1
|
Wang Y, Jiang M, Du C, Yu Y, Liu Y, Li M, Luo F. Utilization of lung cancer cell lines for the study of lung cancer stem cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6791-6798. [PMID: 29731860 PMCID: PMC5920960 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most lethal types of cancer, and its poor prognosis is primarily due to drug resistance and cancer recurrence. As it is associated with a low five-year survival rate, lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) have been the subject of numerous recent studies. For these studies of LCSCs, lung cancer cell lines are more commonly used than lung cancer tissues obtained from patients, as they are easier to acquire. The methods utilized for the identification of LCSCs from lung cancer cell lines include fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS), sphere-forming assay and bacterial surface display library screening. As LCSCs have certain proteins expressed on the surface (CD133, CD44 and CD24) or in the cytoplasm (ALDH and ABCG2), which may act as specific markers, the most frequently used technique to identify and obtain LCSCs is FACS. The current lack of recognized biomarkers in LCSCs makes the identification of LCSCs problematic. Furthermore, the various proportions of LCSCs in specific cell lines, as revealed by numerous previous studies, may cause the LCSC model to be questioned with regard to whether the utilization of certain lung cancer cell lines is dependable for LCSC studies. The current review focuses on lung cancer cell lines that are used for the study of LCSCs and the methods available to identify LCSCs with various markers. The present study also aimed to determine the proportion of LCSCs present in specific cell lines reported by various studies, and to discuss the suitability of specific lung cancer cell lines for the study of LCSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chi Du
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yanyang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Zhang Y, Nilsson CL, Berven FS, Andrén PE, Carlsohn E, Horvatovich P, Malm J, Fuentes M, Végvári Á, Welinder C, Fehniger TE, Rezeli M, Edula G, Hober S, Nishimura T, Marko-Varga G. Association of chromosome 19 to lung cancer genotypes and phenotypes. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 34:217-26. [PMID: 25982285 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Chromosome 19 Consortium, a part of the Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP, http://www.C-HPP.org ), is tasked with the understanding chromosome 19 functions at the gene and protein levels, as well as their roles in lung oncogenesis. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies revealed chromosome aberration in lung cancer subtypes, including ADC, SCC, LCC, and SCLC. The most common abnormality is 19p loss and 19q gain. Sixty-four aberrant genes identified in previous genomic studies and their encoded protein functions were further validated in the neXtProt database ( http://www.nextprot.org/ ). Among those, the loss of tumor suppressor genes STK11, MUM1, KISS1R (19p13.3), and BRG1 (19p13.13) is associated with lung oncogenesis or remote metastasis. Gene aberrations include translocation t(15, 19) (q13, p13.1) fusion oncogene BRD4-NUT, DNA repair genes (ERCC1, ERCC2, XRCC1), TGFβ1 pathway activation genes (TGFB1, LTBP4), Dyrk1B, and potential oncogenesis protector genes such as NFkB pathway inhibition genes (NFKBIB, PPP1R13L) and EGLN2. In conclusion, neXtProt is an effective resource for the validation of gene aberrations identified in genomic studies. It promises to enhance our understanding of lung cancer oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
It has been proposed that invasive carcinoma of the bronchus develops through a transition from preinvasive lesions to overt malignancy. Newer diagnostic technologies have provided a more sensitive way to diagnose preinvasive lesions and a better understanding of the prevalence of such lesions. The natural history of preinvasive lesions has not been well defined; however, there is evidence that high-grade lesions are at a higher risk of progression to carcinoma. Molecular alterations have been described in preinvasive lesions and may help better predict which lesions will progress. Several noninvasive techniques are available for the treatment of high-grade lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Patricia Rivera
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4133 Bioinformatics Building, Mason Farm Road, CB # 7020, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ding XJ, Liu MX, Ao L, Liang YR, Cao Y. Frequent loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 12q in non-small-cell lung carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2011; 458:561-9. [PMID: 21279520 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations in non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) are common events. In our study, the lung cancer cell lines (NCI-H446 and SPC-A-1) displayed numerous numerical and structural alterations in their chromosomes by G-banded karyotypic analysis, and abnormalities of chromosome 12 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Sequentially, we used 14 microsatellite markers within 12q to analyze loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in lung cancer cell lines and NSCLCs. Possible LOH on 12q were statistically inferred to occur in five lung cell lines. Importantly, 17 out of 25 NSCLCs (68%) showed LOH at chromosome 12q. Frequencies of LOH for individual markers ranged from 18% to 44%. Several deletions which were marked with D12S1301, D12S2196, D12S398, D12S90, D12S1056, D12S1713, D12S375, D12S1040, D12S326, and D12S106 were newly detected. Allelic loss on 12q15-q21 detected with D12S1040 occurred at the later stages of NSCLC progression (p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). LOH on 12q marked with D12S2196, D12S398, D12S326, and D12S106 were frequently found in NSCLCs from the patients without smoking history (p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). These findings indicated that allelic loss on 12q is commonly involved in NSCLCs, and new tumor suppressor genes may occur within 12q.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of CAS and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Galipeau PC, Li X, Blount PL, Maley CC, Sanchez CA, Odze RD, Ayub K, Rabinovitch PS, Vaughan TL, Reid BJ. NSAIDs modulate CDKN2A, TP53, and DNA content risk for progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e67. [PMID: 17326708 PMCID: PMC1808095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic genetic CDKN2A, TP53, and DNA content abnormalities are common in many human cancers and their precursors, including esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) and Barrett's esophagus (BE), conditions for which aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been proposed as possible chemopreventive agents; however, little is known about the ability of a biomarker panel to predict progression to cancer nor how NSAID use may modulate progression. We aimed to evaluate somatic genetic abnormalities with NSAIDs as predictors of EA in a prospective cohort study of patients with BE. METHODS AND FINDINGS Esophageal biopsies from 243 patients with BE were evaluated at baseline for TP53 and CDKN2A (p16) alterations, tetraploidy, and aneuploidy using sequencing; loss of heterozygosity (LOH); methylation-specific PCR; and flow cytometry. At 10 y, all abnormalities, except CDKN2A mutation and methylation, contributed to EA risk significantly by univariate analysis, ranging from 17p LOH (relative risk [RR] = 10.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.2-21.3, p < 0.001) to 9p LOH (RR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.1-6.0, p = 0.03). A panel of abnormalities including 17p LOH, DNA content tetraploidy and aneuploidy, and 9p LOH was the best predictor of EA (RR = 38.7; 95% CI 10.8-138.5, p < 0.001). Patients with no baseline abnormality had a 12% 10-y cumulative EA incidence, whereas patients with 17p LOH, DNA content abnormalities, and 9p LOH had at least a 79.1% 10-y EA incidence. In patients with zero, one, two, or three baseline panel abnormalities, there was a significant trend toward EA risk reduction among NSAID users compared to nonusers (p = 0.01). The strongest protective effect was seen in participants with multiple genetic abnormalities, with NSAID nonusers having an observed 10-y EA risk of 79%, compared to 30% for NSAID users (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A combination of 17p LOH, 9p LOH, and DNA content abnormalities provided better EA risk prediction than any single TP53, CDKN2A, or DNA content lesion alone. NSAIDs are associated with reduced EA risk, especially in patients with multiple high-risk molecular abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Galipeau
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Similar histologic subtypes of cancers often exhibit different spectrum of genetic and epigenetic alterations. The heterogeneity observed due to lack of consistent and defined alterations affecting a unique set of gene(s) or gene products in cancers derived from a specific tissue, or an organ, pose a challenge in unraveling the molecular basis of the disease. This dilemma also complicates diagnosis, prognosis, effective management, and treatment modalities. To streamline the available and emerging data into a coherent scheme of events, a multimodular molecular network (MMMN) cancer progression model is presented as a roadmap to dissect the complexity inherent to this disease. The fact that disruption/dysregulation of more than one alternate target gene could affect the functionality of each specific module of a cascade provides a molecular basis for genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity in any given cancer. Polymorphisms/mutations as well as the extracellular matrix and or the epigenetically/genetically conditioned surrounding stromal cells could also influence the rate of tumorigenesis and the properties of the tumor cells. The formulation of MMMN cancer progression models for specific cancers is likely to provide the blueprints for the markers and targets to aid diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of this deadly disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Thiagalingam
- Department of Medicine (Genetics Program and Cancer Research Center), Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pan H, Califano J, Ponte JF, Russo AL, Cheng KH, Thiagalingam A, Nemani P, Sidransky D, Thiagalingam S. Loss of Heterozygosity Patterns Provide Fingerprints for Genetic Heterogeneity in Multistep Cancer Progression of Tobacco Smoke–Induced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65:1664-9. [PMID: 15753360 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dilution end point loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, a novel approach for the analysis of LOH, was used to evaluate allelic losses with the use of 21 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers at nine chromosomal sites most frequently affected in smoking-related non-small cell lung cancers. Allelotyping was done for bronchial epithelial cells and matching blood samples from 23 former and current smokers and six nonsmokers as well as in 33 adenocarcinomas and 25 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and corresponding matching blood from smokers. Major conclusions from these studies are as follows: (a) LOH at chromosomal sites 8p, 9p, 11q, and 13q (P >0.05, Fisher's exact test) are targeted at the early stages, whereas LOH at 1p, 5q, 17p, and 18q (P <0.05, Fisher's exact test) occur at the later stages of non-small cell lung cancer progression; (b) LOH at 1p, 3p, 5q, 8p, 9p, 11q, 13q, 17p, and 18q occurs in over 45% of the tobacco smokers with SCC and adenocarcinoma; (c) compared with bronchial epithelial cells from smokers, there is a significantly higher degree of LOH at 1p, 5q, and 18q in adenocarcinoma and at 1p, 3p, and 17p in SCC (P <0.05, Fisher's exact test). We propose that lung cancer progression induced by tobacco smoke occurs in a series of target gene inactivations/activations in defined modules of a global network. The gatekeeper module consists of multiple alternate target genes, which is inclusive of but not limited to genes localized to chromosomal loci 8p, 9p, 11q, and 13q.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Pan
- Department of Medicine (Genetics Program and Cancer Research Center), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maley CC, Galipeau PC, Li X, Sanchez CA, Paulson TG, Reid BJ. Selectively advantageous mutations and hitchhikers in neoplasms: p16 lesions are selected in Barrett's esophagus. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3414-27. [PMID: 15150093 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic progression is an evolutionary process characterized by genomic instability and waves of clonal expansions carrying genetic and epigenetic lesions to fixation (100% of the cell population). However, an evolutionarily neutral lesion may also reach fixation if it spreads as a hitchhiker on a selective sweep. We sought to distinguish advantageous lesions from hitchhikers in the premalignant condition Barrett's esophagus. Patients (211) had biopsies taken at 2-cm intervals in their Barrett's segments. Purified epithelial cells were assayed for loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite shifts on chromosomes 9 and 17, sequence mutations in CDKN2A/MTS1/INK4a (p16) and TP53 (p53), and methylation of the p16 promoter. We measured the expanse of a lesion in a Barrett's segment as the proportion of proliferating cells that carried a lesion in that locus. We then selected the lesion having expanses >90% in the greatest number of patients as our first putative advantageous lesion. We filtered out hitchhikers by removing all expanses of other lesions that did not occur independent of the advantageous lesion. The entire process was repeated on the remaining expanses to identify additional advantageous lesions. p16 loss of heterozygosity, promoter methylation, and sequence mutations have strong, independent, advantageous effects on Barrett's cells early in progression. Second lesions in p16 and p53 are associated with later selective sweeps. Virtually all of the other lesion expansions, including microsatellite shifts, could be explained as hitchhikers on p16 lesion clonal expansions. These techniques can be applied to any neoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo C Maley
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fields WR, Desiderio JG, Leonard RM, Burger EE, Brown BG, Doolittle DJ. Differential c-myc expression profiles in normal human bronchial epithelial cells following treatment with benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene-4,5 epoxide, and benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-9,10 diol epoxide. Mol Carcinog 2004; 40:79-89. [PMID: 15170813 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bronchial epithelial cells are often exposed to airborne mutagens that have the potential to induce genetic changes involved in the development of lung cancer. Although lung tumors often display alterations in the expression of oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes, the role of specific chemicals and/or metabolites in causing these alterations is not well defined. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a by-product of combustion, is a prevalent airborne environmental mutagen and a constituent of cigarette smoke. The primary objective of this study was to compare the effect of B[a]P and two of its reactive metabolites, benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE or bay region epoxide) and benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-dihydroepoxide (BPE or K-region epoxide), on expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells using a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Changes in c-myc gene expression were compared with DNA adduct formation, growth inhibition, and cell-cycle progression as determined by (32)P-postlabelling, neutral red (NR), and flow cytometric analyses, respectively. None of the three test compounds altered the levels of 18S ribosomal RNA or beta-actin at the concentrations evaluated for c-myc expression, indicating that nonspecific changes in gene expression induced by cytotoxicity, for example, were not present at the concentrations evaluated. Cells exposed to B[a]P exhibited a dose-dependent increase in c-myc expression; conversely, a dose-dependent decrease in c-myc expression was observed following BPDE exposure. A marginal but concentration-dependent increase in c-myc mRNA levels was observed following exposure to the K-region epoxide. Our results demonstrated that, although B[a]P and its metabolites alter c-myc expression, the parent compound and its metabolites produce unequal and contrasting effects on the expression of this gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanda R Fields
- Research and Development Department, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xue Jun H, Gemma A, Hosoya Y, Matsuda K, Nara M, Hosomi Y, Okano T, Kurimoto F, Seike M, Takenaka K, Yoshimura A, Toyota M, Kudoh S. Reduced transcription of the RB2/p130 gene in human lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2003; 38:124-9. [PMID: 14587097 DOI: 10.1002/mc.10152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reduced expression of the retinoblastoma gene (RB)2/p130 protein, as well as mutation of exons 19, 20, 21, and 22 of the same gene, has been reported in primary lung cancer. However, it has been suggested by other investigators that mutational inactivation and loss of the RB2/p130 gene and protein, respectively, are rare events in lung cancer. In order to determine the contribution and mechanisms of RB2/p130 gene inactivation to lung cancer development and progression, we quantified RB2/p130 mRNA expression levels in a range of human lung cancer cell lines (n = 13) by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. In comparison to normal lung tissue, reduced transcription of the RB2/p130 gene was found in all small cell lung cancer cell lines examined, along with six out of the eight nonsmall cell lung cancers tested, most of which had inactivation of RB/p16 pathway. On the basis of Western blot analysis, the expression of RB2/p130 protein was consistent with RNA expression levels in all lung cancer cell lines examined. In addition, the mutational status of the RB2/p130 gene (specifically, exons 19, 20, 21, and 22) was determined in 30 primary lung cancers (from patients with distant metastasis) and 30 lung cancer cell lines by PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct DNA sequencing. There was no evidence of somatic mutations within the RB2/p130 gene in the 60 lung cancer samples (both cell lines and tumors) assessed, including the 11 lung cancer cell lines that displayed reduced expression of the gene. Furthermore, hypermethylation of the RB2/p130 promoter was not found in any of the above-mentioned 11 cell lines, as determined by a DNA methylation assay, combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA). The results of the present study suggest that the reduced RB2/p130 expression seen in lung cancer may be in part transcriptionally mediated, albeit not likely via a mechanism involving hypermethylation of the RB2/p130 promoter. The observed reduction in RB2/p130 gene expression may be due to histone deacetylation, altered mRNA stability, and/or other forms of transcriptional regulation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- DNA Methylation
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Exons
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mutation
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Proteins
- Retinoblastoma Protein/genetics
- Retinoblastoma Protein/metabolism
- Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Xue Jun
- Fourth Department of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Patel A, Groopman JD, Umar A. DNA methylation as a cancer-specific biomarker: from molecules to populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 983:286-97. [PMID: 12724233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb05983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer contributes to a large proportion of the mortality and morbidity in the United States and worldwide. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment of various cancers, early detection and treatment of cancer remain a challenge. Diagnosis of cancer often occurs once the disease has progressed to a point where currently available intervention options provide limited success. Therefore, techniques that enable early detection followed by targeted interventions would influence stage at diagnosis and, in turn, mortality associated with cancer. Identification of molecular biomarkers, especially those that are associated with cancer initiation and progression, shows promise as an effective strategy in this regard. One potential early detection biomarker is DNA methylation of the promoter region of certain cancer-associated genes, which results in gene inactivation. Examination of serum for circulating tumor DNA with abnormal methylation patterns offers a possible method for early detection of several cancers and serves as a point for early intervention and prevention strategies. Additionally, it is imperative to consider how such a screening mechanism can be implemented in populations at risk, especially in resource-poor settings. Thus, the challenge is to validate DNA methylation as a cancer-specific biomarker, with the ultimate goal of designing a research plan that integrates the current knowledge base regarding cancer detection and diagnosis into specific prevention and intervention strategies that can be applied at a population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arti Patel
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yao R, Wang Y, Lubet RA, You M. Differentially expressed genes associated with mouse lung tumor progression. Oncogene 2002; 21:5814-21. [PMID: 12173053 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2002] [Revised: 02/06/2002] [Accepted: 02/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To detect altered gene expression associated with mouse lung tumor progression, we compared the gene expression profile of lung adenocarcinomas with that of lung adenomas and normal lungs. Autoradiographic analysis showed that among the 588 genes surveyed, 152 genes were detected and the remaining 436 genes did not give any signals. A gene-specific semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method was used to confirm the expression profile. A total of 29 genes was found to be differentially expressed in mouse lung tumors when compared to normal lungs. The pattern of expression, either underexpression or overexpression, was the same for 10 genes between adenocarcinomas and adenomas. Among them, seven genes were overexpressed, two genes were underexpressed and one gene was lost. Interestingly, 19 genes showed differential expression or increased incidence or difference in level of change between lung adenomas and adenocarcinomas, including Stat1, ADAP, IGFBP-6, PDGF-A, TGF-beta2, Int-3, VEGFR2, BAX, BAG-1, c-Jun, FasL, TRAIL, YB-1, CD31, Cdc42, B-raf, Rab-2, Abi-1, and ACE. These genes can be designated as candidate 'lung tumor progression' (LTP) genes because their expression changes may specifically affect lung tumor progression in mice. Further analyses of these candidate LTP genes may provide new leads for elucidation of lung tumor progression in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Yao
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Karacay B, O'Dorisio MS, Kasow K, Hollenback C, Krahe R. Expression and fine mapping of murine vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1. J Mol Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 11859927 DOI: 10.1385/jmn: 17: 3: 311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) plays multiple roles in the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a cytokine. VIP is widely distributed in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS/PNS), and recently has been found to be an important neuroprotective agent. VIP actions are mediated through specific G protein-coupled receptors. We have cloned the cDNA of VIP receptor subtype 1 (VIPR1 or VPAC1) and have demonstrated the quantitative expression profile in mice. Fluorometric real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that VPAC1 is expressed in all tissues examined. Expression was highest in the small intestine and colon followed by the liver and brain. The high level of VPAC1 expression in forebrain and cerebellum suggests that VPAC1 may mediate the neuroprotective effect of VIP. We have refined the chromosomal localization of the mouse, rat, and human VPAC1 genes. This fine mapping of the VPAC1 gene extends the respective regions of synteny between the distal region of mouse chromosome 9, rat chromosome 8q32, and human chromosome 3p21.33-p21.31. Thus, VPAC, constitutes a functional-positional candidate for the tumor-suppressor function mapped to human 3p22-p21 where loss-of-heterozygosity is observed in small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell lines and primary tumors. Availability of the cDNA sequences for mouse VPAC1 will facilitate the generation of VPAC1 null mutant animals. Such studies will ultimately enhance our understanding of the role of VIP in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Karacay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Karacay B, O'Dorisio MS, Kasow K, Hollenback C, Krahe R. Expression and fine mapping of murine vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1. J Mol Neurosci 2001; 17:311-24. [PMID: 11859927 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:17:3:311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) plays multiple roles in the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a cytokine. VIP is widely distributed in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS/PNS), and recently has been found to be an important neuroprotective agent. VIP actions are mediated through specific G protein-coupled receptors. We have cloned the cDNA of VIP receptor subtype 1 (VIPR1 or VPAC1) and have demonstrated the quantitative expression profile in mice. Fluorometric real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that VPAC1 is expressed in all tissues examined. Expression was highest in the small intestine and colon followed by the liver and brain. The high level of VPAC1 expression in forebrain and cerebellum suggests that VPAC1 may mediate the neuroprotective effect of VIP. We have refined the chromosomal localization of the mouse, rat, and human VPAC1 genes. This fine mapping of the VPAC1 gene extends the respective regions of synteny between the distal region of mouse chromosome 9, rat chromosome 8q32, and human chromosome 3p21.33-p21.31. Thus, VPAC, constitutes a functional-positional candidate for the tumor-suppressor function mapped to human 3p22-p21 where loss-of-heterozygosity is observed in small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell lines and primary tumors. Availability of the cDNA sequences for mouse VPAC1 will facilitate the generation of VPAC1 null mutant animals. Such studies will ultimately enhance our understanding of the role of VIP in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Karacay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Our understanding of lung cancer biology has rapidly expanded in recent years. Lung cancer, unlike most human cancers, can be traced to an environmental risk factor in the majority of cases, and this fact is reflected in the vast number of genetic alterations discovered in lung tumors whose pathogenesis is believed to be mediated by carcinogen exposure. The discovery of these alterations has led to a greater understanding of tumor development. The dramatic progress in the understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of oncogenesis and the induction of immunity has led to a rejuvenation of efforts to apply this new knowledge to this common and refractory disease. Further, the resurgent interest in cancer immunology and tumor-host interactions holds promise for the development of new approaches to treatment based on harvesting the immune systems ability to recognize these alterations. Hopefully, this understanding will lead to novel approaches with real and convincing clinical efficacy once some of these strategies are tested in carefully performed randomized clinical trials with appropriate power to detect meaningful differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Almand
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sutherland LC, Lerman M, Williams GT, Miller BA. LUCA-15 suppresses CD95-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat T cells. Oncogene 2001; 20:2713-9. [PMID: 11420683 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2000] [Revised: 02/09/2001] [Accepted: 02/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The candidate tumour suppressor gene, LUCA-15, maps to the lung cancer tumour suppressor locus 3p21.3. Overexpression of an alternative RNA splice variant of LUCA-15 has been shown to retard human Jurkat T cell proliferation and to accelerate CD95-mediated apoptosis. An antisense cDNA to the 3'-UTR of this splice variant was able to suppress CD95-mediated apoptosis. Here, we report that overexpression of LUCA-15 itself suppresses CD95-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat cells. This suppression occurs prior to the final execution stage of the CD95 signalling pathway, and is associated with up-regulation of the apoptosis inhibitory protein Bcl-2. LUCA-15 overexpression is also able to inhibit apoptosis induced by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine, but is not able to significantly suppress apoptosis mediated by the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide. These findings suggest that LUCA-15 is a selective inhibitor of cell death, and confirm the importance of the LUCA-15 genetic locus in the control of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Sutherland
- The Henry Hood Research Program, Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville 17822-2616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kersting M, Friedl C, Kraus A, Behn M, Pankow W, Schuermann M. Differential frequencies of p16(INK4a) promoter hypermethylation, p53 mutation, and K-ras mutation in exfoliative material mark the development of lung cancer in symptomatic chronic smokers. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:3221-9. [PMID: 10986054 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2000.18.18.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of three (epi)genetic alterations (p53 and K-ras mutations and p16(INK4a) promoter hypermethylation) in symptomatic chronic smokers compared with patients with lung cancer and to evaluate the use of exfoliative material for such analyses. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-one patients with histologically confirmed lung cancer and 25 chronic smokers (> 20 pack-years) were investigated for mutations in the K-ras (codon 12) and p53 (codons 248, 249, and 273) genes and for allelic hypermethylation of the p16(INK4a) gene. DNA was isolated from sputum and bilateral bronchial lavage, and brushings were taken at bronchoscopy. RESULTS Forty-one genetic lesions were detected within exfoliative material from the group of 51 patients with lung cancer and 10 lesions in the chronic smoker group. K-ras mutations occurred exclusively in the lung cancer group, whereas p53 mutations and p16(INK4a) promoter hypermethylation were also found in chronic smokers. Three of eight chronic smokers who harbored an (epi)genetic alteration were subsequently diagnosed with lung cancer. Analysis of sputum yielded information equivalent to that of samples obtained during bronchoscopy. CONCLUSION p16(INK4a) promoter hypermethylation and p53 mutations can occur in chronic smokers before any clinical evidence of neoplasia and may be indicative of an increased risk of developing lung cancer or of early disease. K-ras mutations occur exclusively in the presence of clinically detectable neoplastic transformation. Molecular analysis of sputum for such markers may provide an effective means of screening chronic smokers to enable earlier detection and therapeutic intervention of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kersting
- Klinikum der Philipps-Universität, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Abteilung Hämatologie/Onkologie/Immunologie, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dang TP, Gazdar AF, Virmani AK, Sepetavec T, Hande KR, Minna JD, Roberts JR, Carbone DP. Chromosome 19 translocation, overexpression of Notch3, and human lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:1355-7. [PMID: 10944559 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/92.16.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping/methods
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Karyotyping
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Mesothelioma/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptor, Notch3
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T P Dang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6838, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sutherland LC, Edwards SE, Cable HC, Poirier GG, Miller BA, Cooper CS, Williams GT. LUCA-15-encoded sequence variants regulate CD95-mediated apoptosis. Oncogene 2000; 19:3774-81. [PMID: 10949932 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Using an expression cloning system to discover novel genes involved in apoptosis, we identified a 326 bp bone marrow cDNA fragment (termed Je2) that suppresses, upon transfection, CD95-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat T cells. Sequence homology revealed that Je2 maps to 3p21.3, to an intronic region of the candidate TSG LUCA-15 locus. It represents, in fact, an antisense transcript to the 3'-UTR of two novel splice variants of this gene. Overexpression of sequence representing one of these splice variants (a 2.6 kb cDNA termed Clone 26), inhibited proliferation of Jurkat cells and sensitized them to CD95-mediated apoptosis. This study therefore implicates the LUCA-15 gene locus in the control of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Sutherland
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nunn J, Scholes AG, Liloglou T, Nagini S, Jones AS, Vaughan ED, Gosney JR, Rogers S, Fear S, Field JK. Fractional allele loss indicates distinct genetic populations in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:2219-28. [PMID: 10590212 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.12.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) had been widely used to assess genetic instability in tumours and a high LOH on chromosome arms 3p, 9p and 17p has been considered to be a common event in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). We have investigated LOH in 52 SCCHN using a range of microsatellite markers. LOH was observed in 69% of individuals on 17p using seven markers, in 64% of individuals on 3p using 17 markers and in 61% of individuals on 9p using 11 markers. Fractional allele loss (FAL) has been calculated for each tumour (FAL is the number of chromosomal arms showing LOH divided by the number of informative chromosomal arms) and a median FAL value of 0.25 was obtained in the 52 SCCHN studied. The LOH data were examined on the basis of FAL scores: low FAL (LFAL), 0.00-0.19; medium FAL (MFAL), 0.20-0.32; high FAL (HFAL), 0.33-0.88. HFAL tumours demonstrated a significantly higher LOH on chromosome arms 3p, 9p and 17p, with 94% LOH on 3p, 94% on 9p and 100% on 17p compared with LFAL tumours. Six of the 16 patients in the LFAL group were found to have no LOH on 3p, 9p or 17p and of these four had LOH at other sites, on chromosomes 2p25-p24, 5q21-22, 7pter-p22, 8q13-q22.1, 11q23.3, 13q32, 17q, 18p11.21, 18q21.31 and 19q12-q13.1. These results indicate that LFAL patients form a subset of SCCHN tumours with distinct molecular initiating events which may represent a discrete genetic population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Nunn
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, Clinical Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Barrett MT, Sanchez CA, Prevo LJ, Wong DJ, Galipeau PC, Paulson TG, Rabinovitch PS, Reid BJ. Evolution of neoplastic cell lineages in Barrett oesophagus. Nat Genet 1999; 22:106-9. [PMID: 10319873 PMCID: PMC1559997 DOI: 10.1038/8816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that neoplastic progression develops as a consequence of an acquired genetic instability and the subsequent evolution of clonal populations with accumulated genetic errors. Accordingly, human cancers and some premalignant lesions contain multiple genetic abnormalities not present in the normal tissues from which the neoplasms arose. Barrett oesophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition which predisposes to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) that can be biopsied prospectively over time because endoscopic surveillance is recommended for early detection of cancer. In addition, oesophagectomy specimens frequently contain the premalignant epithelium from which the cancer arose. Neoplastic progression in BE is associated with alterations in TP53 (also known as p53) and CDKN2A (also known as p16) and non-random losses of heterozygosity (LOH). Aneuploid or increased 4N populations occur in more than 90-95% of EAs, arise in premalignant epithelium and predict progression. We have previously shown in small numbers of patients that disruption of TP53 and CDKN2A typically occurs before aneuploidy and cancer. Here, we determine the evolutionary relationships of non-random LOH, TP53 and CDKN2A mutations, CDKN2A CpG-island methylation and ploidy during neoplastic progression. Diploid cell progenitors with somatic genetic or epigenetic abnormalities in TP53 and CDKN2A were capable of clonal expansion, spreading to large regions of oesophageal mucosa. The subsequent evolution of neoplastic progeny frequently involved bifurcations and LOH at 5q, 13q and 18q that occurred in no obligate order relative to each other, DNA-content aneuploidy or cancer. Our results indicate that clonal evolution is more complex than predicted by linear models.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/etiology
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Aneuploidy
- Barrett Esophagus/complications
- Barrett Esophagus/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Esophageal Neoplasms/etiology
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Models, Genetic
- Mutation
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Barrett
- Program in Cancer Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
In smokers, beta-carotene, retinol, and vitamins E and C appear to have little or a negative effect against human lung cancer development. Similarly, these chemicals have generally failed to inhibit lung tumorigenesis in rodents. The agents that have been shown to inhibit lung tumorigenesis in rodents, such as glucocorticoids, green tea, NSAIDs, and isothiocyanates, have not been tested yet in humans. These agents may be more effective in preventing human lung cancer in smokers than are the chemicals tested so far, especially if they are delivered by inhalation route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M You
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Benachenhou N, Guiral S, Gorska-Flipot I, Labuda D, Sinnett D. High resolution deletion mapping reveals frequent allelic losses at the DNA mismatch repair loci hMLH1 and hMSH3 in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 1998; 77:173-80. [PMID: 9650548 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980717)77:2<173::aid-ijc1>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To study the involvement of DNA mismatch repair genes in non-small cell lung cancer, matched normal and tumoral DNA samples from 31 patients were analyzed for both LOH and microsatellite instability with 34 markers at or linked to hMLH1 (3p21), hMSH2 (2p16), hMSH3 (5q11-q13), hMSH6 (2p16), hPMS1 (2q32), and hPMS2 (7p22) loci. Chromosomal regions 3p21 and 5q11-q13 were found to be hemizygously deleted in 55% and 42% of the patients, respectively. Sixty five percent of the patients deleted at hMLH1 were also deleted at hMSH3. The shortest regions of overlap for 3p21 and 5q11-q13 deletions delimited by D3S1561/D3S1612 and D5S2107/D5S624, respectively, were restricted to genetic distances of only 1 cM. Currently, the hMLH1 (3p21) and hMSH3 (5q11-q13) genes are the only known candidates located within these regions. The mutational analysis of hMLH1 and hMSH3 in hemizygously deleted patients led to the detection of 2 new polymorphisms in hMSH3. The consequence of these allelic losses remains unclear, but the lack of inactivating mutation might explain that replication error, the hallmark of mismatch repair genes inactivation in cancer cells, was quasi-absent in tumors. We suggest that hMLH1 and hMSH3 genes could be involved in lung tumorigenesis through dosage effect in cellular functions other than replication error correction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Benachenhou
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Charles Bruneau Cancer Center, Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Petersen S, Wolf G, Bockmühl U, Gellert K, Dietel M, Petersen I. Allelic loss on chromosome 10q in human lung cancer: association with tumour progression and metastatic phenotype. Br J Cancer 1998; 77:270-6. [PMID: 9460998 PMCID: PMC2151238 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We analysed 78 carcinomas of the lung for allelic losses on chromosome 10q. The tumours were of different stage and grade and comprised 22 small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLC), 40 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 11 adenocarcinomas, four large-cell carcinomas and one carcinoid. They were investigated by six polymorphic markers located between 10q21 and 10qter. We observed a high incidence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in SCLC (91%) and metastatic SCC (56%). Non-metastatic SCC showed deletions in three cases (14%) and no LOH was found in the other types of non-small-cell lung cancer. The statistical analysis indicated that the presence of LOH correlated significantly with advanced tumour stages in the entire collective and in particular within the SCLC and SCC subgroups. For SCC, a positive association was found between LOH and metastases formation, while in SCLC the number of non-metastatic tumours was too small for a final conclusion. Whereas SCLC was frequently characterized by multiple allelic losses, suggesting the deletion of the entire chromosomal arm, SCC showed interstitial imbalances. A high incidence of allelic loss was observed between the markers D10S677 and D10S1223. The analysis of five informative cases suggested the presence of two non-overlapping regions between the loci D10S677/D10S1237 and D10S1213/D10S1223. In SCLC, we did not find mutations in the putative tumour-suppressor gene MXI1. The data indicate that LOH on chromosome 10q is associated with tumour progression in SCC and SCLC. Thus it may become a useful genetic marker in the assessment of the malignant potential of these tumour types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Petersen
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Azzoli CG, Sagar M, Wu A, Lowry D, Hennings H, Morgan DL, Weinberg WC. Cooperation of p53 loss of function and v-Ha-ras in transformation of mouse keratinocyte cell lines. Mol Carcinog 1998; 21:50-61. [PMID: 9473771 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199801)21:1<50::aid-mc7>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that after transduction with the v-Ha-ras oncogene and grafting onto nude mouse hosts, primary epidermal keratinocytes with a null mutation in the p53 gene form tumors with increased growth rates and predisposition to malignant conversion relative to p53 wild-type keratinocytes (Weinberg WC, et al., Cancer Res 54:5584-5592, 1994). To further explore the cooperation between p53 loss of function and activation of the ras oncogene, cell lines were established from the normal epidermises of newborn and adult p53-null mice, and parallel subclones were reconstituted with the p53val135 temperature-sensitive mutant. Reconstituted lines C, G, N, and V demonstrated functional p53 transcriptional activator activity at the wild-type-permissive temperature of 32 degrees C, compared with the hygromycin-selected control line X and parental p53-null lines NHK4 and AK1b. Hygromycin-selected subclones, but not the parental lines, made normal skin in vivo; all cell lines made carcinomas after introduction of v-Ha-ras, independent of p53 status. These cell lines were compared in vitro at 32 degrees C to maximize the amount of p53val135 in the wild-type conformation. Expression of v-Ha-ras did not consistently alter p53-mediated transcriptional activity, suggesting tat ras acts downstream or independently of p53. No correlation was observed between p53-mediated transcriptional activity and in vitro growth rates, colony formation after exposure to ultraviolet light, or suppression by normal neighboring keratinocytes. However, keratinocyte cell lines devoid of p53 and expressing v-Ha-ras formed colonies in soft agar; this was blocked at 32 degrees C in all cell lines reconstituted with p53val135. These keratinocyte lines provide a model for exploring the role of p53 and the interaction of p53 and ras in keratinocyte transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G Azzoli
- Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wistuba II, Lam S, Behrens C, Virmani AK, Fong KM, LeRiche J, Samet JM, Srivastava S, Minna JD, Gazdar AF. Molecular damage in the bronchial epithelium of current and former smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:1366-73. [PMID: 9308707 PMCID: PMC5193483 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/89.18.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most lung cancers are attributed to smoking. These cancers have been associated with multiple genetic alterations and with the presence of preneoplastic bronchial lesions. In view of such associations, we evaluated the status of specific chromosomal loci in histologically normal and abnormal bronchial biopsy specimens from current and former smokers and specimens from nonsmokers. METHODS Multiple biopsy specimens were obtained from 18 current smokers, 24 former smokers, and 21 nonsmokers. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays involving 15 polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were used to examine eight chromosomal regions for genetic changes (loss of heterozygosity [LOH] and microsatellite alterations). RESULTS LOH and microsatellite alterations were observed in biopsy specimens from both current and former smokers, but no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups. Among individuals with a history of smoking, 86% demonstrated LOH in one or more biopsy specimens, and 24% showed LOH in all biopsy specimens. About half of the histologically normal specimens from smokers showed LOH, but the frequency of LOH and the severity of histologic change did not correspond until the carcinoma in situ stage. A subset of biopsy specimens from smokers that exhibited either normal or preneoplastic histology showed LOH at multiple chromosomal sites, a phenomenon frequently observed in carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer. LOH on chromosomes 3p and 9p was more frequent than LOH on chromosomes 5q, 17p (17p13; TP53 gene), and 13q (13q14; retinoblastoma gene). Microsatellite alterations were detected in 64% of the smokers. No genetic alterations were detected in nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS Genetic changes similar to those found in lung cancers can be detected in the nonmalignant bronchial epithelium of current and former smokers and may persist for many years after smoking cessation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adi F. Gazdar
- Correspondence to: Adi F. Gazdar, M.D., Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, NB8.106, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75235-8593.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dussault I, Giguère V. Differential regulation of the N-myc proto-oncogene by ROR alpha and RVR, two orphan members of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:1860-7. [PMID: 9121434 PMCID: PMC232033 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.4.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ROR alpha1 and RVR are orphan members of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors which constitutively activate and repress, respectively, gene transcription by binding to a common DNA sequence. In an attempt to understand the physiological functions of these two transcription factors, we aimed to identify target genes. We have identified a consensus binding site for ROR alpha1 and RVR in the first intron of the N-myc gene that we designated N-myc RORE (ROR response element). Unlike most of the intronic sequence, the region encompassing the N-myc RORE is highly conserved between human and mouse, underscoring its importance. Our studies revealed that ROR alpha1 and RVR specifically bind to the human and mouse N-myc ROREs and transactivate and transrepress, respectively, reporter constructs containing the ROREs. Moreover, Northern blot analysis demonstrated a direct modulation of an exogenously introduced N-myc gene by ROR alpha1 and RVR in COS-1 cells. This effect is mediated through the N-myc RORE, since mutation of this site abolished the regulatory effects of both receptors. While transfection of ROR alpha1 in P19 embryonic carcinoma cells had no effect on the levels of endogenous N-myc mRNA, RVR down-regulated its expression. The regulatory function of the N-myc RORE was further demonstrated by the rat embryonic fibroblast (REF) transformation assay. Mutation of the RORE increased the oncogenic potential of the N-myc gene in the REF assay. The foci were more numerous and significantly larger with the mutated than with the wild-type N-myc gene, regardless of ROR alpha1 or RVR expression. Moreover, concomitant expression of ROR alpha1 and wild-type N-myc resulted in a twofold increase in the number of transformed foci. In contrast, RVR expression resulted in the formation of foci that could be established as permanent clones with a very low frequency compared to foci transformed in its absence. These observations show that ablation of the RORE results in a more oncogenic form of N-myc and suggest that deregulation of the activity of the ROR alpha1 and RVR could contribute to the initiation and progression of certain neoplasias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Dussault
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kholodnyuk I, Kost-Alimova M, Kashuba V, Gizatulin R, Szeles A, Stanbridge EJ, Zabarovsky ER, Klein G, Imreh S. A 3p21.3 region is preferentially eliminated from human chromosome 3/mouse microcell hybrids during tumor growth in SCID mice. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199703)18:3<200::aid-gcc6>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
29
|
Kok K, Naylor SL, Buys CH. Deletions of the short arm of chromosome 3 in solid tumors and the search for suppressor genes. Adv Cancer Res 1997; 71:27-92. [PMID: 9111863 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The concept that cells can become malignant upon the elimination of parts of chromosomes inhibiting cell division dates back to Boveri in 1914. Deletions occurring in tumor cells are therefore considered a first indication of possible locations of tumor suppressor gene. Approaches used to localize and identify the paradigm of tumor suppressors, RB1, have also been applied to localize tumor suppressor genes on 3p, the short arm of chromosome 3. This review discusses the methodological advantages and limitations of the various approaches. From a review of the literature on losses of 3p in different types of solid tumors it appears that some tumor types show involvement of the same region, while between others the regions involved clearly differ. Also discussed are results of functional assays of tumor suppression by transfer of part of chromosome 3 into tumor cell lines. The likelihood that a common region of deletions would contain a tumor suppressor is strongly enhanced by coincidence of that region with a chromosome fragment suppressing tumorigenicity upon introduction in tumor cells. Such a situation exists for a region in 3p21.3 as well as for one or more in 3p12-p14. The former region is considered the location of a lung cancer suppressor. The same gene or a different one in the same region may also play a role in the development of other cancers including renal cell cancer. In the latter cancer, there may be additional roles of the VHL region and/or a 3p12-p14 region. The breakpoint region of a t(3;8) originally found to be constitutively present in a family with hereditary renal cell cancer now seems to be excluded from such a role. Specific genes on 3p have been suggested to act as suppressor genes based on either their location in a common deletion region, a markedly reduced expression or presence of aberrant transcripts, their capacity to suppress tumorigenicity upon transfection in to tumor cells, the presumed function of the gene product, or a combination of several of these criteria. A number of genes are evaluated for their possible role as a tumor suppressor according to these criteria. General agreement on such a role seems to exist only for VHL. Though hMLH1 plays an obvious role in the development of specific mismatch repair-deficient cancers, it cannot revert the tumor phenotype and therefore cannot be considered a proper tumor suppressor. The involvement of VHL and MLH1 also in some specific hereditary cancers allowed to successfully apply linkage analysis for their localization. TGFBR2 might well have a tumor suppressor function. It does reduce tumorigenicity upon transfection. Other 3p genes coding for receptor proteins THRB and RARB, are unlikely candidates for tumor suppression. Present observations on a possible association of FHIT with tumor development leave a number of questions unanswered, so that provisionally it cannot be considered a tumor suppressor. Regions that have been identified as crucial in solid tumor development appear to be at the edge of synteny blocks that have been rearranged through the chromosome evolution which led to the formation of human chromosome 3. Although this may merely represent a chance occurrence, it might also reflect areas of genomic instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kok
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Field JK, Neville EM, Stewart MP, Swift A, Liloglou T, Risk JM, Ross H, Gosney JR, Donnelly RJ. Fractional allele loss data indicate distinct genetic populations in the development of non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 1996; 74:1968-74. [PMID: 8980398 PMCID: PMC2074832 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Allelic imbalance or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been widely used to assess genetic instability in tumours, and high LOH on chromosome arms 3p, 9p and 17p has been considered to be a common event in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have investigated allelic imbalance in 45 NSCLCs using 92 microsatellite markers on 38 chromosome arms. LOH of 38% was observed on 3p using nine markers, 58% on 9p using 15 markers and 38% on 17p using five markers. Fractional allele loss (FAL) has been calculated for each tumour (FAL is the number of chromosome arms showing LOH/number of informative chromosome arms) and a median FAL value of 0.09 was obtained in the 45 NSCLCs studied. The LOH data were examined on the basis of FAL scores: low FAL (LFAL) (0.00-0.04), medium FAL (MFAL) (0.05-0.13) and high FAL (HFAL) (0.14-0.45) based symmetrically around the median FAL value of 0.09. Tumours with HFAL values showed a very clear polarisation of the LOH data on chromosome arms 3p, 9p and 17p, such that 80% showed loss on 3p, 80% on 9p and 73% on 17p. These incidences of LOH were significantly higher than would be expected, since overall genetic instability in these HFAL tumours ranged from 14% to 45% LOH. Nine of the 14 patients in the LFAL group were found to have no LOH on 3p, 9p or 17p, but five of these had LOH at other sites: i.e. LOH on 5p, 5q, 8p, 13q, 16q and 19q. These results indicate that LFAL patients form a new subset of NSCLC tumours with distinct molecular-initating events, and may represent a discrete genetic population.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Alleles
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Gene Deletion
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Microsatellite Repeats
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Field
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, University of Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|