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Ismail MM, Farrag AM, Harras MF, Ibrahim MH, Mehany AB. Apoptosis: A target for anticancer therapy with novel cyanopyridines. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yuan X, Wu H, Bu H, Zhou J, Zhang H. Targeting the immunity protein kinases for immuno-oncology. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:413-427. [PMID: 30530193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With the rise of immuno-oncology, small-molecule modulators targeting immune system and inflammatory processes are becoming a research hotspot. This work mainly focuses on key kinases acting as central nodes in immune signaling pathways. Although over thirty small-molecule kinase inhibitors have been approved by FDA for the treatment of various cancers, only a few are associated with immuno-oncology. With the going deep of the research work, more and more immunity protein kinase inhibitors are approved for clinical trials to treat solid tumors and hematologic malignancies by FDA, which remain good prospects. Meanwhile, in-depth understanding of biological function of immunity protein kinases in immune system is pushing the field forward. This article focuses on the development of safe and effective small-molecule immunity protein kinase inhibitors and further work needs to keep the promises of these inhibitors for patients' welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yuan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hanshu Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Liu Z, Liu H, Yuan X, Wang Y, Li L, Wang G, Song J, Shao Z, Fu R. Downregulation of Pim-2 induces cell cycle arrest in the G 0/G 1 phase via the p53-non-dependent p21 signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541172 PMCID: PMC5835926 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pim-2 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is highly expressed in various types of cancer, with essential roles in the regulation of signal transduction cascades, which promote cell survival and proliferation. The present study demonstrated that Pim-2 was expressed in cells lines derived from hematopoietic tumors and lung cancer. In vitro, downregulation of Pim-2 by short interfering RNA inhibited proliferation and delayed G0/G1 cell cycle progression in K562 leukemia, RPMI-8226 multiple myeloma, and H1299 and A549 non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines. Furthermore, downregulation of Pim-2 resulted in upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21, irrespective of the p53 status. In addition, the present study revealed that CDK2 and phosphorylated retinoblastoma (pRb) were significantly downregulated. This finding suggested that inhibition of CDK2 and pRb expression via upregulated p21 was involved in the downregulation of Pim-2-induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in lung cancer and hematopoietic malignancy cells. These results suggested that Pim-2 may serve a role in hematopoietic tumors, lung cancer proliferation and cell cycle progression by regulating the p21 signaling pathway. Downregulation of Pim-2 decreased cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, Pim-2 may be a potential therapy target in clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Hebei 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Hebei 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Hebei 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Hebei 300052, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Hebei 300052, P.R. China
| | - Guojin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Hebei 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Hebei 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zonghong Shao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Hebei 300052, P.R. China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Hebei 300052, P.R. China
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Sledd J, Wu D, Ahrens R, Lee J, Waggoner L, Tsai YT, Wang YH, Hogan SP. Loss of IL-4Rα-mediated PI3K signaling accelerates the progression of IgE/mast cell-mediated reactions. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 3:420-30. [PMID: 26734464 PMCID: PMC4693723 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence indicate that polymorphisms within the interleukin 4 (IL‐4) receptor (IL‐4R) chain are sufficient for altered strength of IL‐4/IL‐13 signaling, leading to an exaggerated allergic inflammatory response and increase susceptibility to allergic phenotypes. In the present study, we show that ablation of IL‐4Rα–induced phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) activating signal by germline point mutation within the IL‐4Rα motif (Y500F) did not alter susceptibility to IgE‐mediated, food‐induced experimental anaphylaxis. Moreover, diarrhea occurrence, antigen‐specific IgE and intestinal mastocytosis were comparable between WT and IL‐4RαY500F mice. However, mice unable to stimulate IL‐4Rα–mediated PI3K signaling had accelerated disease progression. Notably, the accelerated anaphylactic response was associated with more rapid histamine‐induced hypovolemia. Mechanistic in vitro and in vivo analyses revealed that endothelial IL‐4Rα PI3K signaling negatively regulates the histamine‐induced endothelial leak response. These results define an unanticipated role for IL‐4Rα–mediated PI3K signaling in negative regulation of IgE‐mediated anaphylactic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Sledd
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology and of Immunobiology Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - David Wu
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology and of Immunobiology Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Richard Ahrens
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology and of Immunobiology Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Jeebong Lee
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology and of Immunobiology Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology and of Immunobiology Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Ying Ting Tsai
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology and of Immunobiology Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Yui-Hsi Wang
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology and of Immunobiology Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology and of Immunobiology Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati OH 45229
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Abstract
Pim oncogenes are highly expressed in many types of hematological and solid cancers. Pim kinases regulate the network of signaling pathways that are critical for tumorigenesis and development, making Pim kinases the attractive drug targets. Currently, two approaches have been employed in designing Pim kinase inhibitors: ATP-mimetics and non-ATP mimetics; but all target the ATP-binding pocket and are ATP-competitive. In this review, we summarize the current progress in understanding the Pim-related structure and biology, and provide insights into the binding modes of some prototypical Pim-1 inhibitors. The challenges as well as opportunities are highlighted for development of Pim kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer agents.
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Yin J, Shine L, Raycroft F, Deeti S, Reynolds A, Ackerman KM, Glaviano A, O'Farrell S, O'Leary O, Kilty C, Kennedy C, McLoughlin S, Rice M, Russell E, Higgins DG, Hyde DR, Kennedy BN. Inhibition of the Pim1 oncogene results in diminished visual function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52177. [PMID: 23300608 PMCID: PMC3530609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to profile genetic pathways whose differential expression correlates with maturation of visual function in zebrafish. Bioinformatic analysis of transcriptomic data revealed Jak-Stat signalling as the pathway most enriched in the eye, as visual function develops. Real-time PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization data confirm that multiple Jak-Stat pathway genes are up-regulated in the zebrafish eye between 3–5 days post-fertilisation, times associated with significant maturation of vision. One of the most up-regulated Jak-Stat genes is the proto-oncogene Pim1 kinase, previously associated with haematological malignancies and cancer. Loss of function experiments using Pim1 morpholinos or Pim1 inhibitors result in significant diminishment of visual behaviour and function. In summary, we have identified that enhanced expression of Jak-Stat pathway genes correlates with maturation of visual function and that the Pim1 oncogene is required for normal visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Shine
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Raycroft
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sudhakar Deeti
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alison Reynolds
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kristin M. Ackerman
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Antonino Glaviano
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean O'Farrell
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Olivia O'Leary
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire Kilty
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciaran Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah McLoughlin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Megan Rice
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen Russell
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Desmond G. Higgins
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R. Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Breandan N. Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The PIM genes represent a family of proto-oncogenes that encode three different serine/threonine protein kinases (PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3) with essential roles in the regulation of signal transduction cascades, which promote cell survival, proliferation and drug resistance. PIM kinases are overexpressed in several hematopoietic tumors and support in vitro and in vivo malignant cell growth and survival, through cell cycle regulation and inhibition of apoptosis. PIM kinases do not have an identified regulatory domain, which means that these proteins are constitutively active once transcribed. They appear to be critical downstream effectors of important oncoproteins and, when overexpressed, can mediate drug resistance to available agents, such as rapamycin. Recent crystallography studies reveal that, unlike other kinases, they possess a hinge region, which creates a unique binding pocket for ATP, offering a target for an increasing number of potent small-molecule PIM kinase inhibitors. Preclinical studies in models of various hematologic cancers indicate that these novel agents show promising activity and some of them are currently being evaluated in a clinical setting. In this review, we profile the PIM kinases as targets for therapeutics in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesid Alvarado
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Therapy & Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7979 Wurzbach Road, MC8232, San Antonio, 78229, TX, USA
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Zhukova YN, Alekseeva MG, Zakharevich NV, Shtil AA, Danilenko VN. Pim family of protein kinases: Structure, functions, and roles in hematopoietic malignancies. Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893311040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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DNA methylation regulates constitutive expression of Stat6 regulatory genes SOCS-1 and SHP-1 in colon cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1791-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Yuan Q, Li PD, Li BH, Yang XZ, Xu SB, Liu XH, Zhou FX, Zhang WJ. Differential IL-4/Stat6 activities correlate with differential expression of regulatory genes SOCS-1, SHP-1, and PP2A in colon cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:131-40. [PMID: 18536936 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate potential differences in the expression of Stat6 regulatory genes that may influence IL-4/Stat6 activities (phenotypes) in colon cancer cells. METHODS RT-PCR method was employed to examine the constitutive mRNA expression of Stat6 negative regulators SOCS-1 and SHP-1, and positive regulator PP2A in colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and Caco-2. Stat6 protein expression and nuclear phosphorylation were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS Caco-2 cells carrying inactive Stat6(null) phenotype showed normal constitutive expression of Stat6 but decreased phosphorylation of nuclear Stat6 compared with HT-29 cells carrying active Stat6(high) phenotype. Stat6(null) Caco-2 cells expressed increased levels of mRNA and protein of SOCS-1 and SHP-1, and decreased mRNA expression of PPP2CA and PPP2CB, encoding two critical subunits of PP2A. CONCLUSIONS Constitutively increased expression of Stat6 negative regulators SOCS-1 and SHP-1, together with decreased expression of positive regulator PP2A, may play a role in forming the inactive Stat6(null) phenotype in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yuan
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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11
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Bachmann M, Möröy T. The serine/threonine kinase Pim-1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:726-30. [PMID: 15694833 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human pim-1 gene encodes a serine/threonine kinase, which belongs to the group of calcium/calmodulin-regulated kinases (CAMK). It contains a characteristic kinase domain, a so-called ATP anchor and an active site. In mouse and human, two Pim-1 proteins are produced from the same gene by using an alternative upstream CUG initiation codon, a 44 kD and another, shorter 34 kD form that both contain the kinase domain. Expression of Pim-1 is widespread and ranges from the hematopoietic and lymphoid system to prostate, testis and oral epithelial cells. Two other proteins with significant sequence similarities exist, Pim-2 and Pim-3; both are also serine/threonine kinases and have largely overlapping functions. Pim-1 is able to phosphorylate different targets, most of which are involved in cell cycle progression or apoptosis. Pim-1 expression can be induced by several external stimuli in particular by a number of cytokines relevant in the immune system, which led to the labeling of Pim-1 as a "booster" for the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Bachmann
- Institut für Zellbiologie (Tumorforschung), Universitaetsklinikum Essen, IFZ, Virchowstrasse 173, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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12
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Alexander WS, Hilton DJ. The role of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins in regulation of the immune response. Annu Rev Immunol 2004; 22:503-29. [PMID: 15032587 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.091003.090312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are an integral component of the adaptive and innate immune responses. The signaling pathways triggered by the engagement of cytokines with their specific cell surface receptors have been extensively studied and have provided a profound understanding of the intracellular machinery that translates exposure of cells to cytokine to a coordinated biological response. It has also become clear that cells have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to prevent excessive responses to cytokines. In this review we focus on the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of cytoplasmic proteins that completes a negative feedback loop to attenuate signal transduction from cytokines that act through the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. SOCS proteins inhibit components of the cytokine signaling cascade via direct binding or by preventing access to the signaling complex. The SOCS proteins also appear to target signal transducers for proteasomal destruction. Analyses of genetically modified mice in which SOCS proteins are overexpressed or deleted have established that this family of negative regulators has indispensable roles in regulating cytokine responses in cells of the immune system as well as other tissues. Emerging evidence also suggests that disruption of SOCS expression or activity is associated with several immune and inflammatory diseases, raising the prospect that manipulation of SOCS activity may provide a novel future therapeutic strategy in the management of immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren S Alexander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and The Cooperative Research Center for Cellular Growth Factors, Parkville, 3052 Victoria, Australia.
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Colognato R, Slupsky JR, Jendrach M, Burysek L, Syrovets T, Simmet T. Differential expression and regulation of protease-activated receptors in human peripheral monocytes and monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells. Blood 2003; 102:2645-52. [PMID: 12805069 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are stimulated by proteolytic cleavage of their extracellular domain, unmasking a new N-terminus acting as tethered ligand. Whereas the role of PARs in platelets is well known, their presence and function in human monocytes and other antigen-presenting cells has not been characterized. Here it is demonstrated that human peripheral monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells differentially express PARs. Human monocytes express mainly PAR1 and less PAR3. Differentiation of monocytes into macrophages by either macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) elicits enhanced expression of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3. In contrast, dendritic cells differentiated from monocytes by GM-CSF and interleukin-4 (IL-4) strongly down-regulated PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3, both at the mRNA and the protein level. Down-regulation of the PAR expression was apparently due to IL-4, because treatment of macrophages with IL-4 caused down-regulation of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3. PAR4 mRNA expression remained undetectable in any of the cell types investigated. Stimulation of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3 with thrombin, trypsin, or established receptor-activating peptides (PAR-APs) triggered cytosolic Ca2+ responses, indicating functionally active PARs. Further, stimulation of monocytes or macrophages with thrombin or PAR1-AP, but not with PAR2-or PAR4-AP, triggers expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) both at the mRNA and the protein level. These data demonstrate that differentiation of human monocytes is associated with differential expression of functionally active PARs that mediate distinct regulatory functions in inflammation and atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Colognato
- Department of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Germany
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Zhang WJ, Koltun WA, Tilberg AF, Thompson JL, Chorney MJ. Genetic control of interleukin-4-induced activation of the human signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 signaling pathway. Hum Immunol 2003; 64:402-15. [PMID: 12651067 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(03)00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-4-induced Stat6 signaling pathway is active in a variety of cell types, including immune cells and cancer cells, and plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression, such as CD23 and major histocompatibility complex class II. Using a semiquantitative gel shift assay in which nuclear Stat6 activities were scored, three Stat6 activation phenotypes were defined as Stat6(high) (intense banding), Stat6(low) (medium intensity banding), and Stat6(null) (very low to no discernible banding). These Stat6 phenotypes correlated well with levels of CD23 expression, but not with those of human leukocyte antigen-DR cell-surface display. Pedigree analyses revealed a Mendelian inheritance pattern that can be explained by two STAT6 Pathway (STAT6P) activation genotypes, which we term A and a, where STAT6P*A determines an active Stat6 signaling and STAT6P*a determines an inactive Stat6 signaling, with incomplete dominance. Total Stat6 protein levels failed to correlate with the above Stat6 phenotypes allowing us to propose that IL-4-induced Stat6 signaling is a polygenic quantitative trait regulated by a collection of several contributing genetic loci that functionally interact. The Stat6(null) phenotype may result from a defect in Stat6 signaling, which has important implications with respect to the pathogenesis of cancer and Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance in autoimmune diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jie Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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15
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Greenhalgh CJ, Miller ME, Hilton DJ, Lund PK. Suppressors of cytokine signaling: Relevance to gastrointestinal function and disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:2064-81. [PMID: 12454862 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.37068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are a family of Src homology 2 domain-containing proteins. Currently, there are 8 members of the SOCS family, of which a number have been implicated strongly in the negative regulation of cytokine signal transduction pathways. METHODS This review focuses on recent discoveries about 4 SOCS family members, SOCS-1, -2, and -3, and cytokine-inducible SH2-domain containing (CIS), and provides more limited information about other SOCS family members. RESULTS A large number of cytokines and growth factors are now known to induce SOCS proteins. In turn, SOCS inhibit the actions of a growing number of cytokines and growth factors in vitro or in vivo. SOCS proteins exert their inhibitory effects at the level of activation of janus kinases (JAKs) or by competing with transcription factors for binding sites on activated cytokine receptors. SOCS proteins also may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the SOCS protein and its bound signaling complex. Genetic modification of SOCS genes in mice has revealed crucial roles in the negative regulation of a number of important physiologic parameters including interferon gamma activity, growth, blood cell production, and placental development. CONCLUSIONS Information about SOCS action in gastrointestinal function and disease is only just emerging, but available data indicate a role in growth of gastrointestinal tissues, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Greenhalgh
- Cancer and Haematology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Cooperative Research Centre for Cellular Growth Factors, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia
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16
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Mikkers H, Allen J, Knipscheer P, Romeijn L, Hart A, Vink E, Berns A, Romeyn L. High-throughput retroviral tagging to identify components of specific signaling pathways in cancer. Nat Genet 2002; 32:153-9. [PMID: 12185366 DOI: 10.1038/ng950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic screens carried out in lower organisms such as yeast, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans have revealed many signaling pathways. For example, components of the RAS signaling cascade were identified using a mutant eye phenotype in D. melanogaster as a readout. Screening is usually based on enhancing or suppressing a phenotype by way of a known mutation in a particular signaling pathway. Such in vivo screens have been difficult to carry out in mammals, however, owing to their relatively long generation times and the limited number of animals that can be screened. Here we describe an in vivo mammalian genetic screen used to identify components of pathways contributing to oncogenic transformation. We applied retroviral insertional mutagenesis in Myc transgenic (E mu Myc) mice lacking expression of Pim1 and Pim2 to search for genes that can substitute for Pim1 and Pim2 in lymphomagenesis. We determined the chromosomal positions of 477 retroviral insertion sites (RISs) derived from 38 tumors from E mu Myc Pim1(-/-) Pim2(-/-) mice and 27 tumors from E mu Myc control mice using the Ensembl and Celera annotated mouse genome databases. There were 52 sites occupied by proviruses in more than one tumor. These common insertion sites (CISs) are likely to contain genes contributing to tumorigenesis. Comparison of the RISs in tumors of Pim-null mice with the RISs in tumors of E mu Myc control mice indicated that 10 of the 52 CISs belong to the Pim complementation group. In addition, we found that Pim3 is selectively activated in Pim-null tumor cells, which supports the validity of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Mikkers
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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