1
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Muniz Partida C, Walters E. A novel immunohistochemical protocol for paraffin embedded tissue sections using free-floating techniques. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1154568. [PMID: 37235185 PMCID: PMC10206034 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1154568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a well-established and widely used protocol used to visualize tissue architecture, protein expression and localization. Free-floating methods for IHC employ tissue sections that are cut from a cryostat or vibratome. The limitations of these tissue sections are tissue fragility, poor morphology, and the need to use sections of 20-50 μm. In addition, there is a void of information regarding the use of free floating immunohistochemical techniques on paraffin embedded tissue. To address this, we developed a free-float IHC protocol with paraffin embedded tissue (PFFP) that saves time, resources, and tissues. PFFP localized GFAP, olfactory marker protein, tyrosine hydroxylase, and Nestin expression in mouse hippocampal, olfactory bulb, striatum, and cortical tissue. Successful localization of these antigens was achieved using PFFP with and without antigen retrieval, with subsequent chromogenic DAB (3,3'-diaminobenzidine) development and immunofluorescence detection methods. The application of the PFFP in combination with methodologies of in situ hybridization, protein/protein interactions, laser capture dissection, and pathological diagnosis expands the versatility of paraffin embedded tissues.
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2
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Malavolta M, Giacconi R, Piacenza F, Strizzi S, Cardelli M, Bigossi G, Marcozzi S, Tiano L, Marcheggiani F, Matacchione G, Giuliani A, Olivieri F, Crivellari I, Beltrami AP, Serra A, Demaria M, Provinciali M. Simple Detection of Unstained Live Senescent Cells with Imaging Flow Cytometry. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162506. [PMID: 36010584 PMCID: PMC9406876 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a hallmark of aging and a promising target for therapeutic approaches. The identification of senescent cells requires multiple biomarkers and complex experimental procedures, resulting in increased variability and reduced sensitivity. Here, we propose a simple and broadly applicable imaging flow cytometry (IFC) method. This method is based on measuring autofluorescence and morphological parameters and on applying recent artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) tools. We show that the results of this method are superior to those obtained measuring the classical senescence marker, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal). We provide evidence that this method has the potential for diagnostic or prognostic applications as it was able to detect senescence in cardiac pericytes isolated from the hearts of patients affected by end-stage heart failure. We additionally demonstrate that it can be used to quantify senescence “in vivo” and can be used to evaluate the effects of senolytic compounds. We conclude that this method can be used as a simple and fast senescence assay independently of the origin of the cells and the procedure to induce senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0718004116
| | - Robertina Giacconi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacenza
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Sergio Strizzi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cardelli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bigossi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Serena Marcozzi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Matacchione
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Angelica Giuliani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabiola Olivieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Crivellari
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Serra
- Luminex B.V., Het Zuiderkruis 1, 5215 MV ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Demaria
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mauro Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
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3
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Honeycutt SE, O'Brien LL. Injection of Evans blue dye to fluorescently label and image intact vasculature. Biotechniques 2021; 70:181-185. [PMID: 33337254 PMCID: PMC7983036 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels perform critical functions in both health and disease. Understanding how vessels form, pattern and respond to damage is essential. However, labeling and imaging the vasculature to ascertain these properties can be difficult and time-consuming. Here, the authors present a novel methodology for rapidly and efficiently labeling whole vascular networks in vivo by exploiting the fluorescent properties of Evans blue. By combining the labeling with fluorescence microscopy, this method enables visualization of whole tissue vasculature for a fraction of the time and cost compared with traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Honeycutt
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lori L O'Brien
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Kidney Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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4
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Tsai CY, Shih CH, Chu HS, Hsieh YT, Huang SL, Chen WL. Submicron spatial resolution optical coherence tomography for visualising the 3D structures of cells cultivated in complex culture systems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3492. [PMID: 33568705 PMCID: PMC7875968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) configuration of in vitro cultivated cells has been recognised as a valuable tool in developing stem cell and cancer cell therapy. However, currently available imaging approaches for live cells have drawbacks, including unsatisfactory resolution, lack of cross-sectional and 3D images, and poor penetration of multi-layered cell products, especially when cells are cultivated on semitransparent carriers. Herein, we report a prototype of a full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) system with isotropic submicron spatial resolution in en face and cross-sectional views that provides a label-free, non-invasive platform with high-resolution 3D imaging. We validated the imaging power of this prototype by examining (1) cultivated neuron cells (N2A cell line); (2) multilayered, cultivated limbal epithelial sheets (mCLESs); (3) neuron cells (N2A cell line) and mCLESs cultivated on a semitransparent amniotic membrane (stAM); and (4) directly adherent colonies of neuron-like cells (DACNs) covered by limbal epithelial cell sheets. Our FF-OCT exhibited a penetrance of up to 150 μm in a multilayered cell sheet and displayed the morphological differences of neurons and epithelial cells in complex coculture systems. This FF-OCT is expected to facilitate the visualisation of cultivated cell products in vitro and has a high potential for cell therapy and translational medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Shih
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Sang Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Advanced Ocular Surface and Corneal Nerve Regeneration Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Abstract
Ram spermatozoa are very sensitive to any cold shock or oxidative damage, therefore making them unsuitable for prolonged storage or distant transport to specialized laboratories for flow-cytometric analysis. The aim of this study was to stain ram semen samples with several fluorescent markers and analyse their stability during formaldehyde fixation. Briefly, freshly collected semen samples were stained for apoptosis (annexin V-FITC, YO-PRO™-1 and FLICA), acrosomal damage (PNA-AF488 and FITC-conjugated antibody against GAPDHS), mitochondrial activity (Mitotracker probes), oxidative damage [dihydroethidium (DHE) and CellROX™ Green] and cell viability (live/dead fixable viability dyes). Next, samples were fixed in buffer containing formaldehyde and then washed. Stained sample were analyzed using flow cytometer before fixation, immediately after fixation, and at 5 h and 20 h post-fixation. Fluorescent signals and the proportion of positively stained spermatozoa were compared statistically in fresh and post-fixed samples. All examined markers, except YO-PRO-1 (decreased significantly, P < 0.05), retained their fluorescence intensities after fixation. In conclusion, several tested markers were able to withstand formaldehyde fixation of ram semen samples as follows: annexin V and FLICA for apoptosis; PNA for acrosomal status; MitoTracker Red CMXRos for mitochondrial activity; and CellROX Green for oxidative status in combination with a suitable live/dead fixable viability dye. This optimized methodology could help to comprehensively analyse the quality of ram semen from local farms countrywide.
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6
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McNeill SM, Giles NM, Preston D, Jones PP, Crowley JD, Giles GI. Quadruply Stranded Metallo-Supramolecular Helicate [Pd 2(hextrz) 4] 4+ Acts as a Molecular Mimic of Cytolytic Peptides. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1822-1834. [PMID: 32347099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Pd2(hextrz)4]4+ is a quadruply stranded helicate, a novel bioinorganic complex designed to mimic the structure and function of proteins due to its high stability and supramolecular size. We have previously reported that [Pd2(hextrz)4]4+ exhibited cytotoxicity toward a range of cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 3 to 10 μM. Here we demonstrate that [Pd2(hextrz)4]4+ kills cells by forming pores within the cell membrane, a mechanism of cell death analogous to the naturally occurring cytolytic peptides. [Pd2(hextrz)4]4+ induced cell death is characterized by an initial influx of Ca2+, followed by nuclear condensation and mitochondrial swelling. This is accompanied by progressive cell membrane damage that results in the formation of large blebs at the cell surface. This allows the efflux of molecules from the cell leading to loss of cell viability. These data suggest that it may be possible to design metallo-supramolecular complexes to mimic the cytotoxic action of pore forming proteins and peptides and so provide a new class of drug to treat cancer, autoimmune disorders, and microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M McNeill
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Niroshini M Giles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter P Jones
- Department of Physiology and HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gregory I Giles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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7
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Vitenberga Z, Pilmane M, Babjoniševa A. An Insight into COPD Morphopathogenesis: Chronic Inflammation, Remodeling, and Antimicrobial Defense. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55080496. [PMID: 31426487 PMCID: PMC6723364 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Intercellular signaling networks with high complexity cause a spectrum of mechanisms achieving chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that still question many uncertainties. Materials and Methods: Immunoreactive cells in bronchial tissue obtained from 40 COPD patients and 49 healthy control subjects were detected by biotin-streptavidin immunohistochemistry method for the following markers of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, MMP-2, TIMP-2, TGF-β1, Hsp−70, hBD−2, hBD−3, hBD−4. Results: Overall the highest numbers (from mostly moderate (++) to abundance (++++)) of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, MMP-2, TIMP-2, TGF-β1 immunoreactive cells were marked increasingly in the blood vessel wall, connective tissue, and bronchial epithelium of COPD-affected lung, respectively. We found statistically significant (p < 0.05) higher numbers of immunoreactive cells positive for all of examined interleukins, TNF-α, MMP-2, TIMP-2, TGF-β1, hBD-2, and hBD-3 in the COPD-affected lung compared to the control group, but not for Hsp-70 and hBD-4. Conclusions: COPD-affected lung tissue exhibits mostly inflammatory response patterns of increased IL-1α, IL-4, IL-8, IL-12, and TNF-α, especially in the airway epithelium. Increased MMP-2 and TGF-β1, but decreased Hsp-70, proposes pronounced tissue damage and remodeling in COPD. High numbers of hBD-2 and hBD-3 immunoreactive cells may highlight antimicrobial activity in COPD within stable regulation of local immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Vitenberga
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Māra Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aurika Babjoniševa
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
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8
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Shahzad Lodhi M, Qadir Samra Z. Purification of transferrin by magnetic nanoparticles and conjugation with cysteine capped gold nanoparticles for targeting diagnostic probes. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:961-973. [PMID: 31318328 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1643736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin is an iron binding glycoprotein actively involved in the growth and maintenance of cell cycle. The transferrin receptors expression is increased on growing cancer/tumor cells for absorption of iron through transferrin and participation in biological activity. In this study, a novel method for the purification of transferrin by using magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) is developed and compared with reported method. Magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method under hydrothermal conditions in the presence of ammonium hydroxide. MNP were characterized by FTIR, VSM, DLS, TEM, and SEM. Purified transferrin was characterized by SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF, ELISA, Western blot, and its activity was further confirmed by iron binding assay and receptor binding assays. Purified transferrin was also conjugated with cysteine capped gold nanoparticles (GNP) and characterized by UV-Vis spectra, TEM, DLS, and fluorescent spectrophotometry. Transferrin conjugated cysteine capped GNP used as a targeted fluorescent probe on gastric cancer, tumor tissue and MDA-MB 231 cancer cells to confirm transferrin receptor binding activity and application as diagnostic probe. The purified transferrin showed stability and activity up to 36 months. The results indicated that the synthesized superamagnetic MNP are good for the purification of transferrin. A good yield of transferrin was purified by this method, good quality and showed active biological activity. GNP conjugated transferrin has a potential to be used in cancer diagnosis as targeted diagnosis probe in vivo and in vitro. Experiments are underway for utilizing transferrin as carrier for targeting drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Shahzad Lodhi
- Applied Molecular Biotechnology Research Lab (AMBR), Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Zahoor Qadir Samra
- Applied Molecular Biotechnology Research Lab (AMBR), Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
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9
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Influence of the fixation/permeabilization step on peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) for the detection of bacteria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196522. [PMID: 29851961 PMCID: PMC5979007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) is a versatile, widespread and widely- used technique in microbiology. The first step of FISH—fixation/permeabilization—is crucial to the outcome of the method. This work aimed to systematically evaluate fixation/permeabilization protocols employing ethanol, triton X-100 and lysozyme in conjugation with paraformaldehyde for Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA)-FISH. Response surface methodology was used to optimize these protocols for Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and Gram-positive species (Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus cereus). In general, the optimal PNA-FISH fluorescent outcome in Gram-positive bacteria was obtained employing harsher permeabilization conditions when compared to Gram-negative optimal protocols. The observed differences arise from the intrinsic cell envelope properties of each species and the ability of the fixation/permeabilization compounds to effectively increase the permeability of these structures while maintaining structural integrity. Ultimately, the combination of paraformaldehyde and ethanol proved to have significantly superior performance for all tested bacteria, especially for Gram-positive species (p<0.05).
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10
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Carboni E, Nicolas JD, Töpperwien M, Stadelmann-Nessler C, Lingor P, Salditt T. Imaging of neuronal tissues by x-ray diffraction and x-ray fluorescence microscopy: evaluation of contrast and biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4331-4347. [PMID: 29082068 PMCID: PMC5654783 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have used scanning X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) with micro-focused synchrotron radiation to study histological sections from human substantia nigra (SN). Both XRF and XRD mappings visualize tissue properties, which are inaccessible by conventional microscopy and histology. We propose to use these advanced tools to characterize neuronal tissue in neurodegeneration, in particular in Parkinson's disease (PD). To this end, we take advantage of the recent experimental progress in x-ray focusing, detection, and use automated data analysis scripts to enable quantitative analysis of large field of views. XRD signals are recorded and analyzed both in the regime of small-angle (SAXS) and wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS). The SAXS signal was analyzed in view of the local myelin structure, while WAXS was used to identify crystalline deposits. PD tissue scans exhibited increased amounts of crystallized cholesterol. The XRF analysis showed increased amounts of iron and decreased amounts of copper in the PD tissue compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Carboni
- Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen,
Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain”, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen,
Germany
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Jan-David Nicolas
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen,
Germany
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Mareike Töpperwien
- Cluster of Excellence “Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain”, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen,
Germany
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen,
Germany
| | | | - Paul Lingor
- Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen,
Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain”, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen,
Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Cluster of Excellence “Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain”, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen,
Germany
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen,
Germany
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11
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Herpes simplex virus 1 induces egress channels through marginalized host chromatin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28844. [PMID: 27349677 PMCID: PMC5378911 DOI: 10.1038/srep28844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induces profound modification of the cell nucleus including formation of a viral replication compartment and chromatin marginalization into the nuclear periphery. We used three-dimensional soft X-ray tomography, combined with cryogenic fluorescence, confocal and electron microscopy, to analyse the transformation of peripheral chromatin during HSV-1 infection. Our data showed an increased presence of low-density gaps in the marginalized chromatin at late infection. Advanced data analysis indicated the formation of virus-nucleocapsid-sized (or wider) channels extending through the compacted chromatin of the host. Importantly, confocal and electron microscopy analysis showed that these gaps frequently contained viral nucleocapsids. These results demonstrated that HSV-1 infection induces the formation of channels penetrating the compacted layer of cellular chromatin and allowing for the passage of progeny viruses to the nuclear envelope, their site of nuclear egress.
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12
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Withana NP, Garland M, Verdoes M, Ofori LO, Segal E, Bogyo M. Labeling of active proteases in fresh-frozen tissues by topical application of quenched activity-based probes. Nat Protoc 2015; 11:184-91. [PMID: 26716706 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Active enzymes, such as proteases, often serve as valuable biomarkers for various disease pathologies. Therefore, methods to detect specific enzyme activities in biological samples can provide information to guide disease detection and diagnosis and to increase our understanding of the biological roles of specific enzyme targets. In this protocol, we outline methods for the topical application of fluorescently quenched activity-based probes (qABPs) to fresh-frozen tissue samples. This technique enables rapid imaging of enzyme activity at cellular resolution, and it can be combined with antibody labeling for immunodiagnosis. In this method, fresh-frozen tissue sections are fixed, incubated with the probe and imaged using fluorescence microscopy. This provides an advance over classical immunohistochemistry (IHC) in that it is rapid (4-8 h) and inexpensive, and it provides information on enzyme activity. Furthermore, it can be used with any of the growing number of fluorescent ABPs to provide data for more effective disease monitoring and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimali P Withana
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Megan Garland
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Leslie O Ofori
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ehud Segal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Chemical Systems and Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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13
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Smith SE, White RA, Grant DA, Grant SA. Fluorescence imaging preparation methods for tissue scaffolds implanted into a green fluorescent protein porcine model. Transgenic Res 2015; 24:911-9. [PMID: 26109094 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) animal models have become increasingly popular due to their potential to enhance in vivo imaging and their application to many fields of study. We have developed a technique to observe host tissue integration into scaffolds using GFP expressing swine and fluorescence imaging. Current fluorescence imaging preparation methods cannot be translated to a full GFP animal model due to several challenges and limitations that are investigated here. We have implanted tissue scaffolds into GFP expressing swine and have prepared explanted scaffolds for fluorescence imaging using four different methods including formalin fixation and paraffin embedding, vapor fixation, freshly prepared paraformaldehyde fixation, and fresh frozen tissue. Explanted scaffolds and tissue were imaged using confocal microscopy with spectral separation to evaluate the GFP animal model for visualization of host tissue integration into explanted scaffolds. All methods except fresh frozen tissue induced autofluorescence of the scaffold, preventing visualization of detail between host tissue and scaffold fibers. Fresh frozen tissue preparation allowed for the most reliable visualization of fluorescent host tissue integration into non-fluorescent scaffolds. It was concluded that fresh frozen tissue preparation is the best method for fluorescence imaging preparation when using scaffolds implanted into GFP whole animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 250 Agricultural Engineering Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Richard A White
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 250 Agricultural Engineering Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - David A Grant
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 250 Agricultural Engineering Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sheila A Grant
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 250 Agricultural Engineering Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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14
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Sánchez MI, Martínez-Costas J, Mascareñas JL, Vázquez ME. MitoBlue: a nontoxic and photostable blue-emitting dye that selectively labels functional mitochondria. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2742-7. [PMID: 25325672 PMCID: PMC4306598 DOI: 10.1021/cb500552f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We report the discovery of a fluorogenic
dye, N1,N3-di(2-aminidonaphthalen-6-yl)
propane-1,3-diamine, MitoBlue, which selectively stains functional
mitochondria while displaying low toxicity, bright blue emission,
and high resistance to photobleaching. Additionally, we show that
a biotin-labeled MitoBlue derivative can be used as a handle for the
delivery of streptavidin-tagged species to the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo I. Sánchez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), and ‡Departamento de
Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro Singular
de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais
Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - José L. Mascareñas
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), and ‡Departamento de
Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro Singular
de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais
Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Eugenio Vázquez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), and ‡Departamento de
Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro Singular
de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais
Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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15
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Frenkel N, Makky A, Sudji IR, Wink M, Tanaka M. Mechanistic Investigation of Interactions between Steroidal Saponin Digitonin and Cell Membrane Models. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14632-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5074939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Frenkel
- Institute for
Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, D76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Motomu Tanaka
- Institute for
Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, D76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for
Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI iCeMS), Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
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16
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Mazon Moya MJ, Colucci-Guyon E, Mostowy S. Use of Shigella flexneri to study autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions. J Vis Exp 2014:e51601. [PMID: 25226510 PMCID: PMC4823020 DOI: 10.3791/51601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. New work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. Strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of S. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside ‘septin cages’ and targeting them to autophagy. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of septins, a family of filamentous GTP-binding proteins, will provide new insights into the process of autophagy. This report describes protocols to monitor autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions caused by S. flexneri in vitro using tissue culture cells and in vivo using zebrafish larvae. These protocols enable investigation of intracellular mechanisms that control bacterial dissemination at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Mazon Moya
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London
| | - Emma Colucci-Guyon
- Département de Biologie du Développement et des Cellules Souches, Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London;
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17
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Flow cytometric detection of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and intracellular cytokine expression in peripheral blood subpopulations from patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:671431. [PMID: 24741615 PMCID: PMC3987974 DOI: 10.1155/2014/671431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometric analysis of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling cascade is optimally achieved by methanol permeabilization protocols. Such protocols suffer from the difficulties to accurately detect intracellular cytokines and surface epitopes of infrequent cell subpopulations, which are removed by methanol. To overcome these limitations, we have modified methanol-based phosphoflow protocols using several commercially available antibody clones suitable for surface antigens, intracellular cytokines, and p38 MAPK. These included markers of B cells (CD19, CD20, and CD22), T cells (CD3, CD4, and CD8), NK (CD56 and CD7), and dendritic cells (CD11c). We have also tested surface markers of costimulatory molecules, such as CD27. We have successfully determined simultaneous expression of IFN- γ , as well as IL-10, and phosphorylated p38 in cell subsets. The optimized phosphoflow protocol has also been successfully applied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or purified cell subpopulations from patients with various autoimmune diseases. In conclusion, our refined phosphoflow cytometric approach allows simultaneous detection of p38 MAPK activity and intracellular cytokine expression and could be used as an important tool to study signaling cascades in autoimmunity.
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18
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Peyyala R, Ebersole JL. Multispecies biofilms and host responses: "discriminating the trees from the forest". Cytokine 2012; 61:15-25. [PMID: 23141757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases reflect a tissue destructive process of the hard and soft tissues of the periodontium that are initiated by the accumulation of multispecies bacterial biofilms in the subgingival sulcus. This accumulation, in both quantity and quality of bacteria, results in a chronic immunoinflammatory response of the host to control this noxious challenge, leading to collateral damage of the tissues. As knowledge of the characteristics of the host-bacterial interactions in the oral cavity has expanded, new knowledge has become available on the complexity of the microbial challenge and the repertoire of host responses to this challenge. Recent results from the Human Microbiome Project continue to extend the array of taxa, genera, and species of bacteria that inhabit the multiple niches in the oral cavity; however, there is rather sparse information regarding variations in how host cells discriminate commensal from pathogenic species, as well as how the host response is affected by the three-dimensional architecture and interbacterial interactions that occur in the oral biofilms. This review provides some insights into these processes by including existing literature on the biology of nonoral bacterial biofilms, and the more recent literature just beginning to document how the oral cavity responds to multispecies biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Peyyala
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
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19
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Coltharp C, Xiao J. Superresolution microscopy for microbiology. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1808-18. [PMID: 22947061 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a practical introduction to superresolution microscopy from the perspective of microbiological research. Because of the small sizes of bacterial cells, superresolution methods are particularly powerful and suitable for revealing details of cellular structures that are not resolvable under conventional fluorescence light microscopy. Here we describe the methodological concepts behind three major categories of superresolution light microscopy: photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and stimulated emission-depletion (STED) microscopy. We then present recent applications of each of these techniques to microbial systems, which have revealed novel conformations of cellular structures and described new properties of in vivo protein function and interactions. Finally, we discuss the unique issues related to implementing each of these superresolution techniques with bacterial specimens and suggest avenues for future development. The goal of this review is to provide the necessary technical background for interested microbiologists to choose the appropriate superresolution method for their biological systems, and to introduce the practical considerations required for designing and analysing superresolution imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Coltharp
- Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTIONCryosections are rapidly and relatively easily prepared prior to fixation, and they provide a good system for visualizing fine details of the cell. Although cryosections are physically less stable than paraffin- or resin-embedded sections, they are generally superior for the preservation of antigenicity and therefore the detection of antigens by microscopy. The preparation of cryosections does not involve the dehydration steps typical of other sectioning methods, and, furthermore, sectioning, labeling, and observation of specimens can usually be carried out in one day. In general, the sample is frozen quickly in either isopentane or liquid nitrogen. (Small samples such as cells and small tissues may be mixed in a slurry of an inert support medium such as optimal cutting temperature [OCT] compound before freezing). Rapid freezing reduces ice crystal formation and minimizes morphological damage. Frozen sections may be used for a variety of procedures, including immunochemistry, enzymatic detection, and in situ hybridization. A protocol for cryosectioning is presented here.
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