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Metikala S, Casie Chetty S, Sumanas S. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of the zebrafish embryonic trunk. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254024. [PMID: 34234366 PMCID: PMC8263256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, cells differentiate into a variety of distinct cell types and subtypes with diverse transcriptional profiles. To date, transcriptomic signatures of different cell lineages that arise during development have been only partially characterized. Here we used single-cell RNA-seq to perform transcriptomic analysis of over 20,000 cells disaggregated from the trunk region of zebrafish embryos at the 30 hpf stage. Transcriptional signatures of 27 different cell types and subtypes were identified and annotated during this analysis. This dataset will be a useful resource for many researchers in the fields of developmental and cellular biology and facilitate the understanding of molecular mechanisms that regulate cell lineage choices during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeva Metikala
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Satish Casie Chetty
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Saulius Sumanas
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2
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Breus O, Dickmeis T. Genetically encoded thiol redox-sensors in the zebrafish model: lessons for embryonic development and regeneration. Biol Chem 2020; 402:363-378. [PMID: 33021959 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Important roles for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox signaling in embryonic development and regenerative processes are increasingly recognized. However, it is difficult to obtain information on spatiotemporal dynamics of ROS production and signaling in vivo. The zebrafish is an excellent model for in vivo bioimaging and possesses a remarkable regenerative capacity upon tissue injury. Here, we review data obtained in this model system with genetically encoded redox-sensors targeting H2O2 and glutathione redox potential. We describe how such observations have prompted insight into regulation and downstream effects of redox alterations during tissue differentiation, morphogenesis and regeneration. We also discuss the properties of the different sensors and their consequences for the interpretation of in vivo imaging results. Finally, we highlight open questions and additional research fields that may benefit from further application of such sensor systems in zebrafish models of development, regeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Breus
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Dickmeis
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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3
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Mateus R, Lourenço R, Fang Y, Brito G, Farinho A, Valério F, Jacinto A. Control of tissue growth by Yap relies on cell density and F-actin in zebrafish fin regeneration. Development 2015. [PMID: 26209644 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Caudal fin regeneration is characterized by a proliferation boost in the mesenchymal blastema that is controlled precisely in time and space. This allows a gradual and robust restoration of original fin size. However, how this is established and regulated is not well understood. Here, we report that Yap, the Hippo pathway effector, is a chief player in this process: functionally manipulating Yap during regeneration dramatically affects cell proliferation and expression of key signaling pathways, impacting regenerative growth. The intracellular location of Yap is tightly associated with different cell densities along the blastema proximal-distal axis, which correlate with alterations in cell morphology, cytoskeleton and cell-cell contacts in a gradient-like manner. Importantly, Yap inactivation occurs in high cell density areas, conditional to F-actin distribution and polymerization. We propose that Yap is essential for fin regeneration and that its function is dependent on mechanical tension, conferred by a balancing act of cell density and cytoskeleton activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mateus
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Raquel Lourenço
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Yi Fang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Gonçalo Brito
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Ana Farinho
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Fábio Valério
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Antonio Jacinto
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal Instituto Gulbenkian Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
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4
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Wang Y, Li FG, Qin B, Chen J, Jiang XY, Zou SM. Duplicated connective tissue growth factor genes in hypoxia-sensitive blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala and their in vivo expression. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 181:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Integrated microarray and ChIP analysis identifies multiple Foxa2 dependent target genes in the notochord. Dev Biol 2011; 360:415-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Sucularli C, Senturk S, Ozturk M, Konu O. Dose- and time-dependent expression patterns of zebrafish orthologs of selected E2F target genes in response to serum starvation/replenishment. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4111-23. [PMID: 21116857 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Targets of E2F transcription factors effectively regulate the cell cycle from worms to humans. Furthermore, the dysregulation of E2F transcription modules plays a highly conserved role in cancers of human and zebrafish. Studying E2F target expression under a given cellular state, such as quiescence, might lead to a better understanding of the conserved patterns of expression in different taxa. In the present study, we used literature searches and phylogeny to identify several targets of E2F transcription factors that are known to be serum-responsive; namely, PCNA, MYBL2, MCM7, TYMS, and CTGF. The transcriptional serum response of zebrafish orthologs of these genes were quantified under different doses (i.e., 0, 0.1, 1, 3, and 10% FBS) and time points (i.e., 6, 24 and 48 hours, h) using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) in the zebrafish fibroblast cells (ZF4). Our results indicated that mRNA expression of zebrafish pcna, mybl2, mcm7 and tyms drastically decreased while that of ctgf increased with decreasing serum levels as observed in mammals. These genes responded to serum starvation at 24 and 48 h and to the mitogenic stimuli as early as 6 h except for ctgf whose expression was significantly altered at 24 h. The zebrafish Mcm7 protein levels also were modulated by serum starvation/replenishment. The present study provides a foundation for the comparative analysis of quantitative expression patterns for genes involved in regulation of cell cycle using a zebrafish serum response model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Sucularli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Fernando CA, Conrad PA, Bartels CF, Marques T, To M, Balow SA, Nakamura Y, Warman ML. Temporal and spatial expression of CCN genes in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1755-67. [PMID: 20503371 PMCID: PMC3133677 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The six mammalian CCN genes (Cyr61, CTGF, Nov, WISP1, WISP2, WISP3) encode a family of secreted, cysteine-rich, multimodular proteins having roles in cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and differentiation during embryogenesis, wound healing, and angiogenesis. We used bioinformatics to identify 9 CCN genes in zebrafish (zCCNs), 6 of which have not been previously described. When compared with mammalian CCN family members, 3 were paralogs of Cyr61, 2 of CTGF, 2 of WISP1, 1 of WISP2, and 1 of WISP3. No paralog of Nov was found. In situ hybridization was performed to characterize the sites of expression of the zCCNs during early zebrafish development. zCCNs demonstrated both unique and overlapping patterns of expression, suggesting potential division of labor between orthologous genes and providing an alternate approach to gene function studies that will complement studies in mammalian models. Developmental Dynamics 239:1755–1767, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Fernando
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Fang M, Adams JS, McMahan BL, Brown RJ, Oxford JT. The expression patterns of minor fibrillar collagens during development in zebrafish. Gene Expr Patterns 2010; 10:315-22. [PMID: 20647059 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Minor fibrillar collagens are recognized as the organizers and nucleators during collagen fibrillogenesis but likely serve additional functions. The minor fibrillar collagens include collagens type V and XI. Mutations of collagens type V and XI can cause Ehlers-Danlos, Stickler's, and Marshall's syndromes in human. We have characterized the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Col11a1, Col11a2, Col5a1 as well as Col5a3 in zebrafish embryos by in situ hybridization. Col5a1 is expressed in developing somites, neural crest, the head mesenchyme, developing cranial cartilage, pharyngeal arches and vertebrae. Col5a3 is detected in the notochord, mesenchyme cells in the eyes and lens. Both Col11a1 and Col11a2 have similar expression patterns, including notochord, otic vesicle, and developing cranial cartilages. Zebrafish may therefore serve as a valuable vertebrate model system for the study of diseases associated with collagens type V and XI mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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Garnett AT, Han TM, Gilchrist MJ, Smith JC, Eisen MB, Wardle FC, Amacher SL. Identification of direct T-box target genes in the developing zebrafish mesoderm. Development 2009; 136:749-60. [PMID: 19158186 PMCID: PMC2685943 DOI: 10.1242/dev.024703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish genes spadetail (spt) and no tail (ntl) encode T-box transcription factors that are important for early mesoderm development. Although much has been done to characterize these genes, the identity and location of target regulatory elements remain largely unknown. Here, we survey the genome for downstream target genes of the Spt and Ntl T-box transcription factors. We find evidence for extensive additive interactions towards gene activation and limited evidence for combinatorial and antagonistic interactions between the two factors. Using in vitro binding selection assays to define Spt- and Ntl-binding motifs, we searched for target regulatory sequence via a combination of binding motif searches and comparative genomics. We identified regulatory elements for tbx6 and deltaD, and, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, in vitro DNA binding assays and transgenic methods, we provide evidence that both are directly regulated by T-box transcription factors. We also find that deltaD is directly activated by T-box factors in the tail bud, where it has been implicated in starting the segmentation clock, suggesting that spt and ntl act upstream of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Garnett
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Yang L, Kemadjou JR, Zinsmeister C, Bauer M, Legradi J, Müller F, Pankratz M, Jäkel J, Strähle U. Transcriptional profiling reveals barcode-like toxicogenomic responses in the zebrafish embryo. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R227. [PMID: 17961207 PMCID: PMC2246301 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray profiling of zebrafish embryos exposed to a range of environmental toxicants revealed distinct expression profiles for each of the toxicants tested. Background Early life stages are generally most sensitive to toxic effects. Our knowledge on the action of manmade chemicals on the developing vertebrate embryo is, however, rather limited. We addressed the toxicogenomic response of the zebrafish embryo in a systematic manner by asking whether distinct chemicals would induce specific transcriptional profiles. Results We exposed zebrafish embryos to a range of environmental toxicants and measured the changes in gene-expression profiles by hybridizing cDNA to an oligonucleotide microarray. Several hundred genes responded significantly to at least one of the 11 toxicants tested. We obtained specific expression profiles for each of the chemicals and could predict the identity of the toxicant from the expression profiles with high probability. Changes in gene expression were observed at toxicant concentrations that did not cause morphological effects. The toxicogenomic profiles were highly stage specific and we detected tissue-specific gene responses, underscoring the sensitivity of the assay system. Conclusion Our results show that the genome of the zebrafish embryo responds to toxicant exposure in a highly sensitive and specific manner. Our work provides proof-of-principle for the use of the zebrafish embryo as a toxicogenomic model and highlights its potential for systematic, large-scale analysis of the effects of chemicals on the developing vertebrate embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Yang
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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The words of the regulatory code are arranged in a variable manner in highly conserved enhancers. Dev Biol 2008; 318:366-77. [PMID: 18455719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cis-regulatory regions of many developmental regulators and transcription factors are believed to be highly conserved in the genomes of vertebrate species, suggesting specific regulatory mechanisms for these gene classes. We functionally characterized five notochord enhancers, whose sequence is highly conserved, and systematically mutated two of them. Two subregions were identified to be essential for expression in the notochord of the zebrafish embryo. Synthetic enhancers containing the two essential regions in front of a TATA-box drive expression in the notochord while concatemerization of the subregions alone is not sufficient, indicating that the combination of the two sequence elements is required for notochord expression. Both regions are present in the five functionally characterized notochord enhancers. However, the position, the distance and relative orientation of the two sequence motifs can vary substantially within the enhancer sequences. This suggests that the regulatory grammar itself does not dictate the high evolutionary conservation between these orthologous cis-regulatory sequences. Rather, it represents a less well-conserved layer of sequence organization within these sequences.
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12
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Hadzhiev Y, Lang M, Ertzer R, Meyer A, Strähle U, Müller F. Functional diversification of sonic hedgehog paralog enhancers identified by phylogenomic reconstruction. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R106. [PMID: 17559649 PMCID: PMC2394741 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-6-r106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cis-regulatory modules of developmental genes are targets of evolutionary changes that underlie the morphologic diversity of animals. Little is known about the 'grammar' of interactions between transcription factors and cis-regulatory modules and therefore about the molecular mechanisms that underlie changes in these modules, particularly after gene and genome duplications. We investigated the ar-C midline enhancer of sonic hedgehog (shh) orthologs and paralogs from distantly related vertebrate lineages, from fish to human, including the basal vertebrate Latimeria menadoensis. RESULTS We demonstrate that the sonic hedgehog a (shha) paralogs sonic hedgehog b (tiggy winkle hedgehog; shhb) genes of fishes have a modified ar-C enhancer, which specifies a diverged function at the embryonic midline. We have identified several conserved motifs that are indicative of putative transcription factor binding sites by local alignment of ar-C enhancers of numerous vertebrate sequences. To trace the evolutionary changes among paralog enhancers, phylogenomic reconstruction was carried out and lineage-specific motif changes were identified. The relation between motif composition and observed developmental differences was evaluated through transgenic functional analyses. Altering and exchanging motifs between paralog enhancers resulted in reversal of enhancer specificity in the floor plate and notochord. A model reconstructing enhancer divergence during vertebrate evolution was developed. CONCLUSION Our model suggests that the identified motifs of the ar-C enhancer function as binary switches that are responsible for specific activity between midline tissues, and that these motifs are adjusted during functional diversification of paralogs. The unraveled motif changes can also account for the complex interpretation of activator and repressor input signals within a single enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavor Hadzhiev
- Laboratory of Developmental Transcription Regulation, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe D-76021, Germany
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology and Genetics, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe D-76021, Germany
| | - Michael Lang
- Department of Zoology and Evolution biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raymond Ertzer
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology and Genetics, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe D-76021, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Zoology and Evolution biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology and Genetics, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe D-76021, Germany
| | - Ferenc Müller
- Laboratory of Developmental Transcription Regulation, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe D-76021, Germany
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Mao G, Brody JP. Dynamic SPR monitoring of yeast nuclear protein binding to a cis-regulatory element. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:153-8. [PMID: 17850763 PMCID: PMC2699948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression is controlled by protein complexes binding to short specific sequences of DNA, called cis-regulatory elements. Expression of most eukaryotic genes is controlled by dozens of these elements. Comprehensive identification and monitoring of these elements is a major goal of genomics. In pursuit of this goal, we are developing a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based assay to identify and monitor cis-regulatory elements. To test whether we could reliably monitor protein binding to a regulatory element, we immobilized a 16bp region of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome 5 onto a gold surface. This 16bp region of DNA is known to bind several proteins and thought to control expression of the gene RNR1, which varies through the cell cycle. We synchronized yeast cell cultures, and then sampled these cultures at a regular interval. These samples were processed to purify nuclear lysate, which was then exposed to the sensor. We found that nuclear protein binds this particular element of DNA at a significantly higher rate (as compared to unsynchronized cells) during G1 phase. Other time points show levels of DNA-nuclear protein binding similar to the unsynchronized control. We also measured the apparent association complex of the binding to be 0.014s(-1). We conclude that (1) SPR-based assays can monitor DNA-nuclear protein binding and that (2) for this particular cis-regulatory element, maximum DNA-nuclear protein binding occurs during G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California--Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA
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Erwin WM, Ashman K, O'Donnel P, Inman RD. Nucleus pulposus notochord cells secrete connective tissue growth factor and up-regulate proteoglycan expression by intervertebral disc chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:3859-67. [PMID: 17136753 DOI: 10.1002/art.22258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the components of conditioned medium obtained from intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus-derived canine notochord cells, and to evaluate the capacity of such factors to affect disc-derived chondrocyte gene expression of aggrecan, versican, and hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (HAS-2) as a function of culture conditions. METHODS Canine notochord cells obtained from nonchondrodystrophic dogs were cultured within alginate beads under conditions of serum deficiency (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium [DMEM]) to produce notochord cell-conditioned medium (NCCM). NCCM was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. Bovine disc-derived chondrocytes were cultured with serum-deficient medium (DMEM) and NCCM and assayed for the effect of tissue culture conditions on aggrecan, versican, and HAS-2 gene expression. Next, chondrocyte gene expression for aggrecan was evaluated using DMEM containing recombinant connective tissue growth factor (rCTGF), and the results compared with those obtained using NCCM and DMEM. RESULTS NCCM contained aggrecan, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, fibronectin, and CTGF precursor. Culture with NCCM caused an up-regulation of aggrecan, versican, and HAS-2 gene expression. NCCM induced aggrecan gene expression in chondrocytes at a level similar to that induced by 100-200 ng/ml rCTGF. Nonchondrodystrophic and chondrodystrophic canine notochord cells exhibited similar levels of CTGF gene expression. CONCLUSION Nucleus pulposus-derived notochord cells secrete CTGF (CCN2), a recently discovered multifunctional growth factor. There is no difference between CTGF gene expression in nonchondrodystrophic and chondrodystrophic canine notochord cells, suggesting a possible role of CTGF as an anabolic factor within the disc nucleus that is, to at least some degree, dependent on the population of notochord cells within the disc nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mark Erwin
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Ertzer R, Müller F, Hadzhiev Y, Rathnam S, Fischer N, Rastegar S, Strähle U. Cooperation of sonic hedgehog enhancers in midline expression. Dev Biol 2007; 301:578-89. [PMID: 17157288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In zebrafish, as in other vertebrates, the secreted signalling molecule Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in organiser regions such as the embryonic midline and the zona limitans intrathalamica (zli). To investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the pattern of shh expression, we carried out a systematic analysis of the intronic regulatory sequences of zebrafish shh using stable transgenesis. Deletion analysis identified the modules responsible for expression in the embryonic shield, the hypothalamus and the zli and confirmed the activities of previously identified notochord and floor plate enhancers. We detected a strong synergism between regulatory regions. The degree of synergy varied over time in the hypothalamus suggesting different mechanisms for initiation and maintenance of expression. Our data show that the pattern of shh expression in the embryonic central nervous system involves an intricate crosstalk of at least 4 different regulatory regions. When compared to the enhancer activities of the mouse Shh gene, we observed a remarkable divergence of function of structurally conserved enhancer sequences. The activating region ar-C (61% identical to SFPE2 in mouse Shh), for example, mediates floor plate expression in the mouse embryo while it directs expression in the forebrain and the notochord and only weakly in the floor plate in the zebrafish embryo. This raises doubts on the predictive power of phylogenetic footprinting and indicates a stunning divergence of function of structurally conserved regulatory modules during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Ertzer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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Allende ML, Manzanares M, Tena JJ, Feijóo CG, Gómez-Skarmeta JL. Cracking the genome's second code: enhancer detection by combined phylogenetic footprinting and transgenic fish and frog embryos. Methods 2006; 39:212-9. [PMID: 16806968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes involved in vertebrate development are unusually enriched for highly conserved non-coding sequence elements. These regions are readily detected in silico, by genome-wide sequence comparisons between different vertebrates, from mammals to fish (phylogenetic footprinting). It follows that sequence conservation must be the result of positive selection for an essential physiological role. An obvious possibility is that these conserved sequences possess regulatory or structural functions important for gene expression and, thus, an in vivo assay becomes necessary. We have developed a rapid testing system using zebrafish and Xenopus laevis embryos that allows us to assign transcriptional regulatory functions to conserved non-coding sequence elements. The sequences are cloned into a vector containing a minimal promoter and the GFP reporter, and are assayed for their putative cis-regulatory activity in zebrafish or Xenopus transgenic experiments. Vectors used include plasmid DNA and the Tol2 transposon system in fish and X. laevis. We have followed this logic to detect and analyze conserved elements in an intergenic region present in the Iroquois (Irx) gene clusters of zebrafish, Xenopus tropicalis, Fugu rubripes and mouse. We have assayed approximately 50 of these conserved elements and shown that the majority behave as modular positive regulatory elements (enhancers) that contribute to specific temporal and spatial domains that are part of the endogenous gene expression pattern. Moreover, comparison of the activity of cognate Irx enhancers from different organisms demonstrates that conservation of sequence is accompanied by in vivo functional conservation across species. Finally, for some of the most conserved elements, we have been able to identify a critical core sequence, essential for correct enhancer function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel L Allende
- Millennium Nucleus in Developmental Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
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Chiou MJ, Chao TT, Wu JL, Kuo CM, Chen JY. The physiological role of CTGF/CCN2 in zebrafish notochond development and biological analysis of the proximal promoter region. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:750-8. [PMID: 16950203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During mouse embryogenesis, CTGF/CCN2 is expressed in zones containing hypertrophic chondroctyes and calcifying cartilage such as long bones, ribs, vertebral column, and phalanges. But in fish, its expression is yet unclear. Development of the vertebrae is morphologically similar among vertebrates, indicating that the underlying mechanism regulating the process is highly conserved during evolution. Analysis of 3.2kb of the CTGF/CCN2 proximal promoter sequence revealed a consensus TATAA box, putative AP1, Brn-2, CdxA, C/EBP alpha, C/EBP beta, C-Ets-, delta E, HFH-2, and HSF2 binding sites. Transient expression experiments with a 5'-deletion revealed at least 4 regulatory regions in the zebrafish CTGF/CCN2 gene, 2 with a stimulatory effect on transcription and 2 with an apparent inhibitory effect after IGF-I treatment in the ZFL cell line. To study the promoter-specific expression, we constructed a series of CTGF/CCN2 (3.0-, 2.5-, 2.0-, 1.5-, 1.0-, and 0.4-kb) promoter-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) fragments encoding the GFP cDNA transgene which was microinjected into zebrafish embryos. Morphological studies of transgenic zebrafish indicated that the CTGF/CCN2 promoter-driven GFP transcripts appeared in the notochord. Targeted knockdown of the CTGF/CCN2 gene by two antisense morpholino oligonucleotides resulted in disruptions to notochord development. From a comparative point of view, this study of the CTGF/CCN2 gene in zebrafish may correlate well with those previously published on the mouse. These molecular results suggest that CTGF/CCN2 plays an important role in notochord development and is required for general embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jyun Chiou
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan, ROC
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18
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Faraco JH, Appelbaum L, Marin W, Gaus SE, Mourrain P, Mignot E. Regulation of hypocretin (orexin) expression in embryonic zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:29753-61. [PMID: 16867991 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605811200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypocretins/orexins are neuropeptides involved in the regulation of sleep and energy balance in mammals. Conservation of gene sequence, hypothalamic localization of cell bodies, and projection patterns in adult zebrafish suggest that the architecture and function of the hypocretin system are conserved in fish. We report on the complete genomic structure of the zebrafish and Tetraodon hypocretin genes and the complete predicted hypocretin protein sequences from five teleosts. Using whole mount in situ hybridization, we have traced the development of hypocretin cells in zebrafish from onset of expression at 22 h post-fertilization through the first week of development. Promoter elements of similar size from zebrafish and Tetraodon were capable of driving efficient and specific expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein in developing zebrafish embryos, thus defining a minimal promoter region able to accurately mimic the native hypocretin pattern. This enhanced green fluorescent protein expression also revealed a complex pattern of projections within the hypothalamus, to the midbrain, and to the spinal cord. To further analyze the promoter, a series of deletion and substitution constructs were injected into embryos, and resulting promoter activity was monitored in the first week of development. A critical region of 250 base pairs was identified containing a core 13-base pair element essential for hypocretin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette H Faraco
- Stanford University Center for Narcolepsy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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19
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Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Lenhard B, Becker TS. New technologies, new findings, and new concepts in the study of vertebrate cis-regulatory sequences. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:870-85. [PMID: 16395688 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
All vertebrates share a similar early embryonic body plan and use the same regulatory genes for their development. The availability of numerous sequenced vertebrate genomes and significant advances in bioinformatics have resulted in the finding that the genomic regions of many of these developmental regulatory genes also contain highly conserved noncoding sequence. In silico discovery of conserved noncoding regions and of transcription factor binding sites as well as the development of methods for high throughput transgenesis in Xenopus and zebrafish are dramatically increasing the speed with which regulatory elements can be discovered, characterized, and tested in the context of whole live embryos. We review here some of the recent technological developments that will likely lead to a surge in research on how vertebrate genomes encode regulation of transcriptional activity, how regulatory sequences constrain genomic architecture, and ultimately how vertebrate form has evolved.
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20
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Lin L, Harris JW, Thompson HGR, Brody JP. Surface plasmon resonance-based sensors to identify cis-regulatory elements. Anal Chem 2006; 76:6555-9. [PMID: 15538776 DOI: 10.1021/ac049371e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, transcription is regulated by multiprotein complexes binding to specific regions of genomic DNA, called cis-regulatory elements. Comprehensive identification of these elements is an important goal of functional genomics. Hence, it is of practical interest to develop a high-throughput assay to identify cis-regulatory elements. Toward that goal, we demonstrate that a surface plasmon resonance-based assay can identify whether a specific region of DNA binds to proteins present in raw nuclear lysate. Specifically, we immobilized a 16-basepair double-stranded DNA region of the SQSTM1 promoter to the Texas Instruments Spreeta, a surface plasmon resonance sensor. As a control, in a separate experiment, we immobilized a similar piece of DNA that differed by only a single base pair. We observed a significant difference in surface plasmon resonance signal when these two probes were exposed to raw nuclear lysate from NIH/3T3 cells. Using a luciferase-reporter vector transfected into live NIH/3T3 cells, we measured a significant difference in transcriptional activity between the two pieces of DNA. We conclude that a surface plasmon resonance-based sensor is capable of identifying physiologically significant cis-regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2715, USA
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21
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Hadrys T, Punnamoottil B, Pieper M, Kikuta H, Pezeron G, Becker TS, Prince V, Baker R, Rinkwitz S. Conserved co-regulation and promoter sharing of hoxb3a and hoxb4a in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2006; 297:26-43. [PMID: 16860306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of zebrafish hoxb3a and hoxb4a has been found to be mediated through five transcripts, hoxb3a transcripts I-III and hoxb4a transcripts I-II, driven by four promoters. A "master" promoter, located about 2 kb downstream of hoxb5a, controls transcription of a pre-mRNA comprising exon sequences of both genes. This unique gene structure is proposed to provide a novel mechanism to ensure overlapping, tissue-specific expression of both genes in the posterior hindbrain and spinal cord. Transgenic approaches were used to analyze the functions of zebrafish hoxb3a/hoxb4a promoters and enhancer sequences containing regions of homology that were previously identified by comparative genomics. Two neural enhancers were shown to establish specific anterior expression borders within the hindbrain and mediate expression in defined neuronal populations derived from hindbrain rhombomeres (r) 5 to 8, suggesting a late role of the genes in neuronal cell lineage specification. Species comparison showed that the zebrafish hoxb3a r5 and r6 enhancer corresponded to a sequence within the mouse HoxA cluster controlling activity of Hoxa3 in r5 and r6, whereas a homologous region within the HoxB cluster activated Hoxb3 expression but limited to r5. We conclude that the similarity of hoxb3a/Hoxa3 regulatory mechanisms reflect the shared descent of both genes from a single ancestral paralog group 3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Hadrys
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, NYU Medical School, New York, NY 10016, USA
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22
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McEwen GK, Woolfe A, Goode D, Vavouri T, Callaway H, Elgar G. Ancient duplicated conserved noncoding elements in vertebrates: a genomic and functional analysis. Genome Res 2006; 16:451-65. [PMID: 16533910 PMCID: PMC1457030 DOI: 10.1101/gr.4143406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fish-mammal genomic comparisons have proved powerful in identifying conserved noncoding elements likely to be cis-regulatory in nature, and the majority of those tested in vivo have been shown to act as tissue-specific enhancers associated with genes involved in transcriptional regulation of development. Although most of these elements share little sequence identity to each other, a small number are remarkably similar and appear to be the product of duplication events. Here, we searched for duplicated conserved noncoding elements in the human genome, using comparisons with Fugu to select putative cis-regulatory sequences. We identified 124 families of duplicated elements, each containing between two and five members, that are highly conserved within and between vertebrate genomes. In 74% of cases, we were able to assign a specific set of paralogous genes with annotation relating to transcriptional regulation and/or development to each family, thus removing much of the ambiguity in identifying associated genes. We find that duplicate elements have the potential to up-regulate reporter gene expression in a tissue-specific manner and that expression domains often overlap, but are not necessarily identical, between family members. Over two thirds of the families are conserved in duplicate in fish and appear to predate the large-scale duplication events thought to have occurred at the origin of vertebrates. We propose a model whereby gene duplication and the evolution of cis-regulatory elements can be considered in the context of increased morphological diversity and the emergence of the modern vertebrate body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle K. McEwen
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SB, United Kingdom
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge CB2 2SR, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Woolfe
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SB, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Goode
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya Vavouri
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SB, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Callaway
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Elgar
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax 0044 207 882 3000
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23
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Venkatesh B, Yap WH. Comparative genomics using fugu: a tool for the identification of conserved vertebrate cis-regulatory elements. Bioessays 2005; 27:100-7. [PMID: 15612032 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the imminent completion of the whole genome sequence of humans, increasing attention is being focused on the annotation of cis-regulatory elements in the human genome. Comparative genomics approaches based on evolutionary conservation have proved useful in the detection of conserved cis-regulatory elements. The pufferfish, Fugu rubripes, is an attractive vertebrate model for comparative genomics, by virtue of its compact genome and maximal phylogenetic distance from mammals. Fugu has lost a large proportion of nonessential DNA, and retained single orthologs for many duplicate genes that arose in the fish lineage. Non-coding sequences conserved between fugu and mammals have been shown to be functional cis-regulatory elements. Thus, fugu is a model fish genome of choice for discovering evolutionarily conserved regulatory elements in the human genome. Such evolutionarily conserved elements are likely to be shared by all vertebrates, and related to regulatory interactions fundamental to all vertebrates. The functions of these conserved vertebrate elements can be rapidly assayed in mammalian cell lines or in transgenic systems such as zebrafish/medaka and Xenopus, followed by validation of crucial elements in transgenic rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673.
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24
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Norton WH, Mangoli M, Lele Z, Pogoda HM, Diamond B, Mercurio S, Russell C, Teraoka H, Stickney HL, Rauch GJ, Heisenberg CP, Houart C, Schilling TF, Frohnhoefer HG, Rastegar S, Neumann CJ, Gardiner RM, Strähle U, Geisler R, Rees M, Talbot WS, Wilson SW. Monorail/Foxa2 regulates floorplate differentiation and specification of oligodendrocytes, serotonergic raphé neurones and cranial motoneurones. Development 2005; 132:645-58. [PMID: 15677724 PMCID: PMC2790417 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we elucidate the roles of the winged-helix transcription factor Foxa2 in ventral CNS development in zebrafish. Through cloning of monorail (mol), which we find encodes the transcription factor Foxa2, and phenotypic analysis of mol-/- embryos, we show that floorplate is induced in the absence of Foxa2 function but fails to further differentiate. In mol-/- mutants, expression of Foxa and Hh family genes is not maintained in floorplate cells and lateral expansion of the floorplate fails to occur. Our results suggest that this is due to defects both in the regulation of Hh activity in medial floorplate cells as well as cell-autonomous requirements for Foxa2 in the prospective laterally positioned floorplate cells themselves. Foxa2 is also required for induction and/or patterning of several distinct cell types in the ventral CNS. Serotonergic neurones of the raphenucleus and the trochlear motor nucleus are absent in mol-/- embryos, and oculomotor and facial motoneurones ectopically occupy ventral CNS midline positions in the midbrain and hindbrain. There is also a severe reduction of prospective oligodendrocytes in the midbrain and hindbrain. Finally, in the absence of Foxa2, at least two likely Hh pathway target genes are ectopically expressed in more dorsal regions of the midbrain and hindbrain ventricular neuroepithelium, raising the possibility that Foxa2 activity may normally be required to limit the range of action of secreted Hh proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will H. Norton
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maryam Mangoli
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Zsolt Lele
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hans-Martin Pogoda
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center B315, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA
| | - Brianne Diamond
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center B315, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA
| | - Sara Mercurio
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claire Russell
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Heather L. Stickney
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center B315, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA
| | - Gerd-Jörg Rauch
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35/III, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Corinne Houart
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hans-Georg Frohnhoefer
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35/III, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Parc d’Innovation, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
| | | | - R. Mark Gardiner
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Universität Heidelberg und Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, Germany
| | - Robert Geisler
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35/III, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michelle Rees
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - William S. Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center B315, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA
| | - Stephen W. Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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25
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Woolfe A, Goodson M, Goode DK, Snell P, McEwen GK, Vavouri T, Smith SF, North P, Callaway H, Kelly K, Walter K, Abnizova I, Gilks W, Edwards YJK, Cooke JE, Elgar G. Highly conserved non-coding sequences are associated with vertebrate development. PLoS Biol 2005; 3:e7. [PMID: 15630479 PMCID: PMC526512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to protein coding sequence, the human genome contains a significant amount of regulatory DNA, the identification of which is proving somewhat recalcitrant to both in silico and functional methods. An approach that has been used with some success is comparative sequence analysis, whereby equivalent genomic regions from different organisms are compared in order to identify both similarities and differences. In general, similarities in sequence between highly divergent organisms imply functional constraint. We have used a whole-genome comparison between humans and the pufferfish, Fugu rubripes, to identify nearly 1,400 highly conserved non-coding sequences. Given the evolutionary divergence between these species, it is likely that these sequences are found in, and furthermore are essential to, all vertebrates. Most, and possibly all, of these sequences are located in and around genes that act as developmental regulators. Some of these sequences are over 90% identical across more than 500 bases, being more highly conserved than coding sequence between these two species. Despite this, we cannot find any similar sequences in invertebrate genomes. In order to begin to functionally test this set of sequences, we have used a rapid in vivo assay system using zebrafish embryos that allows tissue-specific enhancer activity to be identified. Functional data is presented for highly conserved non-coding sequences associated with four unrelated developmental regulators (SOX21, PAX6, HLXB9, and SHH), in order to demonstrate the suitability of this screen to a wide range of genes and expression patterns. Of 25 sequence elements tested around these four genes, 23 show significant enhancer activity in one or more tissues. We have identified a set of non-coding sequences that are highly conserved throughout vertebrates. They are found in clusters across the human genome, principally around genes that are implicated in the regulation of development, including many transcription factors. These highly conserved non-coding sequences are likely to form part of the genomic circuitry that uniquely defines vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Woolfe
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin Goodson
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Debbie K Goode
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Phil Snell
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gayle K McEwen
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Tanya Vavouri
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah F Smith
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Phil North
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Heather Callaway
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Krys Kelly
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Klaudia Walter
- 2Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Addenbrookes HospitalCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Irina Abnizova
- 2Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Addenbrookes HospitalCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Walter Gilks
- 2Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Addenbrookes HospitalCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Yvonne J. K Edwards
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Julie E Cooke
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Greg Elgar
- 1Medical Research Council Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics ResearchHinxton, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
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26
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Kusakabe T, Yoshida R, Ikeda Y, Tsuda M. Computational discovery of DNA motifs associated with cell type-specific gene expression in Ciona. Dev Biol 2004; 276:563-80. [PMID: 15581886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Temporally and spatially co-expressed genes are expected to be regulated by common transcription factors and therefore to share cis-regulatory elements. In the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, the whole-genome sequences and genome-scale gene expression profiles allow the use of computational techniques to investigate cis-elements that control transcription. We collected 5' flanking sequences of 50 tissue-specific genes from genome databases of C. intestinalis and a closely related species Ciona savignyi. We searched for DNA motifs over-represented in upstream regions of a group of co-expressed genes. Several motifs were distributed predominantly in upstream regions of photoreceptor, pan-neuronal, or muscle-specific gene groups. One muscle-specific motif, M2, was distributed preferentially in regions from -200 to -100 bp relative to the translational start sites. Promoters of muscle-specific genes of C. intestinalis were isolated, connected with a green fluorescent protein gene (GFP), and introduced into C. intestinalis embryos. In muscle cells, these promoters specifically drove GFP expression, which mutations of the M2 sites greatly reduced. When M2 sites were located upstream of a basal promoter, the reporter GFP was specifically expressed in muscle cells. These results suggest the validity of our computational prediction of cis-regulatory elements. Thus, bioinformatics can help identify cis-regulatory elements involved in chordate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Kusakabe
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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27
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Boffelli D, Nobrega MA, Rubin EM. Comparative genomics at the vertebrate extremes. Nat Rev Genet 2004; 5:456-65. [PMID: 15153998 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Boffelli
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
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28
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Force A, Shashikant C, Stadler P, Amemiya CT. Comparative Genomics, cis-Regulatory Elements, and Gene Duplication. Methods Cell Biol 2004; 77:545-61. [PMID: 15602931 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(04)77029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Force
- Molecular Genetics Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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