene regulation is an ancestral metazoan feature. Its impact on decision making in Hydra interstitial stem cells is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hartl
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stella Glasauer
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Gufler
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Raffeiner
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kane Puglisi
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Breuker
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Bister
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
do Amaral GCLS, Planello AC, Borgato G, de Lima DG, Guimarães GN, Marques MR, de Souza AP. 5-Aza-CdR promotes partial MGMT demethylation and modifies expression of different genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2019; 127:425-432. [PMID: 30827853 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatment strategies for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) vary, depending on the stage of diagnosis. Surgery and radiotherapy are options for localized lesions for stage I patients, whereas chemotherapy is the main treatment for metastatic OSCC. However, aggressive tumors can relapse, frequently causing death. In an attempt to address this, novel treatment protocols using drugs that alter the epigenetic profile have emerged as an alternative to control tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, the objective in this study was to investigate the effect of the demethylating drug 5-aza-CdR in SCC9 OSCC cells. STUDY DESIGN SCC9 cells were treated with 5-Aza-CdR at concentrations of 0.3μM and 2μM for 24hours and 48hours. DNA methylation of the MGMT, BRCA1, APC, c-MYC, and hTERT genes were investigated by using the methylation-specific high-resolution melting technique. Real time-polymerase chain reaction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to analyze gene expression. RESULTS 5-Aza-CdR promoted demethylation of MGMT and modified the transcription of all analyzed genes. Curiously, 5-aza-CdR at the concentration of 0.3μM was more efficient than 2μM in SCC9 cells. CONCLUSIONS We observed that 5-aza-CdR led to MGMT demethylation, upregulated the transcription of 3 important tumor suppressor genes, and promoted the downregulation of c-Myc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme C L S do Amaral
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Aline C Planello
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriell Borgato
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Dieila Giomo de Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo N Guimarães
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rocha Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhu F, Qian X, Wang Z. Molecular characterization of minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM7) in Scylla paramamosain and its role in white spot syndrome virus and Vibrio alginolyticus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:104-114. [PMID: 30205202 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM7) is a member of the MCM protein family which participates in the MCM complex by playing a role in the cell replication cycle and chromosome initiation in eukaryotes. The 2270 bp cDNA sequence of MCM7, including a 2127-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 709-aa protein, was cloned from Scylla paramamosain using RT-PCR and RACE. Data showed that MCM7 was highly expressed in the digestive organ and hepatopancreas of S. paramamosain. Furthermore, MCM7 expression was down-regulated by infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Vibrio alginolyticus. When MCM7 was knocked down, immune genes such as Janus kinase (JAK) and crustin antimicrobial peptide (CAP) were down-regulated, and C-type-lectin (CTL) was up-regulated in hemocytes. The mortality of WSSV-infected or V. alginolyticus-infected crabs was enhanced following MCM7 knockdown. It was demonstrated that MCM7 is very important in the progression of WSSV and V. alginolyticus infection. We also investigated the effect of MCM7 on apoptosis rate and phagocytic rate in S. paramamosain. MCM7 knockdown caused higher levels of apoptosis in the hemocytes of the control, WSSV, and V. alginolyticus groups. MCM7 knockdown influenced the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total hemocyte count (THC) after infection with WSSV or V. alginolyticus, which indicated that MCM7 plays a regulatory role in innate immunity of crabs. Thus, we conclude that MCM7 may participate in the anti-WSSV and V. alginolyticus immune response in crabs by regulating apoptosis and the activity of PO and SOD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Xiyi Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li T, Sun R, Lu M, Chang J, Meng X, Wu H. NDRG3 facilitates colorectal cancer metastasis through activating Src phosphorylation. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2843-2852. [PMID: 29844682 PMCID: PMC5961472 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s156814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NDRG3 is an N-myc downregulated gene (NDRG). The aim of this article was to identify the role of NDRG3 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to determine the mechanism underlying its function. Methods Using immunohistochemical staining, expression and clinicopathological variables of NDRG3 were analyzed in 170 CRC samples. Overexpression of NDRG3 was employed in SW1116 cells, downregulation of NDRG3 was achieved in RKO cells, then migration and invasion assays were performed in vitro, and a mouse model was constructed in vivo. Results Increased expression of NDRG3 was observed in primary CRC tissues, and this expression was correlated with distant metastasis. Consistently, ectopic expression of NDRG3 in SW1116 cells enhanced cell migration and invasion, while knockdown of NDRG3 in RKO cells significantly suppressed CRC cell metastasis. The portal vein injection models suggested that NDRG3 overexpression facilitates liver metastasis. These events were associated with the phosphorylation of Src (c-Src) at Tyr 419 site. Conclusion Our results showed that NDRG3 facilitates CRC migration and invasion by activating Src phosphorylation, suggesting the role of NDRG3 as a candidate oncogene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, He Fei, 230222, China
| | - Ruochuan Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, He Fei, 230222, China
| | - Mingdian Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, He Fei, 230222, China
| | - Jiacong Chang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, He Fei, 230222, China
| | - Xiangling Meng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, He Fei, 230222, China
| | - Huo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, He Fei, 230222, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The MYC proto-oncogene is a gene product that coordinates the transcriptional regulation of a multitude of genes that are essential to cellular programs required for normal as well as neoplastic cellular growth and proliferation, including cell cycle, self-renewal, survival, cell growth, metabolism, protein and ribosomal biogenesis, and differentiation. Here, we propose that MYC regulates these programs in a manner that is coordinated with a global influence on the host immune response. MYC had been presumed to contribute to tumorigenesis through tumor cell-intrinsic influences. More recently, MYC expression in tumor cells has been shown to regulate the tumor microenvironment through effects on both innate and adaptive immune effector cells and immune regulatory cytokines. Then, MYC was shown to regulate the expression of the immune checkpoint gene products CD47 and programmed death-ligand 1. Similarly, other oncogenes, which are known to modulate MYC, have been shown to regulate immune checkpoints. Hence, MYC may generally prevent highly proliferative cells from eliciting an immune response. MYC-driven neoplastic cells have coopted this mechanism to bypass immune detection. Thus, MYC inactivation can restore the immune response against a tumor. MYC-induced tumors may be particularly sensitive to immuno-oncology therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
25
|
Raffeiner P, Schraffl A, Schwarz T, Röck R, Ledolter K, Hartl M, Konrat R, Stefan E, Bister K. Calcium-dependent binding of Myc to calmodulin. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3327-3343. [PMID: 27926480 PMCID: PMC5356885 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bHLH-LZ (basic region/helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper) oncoprotein Myc and the bHLH-LZ protein Max form a binary transcription factor complex controlling fundamental cellular processes. Deregulated Myc expression leads to neoplastic transformation and is a hallmark of most human cancers. The dynamics of Myc transcription factor activity are post-translationally coordinated by defined protein-protein interactions. Here, we present evidence for a second messenger controlled physical interaction between the Ca2+ sensor calmodulin (CaM) and all Myc variants (v-Myc, c-Myc, N-Myc, and L-Myc). The predominantly cytoplasmic Myc:CaM interaction is Ca2+-dependent, and the binding site maps to the conserved bHLH domain of Myc. Ca2+-loaded CaM binds the monomeric and intrinsically disordered Myc protein with high affinity, whereas Myc:Max heterodimers show less, and Max homodimers no affinity for CaM. NMR spectroscopic analyses using alternating mixtures of 15N-labeled and unlabeled preparations of CaM and a monomeric Myc fragment containing the bHLH-LZ domain corroborate the biochemical results on the Myc:CaM interaction and confirm the interaction site mapping. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, addition of CaM does not affect high-affinity DNA-binding of Myc:Max heterodimers. However, cell-based reporter analyses and cell transformation assays suggest that increasing CaM levels enhance Myc transcriptional and oncogenic activities. Our results point to a possible involvement of Ca2+ sensing CaM in the fine-tuning of Myc function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Raffeiner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Present address: Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrea Schraffl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Structural and Computational Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Röck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karin Ledolter
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Structural and Computational Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hartl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Konrat
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Structural and Computational Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Bister
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zaytseva O, Quinn LM. DNA Conformation Regulates Gene Expression: The MYC Promoter and Beyond. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700235. [PMID: 29504137 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that DNA topology plays an instructive role in cell fate control through regulation of gene expression. Transcription produces torsional stress, and the resultant supercoiling of the DNA molecule generates an array of secondary structures. In turn, local DNA architecture is harnessed by the cell, acting within sensory feedback mechanisms to mediate transcriptional output. MYC is a potent oncogene, which is upregulated in the majority of cancers; thus numerous studies have focused on detailed understanding of its regulation. Dissection of regulatory regions within the MYC promoter provided the first hint that intimate feedback between DNA topology and associated DNA remodeling proteins is critical for moderating transcription. As evidence of such regulation is also found in the context of many other genes, here we expand on the prototypical example of the MYC promoter, and also explore DNA architecture in a genome-wide context as a global mechanism of transcriptional control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zaytseva
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT 2600, Canberra City, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, Australia
| | - Leonie M Quinn
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT 2600, Canberra City, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nerve growth factor modulates the tumor cells migration in ovarian cancer through the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81026-81048. [PMID: 27835587 PMCID: PMC5348374 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF)/nerve growth factor receptors (NGFRs) axis and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway have shown to play crucial roles in tumor initiation, progression and prognosis. But little did we know the relationship between them in modulation of tumor progress. In this report, we found that NGF/NGFRs and β-catenin were coexpression in ovarian cancer cell lines, and NGF can decrease the expression level of β-catenin and affect its activities, which may be related to the NGF-induced down-regulation of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9-like (BCL9L, BCL9-2). Furthermore, NGF can also increase or decrease the downstream target gene expression levels of WNT/β-catenin depending on the cell types. Especially, we created a novel in vitro cell growth model based on a microfluidic device to intuitively observe the effects of NGF/NGFRs on the motility behaviors of ovarian cancer cells. The results showed that the migration area and maximum distance into three dimensional (3D) matrigel were decreased in CAOV3 and OVCAR3 cells, but increased in SKOV3 cells following the stimulation with NGF. In addition, we found that the cell colony area was down-regulated in CAOV3 cells, however, it was augmented in OVCAR3 cells after treatment with NGF. The inhibitors of NGF/NGFRs, such as Ro 08-2750, K252a and LM11A-31,can all block NGF-stimulated changes of gene expression or migratory behavior on ovarian cancer cells. The different results among ovarian cancer cells illustrated the heterogeneity and complexity of ovarian cancer. Collectively, our results suggested for the first time that NGF is functionally linked to β-catenin in the migration of human ovarian cancer cells, which may be a novel therapeutic perspective to prevent the spread of ovarian carcinomas by studying the interaction between NGF/NGFRs and canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling.
Collapse
|
28
|
Stefan E, Troppmair J, Bister K. Targeting the Architecture of Deregulated Protein Complexes in Cancer. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 111:101-132. [PMID: 29459029 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The architectures of central signaling hubs are precisely organized by static and dynamic protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Upon deregulation, these PPI platforms are capable to propagate or initiate pathophysiological signaling events. This causes the acquisition of molecular features contributing to the etiology or progression of many diseases, including cancer, where deregulated molecular interactions of signaling proteins have been best studied. The reasons for PPI-dependent reprogramming of cancer-initiating cells are manifold; in many cases, mutations perturb PPIs, enzyme activities, protein abundance, or protein localization. Consequently, the pharmaceutical targeting of PPIs promises to be of remarkable therapeutic value. For this review we have selected three key players of oncogenic signaling which are differently affected by PPI deregulation: two (the small G proteins of the RAS family and the transcription factor MYC) are considered "undruggable" using classical drug discovery approaches and in the case of the third protein discussed here, PKA, standard kinase inhibitors, may be unsuitable in the clinic. These circumstances require alternative strategies, which may lie in pharmaceutical drug interference of critical PPIs accountable for oncogenic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Jakob Troppmair
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Bister
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Estiar MA, Javan F, Zekri A, Mehrazin M, Mehdipour P. Prognostic significance of MYCN gene amplification and protein expression in primary brain tumors: Astrocytoma and meningioma. Cancer Biomark 2017; 19:341-351. [PMID: 28453467 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytoma and meningioma are the most common primary brain tumors. MYCN as a member of MYC proto-oncogenes has recently appeared as an attractive therapeutic target. Functions of MYCN are critical for growth of nervous system and neural differentiation. OBJECTIVE We examined MYCN amplification and protein expression in astrocytoma and meningioma cases. METHODS In this study, we used real-time PCR, FISH assay and flowcytometry to analyze DNA amplification and protein expression of MYCN. RESULTS Among 30 samples of brain tumor, 14 cases (46.6%) revealed MYCN amplification. High-protein expression of MYCN was also observed in 43.3% of patients. There was a significant correlation between MYCN gene amplification and protein expression (r= 0.523; p= 0.003), interestingly five case showed discrepancy between the gene amplification and protein expression. Although MYCN amplification fails to show correlation with poor prognosis (p= 0.305), protein high-expression of MYCN significantly reduce disease-free survival (p= 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Our results challenge the concept of the neural specificity of MYCN by demonstrating contribution of MYCN in meningioma. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of research at both level of DNA and protein, to determine the biological functions and medical impacts of MYCN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Asghari Estiar
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firouzeh Javan
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zekri
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Mehrazin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mehdipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
TGF-β Family Signaling in the Control of Cell Proliferation and Survival. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022145. [PMID: 27920038 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family controls many fundamental aspects of cellular behavior. With advances in the molecular details of the TGF-β signaling cascade and its cross talk with other signaling pathways, we now have a more coherent understanding of the cytostatic program induced by TGF-β. However, the molecular mechanisms are still largely elusive for other cellular processes that are regulated by TGF-β and determine a cell's proliferation and survival, apoptosis, dormancy, autophagy, and senescence. The difficulty in defining TGF-β's roles partly stems from the context-dependent nature of TGF-β signaling. Here, we review our current understanding and recent progress on the biological effects of TGF-β at the cellular level, with the hope of providing a framework for understanding how cells respond to TGF-β signals in specific contexts, and why disruption of such mechanisms may result in different human diseases including cancer.
Collapse
|
31
|
MYC: Master Regulator of Immune Privilege. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:298-305. [PMID: 28233639 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are often initiated by genetic events that activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumor-suppressor genes. These events are also crucial for sustained tumor cell proliferation and survival, a phenomenon described as oncogene addiction. In addition to this cell-intrinsic role, recent evidence indicates that oncogenes also directly regulate immune responses, leading to immunosuppression. Expression of many oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressors induces the expression of immune checkpoints that regulate the immune response, such as PD-L1. We discuss here how oncogenes, and in particular MYC, suppress immune surveillance, and how oncogene-targeted therapies may restore the immune response against tumors.
Collapse
|
32
|
Shan C, Yan JW, Wang YQ, Che T, Huang ZL, Chen AC, Yao PF, Tan JH, Li D, Ou TM, Gu LQ, Huang ZS. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Isaindigotone Derivatives To Downregulate c-myc Transcription via Disrupting the Interaction of NM23-H2 with G-Quadruplex. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1292-1308. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Shan
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
for Translation Medicine, Qingdao University, Shandong 266021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Wu Yan
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
- School
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qing Wang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Che
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou-Li Huang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ai-Chun Chen
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei-Fen Yao
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Heng Tan
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ding Li
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Miao Ou
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian-Quan Gu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Shu Huang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stefan E, Bister K. MYC and RAF: Key Effectors in Cellular Signaling and Major Drivers in Human Cancer. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 407:117-151. [PMID: 28466200 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prototypes of the human MYC and RAF gene families are orthologs of animal proto-oncogenes that were originally identified as transduced alleles in the genomes of highly oncogenic retroviruses. MYC and RAF genes are now established as key regulatory elements in normal cellular physiology, but also as major cancer driver genes. Although the predominantly nuclear MYC proteins and the cytoplasmic RAF proteins have different biochemical functions, they are functionally linked in pivotal signaling cascades and circuits. The MYC protein is a transcription factor and together with its dimerization partner MAX holds a central position in a regulatory network of bHLH-LZ proteins. MYC regulates transcription conducted by all RNA polymerases and controls virtually the entire transcriptome. Fundamental cellular processes including distinct catabolic and anabolic branches of metabolism, cell cycle regulation, cell growth and proliferation, differentiation, stem cell regulation, and apoptosis are under MYC control. Deregulation of MYC expression by rearrangement or amplification of the MYC locus or by defects in kinase-mediated upstream signaling, accompanied by loss of apoptotic checkpoints, leads to tumorigenesis and is a hallmark of most human cancers. The critically controlled serine/threonine RAF kinases are central nodes of the cytoplasmic MAPK signaling cascade transducing converted extracellular signals to the nucleus for reshaping transcription factor controlled gene expression profiles. Specific mutations of RAF kinases, such as the prevalent BRAF(V600E) mutation in melanoma, or defects in upstream signaling or feedback loops cause decoupled kinase activities which lead to tumorigenesis. Different strategies for pharmacological interference with MYC- or RAF-induced tumorigenesis are being developed and several RAF kinase inhibitors are already in clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Bister
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Songock WK, Kim SM, Bodily JM. The human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein as a regulator of transcription. Virus Res 2016; 231:56-75. [PMID: 27818212 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) encode oncoproteins which manipulate gene expression patterns in the host keratinocytes to facilitate viral replication, regulate viral transcription, and promote immune evasion and persistence. In some cases, oncoprotein-induced changes in host cell behavior can cause progression to cancer, but a complete picture of the functions of the viral oncoproteins in the productive HPV life cycle remains elusive. E7 is the HPV-encoded factor most responsible for maintaining cell cycle competence in differentiating keratinocytes. Through interactions with dozens of host factors, E7 has an enormous impact on host gene expression patterns. In this review, we will examine the role of E7 specifically as a regulator of transcription. We will discuss mechanisms of regulation of cell cycle-related genes by E7 as well as genes involved in immune regulation, growth factor signaling, DNA damage responses, microRNAs, and others pathways. We will also discuss some unanswered questions about how transcriptional regulation by E7 impacts the biology of HPV in both benign and malignant conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William K Songock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Seong-Man Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Jason M Bodily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hart JR, Roberts TC, Weinberg MS, Morris KV, Vogt PK. MYC regulates the non-coding transcriptome. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12543-54. [PMID: 25587025 PMCID: PMC4350361 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Using RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) of ribosome-depleted RNA, we have identified 1,273 lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) in P493-6 human B-cells. Of these, 534 are either up- or downregulated in response to MYC overexpression. An increase in MYC occupancy near their TSS (transcription start sites) was observed for MYC-responsive lncRNAs suggesting these are direct MYC targets. MYC binds to the same TSS across several cell lines, but the number of TSS bound depends on cellular MYC levels and increases with higher MYC concentrations. Despite this concordance in promoter binding, a majority of expressed lncRNAs are specific for one cell line, suggesting a determinant role of additional, possibly differentiation-specific factors in the activity of MYC-bound lncRNA promoters. A significant fraction of the lncRNA transcripts lack polyadenylation. The RNA-seq data were confirmed on eight selected lncRNAs by NRO (nuclear run-on) and RT-qPCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Hart
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas C Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marc S Weinberg
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, South Africa
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter K Vogt
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mitchell NC, Tchoubrieva EB, Chahal A, Woods S, Lee A, Lin JI, Parsons L, Jastrzebski K, Poortinga G, Hannan KM, Pearson RB, Hannan RD, Quinn LM. S6 Kinase is essential for MYC-dependent rDNA transcription in Drosophila. Cell Signal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
37
|
Raffeiner P, Röck R, Schraffl A, Hartl M, Hart JR, Janda KD, Vogt PK, Stefan E, Bister K. In vivo quantification and perturbation of Myc-Max interactions and the impact on oncogenic potential. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8869-78. [PMID: 25326649 PMCID: PMC4253403 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic bHLH-LZ transcription factor Myc forms binary complexes with its binding partner Max. These and other bHLH-LZ-based protein-protein interactions (PPI) in the Myc-Max network are essential for the physiological and oncogenic activities of Myc. We have generated a genetically determined and highly specific protein-fragment complementation assay based on Renilla luciferase to analyze the dynamic interplay of bHLH-LZ transcription factors Myc, Max, and Mxd1 in vivo. We also applied this PPI reporter to quantify alterations of nuclear Myc-Max complexes in response to mutational events, competitive binding by the transcriptional repressor Mxd1, or perturbations by small-molecule Myc inhibitors, including recently identified potent PPI inhibitors from a Kröhnke pyridine library. We show that the specificity of Myc-Max PPI reduction by the pyridine inhibitors directly correlates with their efficient and highly specific potential to interfere with the proliferation of human and avian tumor cells displaying deregulated Myc expression. In a direct comparison with known Myc inhibitors using human and avian cell systems, the pyridine compounds reveal a unique inhibitory potential even at sub-micromolar concentrations combined with remarkable specificity for the inhibition of Myc-driven tumor cell proliferation. Furthermore, we show in direct comparisons using defined avian cell systems that different Max PPI profiles for the variant members of the Myc protein family (c-Myc, v-Myc, N-Myc, L-Myc) correlate with their diverse oncogenic potential and their variable sensitivity to the novel pyridine inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Raffeiner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ruth Röck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schraffl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Hartl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jonathan R Hart
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Peter K Vogt
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Bister
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Reyes-González JM, Armaiz-Peña GN, Mangala LS, Valiyeva F, Ivan C, Pradeep S, Echevarría-Vargas IM, Rivera-Reyes A, Sood AK, Vivas-Mejía PE. Targeting c-MYC in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2260-9. [PMID: 26227489 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular and therapeutic effects of siRNA-mediated c-MYC silencing in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer. Statistical analysis of patient's data extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) portal showed that the disease-free (DFS) and the overall (OS) survival were decreased in ovarian cancer patients with high c-MYC mRNA levels. Furthermore, analysis of a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines showed that c-MYC protein levels were higher in cisplatin-resistant cells when compared with their cisplatin-sensitive counterparts. In vitro cell viability, growth, cell-cycle progression, and apoptosis, as well as in vivo therapeutic effectiveness in murine xenograft models, were also assessed following siRNA-mediated c-MYC silencing in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Significant inhibition of cell growth and viability, cell-cycle arrest, and activation of apoptosis were observed upon siRNA-mediated c-MYC depletion. In addition, single weekly doses of c-MYC-siRNA incorporated into 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG-2000)-based nanoliposomes resulted in significant reduction in tumor growth. These findings identify c-MYC as a potential therapeutic target for ovarian cancers expressing high levels of this oncoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeyshka M Reyes-González
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Guillermo N Armaiz-Peña
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lingegowda S Mangala
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fatma Valiyeva
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Adrian Rivera-Reyes
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pablo E Vivas-Mejía
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico. University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kim BG, Evans HM, Dubins DN, Chalikian TV. Effects of Salt on the Stability of a G-Quadruplex from the Human c-MYC Promoter. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3420-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byul G. Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Heather M. Evans
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - David N. Dubins
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Tigran V. Chalikian
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jung KY, Wang H, Teriete P, Yap JL, Chen L, Lanning ME, Hu A, Lambert LJ, Holien T, Sundan A, Cosford N, Prochownik EV, Fletcher S. Perturbation of the c-Myc-Max protein-protein interaction via synthetic α-helix mimetics. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3002-24. [PMID: 25734936 PMCID: PMC4955407 DOI: 10.1021/jm501440q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of inhibitors of the bHLH-ZIP oncoprotein c-Myc is hampered by a lack of structure in its monomeric state. We describe herein the design of novel, low-molecular-weight, synthetic α-helix mimetics that recognize helical c-Myc in its transcriptionally active coiled-coil structure in association with its obligate bHLH-ZIP partner Max. These compounds perturb the heterodimer's binding to its canonical E-box DNA sequence without causing protein-protein dissociation, heralding a new mechanistic class of "direct" c-Myc inhibitors. In addition to electrophoretic mobility shift assays, this model was corroborated by further biophysical methods, including NMR spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance. Several compounds demonstrated a 2-fold or greater selectivity for c-Myc-Max heterodimers over Max-Max homodimers with IC50 values as low as 5.6 μM. Finally, these compounds inhibited the proliferation of c-Myc-expressing cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner that correlated with the loss of expression of a c-Myc-dependent reporter plasmid despite the fact that c-Myc-Max heterodimers remained intact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Young Jung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Huabo Wang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Peter Teriete
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeremy L. Yap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Lijia Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Maryanna E. Lanning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Angela Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Lester J. Lambert
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Toril Holien
- KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Sundan
- KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nicholas Cosford
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward V. Prochownik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Steven Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
In a fluorescence polarization screen for the MYC-MAX interaction, we have identified a novel small-molecule inhibitor of MYC, KJ-Pyr-9, from a Kröhnke pyridine library. The Kd of KJ-Pyr-9 for MYC in vitro is 6.5 ± 1.0 nM, as determined by backscattering interferometry; KJ-Pyr-9 also interferes with MYC-MAX complex formation in the cell, as shown in a protein fragment complementation assay. KJ-Pyr-9 specifically inhibits MYC-induced oncogenic transformation in cell culture; it has no or only weak effects on the oncogenic activity of several unrelated oncoproteins. KJ-Pyr-9 preferentially interferes with the proliferation of MYC-overexpressing human and avian cells and specifically reduces the MYC-driven transcriptional signature. In vivo, KJ-Pyr-9 effectively blocks the growth of a xenotransplant of MYC-amplified human cancer cells.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kirsammer G, Strizzi L, Margaryan NV, Gilgur A, Hyser M, Atkinson J, Kirschmann DA, Seftor EA, Hendrix MJC. Nodal signaling promotes a tumorigenic phenotype in human breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 29:40-50. [PMID: 25073112 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ras-ERK pathway is deregulated in approximately a third of human cancers, particularly those of epithelial origin. In aggressive, triple-negative, basal-like breast cancers, most tumors display increased MEK and ERK phosphorylation and exhibit a gene expression profile characteristic of Kras or EGFR mutant tumors; however, Ras family genetic mutations are uncommon in triple-negative breast cancer and EGFR mutations account for only a subset of these tumors. Therefore, the upstream events that activate MAPK signaling and promote tumor aggression in triple-negative breast cancers remain poorly defined. We have previously shown that a secreted TGF-β family signaling ligand, Nodal, is expressed in breast cancer in correlation with disease progression. Here we highlight key findings demonstrating that Nodal is required in aggressive human breast cancer cells to activate ERK signaling and downstream tumorigenic phenotypes both in vitro and in vivo. Experimental knockdown of Nodal signaling downregulates ERK activity, resulting in loss of c-myc, upregulation of p27, G1 cell cycle arrest, increased apoptosis and decreased tumorigenicity. The data suggest that ERK activation by Nodal signaling regulates c-myc and p27 proteins post-translationally and that this cascade is essential for aggressive breast tumor behavior in vivo. As the MAPK pathway is an important target for treating triple-negative breast cancers, upstream Nodal signaling may represent a promising target for breast cancer diagnosis and combined therapies aimed at blocking ERK pathway activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Kirsammer
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Luigi Strizzi
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Naira V Margaryan
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Alina Gilgur
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Matthew Hyser
- Presence Saint Francis Hospital, 355 Ridge Ave, Evanston, IL 60202, United States
| | - Janis Atkinson
- Presence Saint Francis Hospital, 355 Ridge Ave, Evanston, IL 60202, United States
| | - Dawn A Kirschmann
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Elisabeth A Seftor
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Mary J C Hendrix
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
The role of c2orf68 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in human colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 31:92. [PMID: 25023051 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the research is to determine whether c2orf68 gene plays a role in the carcinogenesis of human colorectal cancer and to study the function of c2orf68 belonging to the UPF0561 family. The mRNA expression levels of c2orf68 were examined in 30 pairs of human colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues and adjacent normal colorectal tissues by qRT-PCR. The SW480 and SW620 cell lines were transfected with siRNA against the c2orf68 gene and set gene. The expressed mRNA levels of Akt, PI3K, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase3, c-Myc, cyclinD1, pp2a and set were determined by qRT-PCR, and the protein levels of C2ORF68, c-Myc, PP2A and SET were examined by Western blot. Cell proliferation was tested by MTT assay, and apoptosis and cell cycle were studied by flow cytometry. Cancer metastasis assay was performed by transwell chamber. The c2orf68 mRNA expression was down-regulated in 63.33 % of the cancer samples, and a positive correlation was found between the mRNA expression of c-Myc and pp2a that of c2orf68. Meanwhile, there was a negative correlation between the mRNA expression of c2orf68 and set. The c2orf68 mRNA was significantly down-regulated in SW480(-c2orf68) and SW620(-c2orf68) cells. The inhibitory rate in the two cell lines was, respectively, 65.2 and 71.6 % by qRT-PCR. A 22.7 % inhibition on cell proliferation in SW480(-c2orf68) cells and a 21.2 % inhibition in SW620(-c2orf68) cells were observed using the MTT assay. Flow cytometry analysis indicates that the cell apoptosis rate was 21.42 % in SW480(-c2orf68) cells and 17.78 % in SW620(-c2orf68) cells, whereas the percentage of G1 phase cells was 61.8 and 58.6 % in SW480(-c2orf68) and SW620(-c2orf68) cells, respectively. In addition, the mRNA expression of set and Bax was up-regulated after c2orf68 interfered in SW480(-c2orf68) and SW620(-c2orf68) cells, whereas that of Bcl-2, c-Myc, cyclinD1, caspase3 and pp2a was down-regulated. Consistent with the mRNA results, the protein expression of C2ORF68, PP2A and c-Myc was down-regulated, whereas that of SET was up-regulated. Our data thus suggest that c2orf68 promotes carcinogenesis through the regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
44
|
Barrilleaux BL, Burow D, Lockwood SH, Yu A, Segal DJ, Knoepfler PS. Miz-1 activates gene expression via a novel consensus DNA binding motif. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101151. [PMID: 24983942 PMCID: PMC4077741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Miz-1 can either activate or repress gene expression in concert with binding partners including the Myc oncoprotein. The genomic binding of Miz-1 includes both core promoters and more distal sites, but the preferred DNA binding motif of Miz-1 has been unclear. We used a high-throughput in vitro technique, Bind-n-Seq, to identify two Miz-1 consensus DNA binding motif sequences—ATCGGTAATC and ATCGAT (Mizm1 and Mizm2)—bound by full-length Miz-1 and its zinc finger domain, respectively. We validated these sequences directly as high affinity Miz-1 binding motifs. Competition assays using mutant probes indicated that the binding affinity of Miz-1 for Mizm1 and Mizm2 is highly sequence-specific. Miz-1 strongly activates gene expression through the motifs in a Myc-independent manner. MEME-ChIP analysis of Miz-1 ChIP-seq data in two different cell types reveals a long motif with a central core sequence highly similar to the Mizm1 motif identified by Bind-n-Seq, validating the in vivo relevance of the findings. Miz-1 ChIP-seq peaks containing the long motif are predominantly located outside of proximal promoter regions, in contrast to peaks without the motif, which are highly concentrated within 1.5 kb of the nearest transcription start site. Overall, our results indicate that Miz-1 may be directed in vivo to the novel motif sequences we have identified, where it can recruit its specific binding partners to control gene expression and ultimately regulate cell fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L. Barrilleaux
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Dana Burow
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah H. Lockwood
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Abigail Yu
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Segal
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Knoepfler
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kabbout M, Dakhlallah D, Sharma S, Bronisz A, Srinivasan R, Piper M, Marsh CB, Ostrowski MC. MicroRNA 17-92 cluster mediates ETS1 and ETS2-dependent RAS-oncogenic transformation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100693. [PMID: 24968297 PMCID: PMC4072627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ETS-family transcription factors Ets1 and Ets2 are evolutionarily conserved effectors of the RAS/ERK signaling pathway, but their function in Ras cellular transformation and biology remains unclear. Taking advantage of Ets1 and Ets2 mouse models to generate Ets1/Ets2 double knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we demonstrate that deletion of both Ets1 and Ets2 was necessary to inhibit HrasG12V induced transformation both in vitro and in vivo. HrasG12V expression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts increased ETS1 and ETS2 expression and binding to cis-regulatory elements on the c-Myc proximal promoter, and consequently induced a robust increase in MYC expression. The expression of the oncogenic microRNA 17-92 cluster was increased in HrasG12V transformed cells, but was significantly reduced when ETS1 and ETS2 were absent. MYC and ETS1 or ETS2 collaborated to increase expression of the oncogenic microRNA 17-92 cluster in HrasG12V transformed cells. Enforced expression of exogenous MYC or microRNA 17-92 rescued HrasG12V transformation in Ets1/Ets2-null cells, revealing a direct function for MYC and microRNA 17-92 in ETS1/ETS2-dependent HrasG12V transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kabbout
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Duaa Dakhlallah
- Graduate Program in Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sudarshana Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka Bronisz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ruchika Srinivasan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Melissa Piper
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Clay B. Marsh
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Ostrowski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen CY, Chang IS, Hsiung CA, Wasserman WW. On the identification of potential regulatory variants within genome wide association candidate SNP sets. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:34. [PMID: 24920305 PMCID: PMC4066296 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome wide association studies (GWAS) are a population-scale approach to the identification of segments of the genome in which genetic variations may contribute to disease risk. Current methods focus on the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with disease traits. As there are many SNPs within identified risk loci, and the majority of these are situated within non-coding regions, a key challenge is to identify and prioritize variants affecting regulatory sequences that are likely to contribute to the phenotype assessed. METHODS We focused investigation on SNPs within lung and breast cancer GWAS loci that reached genome-wide significance for potential roles in gene regulation with a specific focus on SNPs likely to disrupt transcription factor binding sites. Within risk loci, the regulatory potential of sub-regions was classified using relevant open chromatin and epigenetic high throughput sequencing data sets from the ENCODE project in available cancer and normal cell lines. Furthermore, transcription factor affinity altering variants were predicted by comparison of position weight matrix scores between disease and reference alleles. Lastly, ChIP-seq data of transcription associated factors and topological domains were included as binding evidence and potential gene target inference. RESULTS The sets of SNPs, including both the disease-associated markers and those in high linkage disequilibrium with them, were significantly over-represented in regulatory sequences of cancer and/or normal cells; however, over-representation was generally not restricted to disease-relevant tissue specific regions. The calculated regulatory potential, allelic binding affinity scores and ChIP-seq binding evidence were the three criteria used to prioritize candidates. Fitting all three criteria, we highlighted breast cancer susceptibility SNPs and a borderline lung cancer relevant SNP located in cancer-specific enhancers overlapping multiple distinct transcription associated factor ChIP-seq binding sites. CONCLUSION Incorporating high throughput sequencing epigenetic and transcription factor data sets from both cancer and normal cells into cancer genetic studies reveals potential functional SNPs and informs subsequent characterization efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-yu Chen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - I-Shou Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chao A Hsiung
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wyeth W Wasserman
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hartl M, Glasauer S, Valovka T, Breuker K, Hobmayer B, Bister K. Hydra myc2, a unique pre-bilaterian member of the myc gene family, is activated in cell proliferation and gametogenesis. Biol Open 2014; 3:397-407. [PMID: 24771621 PMCID: PMC4021362 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20147005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myc protooncogene encodes the Myc transcription factor which is the essential part of the Myc–Max network controlling fundamental cellular processes. Deregulation of myc leads to tumorigenesis and is a hallmark of many human cancers. We have recently identified homologs of myc (myc1, myc2) and max in the early diploblastic cnidarian Hydra and have characterized myc1 in detail. Here we show that myc2 is transcriptionally activated in the interstitial stem cell system. Furthermore, in contrast to myc1, myc2 expression is also detectable in proliferating epithelial stem cells throughout the gastric region. myc2 but not myc1 is activated in cycling precursor cells during early oogenesis and spermatogenesis, suggesting that the Hydra Myc2 protein has a possible non-redundant function in cell cycle progression. The Myc2 protein displays the principal design and properties of vertebrate Myc proteins. In complex with Max, Myc2 binds to DNA with similar affinity as Myc1–Max heterodimers. Immunoprecipitation of Hydra chromatin revealed that both Myc1 and Myc2 bind to the enhancer region of CAD, a classical Myc target gene in mammals. Luciferase reporter gene assays showed that Myc1 but not Myc2 transcriptionally activates the CAD promoter. Myc2 has oncogenic potential when tested in primary avian fibroblasts but to a lower degree as compared to Myc1. The identification of an additional myc gene in Cnidaria, a phylum that diverged prior to bilaterians, with characteristic expression patterns in tissue homeostasis and developmental processes suggests that principle functions of myc genes have arisen very early in metazoan evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hartl
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stella Glasauer
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Present address: Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Taras Valovka
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Breuker
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Bister
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dai Y, Wilson G, Huang B, Peng M, Teng G, Zhang D, Zhang R, Ebert MPA, Chen J, Wong BCY, Chan KW, George J, Qiao L. Silencing of Jagged1 inhibits cell growth and invasion in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1170. [PMID: 24722295 PMCID: PMC5424114 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated Notch signaling has a critical role in the tumorigenesis. Jagged1, a Notch ligand, is overexpressed in various human cancers. Recent studies revealed the involvement of Jagged1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) development. These basic studies provide a promising potential for inhibition of the Notch pathway for the treatment of CRC. Herein, we aimed to investigate the consequences of targeting Jagged1 using shRNA on CRC both in vitro and in vivo to test their potential to inhibit this key element for CRC treatment. We found that downregulation of Jagged1 with lentiviral Jagged1-shRNA resulted in decreased colon cancer cell viability in vitro, most likely mediated through reduced cell proliferation. Importantly, Jagged1 knockdown induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, with reduced Cyclin D1, Cyclin E and c-Myc expression. Silencing of Jagged1 reduced the migration and invasive capacity of the colon cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, colon cancer cells with knockdown of Jagged1 had much slower growth rate than control cells in a xenograft mouse model in vivo, with a marked downregulation of cell proliferation markers (PCNA, Ki-67, and c-Myc) and metastasis markers (MMP-2 and MMP-9). These findings rationalize a mechanistic approach to CRC treatment based on Jagged1-targeted therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - G Wilson
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Department of Medicine and Western Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - B Huang
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - M Peng
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - G Teng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - D Zhang
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - R Zhang
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - M P A Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - J Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - B C Y Wong
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - K W Chan
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - J George
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Department of Medicine and Western Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - L Qiao
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Department of Medicine and Western Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The MYC oncoprotein is an essential transcription factor that regulates the expression of many genes involved in cell growth, proliferation, and metabolic pathways. Thus, it is important to keep MYC activity in check in normal cells in order to avoid unwanted oncogenic changes. Normal cells have adapted several ways to control MYC levels, and these mechanisms can be disrupted in cancer cells. One of the major ways in which MYC levels are controlled in cells is through targeted degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Here, we discuss the role of the UPS in the regulation of MYC protein levels and review some of the many proteins that have been shown to regulate MYC protein stability. In addition, we discuss how this relates to MYC transcriptional activity, human cancers, and therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Farrell
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cavalheiro GR, Matos-Rodrigues GE, Gomes AL, Rodrigues PMG, Martins RAP. c-Myc regulates cell proliferation during lens development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87182. [PMID: 24503550 PMCID: PMC3913586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc protooncogenes play important roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, growth, differentiation and survival during development. In various developing organs, c-myc has been shown to control the expression of cell cycle regulators and its misregulated expression is detected in many human tumors. Here, we show that c-myc gene (Myc) is highly expressed in developing mouse lens. Targeted deletion of c-myc gene from head surface ectoderm dramatically impaired ocular organogenesis, resulting in severe microphtalmia, defective anterior segment development, formation of a lens stalk and/or aphakia. In particular, lenses lacking c-myc presented thinner epithelial cell layer and growth impairment that was detectable soon after its inactivation. Defective development of c-myc-null lens was not caused by increased cell death of lens progenitor cells. Instead, c-myc loss reduced cell proliferation, what was associated with an ectopic expression of Prox1 and p27Kip1 proteins within epithelial cells. Interestingly, a sharp decrease in the expression of the forkhead box transcription factor Foxe3 was also observed following c-myc inactivation. These data represent the first description of the physiological roles played by a Myc family member in mouse lens development. Our findings support the conclusion that c-myc regulates the proliferation of lens epithelial cells in vivo and may, directly or indirectly, modulate the expression of classical cell cycle regulators in developing mouse lens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R. Cavalheiro
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel E. Matos-Rodrigues
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anielle L. Gomes
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo M. G. Rodrigues
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. P. Martins
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|