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Russomanno G, Sison-Young R, Livoti LA, Coghlan H, Jenkins RE, Kunnen SJ, Fisher CP, Reddyhoff D, Gardner I, Rehman AH, Fenwick SW, Jones AR, Vermeil De Conchard G, Simonin G, Bertheux H, Weaver RJ, Johnson RL, Liguori MJ, Clausznitzer D, Stevens JL, Goldring CE, Copple IM. A systems approach reveals species differences in hepatic stress response capacity. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:112-125. [PMID: 37647630 PMCID: PMC10614045 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To minimize the occurrence of unexpected toxicities in early phase preclinical studies of new drugs, it is vital to understand fundamental similarities and differences between preclinical species and humans. Species differences in sensitivity to acetaminophen (APAP) liver injury have been related to differences in the fraction of the drug that is bioactivated to the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI). We have used physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to identify oral doses of APAP (300 and 1000 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively) yielding similar hepatic burdens of NAPQI to enable the comparison of temporal liver tissue responses under conditions of equivalent chemical insult. Despite pharmacokinetic and biochemical verification of the equivalent NAPQI insult, serum biomarker and tissue histopathology analyses revealed that mice still exhibited a greater degree of liver injury than rats. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses highlighted the stronger activation of stress response pathways (including the Nrf2 oxidative stress response and autophagy) in the livers of rats, indicative of a more robust transcriptional adaptation to the equivalent insult. Components of these pathways were also found to be expressed at a higher basal level in the livers of rats compared with both mice and humans. Our findings exemplify a systems approach to understanding differential species sensitivity to hepatotoxicity. Multiomics analysis indicated that rats possess a greater basal and adaptive capacity for hepatic stress responses than mice and humans, with important implications for species selection and human translation in the safety testing of new drug candidates associated with reactive metabolite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Russomanno
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Lucia A Livoti
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Hannah Coghlan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rosalind E Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
- CDSS Bioanalytical Facility, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Steven J Kunnen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, 2311 EZ, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Iain Gardner
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Adeeb H Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Stephen W Fenwick
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew R Jones
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | | | - Gilles Simonin
- Translational Medicine, Non Clinical Safety, Biologie Servier, Gidy, 45520, France
| | - Helene Bertheux
- Translational Medicine, Non Clinical Safety, Biologie Servier, Gidy, 45520, France
| | - Richard J Weaver
- Institut de R&D Servier Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
| | | | | | | | - James L Stevens
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, 2311 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher E Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ian M Copple
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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Wulfridge P, Davidovich A, Salvador AC, Manno GC, Tryggvadottir R, Idrizi A, Huda MN, Bennett BJ, Adams LG, Hansen KD, Threadgill DW, Feinberg AP. Precision pharmacological reversal of strain-specific diet-induced metabolic syndrome in mice informed by epigenetic and transcriptional regulation. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010997. [PMID: 37871105 PMCID: PMC10621921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet-related metabolic syndrome is the largest contributor to adverse health in the United States. However, the study of gene-environment interactions and their epigenomic and transcriptomic integration is complicated by the lack of environmental and genetic control in humans that is possible in mouse models. Here we exposed three mouse strains, C57BL/6J (BL6), A/J, and NOD/ShiLtJ (NOD), to a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, leading to varying degrees of metabolic syndrome. We then performed transcriptomic and genome-wide DNA methylation analyses for each strain and found overlapping but also highly divergent changes in gene expression and methylation upstream of the discordant metabolic phenotypes. Strain-specific pathway analysis of dietary effects revealed a dysregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis common to all three strains but distinct regulatory networks driving this dysregulation. This suggests a strategy for strain-specific targeted pharmacologic intervention of these upstream regulators informed by epigenetic and transcriptional regulation. As a pilot study, we administered the drug GW4064 to target one of these genotype-dependent networks, the farnesoid X receptor pathway, and found that GW4064 exerts strain-specific protection against dietary effects in BL6, as predicted by our transcriptomic analysis. Furthermore, GW4064 treatment induced inflammatory-related gene expression changes in NOD, indicating a strain-specific effect in its associated toxicities as well as its therapeutic efficacy. This pilot study demonstrates the potential efficacy of precision therapeutics for genotype-informed dietary metabolic intervention and a mouse platform for guiding this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Wulfridge
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adam Davidovich
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna C. Salvador
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle C. Manno
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rakel Tryggvadottir
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adrian Idrizi
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Nazmul Huda
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - L. Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kasper D. Hansen
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Feinberg
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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3
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Wulfridge P, Davidovich A, Salvador AC, Manno GC, Tryggvadottir R, Idrizi A, Huda MN, Bennett BJ, Adams LG, Hansen KD, Threadgill DW, Feinberg AP. Precision pharmacological reversal of genotype-specific diet-induced metabolic syndrome in mice informed by transcriptional regulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.25.538156. [PMID: 37163127 PMCID: PMC10168252 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.25.538156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Diet-related metabolic syndrome is the largest contributor to adverse health in the United States. However, the study of gene-environment interactions and their epigenomic and transcriptomic integration is complicated by the lack of environmental and genetic control in humans that is possible in mouse models. Here we exposed three mouse strains, C57BL/6J (BL6), A/J, and NOD/ShiLtJ (NOD), to a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet, leading to varying degrees of metabolic syndrome. We then performed transcriptomic and genomic DNA methylation analyses and found overlapping but also highly divergent changes in gene expression and methylation upstream of the discordant metabolic phenotypes. Strain-specific pathway analysis of dietary effects reveals a dysregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis common to all three strains but distinct regulatory networks driving this dysregulation. This suggests a strategy for strain-specific targeted pharmacologic intervention of these upstream regulators informed by transcriptional regulation. As a pilot study, we administered the drug GW4064 to target one of these genotype-dependent networks, the Farnesoid X receptor pathway, and found that GW4064 exerts genotype-specific protection against dietary effects in BL6, as predicted by our transcriptomic analysis, as well as increased inflammatory-related gene expression changes in NOD. This pilot study demonstrates the potential efficacy of precision therapeutics for genotype-informed dietary metabolic intervention, and a mouse platform for guiding this approach.
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4
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Jurrjens AW, Seldin MM, Giles C, Meikle PJ, Drew BG, Calkin AC. The potential of integrating human and mouse discovery platforms to advance our understanding of cardiometabolic diseases. eLife 2023; 12:e86139. [PMID: 37000167 PMCID: PMC10065800 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases encompass a range of interrelated conditions that arise from underlying metabolic perturbations precipitated by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. While obesity, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and insulin resistance are major risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases, individuals still present in the absence of such traditional risk factors, making it difficult to determine those at greatest risk of disease. Thus, it is crucial to elucidate the genetic, environmental, and molecular underpinnings to better understand, diagnose, and treat cardiometabolic diseases. Much of this information can be garnered using systems genetics, which takes population-based approaches to investigate how genetic variance contributes to complex traits. Despite the important advances made by human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in this space, corroboration of these findings has been hampered by limitations including the inability to control environmental influence, limited access to pertinent metabolic tissues, and often, poor classification of diseases or phenotypes. A complementary approach to human GWAS is the utilisation of model systems such as genetically diverse mouse panels to study natural genetic and phenotypic variation in a controlled environment. Here, we review mouse genetic reference panels and the opportunities they provide for the study of cardiometabolic diseases and related traits. We discuss how the post-GWAS era has prompted a shift in focus from discovery of novel genetic variants to understanding gene function. Finally, we highlight key advantages and challenges of integrating complementary genetic and multi-omics data from human and mouse populations to advance biological discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Jurrjens
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marcus M Seldin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Corey Giles
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Brian G Drew
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna C Calkin
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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5
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Zhou J, De Jonghe S, Codd EE, Weiner S, Gallacher D, Stahle P, Kelley MF, Kuffner EK, Flores CM, Eichenbaum GE. Preclinical safety assessment of JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006), a structural analog of acetaminophen, that does not cause hepatotoxicity at supratherapeutic doses. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105334. [PMID: 36608923 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006) is a new molecular entity that is structurally related to acetaminophen. A comprehensive non-clinical safety program was conducted to support first-in-human and clinical efficacy studies based on preclinical data suggesting that the compound has comparable or enhanced antinociceptive and antipyretic efficacy without causing hepatotoxicity at supratherapeutic doses. No hepatic toxicity was noted in a mouse model sensitive to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity or in rats, dogs, and non-human primates in 28-day repeat dose toxicity studies at and above doses/exposures at which acetaminophen is known to cause hepatotoxicity. In the 28-day toxicity studies, all treatment-related findings were monitorable and reversible. Methemoglobinemia, which was observed in dogs and to a lesser extent in rats, is also observed with acetaminophen. This finding is considered not relevant to humans due to species differences in metabolism. Thyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia were also observed in dogs and were shown to be a consequence of a species-specific UGT induction also demonstrated with increased thyroid hormone metabolism. Indirect bilirubin elevation was observed in rats as a result of UGT1A1 Inhibition. JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006) had no toxicologically relevant findings in safety pharmacology or genotoxicity studies. Together, these data supported progressing into safety and efficacy studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Zhou
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Sandra De Jonghe
- Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ellen E Codd
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Sandy Weiner
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - David Gallacher
- Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Paul Stahle
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Edwin K Kuffner
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Fort Washington, PA, USA.
| | | | - Gary E Eichenbaum
- Office of the Chief Medical Officer, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Cho S, Yang X, Won KJ, Leone VA, Chang EB, Guzman G, Ko Y, Bae ON, Lee H, Jeong H. Phenylpropionic acid produced by gut microbiota alleviates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2231590. [PMID: 37431867 PMCID: PMC10337503 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2231590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota affects hepatic drug metabolism. However, gut microbial factors modulating hepatic drug metabolism are largely unknown. In this study, using a mouse model of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity, we identified a gut bacterial metabolite that controls the hepatic expression of CYP2E1 that catalyzes the conversion of APAP to a reactive, toxic metabolite. By comparing C57BL/6 substrain mice from two different vendors, Jackson (6J) and Taconic (6N), which are genetically similar but harbor different gut microbiotas, we established that the differences in the gut microbiotas result in differential susceptibility to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. 6J mice exhibited lower susceptibility to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity than 6N mice, and such phenotypic difference was recapitulated in germ-free mice by microbiota transplantation. Comparative untargeted metabolomic analysis of portal vein sera and liver tissues between conventional and conventionalized 6J and 6N mice led to the identification of phenylpropionic acid (PPA), the levels of which were higher in 6J mice. PPA supplementation alleviated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in 6N mice by lowering hepatic CYP2E1 levels. Moreover, PPA supplementation also reduced carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury mediated by CYP2E1. Our data showed that previously known PPA biosynthetic pathway is responsible for PPA production. Surprisingly, while PPA in 6N mouse cecum contents is almost undetectable, 6N cecal microbiota produces PPA as well as 6J cecal microbiota in vitro, suggesting that PPA production in the 6N gut microbiota is suppressed in vivo. However, previously known gut bacteria harboring the PPA biosynthetic pathway were not detected in either 6J or 6N microbiota, suggesting the presence of as-yet-unidentified PPA-producing gut microbes. Collectively, our study reveals a novel biological function of the gut bacterial metabolite PPA in the gut-liver axis and presents a critical basis for investigating PPA as a modulator of CYP2E1-mediated liver injury and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vanessa A Leone
- Department of Animal & Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Section of Gastroenterology, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Grace Guzman
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yeonju Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Transcriptional profiling of drug-induced liver injury biomarkers: association of hepatic Srebf1/Pparα signaling and crosstalk of thrombin, alcohol dehydrogenase, MDR and DNA damage regulators. Mol Cell Biochem 2022:10.1007/s11010-022-04648-1. [PMID: 36583794 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell stress transcribing genes provide a diverse platform of molecular mediators that vary in response to toxicity. Common drug-induced liver injury (DILI) biomarkers are usually expressed in mild toxicity and limited to confirming it rather than categorizing its intensity. Thus, new parametric biomarkers are needed to be explored. Classifying the toxicological response based on the dose-level and severity of stimuli will aid in the evaluation and approach against drug exposure. The present research explored the involvement of gene expression of potential biomarkers as a severity-specific hallmark in different acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity levels in C57BL/6 mice. The differentially expressed genes were annotated and analyzed using bioinformatics tools to predict canonical pathways altered by DILI. The results revealed alteration in genes encoding for antioxidant enhancement; Slc7a11, bile efflux; MDR4, fatty acid metabolism and transcriptional factors namely Srebf1 and Pparα. Potential APAP toxicity biomarkers included Adh1 and thrombin, and other DNA damage and stress chaperones which were changed at least fourfold between control and the three tested severity models. The current investigation demonstrates a dose-mediated association of several hallmark genes in APAP-induced liver damage and addressed the involvement of uncommonly studied molecular responses. Such biomarkers can be further developed into predictive models, translated for risk assessment against drug exposure and guide in building theragnostic targets.
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Di Zeo-Sánchez DE, Segovia-Zafra A, Matilla-Cabello G, Pinazo-Bandera JM, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Villanueva-Paz M. Modeling drug-induced liver injury: current status and future prospects. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:555-573. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2122810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Di Zeo-Sánchez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Segovia-Zafra
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Matilla-Cabello
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José M. Pinazo-Bandera
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Plataforma ISCIII de Ensayos Clínicos. UICEC-IBIMA, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Šrajer Gajdošik M, Kovač Peić A, Begić M, Grbčić P, Brilliant KE, Hixson DC, Josić D. Possible Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatotoxicity of Acetaminophen. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8870. [PMID: 36012131 PMCID: PMC9408656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined proteomic profiles of rat liver extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed following treatment with a sub-toxic dose (500 mg/kg) of the pain reliever drug, acetaminophen (APAP). EVs representing the entire complement of hepatic cells were isolated after perfusion of the intact liver and analyzed with LC-MS/MS. The investigation was focused on revealing the function and cellular origin of identified EVs proteins shed by different parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells and their possible role in an early response of this organ to a toxic environment. Comparison of EV proteomic profiles from control and APAP-treated animals revealed significant differences. Alpha-1-macroglobulin and members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily were highly abundant proteins in EVs shed by the normal liver. In contrast, proteins like aminopeptidase N, metalloreductase STEAP4, different surface antigens like CD14 and CD45, and most members of the annexin family were detected only in EVs that were shed by livers of APAP-treated animals. In EVs from treated livers, there was almost a complete disappearance of members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily and a major decrease in other enzymes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics. Additionally, there were proteins that predominated in non-parenchymal liver cells and in the extracellular matrix, like fibronectin, receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C, and endothelial type gp91. These differences indicate that even treatment with a sub-toxic concentration of APAP initiates dramatic perturbation in the function of this vital organ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marija Begić
- Faculty of Medicine, University Juraj Dobrila of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Petra Grbčić
- Faculty of Medicine, University Juraj Dobrila of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Kate E. Brilliant
- Proteomics Core, COBRE CCRD, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Douglas C. Hixson
- Proteomics Core, COBRE CCRD, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Djuro Josić
- Faculty of Medicine, University Juraj Dobrila of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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10
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Model systems and organisms for addressing inter- and intra-species variability in risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Ayuso P, Macías Y, Gómez-Tabales J, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG. Molecular monitoring of patient response to painkiller drugs. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:545-558. [PMID: 35733288 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2093638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids are widely prescribed for the treatment of mild to severe pain. Wide interindividual variability regarding the analgesic efficacy and adverse reactions to these drugs (ADRs) exist, although the mechanisms responsible for these ADRs are not well understood. AREAS COVERED We provide an overview of the clinical impact of variants in genes related to the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of painkillers, as well as those associated with the susceptibility to ADRs. Also, we discuss the current pharmacogenetic-guided treatment recommendations for the therapeutic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids. EXPERT OPINION In the light of the data analyzed, common variants in genes involved in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics processes may partially explain the lack of response to painkiller treatment and the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. The implementation of high-throughput sequencing technologies may help to unveil the role of rare variants as considerable contributors to explaining the interindividual variability in drug response. Furthermore, a consensus between the diverse pharmacogenetic guidelines is necessary to extend the implementation of pharmacogenetic-guided prescription in daily clinical practice. Additionally, the physiologically-based pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics modeling techniques may contribute to the improvement of these guidelines and facilitate clinicians drug dose adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ayuso
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx. ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Yolanda Macías
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx. ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Tabales
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx. ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martín
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx. ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José A G Agúndez
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UEx. ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cáceres, Spain
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12
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Segovia-Zafra A, Di Zeo-Sánchez DE, López-Gómez C, Pérez-Valdés Z, García-Fuentes E, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Villanueva-Paz M. Preclinical models of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI): Moving towards prediction. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3685-3726. [PMID: 35024301 PMCID: PMC8727925 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) encompasses the unexpected harms that prescription and non-prescription drugs, herbal and dietary supplements can cause to the liver. iDILI remains a major public health problem and a major cause of drug attrition. Given the lack of biomarkers for iDILI prediction, diagnosis and prognosis, searching new models to predict and study mechanisms of iDILI is necessary. One of the major limitations of iDILI preclinical assessment has been the lack of correlation between the markers of hepatotoxicity in animal toxicological studies and clinically significant iDILI. Thus, major advances in the understanding of iDILI susceptibility and pathogenesis have come from the study of well-phenotyped iDILI patients. However, there are many gaps for explaining all the complexity of iDILI susceptibility and mechanisms. Therefore, there is a need to optimize preclinical human in vitro models to reduce the risk of iDILI during drug development. Here, the current experimental models and the future directions in iDILI modelling are thoroughly discussed, focusing on the human cellular models available to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and the most used in vivo animal iDILI models. We also comment about in silico approaches and the increasing relevance of patient-derived cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Segovia-Zafra
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Daniel E. Di Zeo-Sánchez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Gómez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Zeus Pérez-Valdés
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Platform ISCIII de Ensayos Clínicos, UICEC-IBIMA, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
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13
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Mosedale M, Cai Y, Eaddy JS, Kirby PJ, Wolenski FS, Dragan Y, Valdar W. Human-relevant mechanisms and risk factors for TAK-875-Induced liver injury identified via a gene pathway-based approach in Collaborative Cross mice. Toxicology 2021; 461:152902. [PMID: 34418498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of TAK-875 was discontinued when a small number of serious drug-induced liver injury (DILI) cases were observed in Phase 3 clinical trials. Subsequent studies have identified hepatocellular oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered bile acid homeostasis, and immune response as mechanisms of TAK-875 DILI and the contribution of genetic risk factors in oxidative response and mitochondrial pathways to the toxicity susceptibility observed in patients. We tested the hypothesis that a novel preclinical approach based on gene pathway analysis in the livers of Collaborative Cross mice could be used to identify human-relevant mechanisms of toxicity and genetic risk factors at the level of the hepatocyte as reported in a human genome-wide association study. Eight (8) male mice (4 matched pairs) from each of 45 Collaborative Cross lines were treated with a single oral (gavage) dose of either vehicle or 600 mg/kg TAK-875. As expected, liver injury was not detected histologically and few changes in plasma biomarkers of hepatotoxicity were observed. However, gene expression profiling in the liver identified hundreds of transcripts responsive to TAK-875 treatment across all strains reflecting alterations in immune response and bile acid homeostasis and the interaction of treatment and strain reflecting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Fold-change expression values were then used to develop pathway-based phenotypes for genetic mapping which identified candidate risk factor genes for TAK-875 toxicity susceptibility at the level of the hepatocyte. Taken together, these findings support our hypothesis that a gene pathway-based approach using Collaborative Cross mice could inform sensitive strains, human-relevant mechanisms of toxicity, and genetic risk factors for TAK-875 DILI. This novel preclinical approach may be helpful in understanding, predicting, and ultimately preventing clinical DILI for other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrie Mosedale
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
| | - Yanwei Cai
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
| | - J Scott Eaddy
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
| | - Patrick J Kirby
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
| | - Francis S Wolenski
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
| | - Yvonne Dragan
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
| | - William Valdar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
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14
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Harrill AH. ToxPoint: In the Era of Precision Medicine, Diversity Should Not Be Neglected in Chemical Safety Assessment. Toxicol Sci 2021; 173:3-4. [PMID: 31904857 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alison H Harrill
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park 27709, North Carolina
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15
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Cabañero D, Maldonado R. Synergism between oral paracetamol and nefopam in a murine model of postoperative pain. Eur J Pain 2021; 25:1770-1787. [PMID: 33909343 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of paracetamol or nefopam for postoperative pain control is limited by the need of high doses associated with unwanted effects. Previous works suggest positive interactions between both compounds that may be exploited to obtain potentiation of antinociception. METHODS Mechanical and heat antinociception induced by oral doses of paracetamol, nefopam or their combination was studied by isobolographic analysis in a murine model of postsurgical pain. The effective doses that produced 50% antinociception (ED50 ) were calculated from the log dose-response curves for each compound. Subsequently, the effects of ED8.7 s, ED12.5 s, ED17.5 s and ED35 s of nefopam and paracetamol combined were assessed. RESULTS Oral paracetamol induced dose-dependent relief of postoperative sensitivity and showed higher efficacy reducing mechanical hypersensitivity (ED50 177.3 ± 15.4 mg/kg) than heat hyperalgesia (ED50 278.6 ± 43 mg/kg). Oral nefopam induced dose-dependent antinociception with similar efficacy for mechanical and heat hypersensitivity (ED50 s 5.42 ± 0.81 vs. 5.83 ± 0.72). Combinations of increasing isoeffective doses revealed that combined ED17.5 s (85.76 mg/kg paracetamol and 1.9 mg/kg nefopam) and ED35 s (132.67 mg/kg and 3.73 mg/kg) showed synergistic effects leading to 75% and 90% mechanical antinociception, respectively. These mixtures were defined by interaction indexes of 0.43 and 0.41 and ratios 45:1 and 35:1 paracetamol:nefopam, respectively. The same combinations showed additive effects for the inhibition of incisional thermal hyperalgesia. CONCLUSIONS AND LIMITATIONS This work describes a synergistic antinociceptive interaction between low doses of nefopam and paracetamol for the treatment of postoperative hypersensitivity to peripheral stimuli. The promising results obtained on reflexive nociceptive responses of young male mice subjected to plantar surgery highlight the interest of further research evaluating the effects of this mixture on the affective-motivational component of pain and in females and additional age groups. Confirmation of pain-relieving efficacy and safety of this oral combination clinically available in European and Asian countries could provide a useful tool for postsurgical pain management. SIGNIFICANCE Early postoperative pain is currently undertreated and has been recognized as a relevant source of chronic postsurgical pain. Oral efficient treatments could facilitate fast-track surgeries and patient recovery at home. Here, we identify in a mouse model of postoperative pain a potent synergistic oral combination consisting of low paracetamol and nefopam doses that provides relief of postsurgical hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli. Oral multimodal paracetamol-nefopam mixtures represent a potential clinically available pharmacological strategy for the relief of incisional sensitivity and the promotion of patient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cabañero
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Viswanathan P, Gupta P, Sharma Y, Maisuradze L, Bandi S, Gupta S. Caffeine disrupts ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene-related pathways and exacerbates acetaminophen toxicity in human fetal immortalized hepatocytes. Toxicology 2021; 457:152811. [PMID: 33971260 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Preterm infants are at greater risk for adverse drug effects due to hepatic immaturity. Multiple interventions during intensive care increases potential for drug interactions. In this setting, high-dose caffeine used for apnea in premature infants may increase acetaminophen toxicity by inhibiting ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene activity during DNA damage response. To define caffeine and acetaminophen interaction, we modeled infantile prematurity in late-gestation fetal stage through human immortalized hepatocytes and liver organoids. The acute toxicity studies included assays for cell viability, mitochondrial dysfunction and ATM pathway-related DNA damage. Fetal cells expressed hepatobiliary properties, albeit with lower metabolic, synthetic and antioxidant functions than more mature hepatocytes. Acetaminophen in IC50 amount of 7.5 millimolar caused significant oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential impairments, and DNA breaks requiring ATM-dependent repair. Caffeine markedly exacerbated acetaminophen toxicity by suppressing ATM activity in otherwise nontoxic 2.5 millimolar amount. Similarly, the specific ATM kinase antagonist, KU-60019, reproduced this deleterious interaction in 5 micromolar amount. Replicative stress from combined acetaminophen and caffeine toxicity depleted cells undergoing DNA synthesis in S phase and activated checkpoints for G0/G1 or G2/M restrictions. Synergistic caffeine and acetaminophen toxicity in liver organoids indicated these consequences should apply in vivo. The antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, decreased oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and ATM pathway disruption to mitigate caffeine and acetaminophen toxicity. We concluded that hepatic DNA damage, mitochondrial impairment and growth-arrest after combined caffeine and acetaminophen toxicity will be harmful for premature infants. Whether caffeine and acetaminophen toxicity may alter outcomes in subsequently encountered hepatic disease needs consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Viswanathan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sriram Bandi
- Department of Medicine, USA; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine, USA; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, USA; Department of Pathology, USA; Diabetes Center, USA; Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, USA; Irwin S. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research, USA; Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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17
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Rao T, Liu YT, Zeng XC, Li CP, Ou-Yang DS. The hepatotoxicity of Polygonum multiflorum: The emerging role of the immune-mediated liver injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:27-35. [PMID: 32123300 PMCID: PMC7921551 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbal and dietary supplements (HDS)-induced liver injury has been a great concern all over the world. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., a well-known Chinese herbal medicine, is recently drawn increasing attention because of its hepatotoxicity. According to the clinical and experimental studies, P. multiflorum-induced liver injury (PM-DILI) is considered to be immune-mediated idiosyncratic liver injury, but the role of immune response and the underlying mechanisms are not completely elucidated. Previous studies focused on the direct toxicity of PM-DILI by using animal models with intrinsic drug-induced liver injury (DILI). However, most epidemiological and clinical evidence demonstrate that PM-DILI is immune-mediated idiosyncratic liver injury. The aim of this review is to assess current epidemiological, clinical and experimental evidence about the possible role of innate and adaptive immunity in the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of P. multiflorum. The potential effects of factors associated with immune tolerance, including immune checkpoint molecules and regulatory immune cells on the individual's susceptibility to PM-DILI are also discussed. We conclude by giving our hypothesis of possible immune mechanisms of PM-DILI and providing suggestions for future studies on valuable biomarkers identification and proper immune models establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Rao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Ya-Ting Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xiang-Chang Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Chao-Peng Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Ou-Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha, 410205, China.
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18
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Guengerich FP. A history of the roles of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the toxicity of drugs. Toxicol Res 2021; 37:1-23. [PMID: 32837681 PMCID: PMC7431904 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-020-00056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of drug metabolism began in the 19th Century and developed slowly. In the mid-20th Century the relationship between drug metabolism and toxicity became appreciated, and the roles of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes began to be defined in the 1960s. Today we understand much about the metabolism of drugs and many aspects of safety assessment in the context of a relatively small number of human P450s. P450s affect drug toxicity mainly by either reducing exposure to the parent molecule or, in some cases, by converting the drug into a toxic entity. Some of the factors involved are enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition (both reversible and irreversible), and pharmacogenetics. Issues related to drug toxicity include drug-drug interactions, drug-food interactions, and the roles of chemical moieties of drug candidates in drug discovery and development. The maturation of the field of P450 and drug toxicity has been facilitated by advances in analytical chemistry, computational capability, biochemistry and enzymology, and molecular and cell biology. Problems still arise with P450s and drug toxicity in drug discovery and development, and in the pharmaceutical industry the interaction of scientists in medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and safety assessment is critical for success.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 638B Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146 USA
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19
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Mosedale M, Cai Y, Eaddy JS, Corty RW, Nautiyal M, Watkins PB, Valdar W. Identification of Candidate Risk Factor Genes for Human Idelalisib Toxicity Using a Collaborative Cross Approach. Toxicol Sci 2020; 172:265-278. [PMID: 31501888 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idelalisib is a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor highly selective for the delta isoform that has shown good efficacy in treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia and follicular lymphoma. In clinical trials, however, idelalisib was associated with rare, but potentially serious liver and lung toxicities. In this study, we used the Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse population to identify genetic factors associated with the drug response that may inform risk management strategies for idelalisib in humans. Eight male mice (4 matched pairs) from 50 CC lines were treated once daily for 14 days by oral gavage with either vehicle or idelalisib at a dose selected to achieve clinically relevant peak plasma concentrations (150 mg/kg/day). The drug was well tolerated across all CC lines, and there were no observations of overt liver injury. Differences across CC lines were seen in drug concentration in plasma samples collected at the approximate Tmax on study Days 1, 7, and 14. There were also small but statistically significant treatment-induced alterations in plasma total bile acids and microRNA-122, and these may indicate early hepatocellular stress required for immune-mediated hepatotoxicity in humans. Idelalisib treatment further induced significant elevations in the total cell count of terminal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which may be analogous to pneumonitis observed in the clinic. Genetic mapping identified loci associated with interim plasma idelalisib concentration and the other 3 treatment-related endpoints. Thirteen priority candidate quantitative trait genes identified in CC mice may now guide interrogation of risk factors for adverse drug responses associated with idelalisib in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrie Mosedale
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yanwei Cai
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,Department of Genetics
| | - John Scott Eaddy
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | - Manisha Nautiyal
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - William Valdar
- Department of Genetics.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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20
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Smith AK, Ropella GEP, McGill MR, Krishnan P, Dutta L, Kennedy RC, Jaeschke H, Hunt CA. Contrasting model mechanisms of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release from damaged and necrotic hepatocytes as an example of general biomarker mechanisms. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007622. [PMID: 32484845 PMCID: PMC7292418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpretations of elevated blood levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) for drug-induced liver injury often assume that the biomarker is released passively from dying cells. However, the mechanisms driving that release have not been explored experimentally. The usefulness of ALT and related biomarkers will improve by developing mechanism-based explanations of elevated levels that can be expanded and elaborated incrementally. We provide the means to challenge the ability of closely related model mechanisms to generate patterns of simulated hepatic injury and ALT release that scale (or not) to be quantitatively similar to the wet-lab validation targets, which are elevated plasma ALT values following acetaminophen (APAP) exposure in mice. We build on a published model mechanism that helps explain the generation of characteristic spatiotemporal features of APAP hepatotoxicity within hepatic lobules. Discrete event and agent-oriented software methods are most prominent. We instantiate and leverage a small constellation of concrete model mechanisms. Their details during execution help bring into focus ways in which particular sources of uncertainty become entangled with cause-effect details within and across several levels. We scale ALT amounts in virtual mice directly to target plasma ALT values in individual mice. A virtual experiment comprises a set of Monte Carlo simulations. We challenge the sufficiency of four potentially explanatory theories for ALT release. The first of the tested model theories failed to achieve the initial validation target, but each of the three others succeeded. Results for one of the three model mechanisms matched all target ALT values quantitatively. It explains how ALT externalization is the combined consequence of lobular-location-dependent drug-induced cellular damage and hepatocyte death. Falsification of one (or more) of the model mechanisms provides new knowledge and incrementally shrinks the constellation of model mechanisms. The modularity and biomimicry of our explanatory models enable seamless transition from mice to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Smith
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Mitchell R. McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Preethi Krishnan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lopamudra Dutta
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan C. Kennedy
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - C. Anthony Hunt
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Bissahoyo AC, Xie Y, Yang L, Pearsall RS, Lee D, Elliott RW, Demant P, McMillan L, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Angel JM, Threadgill DW. A New Polygenic Model for Nonfamilial Colorectal Cancer Inheritance Based on the Genetic Architecture of the Azoxymethane-Induced Mouse Model. Genetics 2020; 214:691-702. [PMID: 31879319 PMCID: PMC7054011 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The azoxymethane model of colorectal cancer (CRC) was used to gain insights into the genetic heterogeneity of nonfamilial CRC. We observed significant differences in susceptibility parameters across 40 mouse inbred strains, with 6 new and 18 of 24 previously identified mouse CRC modifier alleles detected using genome-wide association analysis. Tumor incidence varied in F1 as well as intercrosses and backcrosses between resistant and susceptible strains. Analysis of inheritance patterns indicates that resistance to CRC development is inherited as a dominant characteristic genome-wide, and that susceptibility appears to occur in individuals lacking a large-effect, or sufficient numbers of small-effect, polygenic resistance alleles. Our results suggest a new polygenic model for inheritance of nonfamilial CRC, and that genetic studies in humans aimed at identifying individuals with elevated susceptibility should be pursued through the lens of absence of dominant resistance alleles rather than for the presence of susceptibility alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika C Bissahoyo
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yuying Xie
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lynda Yang
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - R Scott Pearsall
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Daekee Lee
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
| | - Rosemary W Elliott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Peter Demant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Leonard McMillan
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | | | - Joe M Angel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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22
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Abstract
The intestinal microbiome encodes vast metabolic potential, and multidisciplinary approaches are enabling a mechanistic understanding of how bacterial enzymes impact the metabolism of diverse pharmaceutical compounds, including chemotherapeutics. Microbiota alter the activity of many drugs and chemotherapeutics via direct and indirect mechanisms; some of these alterations result in changes to the drug's bioactivity and bioavailability, causing toxic gastrointestinal side effects. Gastrointestinal toxicity is one of the leading complications of systemic chemotherapy, with symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. Patients undergo dose reductions or drug holidays to manage these adverse events, which can significantly harm prognosis, and can result in mortality. Selective and precise targeting of the gut microbiota may alleviate these toxicities. Understanding the composition and function of the microbiota may serve as a biomarker for prognosis, and predict treatment efficacy and potential adverse effects, thereby facilitating personalized medicine strategies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Ervin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 250 Bell Tower Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Aadra P. Bhatt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Corresponding author:
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23
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Bao Y, Wang P, Shao X, Zhu J, Xiao J, Shi J, Zhang L, Zhu HJ, Ma X, Manautou JE, Zhong XB. Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury Alters Expression and Activities of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in an Age-Dependent Manner in Mouse Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:326-336. [PMID: 32094214 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a global medical problem. The risk of DILI is often related to expression and activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes, especially cytochrome P450s (P450s). However, changes on expression and activities of P450s after DILI have not been determined. The aim of this study is to fill this knowledge gap. Acetaminophen (APAP) was used as a model drug to induce DILI in C57BL/6J mice at different ages of days 10 (infant), 22 (child), and 60 (adult). DILI was assessed by levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in plasma with a confirmation by H&E staining on liver tissue sections. The expression of selected P450s at mRNA and protein levels was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The activities of these P450s were determined by the formation of metabolites from probe drugs for each P450 using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. DILI was induced at mild to severe levels in a dose-dependent manner in 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg APAP-treated groups at child and adult ages, but not at the infant age. Significantly decreased expression at mRNA and protein levels as well as enzymatic activities of CYP2E1, 3A11, 1A2, and 2C29 were found at child and adult ages. Adult male mice were more susceptible to APAP-induced liver injury than female mice with more decreased expression of P450s. These results suggest that altered levels of P450s in livers severely injured by drugs may affect the therapeutic efficacy of drugs, which are metabolized by P450s, more particularly for males. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The current study in an animal model demonstrates that acetaminophen-induced liver injury results in decreased expression and enzyme activities of several examined drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s (P450s). The extent of such decreases is correlated to the degree of liver injury severity. The generated data may be translated to human health for patients who have drug-induced liver injury with decreased capability to metabolize drugs by certain P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (Y.B., P.W., X.S., J.E.M., X.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (P.W., L.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., X.M.); and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.X.) and Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., H.-J.Z.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (Y.B., P.W., X.S., J.E.M., X.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (P.W., L.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., X.M.); and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.X.) and Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., H.-J.Z.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xueyan Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (Y.B., P.W., X.S., J.E.M., X.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (P.W., L.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., X.M.); and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.X.) and Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., H.-J.Z.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (Y.B., P.W., X.S., J.E.M., X.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (P.W., L.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., X.M.); and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.X.) and Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., H.-J.Z.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jingcheng Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (Y.B., P.W., X.S., J.E.M., X.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (P.W., L.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., X.M.); and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.X.) and Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., H.-J.Z.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (Y.B., P.W., X.S., J.E.M., X.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (P.W., L.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., X.M.); and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.X.) and Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., H.-J.Z.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (Y.B., P.W., X.S., J.E.M., X.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (P.W., L.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., X.M.); and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.X.) and Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., H.-J.Z.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (Y.B., P.W., X.S., J.E.M., X.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (P.W., L.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., X.M.); and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.X.) and Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., H.-J.Z.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (Y.B., P.W., X.S., J.E.M., X.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (P.W., L.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., X.M.); and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.X.) and Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., H.-J.Z.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - José E Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (Y.B., P.W., X.S., J.E.M., X.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (P.W., L.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., X.M.); and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.X.) and Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., H.-J.Z.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (Y.B., P.W., X.S., J.E.M., X.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (P.W., L.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., X.M.); and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.X.) and Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., H.-J.Z.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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24
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Mosedale M, Watkins PB. Understanding Idiosyncratic Toxicity: Lessons Learned from Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6436-6461. [PMID: 32037821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) encompass a diverse group of toxicities that can vary by drug and patient. The complex and unpredictable nature of IADRs combined with the fact that they are rare makes them particularly difficult to predict, diagnose, and treat. Common clinical characteristics, the identification of human leukocyte antigen risk alleles, and drug-induced proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from patients support a role for the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of IADRs. Significant evidence also suggests a requirement for direct, drug-induced stress, neoantigen formation, and stimulation of an innate response, which can be influenced by properties intrinsic to both the drug and the patient. This Perspective will provide an overview of the clinical profile, mechanisms, and risk factors underlying IADRs as well as new approaches to study these reactions, focusing on idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrie Mosedale
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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25
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Mouse Systems Genetics as a Prelude to Precision Medicine. Trends Genet 2020; 36:259-272. [PMID: 32037011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models have been instrumental in understanding human disease biology and proposing possible new treatments. The precise control of the environment and genetic composition of mice allows more rigorous observations, but limits the generalizability and translatability of the results into human applications. In the era of precision medicine, strategies using mouse models have to be revisited to effectively emulate human populations. Systems genetics is one promising paradigm that may promote the transition to novel precision medicine strategies. Here, we review the state-of-the-art resources and discuss how mouse systems genetics helps to understand human diseases and to advance the development of precision medicine, with an emphasis on the existing resources and strategies.
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26
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Axelrad DA, Setzer RW, Bateson TF, DeVito M, Dzubow RC, Fitzpatrick JW, Frame AM, Hogan KA, Houck K, Stewart M. Methods for evaluating variability in human health dose-response characterization. HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT : HERA 2019; 25:1-24. [PMID: 31404325 PMCID: PMC6688638 DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2019.1615828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Reference Dose (RfD) and Reference Concentration (RfC) are human health reference values (RfVs) representing exposure concentrations at or below which there is presumed to be little risk of adverse effects in the general human population. The 2009 National Research Council report Science and Decisions recommended redefining RfVs as "a risk-specific dose (for example, the dose associated with a 1 in 100,000 risk of a particular end point)." Distributions representing variability in human response to environmental contaminant exposures are critical for deriving risk-specific doses. Existing distributions estimating the extent of human toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic variability are based largely on controlled human exposure studies of pharmaceuticals. New data and methods have been developed that are designed to improve estimation of the quantitative variability in human response to environmental chemical exposures. Categories of research with potential to provide new database useful for developing updated human variability distributions include controlled human experiments, human epidemiology, animal models of genetic variability, in vitro estimates of toxicodynamic variability, and in vitro-based models of toxicokinetic variability. In vitro approaches, with further development including studies of different cell types and endpoints, and approaches to incorporate non-genetic sources of variability, appear to provide the greatest opportunity for substantial near-term advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Axelrad
- Office of Policy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R. Woodrow Setzer
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Thomas F. Bateson
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael DeVito
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Dzubow
- Office of Children’s Health Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julie W. Fitzpatrick
- Office of the Science Advisor, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alicia M. Frame
- Office of Land and Emergency Management, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Karen A. Hogan
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keith Houck
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael Stewart
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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27
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Hong L, Li Y, Liu Q, Chen Q, Chen L, Zhou D. The Hippo Signaling Pathway in Regenerative Medicine. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1893:353-370. [PMID: 30565146 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8910-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The major role of Hippo signaling is to inhibit their downstream effectors YAP/TAZ for organ size control during development and regeneration (Nat Rev Drug Discov 13(1):63-79, 2014; Dev Cell 19(4):491-505, 2010; Cell 163(4):811-828, 2015). We and others have demonstrated that the genetic disruption of kinases Mst1 and Mst2 (Mst1/2), the core components of Hippo signaling, results in YAP activation and sustained liver growth, thereby leading to an eight- to tenfold increase in liver size within 3 months and occurrence of liver cancer within 5 months (Curr Biol 17(23):2054-2060, 2007; Cancer Cell 16(5):425-438, 2009; Cell 130(6):1120-1133, 2007; Cancer Cell 31(5):669-684 e667, 2017; Nat Commun 6:6239, 2015; Cell Rep 3(5):1663-1677, 2013). XMU-MP-1, an Mst1/2 inhibitor, is able to augment mouse liver and intestinal repair and regeneration in both acute and chronic injury mouse models (Sci Transl Med 8:352ra108, 2016).In addition, YAP-deficient mice show an impaired intestinal regenerative response after DSS treatment or gamma irradiation (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(49):E1312-1320, 2011; Nature 493(7430):106-110, 2013; Genes Dev 24(21):2383-2388, 2010; J Vis Exp (111), 2010). IBS008738, a TAZ activator, facilitates muscle repair after cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury (Mol Cell Biol. 2014;34(9):1607-21). Deletion of Salvador (Sav) in mouse hearts enhances cardiomyocyte regeneration with reduced fibrosis and recovery of pumping function after myocardial infarction (MI) or resection of mouse cardiac apex (Development 140(23):4683-4690, 2013; Sci Signal 8(375):ra41, 2015; Nature 550(7675):260-264, 2017). This chapter provides a detailed description of procedures and important considerations when performing the protocols for the respective assays used to determine the effects of Hippo signaling on tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qingxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lanfen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dawang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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28
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29
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Cook JC, Wu H, Aleo MD, Adkins K. Principles of precision medicine and its application in toxicology. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:565-577. [PMID: 30298845 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Precision medicine is an approach to developing drugs that focuses on employing biomarkers to stratify patients in clinical trials with the goal of improving efficacy and/or safety outcomes, ultimately increasing the odds of clinical success and drug approval. Precision medicine is an important tool for toxicologists to utilize, because its principles can be used to decide whether to pursue a drug target, to understand interindividual differences in response to drugs in both nonclinical and clinical settings, to aid in selecting doses that optimize efficacy or reduce adverse events, and to facilitate understanding of a drug's mode-of-action. Nonclinical models such as the mouse and non-human primate can be used to understand genetic variation and its potential translation to humans, and are available for toxicologists to employ in advance of drugs moving into clinical development. Understanding interindividual differences in response to drugs and how these differences can influence the drug's risk-benefit profile and lead to the identification of biomarkers that enhance patient efficacy and safety is of critical importance for toxicologists today, and in the future, as the fields of pharmacogenomics and genetics continue to advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C Cook
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Hong Wu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Michael D Aleo
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Karissa Adkins
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340
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30
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Selim SA, El-Baset SAA, Kattaia AAA, Askar EM, Elkader EA. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate liver injury in a rat model of sepsis by activating Nrf2 signaling. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:249-262. [PMID: 30250973 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a fatal condition that leads to serious systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. This study was designed to investigate the possible therapeutic effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on sepsis-induced liver injury. We also aimed to examine the role of Nrf2 activation in modulating the response to sepsis following BMSCs treatment. Twenty-four adult male albino rats were assigned to: control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-stem cell groups. Liver samples were processed for light and electron microscope examinations. Immunohistochemical localization of BAX, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was carried out. Liver homogenates were prepared for assessment of reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 and also real-time PCR analysis of Nrf2 expression. BMSCs treatment improved the histopathological changes of the liver, enhanced tissue regeneration and decreased apoptosis following sepsis. We reported highly significant enhancement in Nrf2 expressions at mRNA and protein levels in the LPS-stem cell group compared with the LPS group. The up regulation of Nrf2 was probably implicated in decreasing inflammatory cytokine levels and counteracting oxidative stress induced by sepsis. Thus, BMSCs therapies could be a viable approach to treat sepsis-induced liver damage by activating Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Selim
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Koliat Al Tob Street, Zagazig, Ash Sharqia Governorate, 44519, Egypt
| | - Samia A Abd El-Baset
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Koliat Al Tob Street, Zagazig, Ash Sharqia Governorate, 44519, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A A Kattaia
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Koliat Al Tob Street, Zagazig, Ash Sharqia Governorate, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Eman M Askar
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Koliat Al Tob Street, Zagazig, Ash Sharqia Governorate, 44519, Egypt
| | - Eman Abd Elkader
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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31
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Heruth DP, Shortt K, Zhang N, Li DY, Zhang LQ, Qing Ye S. Genetic Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:95-100. [PMID: 30076262 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen is commonly used to reduce pain and fever. Unfortunately, overdose of acetaminophen is a leading cause of acute liver injury and failure in many developed countries. The majority of acetaminophen is safely metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine; however, a small percentage is converted to the highly reactive N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). At therapeutic doses, NAPQI is inactivated by glutathione S-transferases, but at toxic levels, excess NAPQI forms reactive protein adducts that lead to hepatotoxicity. Individual variability in the response to both therapeutic and toxic levels of acetaminophen suggests a genetic component is involved in acetaminophen metabolism. In this review, we evaluate the genetic association studies that have identified 147 single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. The identification of novel genetic markers for acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity provides a rich resource for further evaluation and may lead to improved prognosis, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Heruth
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (D.P.H., K.S., N.Z., L.Q.Z., S.Q.Y.), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (N.Z., D.-Y.L.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (K.S., S.Q.Y.), University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri (K.S.); and Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China (N.Z.)
| | - Katherine Shortt
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (D.P.H., K.S., N.Z., L.Q.Z., S.Q.Y.), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (N.Z., D.-Y.L.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (K.S., S.Q.Y.), University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri (K.S.); and Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China (N.Z.)
| | - Nini Zhang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (D.P.H., K.S., N.Z., L.Q.Z., S.Q.Y.), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (N.Z., D.-Y.L.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (K.S., S.Q.Y.), University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri (K.S.); and Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China (N.Z.)
| | - Ding-You Li
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (D.P.H., K.S., N.Z., L.Q.Z., S.Q.Y.), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (N.Z., D.-Y.L.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (K.S., S.Q.Y.), University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri (K.S.); and Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China (N.Z.)
| | - Li Q Zhang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (D.P.H., K.S., N.Z., L.Q.Z., S.Q.Y.), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (N.Z., D.-Y.L.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (K.S., S.Q.Y.), University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri (K.S.); and Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China (N.Z.)
| | - Shui Qing Ye
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (D.P.H., K.S., N.Z., L.Q.Z., S.Q.Y.), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (N.Z., D.-Y.L.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (K.S., S.Q.Y.), University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri (K.S.); and Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China (N.Z.)
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32
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Mosedale M. Mouse Population-Based Approaches to Investigate Adverse Drug Reactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1787-1795. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Venkatratnam A, Furuya S, Kosyk O, Gold A, Bodnar W, Konganti K, Threadgill DW, Gillespie KM, Aylor DL, Wright FA, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Editor's Highlight: Collaborative Cross Mouse Population Enables Refinements to Characterization of the Variability in Toxicokinetics of Trichloroethylene and Provides Genetic Evidence for the Role of PPAR Pathway in Its Oxidative Metabolism. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:48-62. [PMID: 28369613 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a known carcinogen in humans and rodents. Previous studies of inter-strain variability in TCE metabolism were conducted in multi-strain panels of classical inbred mice with limited genetic diversity to identify gene-environment interactions associated with chemical exposure. Objectives To evaluate inter-strain variability in TCE metabolism and identify genetic determinants that are associated with TCE metabolism and effects using Collaborative Cross (CC), a large panel of genetically diverse strains of mice. Methods We administered a single oral dose of 0, 24, 80, 240, or 800 mg/kg of TCE to mice from 50 CC strains, and collected organs 24 h post-dosing. Levels of trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a major oxidative metabolite of TCE were measured in multiple tissues. Protein expression and activity levels of TCE-metabolizing enzymes were evaluated in the liver. Liver transcript levels of known genes perturbed by TCE exposure were also quantified. Genetic association mapping was performed on the acquired phenotypes. Results TCA levels varied in a dose- and strain-dependent manner in liver, kidney, and serum. The variability in TCA levels among strains did not correlate with expression or activity of a number of enzymes known to be involved in TCE oxidation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-responsive genes were found to be associated with strain-specific differences in TCE metabolism. Conclusions This study shows that CC mouse population is a valuable tool to quantitatively evaluate inter-individual variability in chemical metabolism and to identify genes and pathways that may underpin population differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Venkatratnam
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Shinji Furuya
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Oksana Kosyk
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kevin M Gillespie
- Bioinformatics Research Center and Departments of Statistics and Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - David L Aylor
- Bioinformatics Research Center and Departments of Statistics and Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Fred A Wright
- Bioinformatics Research Center and Departments of Statistics and Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Athersuch TJ, Antoine DJ, Boobis AR, Coen M, Daly AK, Possamai L, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID. Paracetamol metabolism, hepatotoxicity, biomarkers and therapeutic interventions: a perspective. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:347-357. [PMID: 30090586 PMCID: PMC6062253 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
After over 60 years of therapeutic use in the UK, paracetamol (acetaminophen, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) remains the subject of considerable research into both its mode of action and toxicity. The pharmacological properties of APAP are the focus of some activity, with the role of the metabolite N-arachidonoylaminophenol (AM404) still a topic of debate. However, that the hepatotoxicity of APAP results from the production of the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI/NABQI) that can deplete glutathione, react with cellular macromolecules, and initiate cell death, is now beyond dispute. The disruption of cellular pathways that results from the production of NAPQI provides a source of potential biomarkers of the severity of the damage. Research in this area has provided new diagnostic markers such as the microRNA miR-122 as well as mechanistic biomarkers associated with apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and tissue regeneration. Additionally, biomarkers of, and systems biology models for, glutathione depletion have been developed. Furthermore, there have been significant advances in determining the role of both the innate immune system and genetic factors that might predispose individuals to APAP-mediated toxicity. This perspective highlights some of the progress in current APAP-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby J Athersuch
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Daniel J Antoine
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research , The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , EH16 4TJ , UK
| | - Alan R Boobis
- Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London W12 0NN , UK
| | - Muireann Coen
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Ann K Daly
- Institute of Cellular Medicine , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH , UK
| | - Lucia Possamai
- Department of Hepatology , St Mary's Hospital , Imperial College London , London W2 1NY , UK
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
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Dornbos P, LaPres JJ. Incorporating population-level genetic variability within laboratory models in toxicology: From the individual to the population. Toxicology 2018; 395:1-8. [PMID: 29275117 PMCID: PMC5801153 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans respond to chemical exposures differently due to many factors, such as previous and concurrent stressors, age, sex, and genetic background. The vast majority of laboratory-based toxicology studies, however, have not considered the impact of population-level variability within dose-response relationships. The lack of data dealing with the influence of genetic diversity on the response to chemical exposure provides a difficult challenge for risk assessment as individuals within the population will display a wide-range of responses following toxicant challenge. Notably, the genetic background of individuals plays a major role in the variability seen in a population-level response to a drug or chemical and, thus, there is growing interest in including genetic diversity into laboratory-models. Here we outline several laboratory-based models that can be used to assay the influence of genetic variability on an individual's response to chemicals: 1) genetically-diverse cell lines, 2) human primary cells, 3) and genetically-diverse mouse panels. We also provide a succinct review for several seminal studies to highlight the capability, feasibility, and power of each of these models. This article is intended to highlight the need to include population-level genetic diversity into toxicological study designs via laboratory-based models with the goal to provide and supplement evidence in assessing the risk posed by chemicals to the human population. As such, incorporation of genetic variability will positively impact human-based risk assessment and provide empirical data to aid and influence decision-making processes in relation to chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dornbos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John J LaPres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Center for Mitochondrial Science and Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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36
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Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Advancing chemical risk assessment decision-making with population variability data: challenges and opportunities. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:182-189. [PMID: 29299621 PMCID: PMC5849521 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing population variability, including identifying susceptible populations and quantifying their increased susceptibility, is an important aspect of chemical risk assessment, but one that is challenging with traditional experimental models and risk assessment methods. New models and methods to address population variability can be used to advance the human health assessments of chemicals in three key areas. First, with respect to hazard identification, evaluating toxicity using population-based in vitro and in vivo models can potentially reduce both false positive and false negative signals. Second, with respect to evaluating mechanisms of toxicity, enhanced ability to do genetic mapping using these models allows for the identification of key biological pathways and mechanisms that may be involved in toxicity and/or susceptibility. Third, with respect to dose-response assessment, population-based toxicity data can serve as a surrogate for human variability, and thus be used to quantitatively estimate the degree of human toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic variability and thereby increase confidence in setting health-protective exposure limits. A number of case studies have been published that demonstrate the potential opportunities for improving risk assessment and decision-making, and include studies using Collaborative Cross and Diversity Outbred mice, as well as populations of human cell lines from the 1000 Genomes project. Key challenges include the need to apply more sophisticated computational and statistical models analyzing population-based toxicity data, and the need to integrate these more complex analyses into risk assessments and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Venkatratnam A, House JS, Konganti K, McKenney C, Threadgill DW, Chiu WA, Aylor DL, Wright FA, Rusyn I. Population-based dose-response analysis of liver transcriptional response to trichloroethylene in mouse. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:168-181. [PMID: 29353386 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies of gene expression are common in toxicology and provide important clues to mechanistic understanding of adverse effects of chemicals. Most prior studies have been performed in a single strain or cell line; however, gene expression is heavily influenced by the genetic background, and these genotype-expression differences may be key drivers of inter-individual variation in response to chemical toxicity. In this study, we hypothesized that the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross mouse population can be used to gain insight and suggest mechanistic hypotheses for the dose- and genetic background-dependent effects of chemical exposure. This hypothesis was tested using a model liver toxicant trichloroethylene (TCE). Liver transcriptional responses to TCE exposure were evaluated 24 h after dosing. Transcriptomic dose-responses were examined for both TCE and its major oxidative metabolite trichloroacetic acid (TCA). As expected, peroxisome- and fatty acid metabolism-related pathways were among the most dose-responsive enriched pathways in all strains. However, nearly half of the TCE-induced liver transcriptional perturbation was strain-dependent, with abundant evidence of strain/dose interaction, including in the peroxisomal signaling-associated pathways. These effects were highly concordant between the administered TCE dose and liver levels of TCA. Dose-response analysis of gene expression at the pathway level yielded points of departure similar to those derived from the traditional toxicology studies for both non-cancer and cancer effects. Mapping of expression-genotype-dose relationships revealed some significant associations; however, the effects of TCE on gene expression in liver appear to be highly polygenic traits that are challenging to positionally map. This study highlights the usefulness of mouse population-based studies in assessing inter-individual variation in toxicological responses, but cautions that genetic mapping may be challenging because of the complexity in gene exposure-dose relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Venkatratnam
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - John S House
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Connor McKenney
- NCSU Undergraduate program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - David L Aylor
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Fred A Wright
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.,Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
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38
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Mosedale M, Kim Y, Brock WJ, Roth SE, Wiltshire T, Eaddy JS, Keele GR, Corty RW, Xie Y, Valdar W, Watkins PB. Editor's Highlight: Candidate Risk Factors and Mechanisms for Tolvaptan-Induced Liver Injury Are Identified Using a Collaborative Cross Approach. Toxicol Sci 2018; 156:438-454. [PMID: 28115652 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of tolvaptan showed it to be a promising candidate for the treatment of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) but also revealed potential for idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in this patient population. To identify risk factors and mechanisms underlying tolvaptan DILI, 8 mice in each of 45 strains of the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse population were treated with a single oral dose of either tolvaptan or vehicle. Significant elevations in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were observed in tolvaptan-treated animals in 3 of the 45 strains. Genetic mapping coupled with transcriptomic analysis in the liver was used to identify several candidate susceptibility genes including epoxide hydrolase 2, interferon regulatory factor 3, and mitochondrial fission factor. Gene pathway analysis revealed that oxidative stress and immune response pathways were activated in response to tolvaptan treatment across all strains, but genes involved in regulation of bile acid homeostasis were most associated with tolvaptan-induced elevations in ALT. Secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (Slpi) mRNA was also induced in the susceptible strains and was associated with increased plasma levels of Slpi protein, suggesting a potential serum marker for DILI susceptibility. In summary, tolvaptan induced signs of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and innate immune response in all strains, but variation in bile acid homeostasis was most associated with susceptibility to the liver response. This CC study has indicated potential mechanisms underlying tolvaptan DILI and biomarkers of susceptibility that may be useful in managing the risk of DILI in ADPKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrie Mosedale
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yunjung Kim
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - William J Brock
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development and Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850.,Brock Scientific Consulting, Montgomery Village, Maryland 20886
| | - Sharin E Roth
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development and Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Tim Wiltshire
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - J Scott Eaddy
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Gregory R Keele
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Robert W Corty
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yuying Xie
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - William Valdar
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Abstract
The liver plays critical roles in both homeostasis and pathology. It is the major site of drug metabolism in the body and, as such, a common target for drug-induced toxicity and is susceptible to a wide range of diseases. In contrast to other solid organs, the liver possesses the unique ability to regenerate. The physiological importance and plasticity of this organ make it a crucial system of study to better understand human physiology, disease, and response to exogenous compounds. These aspects have impelled many to develop liver tissue systems for study in isolation outside the body. Herein, we discuss these biologically engineered organoids and microphysiological systems. These aspects have impelled many to develop liver tissue systems for study in isolation outside the body. Herein, we discuss these biologically engineered organoids and microphysiological systems.
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40
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Thomson JP, Ottaviano R, Buesen R, Moggs JG, Schwarz M, Meehan RR. Defining baseline epigenetic landscapes in the rat liver. Epigenomics 2017; 9:1503-1527. [PMID: 29130343 PMCID: PMC5957268 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Characterization of the hepatic epigenome following exposure to chemicals and therapeutic drugs provides novel insights into toxicological and pharmacological mechanisms, however appreciation of genome-wide inter- and intra-strain baseline epigenetic variation, particularly in under-characterized species such as the rat is limited. Material & methods To enhance the utility of epigenomic endpoints safety assessment, we map both DNA modifications (5-methyl-cytosine and 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine) and enhancer related chromatin marks (H3K4me1 and H3K27ac) across multiple male and female rat livers for two important outbred laboratory rat strains (Sprague–Dawley and Wistar). Results & conclusion Integration of DNA modification, enhancer chromatin marks and gene expression profiles reveals clear gender-specific chromatin states at genes which exhibit gender-specific transcription. Taken together this work provides a valuable baseline liver epigenome resource for rat strains that are commonly used in chemical and pharmaceutical safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Thomson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Genome Regulation, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Raffaele Ottaviano
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Genome Regulation, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Roland Buesen
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology & Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jonathan G Moggs
- Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Genome Regulation, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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Caparrotta TM, Antoine DJ, Dear JW. Are some people at increased risk of paracetamol-induced liver injury? A critical review of the literature. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 74:147-160. [PMID: 29067481 PMCID: PMC5765191 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-017-2356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Paracetamol is one of the world’s most commonly used drugs. In overdose, it is well established to be hepatotoxic. The aim of this review was to identify factors that have been, or actually are, associated with the development of liver injury after paracetamol exposure in humans. Method Google Scholar and PubMed were searched on various dates between December 2016 and March 2017. Papers identified had their references analysed for further studies that might be relevant. Results At the time of writing, there was little good quality clinical evidence—from studies of paracetamol overdose or therapeutic use—to suggest that any groups of people are relatively protected from, or are at greater risk of, liver injury. The factors that were historically used to indicate higher risk in the UK have no good quality clinical evidence to support their re-introduction into clinical practice. The safe (and still effective) oral dose of paracetamol in patients weighing less than 50 kg has not been established. Conclusion There is no patient group that is unequivocally at elevated risk of paracetamol-induced liver toxicity. We propose two clinical scenarios that warrant further research. Firstly, there is a need to establish whether the dose of paracetamol should be reduced in patients with low body weight. Secondly, if or when genomic information regarding individual patients becomes readily available to inform prescribing, we propose the contribution of the genome to paracetamol toxicity should be re-investigated with robustly designed studies. Such studies could enhance the safe use of one of the most frequently taken drugs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00228-017-2356-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Caparrotta
- Speciality Registrar Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel J Antoine
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James W Dear
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Lewis L, Crawford GE, Furey TS, Rusyn I. Genetic and epigenetic determinants of inter-individual variability in responses to toxicants. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017; 6:50-59. [PMID: 29276797 PMCID: PMC5739339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that genetic variability has a major impact on susceptibility to common diseases, responses to drugs and toxicants, and influences disease-related outcomes. The appreciation that epigenetic marks also vary across the population is growing with more data becoming available from studies in humans and model organisms. In addition, the links between genetic variability, toxicity outcomes and epigenetics are being actively explored. Recent studies demonstrate that gene-by-environment interactions involve both chromatin states and transcriptional regulation, and that epigenetics provides important mechanistic clues to connect expression-related quantitative trait loci (QTL) and disease outcomes. However, studies of Gene×Environment×Epigenetics further extend the complexity of the experimental designs and create a challenge for selecting the most informative epigenetic readouts that can be feasibly performed to interrogate multiple individuals, exposures, tissue types and toxicity phenotypes. We propose that among the many possible epigenetic experimental methodologies, assessment of chromatin accessibility coupled with total RNA levels provides a cost-effective and comprehensive option to sufficiently characterize the complexity of epigenetic and regulatory activity in the context of understanding the inter-individual variability in responses to toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gregory E. Crawford
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Terrence S. Furey
- Department of Genetics, Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Harrill AH, McAllister KA. New Rodent Population Models May Inform Human Health Risk Assessment and Identification of Genetic Susceptibility to Environmental Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:086002. [PMID: 28886592 PMCID: PMC5783628 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper provides an introduction for environmental health scientists to emerging population-based rodent resources. Mouse reference populations provide an opportunity to model environmental exposures and gene-environment interactions in human disease and to inform human health risk assessment. OBJECTIVES This review will describe several mouse populations for toxicity assessment, including older models such as the Mouse Diversity Panel (MDP), and newer models that include the Collaborative Cross (CC) and Diversity Outbred (DO) models. METHODS This review will outline the features of the MDP, CC, and DO mouse models and will discuss published case studies investigating the use of these mouse population resources in each step of the risk assessment paradigm. DISCUSSION These unique resources have the potential to be powerful tools for generating hypotheses related to gene-environment interplay in human disease, performing controlled exposure studies to understand the differential responses in humans for susceptibility or resistance to environmental exposures, and identifying gene variants that influence sensitivity to toxicity and disease states. CONCLUSIONS These new resources offer substantial advances to classical toxicity testing paradigms by including genetically sensitive individuals that may inform toxicity risks for sensitive subpopulations. Both in vivo and complementary in vitro resources provide platforms with which to reduce uncertainty by providing population-level data around biological variability. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1274.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison H Harrill
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kimberly A McAllister
- Genes, Environment, and Health Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Scoville DK, Botta D, Galdanes K, Schmuck SC, White CC, Stapleton PL, Bammler TK, MacDonald JW, Altemeier WA, Hernandez M, Kleeberger SR, Chen LC, Gordon T, Kavanagh TJ. Genetic determinants of susceptibility to silver nanoparticle-induced acute lung inflammation in mice. FASEB J 2017; 31:4600-4611. [PMID: 28716969 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700187r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are employed in a variety of consumer products; however, in vivo rodent studies indicate that AgNPs can cause lung inflammation and toxicity in a strain- and particle type-dependent manner, but mechanisms of susceptibility remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the variation in AgNP-induced lung inflammation and toxicity across multiple inbred mouse strains and to use genome-wide association (GWA) mapping to identify potential candidate susceptibility genes. Mice received doses of 0.25 mg/kg of either 20-nm citrate-coated AgNPs or citrate buffer using oropharyngeal aspiration. Neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) served as markers of inflammation. We found significant strain- and treatment-dependent variation in neutrophils in BALF. GWA mapping identified 10 significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (false discovery rate, 15%) in 4 quantitative trait loci on mouse chromosomes 1, 4, 15, and 18, and Nedd4l (neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated gene 4-like; chromosome 18), Ano6 (anocatmin 6; chromosome 15), and Rnf220 (Ring finger protein 220; chromosome 4) were considered candidate genes. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed significant inverse associations between mRNA levels of these genes and neutrophil influx. Nedd4l, Ano6, and Rnf220 are candidate susceptibility genes for AgNP-induced lung inflammation that warrant additional exploration in future studies.-Scoville, D. K., Botta, D., Galdanes, K., Schmuck, S. C., White, C. C., Stapleton, P. L., Bammler, T. K., MacDonald, J. W., Altemeier, W. A., Hernandez, M., Kleeberger, S. R., Chen, L.-C., Gordon, T., Kavanagh, T. J. Genetic determinants of susceptibility to silver nanoparticle-induced acute lung inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Scoville
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dianne Botta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Karen Galdanes
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Stefanie C Schmuck
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Collin C White
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Patricia L Stapleton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James W MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Michelle Hernandez
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Steven R Kleeberger
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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Chiu CC, Wang YC, Huang WC, Chen YH, Hung SW, Huang YT, Chuang HL, Chang YC. Differences in Genetic Background Contribute to Pseudomonas Exotoxin A-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E224. [PMID: 28714885 PMCID: PMC5535171 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PEA) causes severe hepatotoxicity in experimental animals and is useful in investigations of immune-mediated liver injury. However, strain differences in the sensitivity to PEA-induced hepatotoxicity in rats remains be elucidated. In this study, we determined the severity of PEA-induced hepatotoxicity in six genetically different rat strains. Male LE (Long Evans), Wistar, F344, WKY, BN/SsN and LEW rats were administered a single intravenous injection of PEA (20 μg/kg). Significantly elevated serum ALT and AST levels, massive necrosis and hemorrhage, and numerous TUNEL-positive hepatocytes were observed in BN/SsN rats. In contrast, low levels of ALT and AST as well as mild changes in liver histopathology were observed in Wistar and F344 rats. Moderate levels of hepatic injuries were observed in LE, WKY, and LEW rats. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-6 serum levels were markedly increased in BN/SsN rats compared to Wistar and F344 rats. However, the hepatic levels of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), which functions as the PEA receptor, were not significantly different in each strain. Taken together, we suggest that BN/SsN is the most sensitive rat strain, whereas Wistar and F344 were the most resistant rat strains to PEA-induced liver damage. The different genetic background of rat strains plays an important role in the susceptibility to PEA-induced epatotoxicity that may depend on immune-regulation but not LRP receptor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chao Chiu
- Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli 350, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chih Wang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Shao-Wen Hung
- Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli 350, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Te Huang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Li Chuang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chih Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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En route to precision medicine through the integration of biological sex into pharmacogenomics. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:329-342. [PMID: 28159880 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Frequently, pharmacomechanisms are not fully elucidated. Therefore, drug use is linked to an elevated interindividual diversity of effects, whether therapeutic or adverse, and the role of biological sex has as yet unrecognized and underestimated consequences. A pharmacogenomic approach could contribute towards the development of an adapted therapy for each male and female patient, considering also other fundamental features, such as age and ethnicity. This would represent a crucial step towards precision medicine and could be translated into clinical routine. In the present review, we consider recent results from pharmacogenomics and the role of sex in studies that are relevant to cardiovascular therapy. We focus on genome-wide analyses, because they have obvious advantages compared with targeted single-candidate gene studies. For instance, genome-wide approaches do not necessarily depend on prior knowledge of precise molecular mechanisms of drug action. Such studies can lead to findings that can be classified into three categories: first, effects occurring in the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug, e.g. through metabolic and transporter differences; second, a pharmacodynamic or drug target-related effect; and last diverse adverse effects. We conclude that the interaction of sex with genetic determinants of drug response has barely been tested in large, unbiased, pharmacogenomic studies. We put forward the theory that, to contribute towards the realization of precision medicine, it will be necessary to incorporate sex into pharmacogenomics.
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Kim DE, Jang MJ, Kim YR, Lee JY, Cho EB, Kim E, Kim Y, Kim MY, Jeong WI, Kim S, Han YM, Lee SH. Prediction of drug-induced immune-mediated hepatotoxicity using hepatocyte-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Toxicology 2017. [PMID: 28645575 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of liver disease and a key safety factor during drug development. In addition to the initiation events of drug-specific hepatotoxicity, dysregulated immune responses have been proposed as major pathological events of DILI. Thus, there is a need for a reliable cell culture model with which to assess drug-induced immune reactions to predict hepatotoxicity for drug development. To this end, stem cell-derived hepatocytes have shown great potentials. Here we report that hepatocyte-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hES-HLCs) can be used to evaluate drug-induced hepatotoxic immunological events. Treatment with acetaminophen significantly elevated the levels of inflammatory cytokines by hES-HLCs. Moreover, three human immune cell lines, Jurkat, THP-1, and NK92MI, were activated when cultured in conditioned medium obtained from acetaminophen-treated hES-HLCs. To further validate, we tested thiazolidinedione (TZD) class, antidiabetic drugs, including troglitazone withdrawn from the market because of severe idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity. We found that TZD drug treatment to hES-HLCs resulted in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and eventually associated immune cell activation. In summary, our study demonstrates for the first time the potential of hES-HLCs as an in vitro model system for assessment of drug-induced as well as immune-mediated hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Eon Kim
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Young Ran Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea; Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, South Korea
| | - Joo-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Eun Byul Cho
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Eunha Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Seyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Yong-Mahn Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyo Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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Cichocki JA, Furuya S, Venkatratnam A, McDonald TJ, Knap AH, Wade T, Sweet S, Chiu WA, Threadgill DW, Rusyn I. Characterization of Variability in Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Tetrachloroethylene Using the Collaborative Cross Mouse Population. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:057006. [PMID: 28572074 PMCID: PMC5726344 DOI: 10.1289/ehp788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of interindividual variability is a challenging step in risk assessment. For most environmental pollutants, including perchloroethylene (PERC), experimental data are lacking, resulting in default assumptions being used to account for variability in toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. OBJECTIVE We quantitatively examined the relationship between PERC toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics at the population level to test whether individuals with increased oxidative metabolism are be more sensitive to hepatotoxicity following PERC exposure. METHODS Male mice from 45 strains of the Collaborative Cross (CC) were orally administered a single dose of PERC (1,000 mg/kg) or vehicle (Alkamuls-EL620) and euthanized at various time points (n = 1/strain/time). Concentration–time profiles were generated for PERC and its primary oxidative metabolite trichloroacetate (TCA) in multiple tissues. Toxicodynamic phenotyping was also performed. RESULTS Significant variability among strains was observed in toxicokinetics of PERC and TCA in every tissue examined. Based on area under the curve (AUC), the range of liver TCA levels spanned nearly an order of magnitude (~8-fold). Expression of liver cytochrome P4502E1 did not correlate with TCA levels. Toxicodynamic phenotyping revealed an effect of PERC on bodyweight loss, induction of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPARα)-regulated genes, and dysregulation of hepatic lipid homeostasis. Clustering was observed among a) liver levels of PERC, TCA, and triglycerides; b) TCA levels in liver and kidney; and c) TCA levels in serum, brain, fat, and lung. CONCLUSIONS Using the CC mouse population model, we have demonstrated a complex and highly variable relationship between PERC and TCA toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics at the population level. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP788.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Terry Wade
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group
| | | | | | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
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49
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Safe S, Li X. Endocrine disruption: Relevance of experimental studies in female animals to human studies. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Sistare FD, Mattes WB, LeCluyse EL. The Promise of New Technologies to Reduce, Refine, or Replace Animal Use while Reducing Risks of Drug Induced Liver Injury in Pharmaceutical Development. ILAR J 2017; 57:186-211. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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