1
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Biosensors and Drug Delivery in Oncotheranostics Using Inorganic Synthetic and Biogenic Magnetic Nanoparticles. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100789. [PMID: 36290927 PMCID: PMC9599632 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanocarriers have attracted attention in translational oncology due to their ability to be employed both for tumor diagnostics and therapy. This review summarizes data on applications of synthetic and biogenic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in oncological theranostics and related areas. The basics of both types of MNPs including synthesis approaches, structure, and physicochemical properties are discussed. The properties of synthetic MNPs and biogenic MNPs are compared with regard to their antitumor therapeutic efficiency, diagnostic potential, biocompatibility, and cellular toxicity. The comparative analysis demonstrates that both synthetic and biogenic MNPs could be efficiently used for cancer theranostics, including biosensorics and drug delivery. At the same time, reduced toxicity of biogenic particles was noted, which makes them advantageous for in vivo applications, such as drug delivery, or MRI imaging of tumors. Adaptability to surface modification based on natural biochemical processes is also noted, as well as good compatibility with tumor cells and proliferation in them. Advances in the bionanotechnology field should lead to the implementation of MNPs in clinical trials.
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2
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A Novel Isolate of Spherical Multicellular Magnetotactic Prokaryotes Has Two Magnetosome Gene Clusters and Synthesizes Both Magnetite and Greigite Crystals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050925. [PMID: 35630369 PMCID: PMC9145555 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular magnetotactic prokaryotes (MMPs) are a unique group of magnetotactic bacteria that are composed of 10–100 individual cells and show coordinated swimming along magnetic field lines. MMPs produce nanometer-sized magnetite (Fe3O4) and/or greigite (Fe3S4) crystals—termed magnetosomes. Two types of magnetosome gene cluster (MGC) that regulate biomineralization of magnetite and greigite have been found. Here, we describe a dominant spherical MMP (sMMP) species collected from the intertidal sediments of Jinsha Bay, in the South China Sea. The sMMPs were 4.78 ± 0.67 μm in diameter, comprised 14–40 cells helical symmetrically, and contained bullet-shaped magnetite and irregularly shaped greigite magnetosomes. Two sets of MGCs, one putatively related to magnetite biomineralization and the other to greigite biomineralization, were identified in the genome of the sMMP, and two sets of paralogous proteins (Mam and Mad) that may function separately and independently in magnetosome biomineralization were found. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the sMMPs were affiliated with Deltaproteobacteria. This is the first direct report of two types of magnetosomes and two sets of MGCs being detected in the same sMMP. The study provides new insights into the mechanism of biomineralization of magnetosomes in MMPs, and the evolutionary origin of MGCs.
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3
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Bellinger MR, Wei J, Hartmann U, Cadiou H, Winklhofer M, Banks MA. Conservation of magnetite biomineralization genes in all domains of life and implications for magnetic sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2108655119. [PMID: 35012979 PMCID: PMC8784154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108655119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals use geomagnetic fields for navigational cues, yet the sensory mechanism underlying magnetic perception remains poorly understood. One idea is that geomagnetic fields are physically transduced by magnetite crystals contained inside specialized receptor cells, but evidence for intracellular, biogenic magnetite in eukaryotes is scant. Certain bacteria produce magnetite crystals inside intracellular compartments, representing the most ancient form of biomineralization known and having evolved prior to emergence of the crown group of eukaryotes, raising the question of whether magnetite biomineralization in eukaryotes and prokaryotes might share a common evolutionary history. Here, we discover that salmonid olfactory epithelium contains magnetite crystals arranged in compact clusters and determine that genes differentially expressed in magnetic olfactory cells, contrasted to nonmagnetic olfactory cells, share ancestry with an ancient prokaryote magnetite biomineralization system, consistent with exaptation for use in eukaryotic magnetoreception. We also show that 11 prokaryote biomineralization genes are universally present among a diverse set of eukaryote taxa and that nine of those genes are present within the Asgard clade of archaea Lokiarchaeota that affiliates with eukaryotes in phylogenomic analysis. Consistent with deep homology, we present an evolutionary genetics hypothesis for magnetite formation among eukaryotes to motivate convergent approaches for examining magnetite-based magnetoreception, molecular origins of matrix-associated biomineralization processes, and eukaryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Renee Bellinger
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Department Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365;
| | - Jiandong Wei
- Experimental Physics Department, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Uwe Hartmann
- Experimental Physics Department, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Hervé Cadiou
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR3212, F-67100 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Winklhofer
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Michael A Banks
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Department Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365
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4
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Etto RM, Jesus EDC, Cruz LM, Schneider BSF, Tomachewski D, Urrea-Valencia S, Gonçalves DRP, Galvão F, Ayub RA, Curcio GR, Steffens MBR, Galvão CW. Influence of environmental factors on the tropical peatlands diazotrophic communities from the Southern Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 74:543-554. [PMID: 34951701 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The tropical peatlands of southern Brazil are essential for the maintenance of the Atlantic Rain Forest, one of the 25 hotspots of biodiversity in the world. Although diazotrophic microorganisms are essential for the maintenance of this nitrogen limited ecosystem, so far studies have focused only on microorganisms involved in the carbon cycle. In this work, peat samples were collected from three tropical peatland regions during dry and rainy seasons and their chemical and microbial characteristics were evaluated. Our results showed that the structure of the diazotrophic communities in the Brazilian tropical peatlands differs in the evaluated seasons. The abundance of the genus Bradyrhizobium showed to be affected by rainfall and peat pH. Despite the shifts of the nitrogen fixing population in the tropical peatland caused by seasonality it showed to be constantly dominated by α-Proteobacteria followed by Cyanobacteria. In addition, more than 50% of nifH gene sequences have not been classified, indicating the necessity for more studies in tropical peatland, since the reduction of N supply in the peatlands stimulates the recalcitrant organic matter decomposition performed by peatland microorganisms, influencing the C stock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mazer Etto
- Microbial Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ponta Grossa, CEP, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa - PR, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Magalhães Cruz
- Nucleus of Nitrogen Fixation, Federal University of Paraná, CEP, 81531-980, Curitiba - PR, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Tomachewski
- Microbial Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ponta Grossa, CEP, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa - PR, Brazil
| | - Salomé Urrea-Valencia
- Microbial Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ponta Grossa, CEP, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa - PR, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ruiz Potma Gonçalves
- Microbial Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ponta Grossa, CEP, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa - PR, Brazil
| | - Franklin Galvão
- Forest Ecology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP, 80210-170, Curitiba - PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Antônio Ayub
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, State University of Ponta Grossa, CEP, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa - PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carolina Weigert Galvão
- Microbial Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ponta Grossa, CEP, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa - PR, Brazil
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5
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Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) belong to several phyla. This class of microorganisms exhibits the ability of magneto-aerotaxis. MTB synthesize biominerals in organelle-like structures called magnetosomes, which contain single-domain crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) characterized by a high degree of structural and compositional perfection. Magnetosomes from dead MTB could be preserved in sediments (called fossil magnetosomes or magnetofossils). Under certain conditions, magnetofossils are capable of retaining their remanence for millions of years. This accounts for the growing interest in MTB and magnetofossils in paleo- and rock magnetism and in a wider field of biogeoscience. At the same time, high biocompatibility of magnetosomes makes possible their potential use in biomedical applications, including magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia, magnetically guided drug delivery, and immunomagnetic analysis. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current state of the art in the field of MTB research and applications.
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6
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Liu P, Tamaxia A, Liu Y, Qiu H, Pan J, Jin Z, Zhao X, Roberts AP, Pan Y, Li J. Identification and characterization of magnetotactic Gammaproteobacteria from a salt evaporation pool, Bohai Bay, China. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:938-950. [PMID: 33876543 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are phylogenetically diverse prokaryotes that can produce intracellular chain-assembled nanocrystals of magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) or greigite (Fe3 S4 ). Compared with their wide distribution in the Alpha-, Eta- and Delta-proteobacteria classes, few MTB strains have been identified in the Gammaproteobacteria class, resulting in limited knowledge of bacterial diversity and magnetosome biomineralization within this phylogenetic branch. Here, we identify two magnetotactic Gammaproteobacteria strains (tentatively named FZSR-1 and FZSR-2 respectively) from a salt evaporation pool in Bohai Bay, at the Fuzhou saltern, Dalian City, eastern China. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that strain FZSR-2 is the same species as strains SHHR-1 and SS-5, which were discovered previously from brackish and hypersaline environments respectively. Strain FZSR-1 represents a novel species. Compared with strains FZSR-2, SHHR-1 and SS-5 in which magnetite particles are assembled into a single chain, FZSR-1 cells form relatively narrower magnetite nanoparticles that are often organized into double chains. We find a good relationship between magnetite morphology within strains FZSR-2, SHHR-1 and SS-5 and the salinity of the environment in which they live. This study expands the bacterial diversity of magnetotactic Gammaproteobacteria and provides new insights into magnetosome biomineralization within magnetotactic Gammaproteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Alima Tamaxia
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juntong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhongke Jin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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7
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Novel Technologies in Studying Brain Immune Response. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6694566. [PMID: 33791073 PMCID: PMC7997736 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6694566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the immune system, including both the adaptive and innate immune systems, proved to be essential and critical to brain damage and recovery in the pathogenesis of several diseases, opening a new avenue for developing new immunomodulatory therapies and novel treatments for many neurological diseases. However, due to the specificity and structural complexity of the central nervous system (CNS), and the limit of the related technologies, the biology of the immune response in the brain is still poorly understood. Here, we discuss the application of novel technologies in studying the brain immune response, including single-cell RNA analysis, cytometry by time-of-flight, and whole-genome transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. We believe that advancements in technology related to immune research will provide an optimistic future for brain repair.
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8
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Shimoshige H, Kobayashi H, Shimamura S, Mizuki T, Inoue A, Maekawa T. Isolation and cultivation of a novel sulfate-reducing magnetotactic bacterium belonging to the genus Desulfovibrio. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248313. [PMID: 33705469 PMCID: PMC7951924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) synthesize magnetosomes composed of membrane-enveloped magnetite (Fe3O4) and/or greigite (Fe3S4) nanoparticles in the cells. It is known that the magnetotactic Deltaproteobacteria are ubiquitous and inhabit worldwide in the sediments of freshwater and marine environments. Mostly known MTB belonging to the Deltaproteobacteria are dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria that biomineralize bullet-shaped magnetite nanoparticles, but only a few axenic cultures have been obtained so far. Here, we report the isolation, cultivation and characterization of a dissimilatory sulfate-reducing magnetotactic bacterium, which we designate “strain FSS-1”. We found that the strain FSS-1 is a strict anaerobe and uses casamino acids as electron donors and sulfate as an electron acceptor to reduce sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. The strain FSS-1 produced bullet-shaped magnetite nanoparticles in the cells and responded to external magnetic fields. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain FSS-1 is a member of the genus Desulfovibrio, showing a 96.7% sequence similarity to Desulfovibrio putealis strain B7-43T. Futhermore, the magnetosome gene cluster of strain FSS-1 was different from that of Desulfovibrio magneticus strain RS-1. Thus, the strain FSS-1 is considered to be a novel sulfate-reducing magnetotactic bacterium belonging to the genus Desulfovibrio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Shimoshige
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (TM); (HS)
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shimamura
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Mizuki
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Inoue
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (TM); (HS)
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9
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Arakaki A, Goto M, Maruyama M, Yoda T, Tanaka M, Yamagishi A, Yoshikuni Y, Matsunaga T. Restoration and Modification of Magnetosome Biosynthesis by Internal Gene Acquisition in a Magnetotactic Bacterium. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e2000278. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Mayu Goto
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Mina Maruyama
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Takuto Yoda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 O‐okayama Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8550 Japan
| | - Ayana Yamagishi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- DNA Synthesis Science Program Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory The U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
- Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) 2‐15, Natsushima‐cho Yokosuka Kanagawa 237‐0061 Japan
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10
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Uzun M, Alekseeva L, Krutkina M, Koziaeva V, Grouzdev D. Unravelling the diversity of magnetotactic bacteria through analysis of open genomic databases. Sci Data 2020; 7:252. [PMID: 32737307 PMCID: PMC7449369 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are prokaryotes that possess genes for the synthesis of membrane-bounded crystals of magnetite or greigite, called magnetosomes. Despite over half a century of studying MTB, only about 60 genomes have been sequenced. Most belong to Proteobacteria, with a minority affiliated with the Nitrospirae, Omnitrophica, Planctomycetes, and Latescibacteria. Due to the scanty information available regarding MTB phylogenetic diversity, little is known about their ecology, evolution and about the magnetosome biomineralization process. This study presents a large-scale search of magnetosome biomineralization genes and reveals 38 new MTB genomes. Several of these genomes were detected in the phyla Elusimicrobia, Candidatus Hydrogenedentes, and Nitrospinae, where magnetotactic representatives have not previously been reported. Analysis of the obtained putative magnetosome biomineralization genes revealed a monophyletic origin capable of putative greigite magnetosome synthesis. The ecological distributions of the reconstructed MTB genomes were also analyzed and several patterns were identified. These data suggest that open databases are an excellent source for obtaining new information of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Uzun
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Moscow, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Lolita Alekseeva
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Krutkina
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika Koziaeva
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Grouzdev
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Paradesulfovibrio onnuriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a chemolithoautotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from the Onnuri vent field of the Indian Ocean and reclassification of Desulfovibrio senegalensis as Paradesulfovibrio senegalensis comb. nov. J Microbiol 2020; 58:252-259. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-9376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Establishment and characterization of silver-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:721-733. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Pohl A, Berger F, Sullan RMA, Valverde-Tercedor C, Freindl K, Spiridis N, Lefèvre CT, Menguy N, Klumpp S, Blank KG, Faivre D. Decoding Biomineralization: Interaction of a Mad10-Derived Peptide with Magnetite Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8207-8215. [PMID: 31565946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein-surface interactions play a pivotal role in processes as diverse as biomineralization, biofouling, and the cellular response to medical implants. In biomineralization processes, biomacromolecules control mineral deposition and architecture via complex and often unknown mechanisms. For studying these mechanisms, the formation of magnetite nanoparticles in magnetotactic bacteria has become an excellent model system. Most interestingly, nanoparticle morphologies have been discovered that defy crystallographic rules (e.g., in the species Desulfamplus magnetovallimortis strain BW-1). In certain conditions, this strain mineralizes bullet-shaped magnetite nanoparticles, which exhibit defined (111) crystal faces and are elongated along the [100] direction. We hypothesize that surface-specific protein interactions break the nanoparticle symmetry, inhibiting the growth of certain crystal faces and thereby favoring the growth of others. Screening the genome of BW-1, we identified Mad10 (Magnetosome-associated deep-branching) as a potential magnetite-binding protein. Using atomic force microscope (AFM)-based single-molecule force spectroscopy, we show that a Mad10-derived peptide, which represents the most conserved region of Mad10, binds strongly to (100)- and (111)-oriented single-crystalline magnetite thin films. The peptide-magnetite interaction is thus material- but not crystal-face-specific. It is characterized by broad rupture force distributions that do not depend on the retraction speed of the AFM cantilever. To account for these experimental findings, we introduce a three-state model that incorporates fast rebinding. The model suggests that the peptide-surface interaction is strong in the absence of load, which is a direct result of this fast rebinding process. Overall, our study sheds light on the kinetic nature of peptide-surface interactions and introduces a new magnetite-binding peptide with potential use as a functional coating for magnetite nanoparticles in biotechnological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pohl
- Department of Biomaterials , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Mechano(bio)chemistry , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience , The Rockefeller University , 1230 York Avenue , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Ruby M A Sullan
- Mechano(bio)chemistry , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Carmen Valverde-Tercedor
- Department of Biomaterials , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Kinga Freindl
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Niezapominajek 8 , 30-239 Krakow , Poland
| | - Nika Spiridis
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Niezapominajek 8 , 30-239 Krakow , Poland
| | | | - Nicolas Menguy
- Sorbonne Université , UMR CNRS 7590, IRD. MNHN, Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie - IMPMC , 4 Place Jussieu , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Stefan Klumpp
- Department of Theory & Bio-Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems , University of Göttingen , Friedrich Hund Platz 1 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Kerstin G Blank
- Mechano(bio)chemistry , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Department of Biomaterials , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Aix-Marseille Université , CEA, CNRS, BIAM, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance , France
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14
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Pan H, Dong Y, Teng Z, Li J, Zhang W, Xiao T, Wu LF. A species of magnetotactic deltaproteobacterium was detected at the highest abundance during an algal bloom. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5681391. [PMID: 31855240 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of microorganisms that have the ability to synthesize intracellular magnetic crystals (magnetosomes). They prefer microaerobic or anaerobic aquatic sediments. Thus, there is growing interest in their ecological roles in various habitats. In this study we found co-occurrence of a large rod-shaped deltaproteobacterial magnetotactic bacterium (tentatively named LR-1) in the sediment of a brackish lagoon with algal bloom. Electron microscopy observations showed that they were ovoid to slightly curved rods having a mean length of 6.3 ± 1.1 μm and a mean width of 4.1 ± 0.4 μm. Each cell had a single polar flagellum. They contained hundreds of bullet-shaped intracellular magnetite magnetosomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they were most closely related to Desulfamplus magnetovallimortis strain BW-1, and belonged to the Deltaproteobacteria. Our findings indicate that LR-1 may be a new species of MTB. We propose that deltaproteobacterial MTB may play an important role in iron cycling and so may represent a reservoir of iron, and be an indicator species for monitoring algal blooms in such eutrophic ecosystems. These observations provide new clues to the cultivation of magnetotactic Deltaproteobacteria and the control of algal blooms, although further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmiao Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.,International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yi Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.,International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhaojie Teng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.,Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Beitucheng Western Road, Beijing, 100029, China.,International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.,International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tian Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.,International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Long-Fei Wu
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.,LCB, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille, 13402, France
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15
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Qian Z, Tianwei H, Mackey HR, van Loosdrecht MCM, Guanghao C. Recent advances in dissimilatory sulfate reduction: From metabolic study to application. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:162-181. [PMID: 30508713 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are a group of diverse anaerobic microorganisms omnipresent in natural habitats and engineered environments that use sulfur compounds as the electron acceptor for energy metabolism. Dissimilatory sulfate reduction (DSR)-based techniques mediated by SRB have been utilized in many sulfate-containing wastewater treatment systems worldwide, particularly for acid mine drainage, groundwater, sewage and industrial wastewater remediation. However, DSR processes are often operated suboptimally and disturbances are common in practical application. To improve the efficiency and robustness of SRB-based processes, it is necessary to study SRB metabolism and operational conditions. In this review, the mechanisms of DSR processes are reviewed and discussed focusing on intracellular and extracellular electron transfer with different electron donors (hydrogen, organics, methane and electrodes). Based on the understanding of the metabolism of SRB, responses of SRB to environmental stress (pH-, temperature-, and salinity-related stress) are summarized at the species and community levels. Application in these stressed conditions is discussed and future research is proposed. The feasibility of recovering energy and resources such as biohydrogen, hydrocarbons, polyhydroxyalkanoates, magnetite and metal sulfides through the use of SRB were investigated but some long-standing questions remain unanswered. Linking the existing scientific understanding and observations to practical application is the challenge as always for promotion of SRB-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Qian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Tianwei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hamish Robert Mackey
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Chen Guanghao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Wastewater Treatment Laboratory, FYT Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Nansha, Guangzhou, China.
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16
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Genome Editing Method for the Anaerobic Magnetotactic Bacterium Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01724-18. [PMID: 30194101 PMCID: PMC6210102 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01724-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of organisms that form intracellular nanometer-scale magnetic crystals though a complex process involving lipid and protein scaffolds. These magnetic crystals and their lipid membranes, termed magnetosomes, are model systems for studying bacterial cell biology and biomineralization and are potential platforms for biotechnological applications. Due to a lack of genetic tools and unculturable representatives, the mechanisms of magnetosome formation in phylogenetically deeply branching MTB remain unknown. These MTB contain elongated bullet-/tooth-shaped magnetite and greigite crystals that likely form in a manner distinct from that of the cubooctahedral-shaped magnetite crystals of the genetically tractable MTB within the Alphaproteobacteria. Here, we present a method for genome editing in Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1, a cultured representative of the deeply branching MTB of the class Deltaproteobacteria. This marks a crucial step in developing D. magneticus as a model for studying diverse mechanisms of magnetic particle formation by MTB. Magnetosomes are complex bacterial organelles that serve as model systems for studying bacterial cell biology, biomineralization, and global iron cycling. Magnetosome biogenesis is primarily studied in two closely related Alphaproteobacteria of the genus Magnetospirillum that form cubooctahedral-shaped magnetite crystals within a lipid membrane. However, chemically and structurally distinct magnetic particles have been found in physiologically and phylogenetically diverse bacteria. Due to a lack of molecular genetic tools, the mechanistic diversity of magnetosome formation remains poorly understood. Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1 is an anaerobic sulfate-reducing deltaproteobacterium that forms bullet-shaped magnetite crystals. A recent forward genetic screen identified 10 genes in the conserved magnetosome gene island of D. magneticus that are essential for its magnetic phenotype. However, this screen likely missed mutants with defects in crystal size, shape, and arrangement. Reverse genetics to target the remaining putative magnetosome genes using standard genetic methods of suicide vector integration have not been feasible due to the low transconjugation efficiency. Here, we present a reverse genetic method for targeted mutagenesis in D. magneticus using a replicative plasmid. To test this method, we generated a mutant resistant to 5-fluorouracil by making a markerless deletion of the upp gene that encodes uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. We also used this method for targeted marker exchange mutagenesis by replacing kupM, a gene identified in our previous screen as a magnetosome formation factor, with a streptomycin resistance cassette. Overall, our results show that targeted mutagenesis using a replicative plasmid is effective in D. magneticus and may also be applied to other genetically recalcitrant bacteria. IMPORTANCE Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of organisms that form intracellular nanometer-scale magnetic crystals though a complex process involving lipid and protein scaffolds. These magnetic crystals and their lipid membranes, termed magnetosomes, are model systems for studying bacterial cell biology and biomineralization and are potential platforms for biotechnological applications. Due to a lack of genetic tools and unculturable representatives, the mechanisms of magnetosome formation in phylogenetically deeply branching MTB remain unknown. These MTB contain elongated bullet-/tooth-shaped magnetite and greigite crystals that likely form in a manner distinct from that of the cubooctahedral-shaped magnetite crystals of the genetically tractable MTB within the Alphaproteobacteria. Here, we present a method for genome editing in Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1, a cultured representative of the deeply branching MTB of the class Deltaproteobacteria. This marks a crucial step in developing D. magneticus as a model for studying diverse mechanisms of magnetic particle formation by MTB.
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Complete Genome Sequence of Magnetospirillum sp. ME-1, a Novel Magnetotactic Bacterium Isolated from East Lake, Wuhan, China. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/34/e00485-17. [PMID: 28839012 PMCID: PMC5571398 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00485-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel spiral magnetotactic bacterium, Magnetospirillum sp. ME-1, was isolated from East Lake in China. Here we report the complete genome of ME-1, which contains a 4,551,873-bp circular chromosome and a 5,222-bp circular plasmid. The magnetosome biogenesis-specific genes are located in a 97,664-bp magnetosome genomic island.
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18
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Lin W, Pan Y, Bazylinski DA. Diversity and ecology of and biomineralization by magnetotactic bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:345-356. [PMID: 28557300 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) biomineralize intracellular, membrane-bounded crystals of magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) and/or greigite (Fe3 S4 ) called magnetosomes. MTB play important roles in the geochemical cycling of iron, sulfur, nitrogen and carbon. Significantly, they also represent an intriguing model system not just for the study of microbial biomineralization but also for magnetoreception, prokaryotic organelle formation and microbial biogeography. Here we review current knowledge on the ecology of and biomineralization by MTB, with an emphasis on more recent reports of unexpected ecological and phylogenetic findings regarding MTB. In this study, we conducted a search of public metagenomic databases and identified six novel magnetosome gene cluster-containing genomic fragments affiliated with the Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria classes of the Proteobacteria phylum, the Nitrospirae phylum and the Planctomycetes phylum from the deep subseafloor, marine oxygen minimum zone, groundwater biofilm and estuary sediment, thereby extending our knowledge on the diversity and distribution of MTB as well deriving important information as to their ecophysiology. We point out that the increasing availability of sequence data will facilitate researchers to systematically explore the ecology and biomineralization of MTB even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
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19
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Sapojnikova N, Asatiani N, Kartvelishvili T, Asanishvili L, Zinkevich V, Bogdarina I, Mitchell J, Al-Humam A. A comparison of DNA fragmentation methods - Applications for the biochip technology. J Biotechnol 2017; 256:1-5. [PMID: 28666852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of hybridization signal detection in a biochip is affected by the method used for test DNA preparation, such as fragmentation, amplification and fluorescent labelling. DNA fragmentation is the commonest methods used and it is recognised as a critical step in biochip analysis. Currently methods used for DNA fragmentation are based either on sonication or on the enzymatic digestion. In this study, we compared the effect of different types of enzymatic DNA fragmentations, using DNase I to generate ssDNA breaks, NEBNext dsDNA fragmentase and SaqAI restrictase, on DNA labelling. DNA from different Desulfovibrio species was used as a substrate for these enzymes. Of the methods used, DNA fragmented by NEBNext dsDNA Fragmentase digestion was subsequently labelled with the greatest efficiency. As a result of this, the use of this enzyme to fragment target DNA increases the sensitivity of biochip-based detection significantly, and this is an important consideration when determining the presence of targeted DNA in ecological and medical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Sapojnikova
- Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,6 Tamarashvili Street, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Nino Asatiani
- Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,6 Tamarashvili Street, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Kartvelishvili
- Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,6 Tamarashvili Street, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lali Asanishvili
- Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,6 Tamarashvili Street, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Vitaly Zinkevich
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth,St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Irina Bogdarina
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth,St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Julian Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth,King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Abdulmohsen Al-Humam
- Applied Microbiology Unit, Research & Development Center Saudi Aramco, P.O. Box. 00865, 31311 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Gorobets O, Gorobets S, Koralewski M. Physiological origin of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles in health and disease: from bacteria to humans. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4371-4395. [PMID: 28652739 PMCID: PMC5476634 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s130565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs) in the human brain gives a strong impulse to study and understand their origin. Although knowledge of the subject is increasing continuously, much remains to be done for further development to help our society fight a number of pathologies related to BMNPs. This review provides an insight into the puzzle of the physiological origin of BMNPs in organisms of all three domains of life: prokaryotes, archaea, and eukaryotes, including humans. Predictions based on comparative genomic studies are presented along with experimental data obtained by physical methods. State-of-the-art understanding of the genetic control of biomineralization of BMNPs and their properties are discussed in detail. We present data on the differences in BMNP levels in health and disease (cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and atherosclerosis), and discuss the existing hypotheses on the biological functions of BMNPs, with special attention paid to the role of the ferritin core and apoferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Gorobets
- National Technical University of Ukraine (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute)
- Institute of Magnetism, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Gorobets
- National Technical University of Ukraine (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute)
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21
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Ji B, Zhang SD, Zhang WJ, Rouy Z, Alberto F, Santini CL, Mangenot S, Gagnot S, Philippe N, Pradel N, Zhang L, Tempel S, Li Y, Médigue C, Henrissat B, Coutinho PM, Barbe V, Talla E, Wu LF. The chimeric nature of the genomes of marine magnetotactic coccoid-ovoid bacteria defines a novel group of P
roteobacteria. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1103-1119. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Ji
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Marseille France
| | - Sheng-Da Zhang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Marseille France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
| | - Wei-Jia Zhang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Marseille France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
- State Key Laboratories for Agro-biotechnology and College of Biological Sciences; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Zoe Rouy
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique-Génoscope; Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux Evry F-91057 France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux Evry F-91057 France
- UEVE; Université d'Evry, Boulevard François Mitterrand; Evry F-91025 France
| | - François Alberto
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Marseille France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
| | - Claire-Lise Santini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Marseille France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
| | - Sophie Mangenot
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique-Génoscope; Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire pour l'Etude des Génomes; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux Evry cedex CP 5706 - 91057 France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Pradel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Toulon, CNRS, IRD; Marseille France
| | | | | | - Ying Li
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
- State Key Laboratories for Agro-biotechnology and College of Biological Sciences; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Claudine Médigue
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique-Génoscope; Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux Evry F-91057 France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux Evry F-91057 France
- UEVE; Université d'Evry, Boulevard François Mitterrand; Evry F-91025 France
| | | | | | - Valérie Barbe
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique-Génoscope; Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire pour l'Etude des Génomes; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux Evry cedex CP 5706 - 91057 France
| | | | - Long-Fei Wu
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Marseille France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
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22
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Kovaliova A, Kadnikov VV, Antsiferov DV, Beletsky AV, Danilova EV, Avakyan MR, Mardanov AV, Karnachuk OV. Genome sequence of the acid-tolerant Desulfovibrio sp. DV isolated from the sediments of a Pb-Zn mine tailings dam in the Chita region, Russia. GENOMICS DATA 2017; 11:125-127. [PMID: 28217441 PMCID: PMC5300300 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the draft genome sequence of the acid-tolerant Desulfovibrio sp. DV isolated from the sediments of a Pb-Zn mine tailings dam in the Chita region, Russia. The draft genome has a size of 4.9 Mb and encodes multiple K+-transporters and proton-consuming decarboxylases. The phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated ribosomal proteins revealed that strain DV clusters together with the acid-tolerant Desulfovibrio sp. TomC and Desulfovibrio magneticus. The draft genome sequence and annotation have been deposited at GenBank under the accession number MLBG00000000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Kovaliova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vitaly V Kadnikov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii V Antsiferov
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexey V Beletsky
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ehrzena V Danilova
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Buryatia, Russia
| | - Marat R Avakyan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V Mardanov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Karnachuk
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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23
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Lefèvre CT, Howse PA, Schmidt ML, Sabaty M, Menguy N, Luther GW, Bazylinski DA. Growth of magnetotactic sulfate-reducing bacteria in oxygen concentration gradient medium. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 8:1003-1015. [PMID: 27701830 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are generally described as strictly anaerobic organisms with regard to growth, several reports have shown that some SRB, particularly Desulfovibrio species, are quite resistant to O2 . For example, SRB remain viable in many aerobic environments while some even reduce O2 to H2 O. However, reproducible aerobic growth of SRB has not been unequivocally documented. Desulfovibrio magneticus is a SRB that is also a magnetotactic bacterium (MTB). MTB biomineralize magnetosomes which are intracellular, membrane-bounded, magnetic iron mineral crystals. The ability of D. magneticus to grow aerobically in several different media under air where an O2 concentration gradient formed, or under O2 -free N2 gas was tested. Under air, cells grew as a microaerophilic band of cells at the oxic-anoxic interface in media lacking sulfate. These results show that D. magneticus is capable of aerobic growth with O2 as a terminal electron acceptor. This is the first report of consistent, reproducible aerobic growth of SRB. This finding is critical in determining important ecological roles SRB play in the environment. Interestingly, the crystal structure of the magnetite crystals of D. magneticus grown under microaerobic conditions showed significant differences compared with those produced anaerobically providing more evidence that environmental parameters influence magnetosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Lefèvre
- CNRS/CEA/Aix-Marseille Université UMR7265 Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Saint Paul lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Paul A Howse
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Marian L Schmidt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Monique Sabaty
- CNRS/CEA/Aix-Marseille Université UMR7265 Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Saint Paul lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 7590 CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UMR 206, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris Cedex 05, 75252, France
| | - George W Luther
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Rd. Lewes, DE, 19958, USA
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
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Araujo ACV, Morillo V, Cypriano J, Teixeira LCRS, Leão P, Lyra S, Almeida LGD, Bazylinski DA, Ribeiro de Vasconcelos AT, Abreu F, Lins U. Combined genomic and structural analyses of a cultured magnetotactic bacterium reveals its niche adaptation to a dynamic environment. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:726. [PMID: 27801294 PMCID: PMC5088516 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a unique group of prokaryotes that have a potentially high impact on global geochemical cycling of significant primary elements because of their metabolic plasticity and the ability to biomineralize iron-rich magnetic particles called magnetosomes. Understanding the genetic composition of the few cultivated MTB along with the unique morphological features of this group of bacteria may provide an important framework for discerning their potential biogeochemical roles in natural environments. RESULTS Genomic and ultrastructural analyses were combined to characterize the cultivated magnetotactic coccus Magnetofaba australis strain IT-1. Cells of this species synthesize a single chain of elongated, cuboctahedral magnetite (Fe3O4) magnetosomes that cause them to align along magnetic field lines while they swim being propelled by two bundles of flagella at velocities up to 300 μm s-1. High-speed microscopy imaging showed the cells move in a straight line rather than in the helical trajectory described for other magnetotactic cocci. Specific genes within the genome of Mf. australis strain IT-1 suggest the strain is capable of nitrogen fixation, sulfur reduction and oxidation, synthesis of intracellular polyphosphate granules and transporting iron with low and high affinity. Mf. australis strain IT-1 and Magnetococcus marinus strain MC-1 are closely related phylogenetically although similarity values between their homologous proteins are not very high. CONCLUSION Mf. australis strain IT-1 inhabits a constantly changing environment and its complete genome sequence reveals a great metabolic plasticity to deal with these changes. Aside from its chemoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic metabolism, genomic data indicate the cells are capable of nitrogen fixation, possess high and low affinity iron transporters, and might be capable of reducing and oxidizing a number of sulfur compounds. The relatively large number of genes encoding transporters as well as chemotaxis receptors in the genome of Mf. australis strain IT-1 combined with its rapid swimming velocities, indicate that cells respond rapidly to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Vieira Araujo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Current institution: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviana Morillo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Jefferson Cypriano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Leão
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sidcley Lyra
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga de Almeida
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada e Computacional, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, 25651-070, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Ana Tereza Ribeiro de Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada e Computacional, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, 25651-070, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Abreu
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ulysses Lins
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Core Amino Acid Residues in the Morphology-Regulating Protein, Mms6, for Intracellular Magnetite Biomineralization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35670. [PMID: 27759096 PMCID: PMC5069546 DOI: 10.1038/srep35670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Living organisms produce finely tuned biomineral architectures with the aid of biomineral-associated proteins. The functional amino acid residues in these proteins have been previously identified using in vitro and in silico experimentation in different biomineralization systems. However, the investigation in living organisms is limited owing to the difficulty in establishing appropriate genetic techniques. Mms6 protein, isolated from the surface of magnetite crystals synthesized in magnetotactic bacteria, was shown to play a key role in the regulation of crystal morphology. In this study, we have demonstrated a defect in the specific region or substituted acidic amino acid residues in the Mms6 protein for observing their effect on magnetite biomineralization in vivo. Analysis of the gene deletion mutants and transformants of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 expressing partially truncated Mms6 protein revealed that deletions in the N-terminal or C-terminal regions disrupted proper protein localization to the magnetite surface, resulting in a change in the crystal morphology. Moreover, single amino acid substitutions at Asp123, Glu124, or Glu125 in the C-terminal region of Mms6 clearly indicated that these amino acid residues had a direct impact on magnetite crystal morphology. Thus, these consecutive acidic amino acid residues were found to be core residues regulating magnetite crystal morphology.
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Comparative Subcellular Localization Analysis of Magnetosome Proteins Reveals a Unique Localization Behavior of Mms6 Protein onto Magnetite Crystals. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2794-802. [PMID: 27481925 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00280-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The magnetosome is an organelle specialized for inorganic magnetite crystal synthesis in magnetotactic bacteria. The complex mechanism of magnetosome formation is regulated by magnetosome proteins in a stepwise manner. Protein localization is a key step for magnetosome development; however, a global study of magnetosome protein localization remains to be conducted. Here, we comparatively analyzed the subcellular localization of a series of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged magnetosome proteins. The protein localizations were categorized into 5 groups (short-length linear, middle-length linear, long-length linear, cell membrane, and intracellular dispersing), which were related to the protein functions. Mms6, which regulates magnetite crystal growth, localized along magnetosome chain structures under magnetite-forming (microaerobic) conditions but was dispersed in the cell under nonforming (aerobic) conditions. Correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy analyses revealed that Mms6 preferentially localized to magnetosomes enclosing magnetite crystals. We suggest that a highly organized spatial regulation mechanism controls magnetosome protein localization during magnetosome formation in magnetotactic bacteria. IMPORTANCE Magnetotactic bacteria synthesize magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals in a prokaryotic organelle called the magnetosome. This organelle is formed using various magnetosome proteins in multiple steps, including vesicle formation, magnetosome alignment, and magnetite crystal formation, to provide compartmentalized nanospaces for the regulation of iron concentrations and redox conditions, enabling the synthesis of a morphologically controlled magnetite crystal. Thus, to rationalize the complex organelle development, the localization of magnetosome proteins is considered to be highly regulated; however, the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we performed comparative localization analysis of magnetosome proteins that revealed the presence of a spatial regulation mechanism within the linear structure of magnetosomes. This discovery provides evidence of a highly regulated protein localization mechanism for this bacterial organelle development.
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Yamagishi A, Tanaka M, Lenders JJM, Thiesbrummel J, Sommerdijk NAJM, Matsunaga T, Arakaki A. Control of magnetite nanocrystal morphology in magnetotactic bacteria by regulation of mms7 gene expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29785. [PMID: 27417732 PMCID: PMC4945951 DOI: 10.1038/srep29785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms can produce inorganic materials with unique structure and properties. The biomineralization process is of great interest as it forms a source of inspiration for the development of methods for production of diverse inorganic materials under mild conditions. Nonetheless, regulation of biomineralization is still a challenging task. Magnetotactic bacteria produce chains of a prokaryotic organelle comprising a membrane-enveloped single-crystal magnetite with species-specific morphology. Here, we describe regulation of magnetite biomineralization through controlled expression of the mms7 gene, which plays key roles in the control of crystal growth and morphology of magnetite crystals in magnetotactic bacteria. Regulation of the expression level of Mms7 in bacterial cells enables switching of the crystal shape from dumbbell-like to spherical. The successful regulation of magnetite biomineralization opens the door to production of magnetite nanocrystals of desired size and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Yamagishi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jos J M Lenders
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and TU/e Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jarla Thiesbrummel
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and TU/e Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and TU/e Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen YR, Zhang WY, Zhou K, Pan HM, Du HJ, Xu C, Xu JH, Pradel N, Santini CL, Li JH, Huang H, Pan YX, Xiao T, Wu LF. Novel species and expanded distribution of ellipsoidal multicellular magnetotactic prokaryotes. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 8:218-226. [PMID: 26711721 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular magnetotactic prokaryotes (MMPs) are a peculiar group of magnetotactic bacteria, each comprising approximately 10-100 cells of the same phylotype. Two morphotypes of MMP have been identified, including several species of globally distributed spherical mulberry-like MMPs (s-MMPs), and two species of ellipsoidal pineapple-like MMPs (e-MMPs) from China (Qingdao and Rongcheng cities). We recently collected e-MMPs from Mediterranean Sea sediments (Six-Fours-les-Plages) and Drummond Island, in the South China Sea. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the MMPs from Six-Fours-les-Plages and the previously reported e-MMP Candidatus Magnetananas rongchenensis have 98.5% sequence identity and are the same species, while the MMPs from Drummond Island appear to be a novel species, having > 7.1% sequence divergence from the most closely related e-MMP, Candidatus Magnetananas tsingtaoensis. Identification of the novel species expands the distribution of e-MMPs to Tropical Zone. Comparison of nine physical and chemical parameters revealed that sand grain size and the content of inorganic nitrogen (nitrate, ammonium and nitrite) in the sediments from Rongcheng City and Six-Fours-les-Plages were similar, and lower than found for sediments from the other two sampling sites. The results of the study reveal broad diversity and wide distribution of e-MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CNRS, Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL), Marseille cedex 20, F13402, Marseille, France
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wen-yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CNRS, Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL), Marseille cedex 20, F13402, Marseille, France
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hong-miao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CNRS, Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL), Marseille cedex 20, F13402, Marseille, France
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hai-jian Du
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CNRS, Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL), Marseille cedex 20, F13402, Marseille, France
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian-hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Nathalie Pradel
- CNRS, Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL), Marseille cedex 20, F13402, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, F-13288, France
| | - Claire-Lise Santini
- CNRS, Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL), Marseille cedex 20, F13402, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCB UMR 7257, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 31, chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille CEDEX20, Marseille, F-13402, France
| | - Jin-hua Li
- Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Lab, Key Laboratory of the Earth's Deep Interior, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yong-xin Pan
- Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Lab, Key Laboratory of the Earth's Deep Interior, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CNRS, Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL), Marseille cedex 20, F13402, Marseille, France
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Long-fei Wu
- CNRS, Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL), Marseille cedex 20, F13402, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCB UMR 7257, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 31, chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille CEDEX20, Marseille, F-13402, France
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Faivre D, Godec TU. From bacteria to mollusks: the principles underlying the biomineralization of iron oxide materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 54:4728-47. [PMID: 25851816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Various organisms possess a genetic program that enables the controlled formation of a mineral, a process termed biomineralization. The variety of biological material architectures is mind-boggling and arises from the ability of organisms to exert control over crystal nucleation and growth. The structure and composition of biominerals equip biomineralizing organisms with properties and functionalities that abiotically formed materials, made of the same mineral, usually lack. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms underlying biomineralization and morphogenesis is of interdisciplinary interest to extract design principles that will enable the biomimetic formation of functional materials with similar capabilities. Herein, we summarize what is known about iron oxides formed by bacteria and mollusks for their magnetic and mechanical properties. We describe the chemical and biological machineries that are involved in controlling mineral precipitation and organization and show how these organisms are able to form highly complex structures under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Faivre
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14424 Potsdam (Germany) http://www.mpikg.mpg.de/135282/MBMB.
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30
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Matsunaga T. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016; 84:743-746. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.84.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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31
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Borland S, Oudart A, Prigent-Combaret C, Brochier-Armanet C, Wisniewski-Dyé F. Genome-wide survey of two-component signal transduction systems in the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:833. [PMID: 26489830 PMCID: PMC4618731 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two-component systems (TCS) play critical roles in sensing and responding to environmental cues. Azospirillum is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium living in the rhizosphere of many important crops. Despite numerous studies about its plant beneficial properties, little is known about how the bacterium senses and responds to its rhizospheric environment. The availability of complete genome sequenced from four Azospirillum strains (A. brasilense Sp245 and CBG 497, A. lipoferum 4B and Azospirillum sp. B510) offers the opportunity to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of the TCS gene family. Results Azospirillum genomes harbour a very large number of genes encoding TCS, and are especially enriched in hybrid histidine kinases (HyHK) genes compared to other plant-associated bacteria of similar genome sizes. We gained further insight into HyHK structure and architecture, revealing an intriguing complexity of these systems. An unusual proportion of TCS genes were orphaned or in complex clusters, and a high proportion of predicted soluble HKs compared to other plant-associated bacteria are reported. Phylogenetic analyses of the transmitter and receiver domains of A. lipoferum 4B HyHK indicate that expansion of this family mainly arose through horizontal gene transfer but also through gene duplications all along the diversification of the Azospirillum genus. By performing a genome-wide comparison of TCS, we unraveled important ‘genus-defining’ and ‘plant-specifying’ TCS. Conclusions This study shed light on Azospirillum TCS which may confer important regulatory flexibility. Collectively, these findings highlight that Azospirillum genomes have broad potential for adaptation to fluctuating environments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1962-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Borland
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, 43 7 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Anne Oudart
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Claire Prigent-Combaret
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, 43 7 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Céline Brochier-Armanet
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Florence Wisniewski-Dyé
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, 43 7 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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A Post-Genomic View of the Ecophysiology, Catabolism and Biotechnological Relevance of Sulphate-Reducing Prokaryotes. Adv Microb Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26210106 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dissimilatory sulphate reduction is the unifying and defining trait of sulphate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP). In their predominant habitats, sulphate-rich marine sediments, SRP have long been recognized to be major players in the carbon and sulphur cycles. Other, more recently appreciated, ecophysiological roles include activity in the deep biosphere, symbiotic relations, syntrophic associations, human microbiome/health and long-distance electron transfer. SRP include a high diversity of organisms, with large nutritional versatility and broad metabolic capacities, including anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds and hydrocarbons. Elucidation of novel catabolic capacities as well as progress in the understanding of metabolic and regulatory networks, energy metabolism, evolutionary processes and adaptation to changing environmental conditions has greatly benefited from genomics, functional OMICS approaches and advances in genetic accessibility and biochemical studies. Important biotechnological roles of SRP range from (i) wastewater and off gas treatment, (ii) bioremediation of metals and hydrocarbons and (iii) bioelectrochemistry, to undesired impacts such as (iv) souring in oil reservoirs and other environments, and (v) corrosion of iron and concrete. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of SRPs focusing mainly on works published after 2000. The wealth of publications in this period, covering many diverse areas, is a testimony to the large environmental, biogeochemical and technological relevance of these organisms and how much the field has progressed in these years, although many important questions and applications remain to be explored.
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Zeytuni N, Cronin S, Lefèvre CT, Arnoux P, Baran D, Shtein Z, Davidov G, Zarivach R. MamA as a Model Protein for Structure-Based Insight into the Evolutionary Origins of Magnetotactic Bacteria. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130394. [PMID: 26114501 PMCID: PMC4482739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MamA is a highly conserved protein found in magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), a diverse group of prokaryotes capable of navigating according to magnetic fields – an ability known as magnetotaxis. Questions surround the acquisition of this magnetic navigation ability; namely, whether it arose through horizontal or vertical gene transfer. Though its exact function is unknown, MamA surrounds the magnetosome, the magnetic organelle embedding a biomineralised nanoparticle and responsible for magnetotaxis. Several structures for MamA from a variety of species have been determined and show a high degree of structural similarity. By determining the structure of MamA from Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1 using X-ray crystallography, we have opened up the structure-sequence landscape. As such, this allows us to perform structural- and phylogenetic-based analyses using a variety of previously determined MamA from a diverse range of MTB species across various phylogenetic groups. We found that MamA has remained remarkably constant throughout evolution with minimal change between different taxa despite sequence variations. These findings, coupled with the generation of phylogenetic trees using both amino acid sequences and 16S rRNA, indicate that magnetotaxis likely did not spread via horizontal gene transfer and instead has a significantly earlier, primordial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Zeytuni
- Department of Life Sciences and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Samuel Cronin
- Department of Life Sciences and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Christopher T. Lefèvre
- CEA/CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Saint Paul les Durance, France
| | - Pascal Arnoux
- CEA/CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Saint Paul les Durance, France
| | - Dror Baran
- Department of Life Sciences and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Zvi Shtein
- Department of Life Sciences and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Geula Davidov
- Department of Life Sciences and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Faivre D, Godec TU. Bakterien und Weichtiere: Prinzipien der Biomineralisation von Eisenoxid-Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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35
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Karnachuk OV, Mardanov AV, Avakyan MR, Kadnikov VV, Vlasova M, Beletsky AV, Gerasimchuk AL, Ravin NV. Draft genome sequence of the first acid-tolerant sulfate-reducing deltaproteobacterium Desulfovibrio sp. TomC having potential for minewater treatment. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv007. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Degli Esposti M, Rosas-Pérez T, Servín-Garcidueñas LE, Bolaños LM, Rosenblueth M, Martínez-Romero E. Molecular evolution of cytochrome bd oxidases across proteobacterial genomes. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:801-20. [PMID: 25688108 PMCID: PMC5322542 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is aimed to resolve the complex molecular evolution of cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase, a nearly ubiquitous bacterial enzyme that is involved in redox balance and bioenergetics. Previous studies have created an unclear picture of bd oxidases phylogenesis without considering the existence of diverse types of bd oxidases. Integrated approaches of genomic and protein analysis focused on proteobacteria have generated a molecular classification of diverse types of bd oxidases, which produces a new scenario for interpreting their evolution. A duplication of the original gene cluster of bd oxidase might have occurred in the ancestors of extant α-proteobacteria of the Rhodospirillales order, such as Acidocella, from which the bd-I type of the oxidase might have diffused to other proteobacterial lineages. In contrast, the Cyanide-Insensitive Oxidase type may have differentiated into recognizable subtypes after another gene cluster duplication. These subtypes are widespread in the genomes of α-, β-, and γ-proteobacteria, with occasional instances of lateral gene transfer. In resolving the evolutionary pattern of proteobacterial bd oxidases, this work sheds new light on the basal taxa of α-proteobacteria from which the γ-proteobacterial lineage probably emerged.
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Magnetotactic bacteria as potential sources of bioproducts. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:389-430. [PMID: 25603340 PMCID: PMC4306944 DOI: 10.3390/md13010389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) produce intracellular organelles called magnetosomes which are magnetic nanoparticles composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) enveloped by a lipid bilayer. The synthesis of a magnetosome is through a genetically controlled process in which the bacterium has control over the composition, direction of crystal growth, and the size and shape of the mineral crystal. As a result of this control, magnetosomes have narrow and uniform size ranges, relatively specific magnetic and crystalline properties, and an enveloping biological membrane. These features are not observed in magnetic particles produced abiotically and thus magnetosomes are of great interest in biotechnology. Most currently described MTB have been isolated from saline or brackish environments and the availability of their genomes has contributed to a better understanding and culturing of these fastidious microorganisms. Moreover, genome sequences have allowed researchers to study genes related to magnetosome production for the synthesis of magnetic particles for use in future commercial and medical applications. Here, we review the current information on the biology of MTB and apply, for the first time, a genome mining strategy on these microorganisms to search for secondary metabolite synthesis genes. More specifically, we discovered that the genome of the cultured MTB Magnetovibrio blakemorei, among other MTB, contains several metabolic pathways for the synthesis of secondary metabolites and other compounds, thereby raising the possibility of the co-production of new bioactive molecules along with magnetosomes by this species.
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Rahn-Lee L, Byrne ME, Zhang M, Le Sage D, Glenn DR, Milbourne T, Walsworth RL, Vali H, Komeili A. A genetic strategy for probing the functional diversity of magnetosome formation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004811. [PMID: 25569806 PMCID: PMC4287615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Model genetic systems are invaluable, but limit us to understanding only a few organisms in detail, missing the variations in biological processes that are performed by related organisms. One such diverse process is the formation of magnetosome organelles by magnetotactic bacteria. Studies of model magnetotactic α-proteobacteria have demonstrated that magnetosomes are cubo-octahedral magnetite crystals that are synthesized within pre-existing membrane compartments derived from the inner membrane and orchestrated by a specific set of genes encoded within a genomic island. However, this model cannot explain all magnetosome formation, which is phenotypically and genetically diverse. For example, Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1, a δ-proteobacterium for which we lack genetic tools, produces tooth-shaped magnetite crystals that may or may not be encased by a membrane with a magnetosome gene island that diverges significantly from those of the α-proteobacteria. To probe the functional diversity of magnetosome formation, we used modern sequencing technology to identify hits in RS-1 mutated with UV or chemical mutagens. We isolated and characterized mutant alleles of 10 magnetosome genes in RS-1, 7 of which are not found in the α-proteobacterial models. These findings have implications for our understanding of magnetosome formation in general and demonstrate the feasibility of applying a modern genetic approach to an organism for which classic genetic tools are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilah Rahn-Lee
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. Byrne
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Manjing Zhang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - David Le Sage
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David R. Glenn
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy Milbourne
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald L. Walsworth
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arash Komeili
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Arakaki A, Shimizu K, Oda M, Sakamoto T, Nishimura T, Kato T. Biomineralization-inspired synthesis of functional organic/inorganic hybrid materials: organic molecular control of self-organization of hybrids. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:974-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization-inspired synthesis of functional organic/inorganic hybrid materials. Molecularly controlled mechanisms of biomineralization and application of the processes towards future material synthesis are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science
- Institute of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shimizu
- Organization for Regional Industrial Academic Cooperation
- Tottori University
- Tottori 680-8550
- Japan
| | - Mayumi Oda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science
- Institute of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
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Kolinko S, Richter M, Glöckner FO, Brachmann A, Schüler D. Single-cell genomics reveals potential for magnetite and greigite biomineralization in an uncultivated multicellular magnetotactic prokaryote. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 6:524-531. [PMID: 25079475 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For magnetic orientation, magnetotactic bacteria biosynthesize magnetosomes, which consist of membrane-enveloped magnetic nanocrystals of either magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) or greigite (Fe3 S4 ). While magnetite formation is increasingly well understood, much less is known about the genetic control of greigite biomineralization. Recently, two related yet distinct sets of magnetosome genes were discovered in a cultivated magnetotactic deltaproteobacterium capable of synthesizing either magnetite or greigite, or both minerals. This led to the conclusion that greigite and magnetite magnetosomes are synthesized by separate biomineralization pathways. Although magnetosomes of both mineral types co-occurred in uncultured multicellular magnetotactic prokaryotes (MMPs), so far only one type of magnetosome genes could be identified in the available genome data. The MMP Candidatus Magnetomorum strain HK-1 from coastal tidal sand flats of the North Sea (Germany) was analysed by a targeted single-cell approach. The draft genome assembly resulted in a size of 14.3 Mb and an estimated completeness of 95%. In addition to genomic features consistent with a sulfate-reducing lifestyle, we identified numerous genes putatively involved in magnetosome biosynthesis. Remarkably, most mam orthologues were present in two paralogous copies with highest similarity to either magnetite or greigite type magnetosome genes, supporting the ability to synthesize magnetite and greigite magnetosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kolinko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Microbiology, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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41
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Morais-Silva FO, Rezende AM, Pimentel C, Santos CI, Clemente C, Varela-Raposo A, Resende DM, da Silva SM, de Oliveira LM, Matos M, Costa DA, Flores O, Ruiz JC, Rodrigues-Pousada C. Genome sequence of the model sulfate reducer Desulfovibrio gigas: a comparative analysis within the Desulfovibrio genus. Microbiologyopen 2014; 3:513-30. [PMID: 25055974 PMCID: PMC4287179 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Desulfovibrio gigas is a model organism of sulfate-reducing bacteria of which energy metabolism and stress response have been extensively studied. The complete genomic context of this organism was however, not yet available. The sequencing of the D. gigas genome provides insights into the integrated network of energy conserving complexes and structures present in this bacterium. Comparison with genomes of other Desulfovibrio spp. reveals the presence of two different CRISPR/Cas systems in D. gigas. Phylogenetic analysis using conserved protein sequences (encoded by rpoB and gyrB) indicates two main groups of Desulfovibrio spp, being D. gigas more closely related to D. vulgaris and D. desulfuricans strains. Gene duplications were found such as those encoding fumarate reductase, formate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase. Complexes not yet described within Desulfovibrio genus were identified: Mnh complex, a v-type ATP-synthase as well as genes encoding the MinCDE system that could be responsible for the larger size of D. gigas when compared to other members of the genus. A low number of hydrogenases and the absence of the codh/acs and pfl genes, both present in D. vulgaris strains, indicate that intermediate cycling mechanisms may contribute substantially less to the energy gain in D. gigas compared to other Desulfovibrio spp. This might be compensated by the presence of other unique genomic arrangements of complexes such as the Rnf and the Hdr/Flox, or by the presence of NAD(P)H related complexes, like the Nuo, NfnAB or Mnh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio O Morais-Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Quómica e Biológica - Antonio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República - Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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Arakaki A, Yamagishi A, Fukuyo A, Tanaka M, Matsunaga T. Co-ordinated functions of Mms proteins define the surface structure of cubo-octahedral magnetite crystals in magnetotactic bacteria. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:554-67. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science; Institute of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Tokyo Japan
| | - Ayana Yamagishi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science; Institute of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Tokyo Japan
| | - Ayumi Fukuyo
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science; Institute of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Tokyo Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science; Institute of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Tokyo Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science; Institute of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Tokyo Japan
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43
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Genomic insights into the uncultured genus 'Candidatus Magnetobacterium' in the phylum Nitrospirae. ISME JOURNAL 2014; 8:2463-77. [PMID: 24914800 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) of the genus 'Candidatus Magnetobacterium' in phylum Nitrospirae are of great interest because of the formation of hundreds of bullet-shaped magnetite magnetosomes in multiple bundles of chains per cell. These bacteria are worldwide distributed in aquatic environments and have important roles in the biogeochemical cycles of iron and sulfur. However, except for a few short genomic fragments, no genome data are available for this ecologically important genus, and little is known about their metabolic capacity owing to the lack of pure cultures. Here we report the first draft genome sequence of 3.42 Mb from an uncultivated strain tentatively named 'Ca. Magnetobacterium casensis' isolated from Lake Miyun, China. The genome sequence indicates an autotrophic lifestyle using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway for CO2 fixation, which has not been described in any previously known MTB or Nitrospirae organisms. Pathways involved in the denitrification, sulfur oxidation and sulfate reduction have been predicted, indicating its considerable capacity for adaptation to variable geochemical conditions and roles in local biogeochemical cycles. Moreover, we have identified a complete magnetosome gene island containing mam, mad and a set of novel genes (named as man genes) putatively responsible for the formation of bullet-shaped magnetite magnetosomes and the arrangement of multiple magnetosome chains. This first comprehensive genomic analysis sheds light on the physiology, ecology and biomineralization of the poorly understood 'Ca. Magnetobacterium' genus.
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44
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Genetic dissection of the mamAB and mms6 operons reveals a gene set essential for magnetosome biogenesis in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:2658-69. [PMID: 24816605 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01716-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of bacterial magnetosomes, which are intracellular membrane-enclosed, nanosized magnetic crystals, is controlled by a set of >30 specific genes. In Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, these are clustered mostly within a large conserved genomic magnetosome island (MAI) comprising the mms6, mamGFDC, mamAB, and mamXY operons. Here, we demonstrate that the five previously uncharacterized genes of the mms6 operon have crucial functions in the regulation of magnetosome biomineralization that partially overlap MamF and other proteins encoded by the adjacent mamGFDC operon. While all other deletions resulted in size reduction, elimination of either mms36 or mms48 caused the synthesis of magnetite crystals larger than those in the wild type (WT). Whereas the mms6 operon encodes accessory factors for crystal maturation, the large mamAB operon contains several essential and nonessential genes involved in various other steps of magnetosome biosynthesis, as shown by single deletions of all mamAB genes. While single deletions of mamL, -P, -Q, -R, -B, -S, -T, and -U showed phenotypes similar to those of their orthologs in a previous study in the related M. magneticum, we found mamI and mamN to be not required for at least rudimentary iron biomineralization in M. gryphiswaldense. Thus, only mamE, -L, -M, -O, -Q, and -B were essential for formation of magnetite, whereas a mamI mutant still biomineralized tiny particles which, however, consisted of the nonmagnetic iron oxide hematite, as shown by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). Based on this and previous studies, we propose an extended model for magnetosome biosynthesis in M. gryphiswaldense.
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Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are widespread, motile, diverse prokaryotes that biomineralize a unique organelle called the magnetosome. Magnetosomes consist of a nano-sized crystal of a magnetic iron mineral that is enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane. In cells of almost all MTB, magnetosomes are organized as a well-ordered chain. The magnetosome chain causes the cell to behave like a motile, miniature compass needle where the cell aligns and swims parallel to magnetic field lines. MTB are found in almost all types of aquatic environments, where they can account for an important part of the bacterial biomass. The genes responsible for magnetosome biomineralization are organized as clusters in the genomes of MTB, in some as a magnetosome genomic island. The functions of a number of magnetosome genes and their associated proteins in magnetosome synthesis and construction of the magnetosome chain have now been elucidated. The origin of magnetotaxis appears to be monophyletic; that is, it developed in a common ancestor to all MTB, although horizontal gene transfer of magnetosome genes also appears to play a role in their distribution. The purpose of this review, based on recent progress in this field, is focused on the diversity and the ecology of the MTB and also the evolution and transfer of the molecular determinants involved in magnetosome formation.
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Arnoux P, Siponen MI, Lefèvre CT, Ginet N, Pignol D. Structure and evolution of the magnetochrome domains: no longer alone. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:117. [PMID: 24723915 PMCID: PMC3971196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) can swim along Earth's magnetic field lines, thanks to the alignment of dedicated cytoplasmic organelles. These organelles, termed magnetosomes, are proteolipidic vesicles filled by a 35–120 nm crystal of either magnetite or greigite. The formation and alignment of magnetosomes are mediated by a group of specific genes, the mam genes, encoding the magnetosome-associated proteins. The whole process of magnetosome biogenesis can be divided into four sequential steps; (i) cytoplasmic membrane invagination, (ii) magnetosomes alignment, (iii) iron crystal nucleation and (iv) species-dependent mineral size and shape control. Since both magnetite and greigite are a mix of iron (III) and iron (II), iron redox state management within the magnetosome vesicle is a key issue. Recently, studies have started pointing out the importance of a MTB-specific c-type cytochrome domain found in several magnetosome-associated proteins (MamE, P, T, and X). This magnetochrome (MCR) domain is almost always found in tandem, and this tandem is either found alone (MamT), in combination with a PDZ domain (MamP), a domain of unknown function (MamX) or with a trypsin combined to one or two PDZ domains (MamE). By taking advantage of new genomic data available on MTB and a recent structural study of MamP, which helped define the MCR domain boundaries, we attempt to retrace the evolutionary history within and between the different MCR-containing proteins. We propose that the observed tandem repeat of MCR is the result of a convergent evolution and attempt to explain why this domain is rarely found alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Arnoux
- Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, Lab Bioenerget Cellulaire Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR Biol Veget and Microbiol Environ Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France ; Aix-Marseille Université Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Marina I Siponen
- Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, Lab Bioenerget Cellulaire Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR Biol Veget and Microbiol Environ Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France ; Aix-Marseille Université Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Christopher T Lefèvre
- Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, Lab Bioenerget Cellulaire Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR Biol Veget and Microbiol Environ Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France ; Aix-Marseille Université Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Nicolas Ginet
- Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, Lab Bioenerget Cellulaire Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR Biol Veget and Microbiol Environ Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France ; Aix-Marseille Université Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - David Pignol
- Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, Lab Bioenerget Cellulaire Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR Biol Veget and Microbiol Environ Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France ; Aix-Marseille Université Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Morillo V, Abreu F, Araujo AC, de Almeida LGP, Enrich-Prast A, Farina M, de Vasconcelos ATR, Bazylinski DA, Lins U. Isolation, cultivation and genomic analysis of magnetosome biomineralization genes of a new genus of South-seeking magnetotactic cocci within the Alphaproteobacteria. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:72. [PMID: 24616719 PMCID: PMC3934378 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats, they are still considered fastidious microorganisms with regard to growth and cultivation with only a relatively low number of axenic cultures available to date. Here, we report the first axenic culture of an MTB isolated in the Southern Hemisphere (Itaipu Lagoon in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Cells of this new isolate are coccoid to ovoid in morphology and grow microaerophilically in semi-solid medium containing an oxygen concentration ([O2]) gradient either under chemoorganoheterotrophic or chemolithoautotrophic conditions. Each cell contains a single chain of approximately 10 elongated cuboctahedral magnetite (Fe3O4) magnetosomes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence shows that the coccoid MTB isolated in this study represents a new genus in the Alphaproteobacteria; the name Magnetofaba australis strain IT-1 is proposed. Preliminary genomic data obtained by pyrosequencing shows that M. australis strain IT-1 contains a genomic region with genes involved in biomineralization similar to those found in the most closely related magnetotactic cocci Magnetococcus marinus strain MC-1. However, organization of the magnetosome genes differs from M. marinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Morillo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Abreu
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana C Araujo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz G P de Almeida
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Departamento de Matemática Aplicada e Computacional Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Alex Enrich-Prast
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Farina
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana T R de Vasconcelos
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Departamento de Matemática Aplicada e Computacional Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Ulysses Lins
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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48
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Kimura N. Metagenomic approaches to understanding phylogenetic diversity in quorum sensing. Virulence 2014; 5:433-42. [PMID: 24429899 DOI: 10.4161/viru.27850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing, a form of cell-cell communication among bacteria, allows bacteria to synchronize their behaviors at the population level in order to control behaviors such as luminescence, biofilm formation, signal turnover, pigment production, antibiotics production, swarming, and virulence. A better understanding of quorum-sensing systems will provide us with greater insight into the complex interaction mechanisms used widely in the Bacteria and even the Archaea domain in the environment. Metagenomics, the use of culture-independent sequencing to study the genomic material of microorganisms, has the potential to provide direct information about the quorum-sensing systems in uncultured bacteria. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge of quorum sensing focused on phylogenetic diversity, and presents examples of studies that have used metagenomic techniques. Future technologies potentially related to quorum-sensing systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutada Kimura
- Bioproduction Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
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49
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Pósfai M, Lefèvre CT, Trubitsyn D, Bazylinski DA, Frankel RB. Phylogenetic significance of composition and crystal morphology of magnetosome minerals. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:344. [PMID: 24324461 PMCID: PMC3840360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) biomineralize magnetosomes, nano-scale crystals of magnetite or greigite in membrane enclosures that comprise a permanent magnetic dipole in each cell. MTB control the mineral composition, habit, size, and crystallographic orientation of the magnetosomes, as well as their arrangement within the cell. Studies involving magnetosomes that contain mineral and biological phases require multidisciplinary efforts. Here we use crystallographic, genomic and phylogenetic perspectives to review the correlations between magnetosome mineral habits and the phylogenetic affiliations of MTB, and show that these correlations have important implications for the evolution of magnetosome synthesis, and thus magnetotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Pósfai
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia Veszprém, Hungary
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50
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Lin W, Bazylinski DA, Xiao T, Wu LF, Pan Y. Life with compass: diversity and biogeography of magnetotactic bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:2646-58. [PMID: 24148107 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are unique in their ability to synthesize intracellular nano-sized minerals of magnetite and/or greigite magnetosomes for magnetic orientation. Thus, they provide an excellent model system to investigate mechanisms of biomineralization. MTB play important roles in bulk sedimentary magnetism and have numerous versatile applications in paleoenvironmental reconstructions, and biotechnological and biomedical fields. Significant progress has been made in recent years in describing the composition of MTB communities and distribution through innovative cultivation-dependent and -independent techniques. In this review, the most recent contributions to the field of diversity and biogeography of MTB are summarized and reviewed. Emphasis is on the novel insights into various factors/processes potentially affecting MTB community distribution. An understanding of the present-day biogeography of MTB, and the ruling parameters of their spatial distribution, will eventually help us predict MTB community shifts with environmental changes and assess their roles in global iron cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Biogeomagnetism Group, Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Earth's Deep Interior, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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