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Barseghyan M, Chae-Kim J, Catherino WH. The efficacy of medical management of leiomyoma-associated heavy menstrual bleeding: a mini review. F S Rep 2024; 5:4-8. [PMID: 38524211 PMCID: PMC10958631 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfre.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Leiomyomas, or fibroids, are benign uterine tumors that are commonly associated with abnormal uterine bleeding-L particularly heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). Treatment options include expectant, medical, image-guided, and surgical. Medical management of HMB is the preferred first-line treatment and includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, contraceptive hormones, tranexamic acid, levonorgestrel intrauterine system, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists and antagonists, selective progesterone receptor modulators, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and aromatase inhibitors. Although alternatives such as vitamins and supplements have been suggested, there is currently a lack of robust evidence of their efficacy. Many of these therapies treat the symptoms rather than the underlying pathology. Progestin-based therapies are the most commonly utilized, although research supporting their effectiveness in the treatment of HMB is modest. Although GnRH agonists and antagonists, which are federal drug administration-approved therapies, provide substantial improvement in abnormal uterine bleeding-L with HMB, the effects typically last for the duration of therapy. Patients may also face financial barriers to GnRH analog therapy. Future studies are required to delineate the nonhormonal treatment options and the long-term management of leiomyoma-associated HMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Barseghyan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jennifer Chae-Kim
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William H. Catherino
- Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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2
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Vitale SG, De Angelis MC, Della Corte L, Saponara S, Carugno J, Laganà AS, Török P, Tinelli R, Pérez-Medina T, Ertas S, Urman B, Angioni S. Uterine cervical stenosis: from classification to advances in management. Overcoming the obstacles to access the uterine cavity. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 309:755-764. [PMID: 37428263 PMCID: PMC10866788 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date hysteroscopy is the gold standard technique for the evaluation and management of intrauterine pathologies. The cervical canal represents the access route to the uterine cavity. The presence of cervical stenosis often makes entry into the uterine cavity difficult and occasionally impossible. Cervical stenosis has a multifactorial etiology. It is the result of adhesion processes that can lead to the narrowing or total obliteration of the cervical canal. PURPOSE In this review, we summarize the scientific evidence about cervical stenosis, aiming to identify the best strategy to overcome this challenging condition. METHODS The literature review followed the scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles (SANRA). All articles describing the hysteroscopic management of cervical stenosis were considered eligible. Only original papers that reported data on the topic were included. RESULTS Various strategies have been proposed to address cervical stenosis, including surgical and non-surgical methods. Medical treatments such as the preprocedural use of cervical-ripening agents or osmotic dilators have been explored. Surgical options include the use of cervical dilators and hysteroscopic treatments. CONCLUSIONS Cervical stenosis can present challenges in achieving successful intrauterine procedures. Operative hysteroscopy has been shown to have the highest success rate, particularly in cases of severe cervical stenosis, and is currently considered the gold standard for managing this condition. Despite the availability of miniaturized instruments that have made the management of cervical stenosis more feasible, it remains a complex task, even for experienced hysteroscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Giovanni Vitale
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara De Angelis
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Della Corte
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Saponara
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Jose Carugno
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, ARNAS "Civico-Di Cristina-Benfratelli", Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Péter Török
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Raffaele Tinelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Valle d'Itria" Hospital, Martina Franca, Taranto, Italy
| | - Tirso Pérez-Medina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sinem Ertas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bulent Urman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Stefano Angioni
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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3
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Branigan GL, Torrandell-Haro G, Chen S, Shang Y, Perez-Miller S, Mao Z, Padilla-Rodriguez M, Cortes-Flores H, Vitali F, Brinton RD. Breast cancer therapies reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease and promote estrogenic pathways and action in brain. iScience 2023; 26:108316. [PMID: 38026173 PMCID: PMC10663748 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, an ever-increasing number of women are prescribed estrogen-modulating therapies (EMTs) for the treatment of breast cancer. In parallel, aging of the global population of women will contribute to risk of both breast cancer and Alzheimer's disease. To address the impact of anti-estrogen therapies on risk of Alzheimer's and neural function, we conducted medical informatic and molecular pharmacology analyses to determine the impact of EMTs on risk of Alzheimer's followed by determination of EMT estrogenic mechanisms of action in neurons. Collectively, these data provide both clinical and mechanistic data indicating that select EMTs exert estrogenic agonist action in neural tissue that are associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease while simultaneously acting as effective estrogen receptor antagonists in breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Branigan
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona; Tucson AZ, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine; Tucson AZ, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Arizona College of Medicine; Tucson AZ, USA
| | - Georgina Torrandell-Haro
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona; Tucson AZ, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine; Tucson AZ, USA
| | - Shuhua Chen
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona; Tucson AZ, USA
| | - Yuan Shang
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona; Tucson AZ, USA
| | | | - Zisu Mao
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona; Tucson AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Francesca Vitali
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona; Tucson AZ, USA
- Center of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Arizona College of Medicine; Tucson AZ, USA
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona; Tucson AZ, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine; Tucson AZ, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine; Tucson AZ, USA
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4
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Nynca A, Swigonska S, Molcan T, Petroff BK, Ciereszko RE. Molecular Action of Tamoxifen in the Ovaries of Rats with Mammary Neoplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15767. [PMID: 37958751 PMCID: PMC10649132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is a drug commonly used in patients with breast cancer. The anticancer effect of TAM occurs via its ability to antagonize estrogen-dependent growth of mammary epithelial cells. Previously, we demonstrated that TAM prevented the chemotherapy-induced loss of ovarian follicular reserves in both cancer-free rats and rats with cancer. Such follicular loss is a main cause of infertility in young women treated for cancer. The current study was undertaken to discover the molecules and intracellular pathways involved in the action of TAM in the ovaries of rats with mammary tumors. To meet this goal we used transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) and proteomic (2D-DIGE/MS) approaches. TAM inhibited the expression of genes and lncRNAs involved in ovarian steroidogenesis. Moreover, TAM altered the expression of genes related to primordial follicle activation or arrest. In addition, proteomic screening indicated the importance of basic metabolic processes in the ovarian actions of TAM. Although simple extrapolation of these data to humans is not possible, the results of this study emphasize the need to explore the ability of TAM to affect ovarian function in women undergoing cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nynca
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Swigonska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Molcan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-243 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Brian K. Petroff
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48910, USA;
| | - Renata E. Ciereszko
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland;
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5
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Lin WH, Chang CL. Ultrasonic presentation variation of patients with pathological evidence of endometrial atrophy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 62:719-723. [PMID: 37679001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-menopausal bleeding is one of the most common reasons for attending the gynecology outpatient clinic. The major proportion of the symptoms is endometrial atrophy (about 60%) despite of the endometrial thickness is over 4 mm. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the endometrial thickness under sonogram in the women with atrophic endometrium, with or without post-menopausal vaginal bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study and we enrolled 237 post-menopausal women with pathological evidence of atrophic endometrium from Jan. 2014 to Dec. 2018 in Mackay Memorial hospital. Patient's characteristics taken into account were age, vaginal bleeding status, the methods of obtaining endometrial tissue, hormonal replacement therapy and breast cancer history under tamoxifen treatment. Endometrial thickness was classified as ≤ 4 mm, >4 mm-10 mm and >10 mm. We calculated the proportion of the characteristic mentioned before. RESULTS In total, 237 patients were enrolled and 35 patients were excluded; therefore, the remaining 202 patients were analyzed. There were 42 (20.8%), 109 (54%) and 51 (25.2%) patients with endometrial thickness ≤4 mm, >4 mm-10 mm and >10 mm respectively. There was significant difference in the numbers of patients with post-menopausal bleeding (p = 0.002) and breast cancer history under tamoxifen therapy (p < 0.05) among the three groups. CONCLUSION In the patients with endometrial atrophy, the endometrial thickness may be variable. There were only 20.8% of patients with endometrial thickness less than 4 mm in our study. Before endometrial sampling, comprehensive evaluation of the morphology of endometrium under image study, the patient's symptoms and medical history is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Obstetric & Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Long Chang
- Department of Obstetric & Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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6
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Khallouki F, Hajji L, Saber S, Bouddine T, Edderkaoui M, Bourhia M, Mir N, Lim A, El Midaoui A, Giesy JP, Aboul-Soud MAM, Silvente-Poirot S, Poirot M. An Update on Tamoxifen and the Chemo-Preventive Potential of Vitamin E in Breast Cancer Management. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13050754. [PMID: 37240924 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common female cancer in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is a widely prescribed, oral anti-estrogen drug for the hormonal treatment of estrogen-receptor-positive BC, which represents 70% of all BC subtypes. This review assesses the current knowledge on the molecular pharmacology of tamoxifen in terms of its anticancer and chemo-preventive actions. Due to the importance of vitamin E compounds, which are widely taken as a supplementary dietary component, the review focuses only on the potential importance of vitamin E in BC chemo-prevention. The chemo-preventive and onco-protective effects of tamoxifen combined with the potential effects of vitamin E can alter the anticancer actions of tamoxifen. Therefore, methods involving an individually designed, nutritional intervention for patients with BC warrant further consideration. These data are of great importance for tamoxifen chemo-prevention strategies in future epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Khallouki
- Biology Department, FSTE, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, BP 609, Errachidia 52000, Morocco
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, BP. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50050, Morocco
| | - Lhoussain Hajji
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, BP. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50050, Morocco
| | - Somayya Saber
- Biology Department, FSTE, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, BP 609, Errachidia 52000, Morocco
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, BP. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50050, Morocco
| | - Toufik Bouddine
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, BP. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50050, Morocco
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center & University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technical Health, Laayoune 70000, Morocco
| | - Nora Mir
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, BP. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50050, Morocco
| | - Adrian Lim
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center & University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Adil El Midaoui
- Biology Department, FSTE, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, BP 609, Errachidia 52000, Morocco
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Mourad A M Aboul-Soud
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandrine Silvente-Poirot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM, UMR 5071 CNRS, University of Toulouse III, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 31037 Toulouse, France
- French Network for Nutrition And Cancer Research (NACRe Network), 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marc Poirot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM, UMR 5071 CNRS, University of Toulouse III, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 31037 Toulouse, France
- French Network for Nutrition And Cancer Research (NACRe Network), 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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7
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Sarioglu E, Vural F, Ertürk Coşkun AD. The relationship of endometrial pathologies with endometrial thickness and inflammatory markers in breast cancers using tamoxifen. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023; 307:565-571. [PMID: 35650257 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Some proliferative and neoplastic changes can be seen in the endometrium of breast cancers using tamoxifen adjuvant therapy (TMX-BC). Identifying risk groups is crucial, but methods and frequency of endometrial follow-up are still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the clinical, ultrasonographic, and inflammatory factors to differentiate pathological endometrium in TMX-BC. METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed endometrial biopsy results of TMX-BC (n 361). Normal endometrium (Group I, n 237) and pathological endometrium (Group II, n 124) were compared for clinical, ultrasonographic, and inflammatory features. Neutrophil and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (NLR; PLR), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) were the inflammatory markers. RESULTS The majority of TMX-BC with endometrial biopsy were asymptomatic (72.6%) and had normal endometrium (65.7%). Pathologic endometrium included endometrial polyp (31.9%), endometrial hyperplasia (1.7%), and endometrial cancer (0.8%). The duration of tamoxifen, cancer stage, vaginal bleeding, and menopause was similar in Group I and Group II (p > 0.05). Group II had increased endometrial thickness (11.22 ± 5.44 mm) compared to Group I (8.51 ± 3.43 mm). Group II had higher RDW and PDW than Group I (p < 0.05). Endometrial thickness ≥ 10 mm had significant diagnostic potential in postmenopausal women (AUC 0.676, p 0.000, CI 0.5-0.7), but not in premenopause. CONCLUSION PDW and RDW may be promising markers for pathological endometrium differentiation, but these preliminary findings should be validated by clinical studies. Measurement of endometrial thickness in asymptomatic patients may predict high-risk women with pathological endometrium in postmenopausal women. Further studies are needed in premenopausal women and those using tamoxifen for more than 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Sarioglu
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye Medical Faculty, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Tıbbiye cad. No: 40, Üsküdar, 34668, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fisun Vural
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye Medical Faculty, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Tıbbiye cad. No: 40, Üsküdar, 34668, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Deniz Ertürk Coşkun
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye Medical Faculty, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Tıbbiye cad. No: 40, Üsküdar, 34668, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Sonographic and Hysteroscopic Surveillance in Women with Breast Cancer Treated with Tamoxifen: A Retrospective Study. INDIAN JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40944-022-00652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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PET Imaging of Estrogen Receptors for Gynecological Tumors. Clin Nucl Med 2022; 47:e481-e488. [PMID: 35675139 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000004258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the past few decades, PET with 18F-FDG has been used for the diagnosis of gynecological malignancies and is considered to be superior to conventional imaging methods in diagnostic accuracy for detecting metastatic lesions and local recurrence and in evaluating the treatment response. On the other hand, several gynecological tumors, such as endometrial cancer and leiomyoma, and breast cancer are estrogen-dependent, in which estrogen is essential for their development and progression. 18F-FES is an 18F-labeled compound of estradiol, the most bioactive type of estrogen, and 18F-FES PET has been well-established for diagnosis, staging, and posttherapeutic follow-up in patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Compared with in vitro assessment of tumor biopsy material, PET imaging has the advantages of being able to measure in vivo tumor behavior, characterize the entire tumor burden, and capture the heterogeneity of the tumor phenotype. In this article, we review the phenotyping of estrogen-related gynecological tumors other than breast cancer using 18F-FES PET and demonstrate the additional value of 18F-FES PET to 18F-FDG PET in their diagnosis and prognostication. Moreover, promising PET tracers other than 18F-FES and 18F-FDG for the evaluation of estrogen-related gynecological tumors are introduced.
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10
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Management of Breast Cancer Survivors by Gynecologists. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2022; 65:494-509. [PMID: 35708967 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer patients commonly present to their OBGYN during the process of diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer both for specific gynecologic needs and for primary care follow up. These patients require counseling on contraception, hormone use, and fertility at diagnosis. During treatment and survivorship, patients will face a variety of side effects from treatments leading to vasomotor symptoms, vulvovaginal discomfort, sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis, and vaginal bleeding. This chapters aims to enlighten providers on the unique range of issues a gynecologist may face when caring for breast cancer patients.
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11
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Pinto AM, Martins MB, Ferreira I, Moreira C. Fast-growing fibroepithelial stromal vaginal polyp. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e250076. [PMID: 35710231 PMCID: PMC9204429 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-250076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta Pinto
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga EPE, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Boia Martins
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga EPE, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga EPE, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Clara Moreira
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga EPE, Aveiro, Portugal
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12
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Fan EM, Zimmern PE. Challenges of Managing Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Women with Tamoxifen Use. WOMEN'S HEALTH REPORTS 2022; 3:430-436. [PMID: 35559354 PMCID: PMC9081001 DOI: 10.1089/whr.2021.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Tamoxifen complicates management of conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), urinary incontinence (UI), and/or pelvic organ prolapse (POP) that traditionally benefit from hormonal intake; thus, we reviewed our experience in managing these hormonally deprived women. Materials and Methods: After IRB approval, electronic medical records from women with current use or history of tamoxifen use and referred to a tertiary care center with female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery expertise for UTI, UI, and/or POP were reviewed. Results: From 2015 to 2020, 32 women treated with tamoxifen 10–40 mg for a median of 4 years were referred for UTIs (9), UI (10), symptomatic POP (8), or for a combination of these (5). Participants with UTI treated with antibiotics, prophylactic supplements, and/or electrofulguration had satisfactory response at median follow-up of 1 year (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.5–1). Ten of 15 women with UI chose intervention, with no self-reported UI recurrence at median follow-up of 2.5 years (IQR: 1–3). All but one participant with POP underwent vaginal or open/robotic mesh repairs, with satisfactory outcomes at median follow-up of 3 years (IQR: 2–7). Conclusions: The management of UTIs, UI, and POP in women on tamoxifen or unable to benefit from hormonal intake is challenging, but traditional interventions can be considered with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M. Fan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Philippe E. Zimmern
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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13
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Yu K, Huang ZY, Xu XL, Li J, Fu XW, Deng SL. Estrogen Receptor Function: Impact on the Human Endometrium. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:827724. [PMID: 35295981 PMCID: PMC8920307 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.827724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of estrogen in the female endometrium is well established. On the basis of responses to steroid hormones (progesterone, androgen, and estrogen), the endometrium is considered to have proliferative and secretory phases. Estrogen can act in the endometrium by interacting with estrogen receptors (ERs) to induce mucosal proliferation during the proliferative phase and progesterone receptor (PR) synthesis, which prepare the endometrium for the secretory phase. Mouse knockout studies have shown that ER expression, including ERα, ERβ, and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in the endometrium is critical for normal menstrual cycles and subsequent pregnancy. Incorrect expression of ERs can produce many diseases that can cause endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia (EH), and endometrial cancer (EC), which affect numerous women of reproductive age. ERα promotes uterine cell proliferation and is strongly associated with an increased risk of EC, while ERβ has the opposite effects on ERα function. GPER is highly expressed in abnormal EH, but its expression in EC patients is paradoxical. Effective treatments for endometrium-related diseases depend on understanding the physiological function of ERs; however, much less is known about the signaling pathways through which ERs functions in the normal endometrium or in endometrial diseases. Given the important roles of ERs in the endometrium, we reviewed the published literature to elaborate the regulatory role of estrogen and its nuclear and membrane-associated receptors in maintaining the function of endometrium and to provide references for protecting female reproduction. Additionally, the role of drugs such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, fulvestrant and G-15 in the endometrium are also described. Future studies should focus on evaluating new therapeutic strategies that precisely target specific ERs and their related growth factor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Yuan Huang
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xue-Ling Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiang-Wei Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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AlZaabi A, AlAmri H, ALAjmi G, Allawati M, Muhanna F, Alabri R, AlBusaidi F, AlGhafri S, Al-Mirza AA, Al Baimani K. Endometrial Surveillance in Tamoxifen and Letrozole Treated Breast Cancer Patients. Cureus 2021; 13:e20030. [PMID: 34987915 PMCID: PMC8716161 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Our study aimed to assess the risk of endometrial pathologies after tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) adjuvant treatment for female breast cancer patients treated at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital in Oman. Materials and Methods: A total of 457 patients diagnosed with estrogen positive breast cancer between January 2011 and December 2018 were screened. Two hundred and four patients met the inclusion criteria, and their detailed clinicopathological and endometrial surveillance data were collected from their electronic health records. Results: All patients underwent endometrial assessment during tamoxifen or letrozole therapy. The mean diagnostic age of breast cancer patients is 43.6 years, ranging from 27-84 years. Eighty-three percent of those patients are premenopausal, and 17% are postmenopausal. The mean tamoxifen use duration was 33 months. The majority of patients, 123 (60.3%), have had tamoxifen for three years or less, 47 (23.1%) for 3-5 years, and only 22 (10.8%) were on tamoxifen for more than five years. Increased endometrial thickness was reported in 8% of the premenopausal and 14% of the postmenopausal group. Other endometrial pathologies that were detected are inactive endometrium three (1.47%), atrophic endometrium three (1.47%), serous carcinoma one (0.50%), endometrial cancer two (0.98%), and chronic endometritis one (0.50%), which were not significantly associated with tamoxifen or letrozole therapy duration. Two patients have developed endometrial cancer, and both are postmenopausal and > 60 years old. Conclusions: Tamoxifen and letrozole did not increase the risk of endometrial cancer in premenopausal patients. Breast Cancer (BC) patients on tamoxifen or letrozole might need a pre-treatment endometrial evaluation and explanation of alarming symptoms to guide further endometrial surveillance.
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Papakonstantinou E, Adonakis G. Management of pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal abnormal uterine bleeding: When to perform endometrial sampling? Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2021; 158:252-259. [PMID: 34669187 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is defined as abnormal volume, duration, or frequency of menstrual period and is a common symptom in women of all ages (premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal). The acronym PALM-COEIN, introduced by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), facilitates the evaluation and differential diagnosis of AUB, mostly in premenopausal women with AUB. Endometrial evaluation (including ultrasound or hysteroscopic imaging and tissue sampling) for subtle pathology is proposed in patients who are at high risk for endometrial cancer and in patients at low risk who present with AUB and who present poor correspondence in medical treatment. Many new diagnostic modalities are available in clinicians in order to help the assessment of women presenting with abnormalities in their menstrual pattern. The present study reviews the optimal management of women presenting with AUB, taking into consideration the actual need for invasive management in these women, who of them require it, and who can be diagnosed without histological verification. The importance of endometrial tissue sampling in women who present with AUB as well as the best timing for a clinician to conduct a biopsy are two axons analyzed below, according to the latest worldwide guidelines and major publications about this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Papakonstantinou
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Adonakis
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
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16
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Briggs P, Hapangama DK. Urogenital atrophy: The 'unknown factors' challenging current practice. Post Reprod Health 2021; 27:109-120. [PMID: 33673759 DOI: 10.1177/2053369121997673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urogenital atrophy occurs as a result of the effect of estrogen deficiency on the tissue quality in the vulva, vagina, urethra and bladder. It is a common consequence of the menopause, with possibly up to 80% of women experiencing symptoms. Despite a number of different diagnostic methods, there is no validated objective method by which to confirm the diagnosis in clinical practice and research settings. Education, for women and clinicians, is called for to support diagnosis and treatment. However, before this can be of global benefit, development of an accessible and reproducible diagnostic test is required. Current assessment methods include routine history and clinical examination, with the clinician's opinion based on their subjective observations. A vaginal smear to assess the ratio of superficial to parabasal cells and measurement of the pH of the vaginal secretions is more commonly used in research settings. A number of formulae have been postulated to facilitate the diagnosis including the Vaginal Health Index, the Vulval Health Index, the Genitourinary Syndrome of the Menopause assessment tool, the Genital Health Clinical Evaluation and vaginal biopsy and assessment of the vaginal microbiome. However, none of these potential methods of assessment has been validated. This article focuses on what we do not know about urogenital atrophy including the prevalence, the most appropriate terminology, aetiology, pathogenesis and the most objective and reproducible method of assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Briggs
- Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dharani K Hapangama
- Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Kauffman RP, Young C, Castracane VD. Perils of prolonged ovarian suppression and hypoestrogenism in the treatment of breast cancer: Is the risk of treatment worse than the risk of recurrence? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 525:111181. [PMID: 33529690 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Premenopausal breast cancer is usually estrogen receptor positive, and hence, prolonged ovarian suppression by medical or surgical means to prevent recurrence has become standard of management to improve disease-free survival. Ten-year adjuvant tamoxifen therapy is associated with 3.5% fewer recurrences compared to five years. The SOFT trial demonstrated small but statistically significant incremental improvements in long-term disease-free survival by the addition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment (triptorelin) to an aromatase inhibitor (exemestane). Profound hypoestrogenism in the premenopausal age group may not be well tolerated due to a host of bothersome side effects (primarily vasomotor symptoms, musculoskeletal complaints, genitourinary syndrome of menopause, and mood disorders). Prolonged hypoestrogenism in younger women is associated with premature development of cardiovascular disease, bone loss, cognitive decline, and all-cause mortality. This paper explores multi-system consequences of prolonged hypoestrogenism in premenopausal women derived from studies of women with and without breast cancer. Pretreatment counseling in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer should emphasize the benefit of prolonged estrogen suppression on breast cancer recurrence and established risks of lifelong hypoestrogenism on quality of life and all-cause mortality. Future genomic research may help identify the best candidates for extended ovarian suppression to avoid treating many women when only a minority benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Kauffman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 1400 S. Coulter Rd, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
| | - Christina Young
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 1400 S. Coulter Rd, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - V Daniel Castracane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 1400 S. Coulter Rd, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
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18
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Hu Y, Zhou K, Shan D, Yang M. Interventions for vaginal bleeding irregularities with contraceptive implant. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education; Chengdu China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Kunyan Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu China
| | - Dan Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education; Chengdu China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Meina Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu China
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Romero SA, Young K, Hickey M, Su HI. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer on adjuvant tamoxifen. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 12:CD007245. [PMID: 33348436 PMCID: PMC8092675 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007245.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvant tamoxifen reduces the risk of breast cancer recurrence in women with oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Tamoxifen also increases the risk of postmenopausal bleeding, endometrial polyps, hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) causes profound endometrial suppression. This systematic review considered the evidence that the LNG-IUS prevents the development of endometrial pathology in women taking tamoxifen as adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness and safety of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in pre- and postmenopausal women taking adjuvant tamoxifen following breast cancer for the outcomes of endometrial and uterine pathology including abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting, and secondary breast cancer events. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases on 29 June 2020; The Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group specialised register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group specialised register on 4 March 2020. We also searched two trials registers, checked references for relevant trials and contacted study authors and experts in the field to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of women with breast cancer on adjuvant tamoxifen that compared the effectiveness of the LNG-IUS with endometrial surveillance versus endometrial surveillance alone on the incidence of endometrial pathology. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures recommended by Cochrane. The primary outcome measure was endometrial pathology (including polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, or endometrial cancer), diagnosed at hysteroscopy or endometrial biopsy. Secondary outcome measures included fibroids, abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting, breast cancer recurrence, and breast cancer-related deaths. We rated the overall certainty of evidence using GRADE methods. MAIN RESULTS We included four RCTs (543 women analysed) in this review. We judged the certainty of the evidence to be moderate for all of the outcomes, due to imprecision (i.e. limited sample sizes and low event rates). In the included studies, the active treatment arm was the 20 μg/day LNG-IUS plus endometrial surveillance; the control arm was endometrial surveillance alone. In tamoxifen users, the LNG-IUS probably reduces the incidence of endometrial polyps compared to the control group over both a 12-month period (Peto odds ratio (OR) 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08 to 0.64, I² = 0%; 2 RCTs, n = 212; moderate-certainty evidence) and over a long-term follow-up period (24 to 60 months) (Peto OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.39; I² = 0%; 4 RCTs, n = 417; moderate-certainty evidence). For long-term follow-up, this suggests that if the incidence of endometrial polyps following endometrial surveillance alone is assumed to be 23.5%, the incidence following LNG-IUS with endometrial surveillance would be between 3.8% and 10.7%. The LNG-IUS probably slightly reduces the incidence of endometrial hyperplasia compared with controls over a long-term follow-up period (24 to 60 months) (Peto OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.67; I² = 0%; 4 RCTs, n = 417; moderate-certainty evidence). This suggests that if the chance of endometrial hyperplasia following endometrial surveillance alone is assumed to be 2.8%, the chance following LNG-IUS with endometrial surveillance would be between 0.1% and 1.9%. However, it should be noted that there were only six cases of endometrial hyperplasia. There was insufficient evidence to reach a conclusion regarding the incidence of endometrial cancer in tamoxifen users, as no studies reported cases of endometrial cancer. At 12 months of follow-up, the LNG-IUS probably increases abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting compared to the control group (Peto OR 7.26, 95% CI 3.37 to 15.66; I² = 0%; 3 RCTs, n = 376; moderate-certainty evidence). This suggests that if the chance of abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting following endometrial surveillance alone is assumed to be 1.7%, the chance following LNG-IUS with endometrial surveillance would be between 5.6% and 21.5%. By 24 months of follow-up, abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting occurs less frequently than at 12 months of follow-up, but is still more common in the LNG-IUS group than the control group (Peto OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.04 to 7.10; I² = 0%; 2 RCTs, n = 233; moderate-certainty evidence). This suggests that if the chance of abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting following endometrial surveillance alone is assumed to be 4.2%, the chance following LNG-IUS with endometrial surveillance would be between 4.4% and 23.9%. By 60 months of follow-up, there were no cases of abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting in either group. The numbers of events for the following outcomes were low: fibroids (n = 13), breast cancer recurrence (n = 18), and breast cancer-related deaths (n = 16). As a result, there is probably little or no difference in these outcomes between the LNG-IUS treatment group and the control group. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The LNG-IUS probably slightly reduces the incidence of benign endometrial polyps and endometrial hyperplasia in women with breast cancer taking tamoxifen. At 12 and 24 months of follow-up, the LNG-IUS probably increases abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting among women in the treatment group compared to those in the control. Data were lacking on whether the LNG-IUS prevents endometrial cancer in these women. There is no clear evidence from the available RCTs that the LNG-IUS affects the risk of breast cancer recurrence or breast cancer-related deaths. Larger studies are necessary to assess the effects of the LNG-IUS on the incidence of endometrial cancer, and to determine whether the LNG-IUS might have an impact on the risk of secondary breast cancer events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Ad Romero
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katie Young
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Martha Hickey
- The University of Melbourne, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H Irene Su
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Risk factors of progression to endometrial cancer in women with endometrial hyperplasia: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243064. [PMID: 33259545 PMCID: PMC7707482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate risk factors of progression to endometrial cancer (EC) in women with non-atypical and atypical endometrial hyperplasia (EH). Methods The data of 62,333 women with EH diagnostic codes from 2007 to 2018 were sourced from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service databases. The data from 11,525 women with non-atypical EH and 2,219 women with atypical EH who met the selection criteria were extracted for analysis. Results Risk of EC in women with EH decreased in 40–49 year olds compared to other ages (non-atypical EH: [≤39 vs. 40–49 years] HR, 0.557; 95% CI, 0.439–0.708; P<0.001; [≤39 vs. ≥50 years] P = 0.739; atypical EH: [≤39 vs. 40–49 years] HR, 0.391; 95% CI, 0.229–0.670; P = 0.001; [≤39 vs. ≥50 years] P = 0.712). Risk of EC increased with increase in number of follow-up biopsies in women with non-atypical EH (1 biopsy: HR, 1.835; 95% CI, 1.282–2.629; P = 0.001; ≥2 biopsies: HR, 3.644; 95% CI, 2.585–5.317; P<0.001) and in women receiving ≥2 follow-up biopsies with atypical EH (HR, 3.827; 95% CI, 1.924–7.612; P = 0.001). Time of progression to EC decreased in women ≥50 years old with non-atypical EH compared to other ages (P = 0.004) and showed no differences among ages in women with atypical EH (P = 0.576). Progestational agents were a protective factor for EC in women with non-atypical EH (HR, 0.703; 95% CI, 0.565–0.876; P = 0.002). Conclusions In this claim data analysis, women ≤39 and ≥50 years old with EH were at a high risk for progression to EC, and repeat follow-up biopsy after a diagnosis of EH increased detection of EC. Progestational agents were an effective modality to prevent EC in women with non-atypical EH.
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21
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Zhang G, Yu X, Sun Z, Zhu L, Lang J. Value of endometrial thickness in diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia during selective estrogen receptor modulator therapy in premenopausal breast cancer patients. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020; 50:101929. [PMID: 33022449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The weak estrogenic-like effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) may lead to series of endometrial lesions, including proliferation, hyperplasia, polyp formation, and even endometrial cancer. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of different endometrial thickness in diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia during SERM therapy in premenopausal patients. METHODS The clinical data of 115 patients receiving hysteroscopic endometrial biopsy during SERM therapy in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China from January 2010 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Average age at the beginning of SERM therapy was 43.4 ± 5.7 years old. Mean duration time of SERM therapy was 31.0 ± 22.1 months. The mean endometrial thickness was 14.3 ± 6.1 mm. 4 cases of atypical endometrial hyperplasia (3.5 %), and 4 cases of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (3.5 %) were detected. Endometrial thickness was higher in endometrial hyperplasia patients than in no endometrial hyperplasia patients (18.8 vs 13.9 mm, p = 0.029). Endometrial thickness in 8 out of 8 endometrial hyperplasia patients and 38 out of 107 no endometrial hyperplasia patients were ≥ 15 mm (p = 0.002). The negative predictive value in the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia during SERM therapy in premenopausal patients was 100 % when endometrial thickness < 15 mm chosen as cutoff value. CONCLUSION Endometrial hyperplasia was less likely to occur in premenopausal patients during SERM therapy when endometrial thickness < 15 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijing Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinghe Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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22
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Zhang Z, Yuan Y, He L, Yao X, Chen J. Involvement of angiotensin II receptor type 1/NF-κB signaling in the development of endometriosis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3269-3277. [PMID: 32855697 PMCID: PMC7444343 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis (EM) is a common disease in women; however, the signaling pathways and related genes underlying the mechanisms of EM remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) in the pathogenesis of EM. Human EM tissues were collected, and the expression levels of AGTR1 and NF-κB in the tissues were analyzed using immunochemistry and western blotting, while the estrogen levels in the EM tissues were determined by ELISA. In vitro human endometrial stromal cells were used to investigate the expression levels of AGTR1 following exposure to estrogen; the interaction between AGTR1 and NF-κB was determined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting; and the effects of AGTR1 on cell proliferation, as well as the apoptotic and migratory abilities of the cells were evaluated using WST-1 assays, wound healing assays and flow cytometry, respectively. It was observed that both the expression levels of AGTR1 and the activity of NF-κB were increased in human EM tissues and stromal cells, and this activation of AGTR1 subsequently increased the activity of NF-κB. Moreover, estrogen was found to regulate the expression levels of AGTR1 in stromal cells. The activation of AGTR1 was demonstrated to promote cell proliferation and migration, in addition to preventing cells from undergoing apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study suggested that the increased activity of the AGTR1-NF-κB axis following the decreased exposure to estrogen may be important for the pathogenesis of EM. In addition, AGTR1 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P.R. China
| | - Lian He
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Yao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Chen
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
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Assessment of Tamoxifen-Related Endometrial Changes in Premenopausal Female Patients With Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2020; 44:485-489. [PMID: 32558766 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000001028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate tamoxifen-related endometrial changes in premenopausal female patients with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). METHODS This prospective study was performed on 71 premenopausal female patients (mean age, 41 years) who were receiving tamoxifen therapy. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging with DWI of the pelvis and hysteroscopic-guided endometrial biopsy. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the endometrial plate were calculated and correlated with pathological results. RESULTS The mean ADCs of tamoxifen-related benign endometrial lesions (1.35 ± 0.19 and 1.32 ± 0.13 × 10 mm/s) were significantly higher (P = 0.001) than those of normal endometrial plate (0.95 ± 0.11 and 0.93 ± 0.11 × 10 mm/s) by both reviewers, respectively. The cutoff ADC values used to differentiate tamoxifen-related benign endometrial lesions from normal endometrium were 1.07 and 1.02 × 10 mm/s with areas under the curve of 0.94 and 0.93 and accuracy of 94.4 and 95.8 by both reviewers, respectively. The mean ADC values of endometrial polyp (EP) (1.44 ± 0.19 and 1.42 ± 0.22 × 10 mm/s) were significantly higher (P = 0.001) than those of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) (1.25 ± 0.19 and 1.23 ± 0.19 × 10 mm/s) by both reviewers, respectively. The cutoff ADC values used to differentiate EP from EH were 1.38 × 10 and 1.36 × 10 mm/s with areas under the curve of 0.81 and 0.77 and accuracy of 80% and 70% by both reviewers, respectively. There was an insignificant difference in ADC value between typical and atypical EH. The ADC values of endometrial cancer (0.80 and 0.78 × 10 mm/s) were lower than those of tamoxifen-related benign endometrial lesions. The final diagnosis was normal endometrium (n = 36), benign endometrial lesions either EH (n = 17), or EP (n = 16), and endometrial cancer in only 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that DWI helps in detection and characterization of different tamoxifen-related endometrial changes in the premenopausal female patients.
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Branigan GL, Soto M, Neumayer L, Rodgers K, Brinton RD. Association Between Hormone-Modulating Breast Cancer Therapies and Incidence of Neurodegenerative Outcomes for Women With Breast Cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e201541. [PMID: 32207833 PMCID: PMC7093781 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance The association between exposure to hormone-modulating therapy (HMT) as breast cancer treatment and neurodegenerative disease (NDD) is unclear. Objective To determine whether HMT exposure is associated with the risk of NDD in women with breast cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used the Humana claims data set from January 1, 2007, to March 31, 2017. The Humana data set contains claims from private-payer and Medicare insurance data sets from across the United States with a population primarily residing in the Southeast. Patient claims records were surveyed for a diagnosis of NDD starting 1 year after breast cancer diagnosis for the duration of enrollment in the claims database. Participants were 57 843 women aged 45 years or older with a diagnosis of breast cancer. Patients were required to be actively enrolled in Humana claims records for 6 months prior to and at least 3 years after the diagnosis of breast cancer. The analyses were conducted between January 1 and 15, 2020. Exposure Hormone-modulating therapy (selective estrogen receptor modulators, estrogen receptor antagonists, and aromatase inhibitors). Main Outcomes and Measures Patients receiving HMT for breast cancer treatment were identified. Survival analysis was used to determine the association between HMT exposure and diagnosis of NDD. A propensity score approach was used to minimize measured and unmeasured selection bias. Results Of the 326 485 women with breast cancer in the Humana data set between 2007 and 2017, 57 843 met the study criteria. Of these, 18 126 (31.3%; mean [SD] age, 76.2 [7.0] years) received HMT, whereas 39 717 (68.7%; mean [SD] age, 76.8 [7.0] years) did not receive HMT. Mean (SD) follow-up was 5.5 (1.8) years. In the propensity score-matched population, exposure to HMT was associated with a decrease in the number of women who received a diagnosis of NDD (2229 of 17 878 [12.5%] vs 2559 of 17 878 [14.3%]; relative risk, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.84-0.93; P < .001), Alzheimer disease (877 of 17 878 [4.9%] vs 1068 of 17 878 [6.0%]; relative risk, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.75-0.90; P < .001), and dementia (1862 of 17 878 [10.4%] vs 2116 of 17 878 [11.8%]; relative risk, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.83-0.93; P < .001). The number needed to treat was 62.51 for all NDDs, 93.61 for Alzheimer disease, and 69.56 for dementia. Conclusions and Relevance Among patients with breast cancer, tamoxifen and steroidal aromatase inhibitors were associated with a decrease in the number who received a diagnosis of NDD, specifically Alzheimer disease and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Branigan
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
- MD-PhD Training Program, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
| | - Maira Soto
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
| | - Leigh Neumayer
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
| | - Kathleen Rodgers
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
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Guler E, Smith DA, Somarouthu B, Gujrathi R, Ramaiya NH, Tirumani SH. Overview of imaging findings associated with systemic therapies in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020; 45:828-841. [PMID: 31396642 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-02175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide an overview for radiologists of the systemic agents used in the treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and their associated toxicities. RESULTS EOC is a common gynecological malignancy, with the majority of patients presenting with advanced stage disease at the time of diagnosis. Although primary cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy are the principal treatments for EOC, recurrence rates of disease remain high. As several molecular targeted therapies have been developed in the last decade, various novel agents have shown efficacy in the treatment of advanced EOC. Advanced EOC will be discussed by outlining the relevant radiological features of toxicities. CONCLUSION Knowledge of the systemic therapies utilized in the treatment of advanced EOC and their associated radiological features is critical in diagnostic image interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Guler
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Daniel A Smith
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Bhanusupriya Somarouthu
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rahul Gujrathi
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nikhil H Ramaiya
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sree Harsha Tirumani
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 206: Use of Hormonal Contraception in Women With Coexisting Medical Conditions. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 133:e128-e150. [PMID: 30681544 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have addressed the safety and effectiveness of hormonal contraceptive use in healthy women, data regarding women with underlying medical conditions or other special circumstances are limited. The U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria (USMEC) for Contraceptive Use, 2016 (), which has been endorsed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, is a published guideline based on the best available evidence and expert opinion to help health care providers better care for women with chronic medical problems who need contraception. The goal of this Practice Bulletin is to explain how to use the USMEC rating system in clinical practice and to specifically discuss the rationale behind the ratings for various medical conditions. Contraception for women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (); the use of emergency contraception in women with medical coexisting medical conditions, including obesity, (); and the effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) on bone health () are addressed in other documents from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
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Helland T, Hagen KB, Haugstøyl ME, Kvaløy JT, Lunde S, Lode K, Lind RA, Gripsrud BH, Jonsdottir K, Gjerde J, Bifulco E, Hustad S, Jonassen J, Aas T, Lende TH, Lien EA, Janssen EAM, Søiland H, Mellgren G. Drug monitoring of tamoxifen metabolites predicts vaginal dryness and verifies a low discontinuation rate from the Norwegian Prescription Database. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 177:185-195. [PMID: 31144152 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05294-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tamoxifen is an important targeted endocrine therapy in breast cancer. However, side effects and early discontinuation of tamoxifen remains a barrier for obtaining the improved outcome benefits of long-term tamoxifen treatment. Biomarkers predictive of tamoxifen side effects remain unidentified. The objective of this prospective population-based study was to investigate the value of tamoxifen metabolite concentrations as biomarkers for side effects. A second objective was to assess the validity of discontinuation rates obtained through pharmacy records with the use of tamoxifen drug monitoring. METHODS Longitudinal serum samples, patient-reported outcome measures and pharmacy records from 220 breast cancer patients were obtained over a 6-year period. Serum concentrations of tamoxifen metabolites were measured by LC-MS/MS. Associations between metabolite concentrations and side effects were analyzed by logistic regression and cross table analyses. To determine the validity of pharmacy records we compared longitudinal tamoxifen concentrations to discontinuation rates obtained through the Norwegian Prescription database (NorPD). Multivariable Cox regression models were performed to identify predictors of discontinuation. RESULTS At the 2nd year of follow-up, a significant association between vaginal dryness and high concentrations of tamoxifen, Z-4'-OHtam and tam-NoX was identified. NorPD showed a tamoxifen-discontinuation rate of 17.9% at 5 years and drug monitoring demonstrated similar rates. Nausea, vaginal dryness and chemotherapy-naive status were significant risk factors for tamoxifen discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS This real-world data study suggests that measurements of tamoxifen metabolite concentrations may be predictive of vaginal dryness in breast cancer patients and verifies NorPD as a reliable source of adherence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Helland
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kari Britt Hagen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Martha Eimstad Haugstøyl
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Kvaløy
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Siri Lunde
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kirsten Lode
- Department of Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ragna Anne Lind
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Birgitta Haga Gripsrud
- Department of Caring and Ethics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kristin Jonsdottir
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jennifer Gjerde
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ersilia Bifulco
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Core Facility for Metabolomics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Steinar Hustad
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Core Facility for Metabolomics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Janne Jonassen
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Turid Aas
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tone Hoel Lende
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ernst Asbjørn Lien
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Emiel Adrianus Maria Janssen
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Håvard Søiland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Kawaguchi M, Kato H, Suzui N, Furui T, Morishige KI, Goshima S, Matsuo M. MR imaging findings differentiating uterine submucosal polypoid adenomyomas from endometrial polyps. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20180430. [PMID: 30604637 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of MRI for differentiating between uterine submucosal polypoid adenomyomas (PAs) and endometrial polyps (EPs). METHODS: MRI was used to examine 40 histopathologically confirmed benign polypoid endometrial tumors (8submucosal PAs and 32 EPs). Atypical PAs were excluded from this study. Quantitative measurements (maximum tumor diameter, maximum cyst diameter, number of cysts, and apparent diffusion coefficient values) and qualitative imaging findings (predominance of cystic or solid components as well as presence of cysts, hemorrhage, myometrial invasion, fluid-fluid level, and fibrous core) were correlated with the two pathologies. RESULTS: The predominance of cystic components (37% vs 6%; p < 0.05) was more frequently observed in PAs than in EPs. The frequency of cysts (88% vs 25%; p < 0.01), hemorrhage (50% vs 9%; p < 0.05), and myometrial invasion (25% vs 0%; p < 0.05) were significantly higher in PAs than in EPs. No significant differences were observed in terms of the maximum tumor diameter, maximum cyst diameter, number of cysts, apparent diffusion coefficient values, and presence of fluid-fluid level and fibrous core between PAs and EPs. CONCLUSION: The differences of MR findings with emphasis on cystic components and hemorrhage may be useful for differentiating between PAs and EPs. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: The predominance of cystic or solid components and the presence of cysts, hemorrhage, and myometrial invasion were useful MR findings for differentiating between PAs and EPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Kawaguchi
- 1 Department of Radiology, Gifu University School of Medicine , Gifu , Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- 1 Department of Radiology, Gifu University School of Medicine , Gifu , Japan
| | - Natsuko Suzui
- 2 Department of Pathology, Gifu University School of Medicine , Gifu , Japan
| | - Tatsuro Furui
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University School of Medicine , Gifu , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichirou Morishige
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University School of Medicine , Gifu , Japan
| | - Satoshi Goshima
- 1 Department of Radiology, Gifu University School of Medicine , Gifu , Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsuo
- 1 Department of Radiology, Gifu University School of Medicine , Gifu , Japan
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Fleming CA, Heneghan HM, O'Brien D, McCartan DP, McDermott EW, Prichard RS. Meta-analysis of the cumulative risk of endometrial malignancy and systematic review of endometrial surveillance in extended tamoxifen therapy. Br J Surg 2018; 105:1098-1106. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Optimal management of the endometrium in patients with oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer taking extended tamoxifen therapy (for 10 years) remains uncertain. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the cumulative risk ratio (RR) for endometrial malignancy following extended compared with standard tamoxifen treatment. A systematic review was undertaken to identify whether routine endometrial surveillance in patients receiving tamoxifen is associated with earlier detection and reduced incidence of endometrial malignancy.
Methods
Two independent searches were undertaken in the Cochrane Library, PubMed and MEDLINE. A meta-analysis was performed of RCTs reporting on endometrial malignancy risk in extended tamoxifen therapy. A systematic review included prospective studies investigating the benefit of endometrial surveillance during tamoxifen therapy.
Results
Four RCTs reported on endometrial risk in extended tamoxifen therapy. The cumulative risk of endometrial malignancy increased twofold from 1·5 to 3·2 per cent with extended therapy compared with the standard 5 years of tamoxifen (RR 2·29, 95 per cent c.i. 1·60 to 3·28; P < 0·001). Four studies analysed the value of endometrial screening in 5-year cohorts. Endometrial cancer rates of up to 2 per cent were reported, which is higher than rates in the large extended tamoxifen trials.
Conclusion
Extended adjuvant tamoxifen is associated with an increase in endometrial cancer. No clear benefit has been shown for routine endometrial surveillance in asymptomatic patients on tamoxifen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Fleming
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H M Heneghan
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D O'Brien
- Department of Gynaecology, St Vincent's Hospital Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D P McCartan
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E W McDermott
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R S Prichard
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Group, Dublin, Ireland
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Lee C, Lee H, Hwang SY, Moon CM, Hong SN. IL-10 Plays a Pivotal Role in Tamoxifen-Induced Spasmolytic Polypeptide-Expressing Metaplasia in Gastric Mucosa. Gut Liver 2018. [PMID: 28642451 PMCID: PMC5669594 DOI: 10.5009/gnl16454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Gastric cancer evolves in the pathologic mucosal milieu, and its development is characterized by both the loss of acid-secreting parietal cells and mucosal cell metaplasia, called spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). Cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1β, and IL-6, play a key role in gastric carcinogenesis. However, changes in the cytokine profile of SPEM have not been evaluated. Methods To induce SPEM in mouse stomachs, C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with tamoxifen and sacrificed at 3, 10, and 21 days after treatment. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and a multiplex bead array were used to measure cytokines in the stomachs of tamoxifen-treated/control mice. Results The administration of tamoxifen led to the rapid development and histological normalization of SPEM 3 and 10 days after administration, respectively. RNA-seq revealed that the expression of IL-10 was decreased 3 days after tamoxifen administration. The multiplex assay identified a significant decline in IL-10 levels 3 days after tamoxifen treatment (58.38±34.44 pg/mL vs 94.09±4.98 pg/mL, p=0.031), which normalized at 10 and 21 days after tamoxifen treatment. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed that IL-10 expression was markedly decreased at the time of SPEM development and subsequently returned to normal, accompanied by a reversal in histologic changes. Conclusions IL-10 may play a pivotal role in the tamoxifen-induced acute development of gastric SPEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansu Lee
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Yun Hwang
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Mo Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Noh Hong
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tetikkurt S, Çelik E, Taş H, Cay T, Işik S, Usta AT. Coexistence of adenomyosis, adenocarcinoma, endometrial and myometrial lesions in resected uterine specimens. Mol Clin Oncol 2018; 9:231-237. [PMID: 30101029 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to identify endometrial and myometrial lesions coexisting with adenomyosis, and to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of endometrial adenocarcinomas associated with adenomyosis. A retrospective analysis of the resected uterine specimens of 319 patients with adenomyosis admitted between January 1, 2014 and August 1, 2017 was performed. The endometrial and myometrial lesions coexisting with adenomyosis were evaluated. The clinicopathological prognostic factors, including tumor grade, myometrial invasion, lymphovascular space involvement, lymph node invasion, pathological stage and recurrence, were analysed. For data analysis, the Chi-squared test was used and a P-value of <0.05 was considered to indicate statistically significant differences. The mean age of the patients was 52.1 years. A total of 32 patients had endometrial carcinoma associated with adenomyosis. In addition to endometrioid adenocarcinoma of different grades, rare clear cell carcinoma cases were also observed. Two cases of malignant mesenchymal tumors (one low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma and one leiomyosarcoma) were also diagnosed. Therefore, patients presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding should undergo thorough evaluation for the presence of adenomyosis and/or leiomyoma(s). Although the cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma associated with adenomyosis generally had a good prognostic outcome, there were also rare cases of patients with agressive tumor morphology. The inflammatory and tissue response arising around the foci of adenomyosis generate a preventive mechanism against the invasion of adenocarcinomas coexisting with adenomyosis. This response is likely the primary mechanism underlying the good clinical course of these tumors. Therefore, the presence of adenomyosis may be an important factor for the determination of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seza Tetikkurt
- Department of Pathology, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34200, Turkey
| | - Elif Çelik
- Department of Pathology, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34200, Turkey
| | - Hazal Taş
- Department of Pathology, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34200, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Cay
- Department of Pathology, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34200, Turkey
| | - Selman Işik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34200, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Taner Usta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Acıbadem University, Istanbul 34718, Turkey
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Abdaal A, Mushtaq Y, Khasati L, Moneim J, Khan F, Ahmed H, Bolton H. Post-menopausal bleeding - Is transvaginal ultrasound a useful first-line investigation in tamoxifen users? Post Reprod Health 2018; 24:72-78. [PMID: 29402191 DOI: 10.1177/2053369118755190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the role of transvaginal ultrasound triage in women with a history of tamoxifen treatment who present with post-menopausal bleeding. Study design A retrospective review was undertaken of patients who presented with symptoms of post-menopausal bleeding and underwent ultrasound triage. Endometrial thickness and ultrasonographic features were then correlated with hysteroscopic and histopathological outcome data. The findings and outcomes for women with a history of tamoxifen use (tamoxifen group) were compared to those who had not taken tamoxifen (non-tamoxifen group). Results A total of 614 women with post-menopausal bleeding underwent transvaginal ultrasound triage, of whom 53 had a history of current or previous tamoxifen treatment. An endometrial thickness of ≥5 mm or the presence of other abnormal features was used to triage women to further investigation by hysteroscopy and biopsy. Endometrial thickness was significantly greater in the tamoxifen group (11 mm vs. 6 mm). Nearly all of the tamoxifen group were triaged to further investigation (98.1%), compared with significantly fewer in the non-tamoxifen group (68.3%) Overall, the incidence of endometrial pathology was also significantly higher in tamoxifen patients (43.4% vs. 31.7%). Conclusion For women presenting with post-menopausal bleeding, the use of transvaginal ultrasound as a triage tool is rarely helpful in evaluating women who have a history as tamoxifen use, as most will require further investigation with hysteroscopy and biopsy. A post-menopausal bleeding protocol that omits transvaginal ultrasound for women with a history of tamoxifen use may be an appropriate and effective pathway for managing these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abdaal
- 1 School of Clinical Medicine, Ringgold Standard Institution, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Y Mushtaq
- 1 School of Clinical Medicine, Ringgold Standard Institution, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Khasati
- 1 School of Clinical Medicine, Ringgold Standard Institution, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Moneim
- 1 School of Clinical Medicine, Ringgold Standard Institution, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - F Khan
- 1 School of Clinical Medicine, Ringgold Standard Institution, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Ahmed
- 1 School of Clinical Medicine, Ringgold Standard Institution, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Bolton
- 2 Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Ringgold Standard Institution, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Carswell JM, Roberts SA. Induction and Maintenance of Amenorrhea in Transmasculine and Nonbinary Adolescents. Transgend Health 2017; 2:195-201. [PMID: 29142910 PMCID: PMC5684657 DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2017.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of persistent uterine bleeding in those patients who identify as transmasculine or nonbinary is often straightforward, but can be difficult in a subset of patients. This article reviews the physiology of the normal menstrual cycle and the hormonal influences on the endometrium, and then explores options for the treatment of persistent bleeding for people both already on testosterone and for those who are either not ready for or who do not desire testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremi M. Carswell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie A. Roberts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Yanase T, Kikuchi A, Sasagawa M, Honma S. Two cases of endometrial cancer arising from adenomyosis during aromatase inhibitors therapy after mastectomy. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2017; 37:952-954. [PMID: 28553743 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1308323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yanase
- a Department of Gynecology , Niigata Cancer Center Hospital , Niigata-shi, Niigata , Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- a Department of Gynecology , Niigata Cancer Center Hospital , Niigata-shi, Niigata , Japan
| | - Motoi Sasagawa
- a Department of Gynecology , Niigata Cancer Center Hospital , Niigata-shi, Niigata , Japan
| | - Shigeru Honma
- a Department of Gynecology , Niigata Cancer Center Hospital , Niigata-shi, Niigata , Japan
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Abstract
The purpose of this pictorial review is to describe the normal appearance of the endometrium and to provide radiologists with an overview of endometrial pathology utilizing case examples. The normal appearance of the endometrium varies by age, menstrual phase, and hormonal status with differing degrees of acceptable endometrial thickness. Endometrial pathology most often manifests as either focal or diffuse endometrial thickening, and patients frequently present with abnormal vaginal bleeding. Endovaginal ultrasound (US) is the first-line modality for imaging the endometrium. This article will discuss the endometrial measurements used to direct management and workup of symptomatic patients and will discuss when additional imaging may be appropriate. Three-dimensional US is complementary to two-dimensional ultrasound and can be used as a problem-solving technique. Saline-infused sonohysterogram is a useful adjunct to delineate and detect focal intracavitary abnormalities, such as polyps and submucosal fibroids. Magnetic resonance imaging is the preferred imaging modality for staging endometrial cancer because it best depicts the depth of myometrial invasion and cervical stromal involvement. Unique imaging features and complications of endometrial ablation will be introduced. At the completion of this article, the reader will understand the spectrum of normal endometrial findings and will understand the workup of common endometrial pathology.
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Palacios S, Cancelo MJ. Clinical update on the use of ospemifene in the treatment of severe symptomatic vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Int J Womens Health 2016; 8:617-626. [PMID: 27822125 PMCID: PMC5089832 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological decrease in vaginal estrogens is accountable for the emergence of vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA) and its related symptoms such as vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, vaginal and/or vulvar irritation or itching, and dysuria. The repercussion of these symptoms on quality of life often makes it necessary to initiate treatment. Up until now, the treatments available included vaginal moisturizers and lubricants, local estrogens, and hormonal therapy. However, therapeutic options have now been increased with the approval of 60 mg ospemifene, the first nonhormonal oral treatment with an agonist effect on the vaginal epithelium and an endometrial and breast safety profile which makes it unique. This is the first selective estrogen receptor modulator indicated in women with moderate-to-severe vaginal atrophy not eligible for local estrogen treatment. Considering that "local estrogen noneligible women" are those in whom such treatment cannot be administered either because it is contraindicated or due to skill issues, who are averse to the mode and convenience of vaginal products' administration or to their use on account of potential systemic absorption, or those who demonstrate dissatisfaction in terms of efficacy and safety, it is clear that there is a significant unmet medical need in VVA management. In fact, a great number of women show lack of adherence, dropping out of at least one VVA treatment, including nonhormonal moisturizers and lubricants, which they consider to be ineffective and uncomfortable. If they could choose, many of them may opt for oral treatment. In Phase III studies, ospemifene demonstrated efficacy in vaginal dryness and dyspareunia, regenerating vaginal cells, improving lubrication, and reducing pain during sexual intercourse. Symptoms improved in the first 4 weeks and endured for up to 1 year. Additionally, it demonstrated a good endometrial, cardiovascular system, and breast safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Jesús Cancelo
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Guadalajara University Hospital, University of Alcalá, Spain
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Moradi B, Kazemi MA, Rahamni M, Gity M. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome followed by ovarian torsion in premenopausal patient using adjuvant tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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de Moura-Leal AC, de Sousa JM, de Moura-Leal H, de Sousa GV, Alencar AP, Borges US, Pinto GR, da Silva BB. Evaluation of Ki-67 antigen expression in the vaginal epithelium of castrated female rats treated with raloxifene and tamoxifen: a comparative study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32:453-6. [PMID: 27199299 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1128408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of raloxifene and tamoxifen on Ki-67 antigen expression in the vaginal epithelium of castrated rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-nine virgin, adult, castrated female Wistar-Hannover rats were randomly divided into three groups: Group I (control, n = 13), Group II (raloxifene, n = 13) and Group III (tamoxifen, n = 13). After confirmation of their hypoestrogenic state, the rats were given 0.5 ml of propylene glycol (vehicle), 750 μg of raloxifene or 250 μg of tamoxifen, respectively, by gavage, for 30 days. On the 31st day, the rats were euthanized and their vaginas removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for of Ki-67 immunohistochemical evaluation. Data were analyzed using Levene's test and Tukey's method (p < 0.05). RESULTS Mean Ki-67 expression in groups I, II and III was 27 ± 2.6, 32.3 ± 1.9 and 43.7 ± 3.5, respectively. In Group III (tamoxifen), there was a greater proportion of stained cells compared to Groups I and II (p < 0.0003), with no statistically significant difference between Groups I and II (p = 0.3626). CONCLUSIONS The present results show that tamoxifen significantly increased cell proliferation in the vaginal epithelium of the castrated rats and no difference between the raloxifene and control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heyder de Moura-Leal
- a Department of Gynecology , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina, Piauí , Brazil
| | - Gabriela V de Sousa
- a Department of Gynecology , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina, Piauí , Brazil
| | - Airlane P Alencar
- c Department of Statistics , São Paulo University , São Paulo , Brazil , and
| | | | - Giovanny R Pinto
- d Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - Benedito B da Silva
- a Department of Gynecology , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina, Piauí , Brazil
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive imaging review of the common hormonal therapies used in oncology and the side effects associated with them. CONCLUSION Commonly used hormones in oncology include corticosteroids, somatostatin analogues, progestins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists, antiandrogens, aromatase inhibitors, and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Familiarity with these hormones and their side effects can help radiologists to be vigilant for the side effects and complications of these agents.
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Pinkerton JV, Stanczyk FZ. Clinical effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators on vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Menopause 2014; 21:309-19. [PMID: 23777900 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31829755ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaginal estrogen therapy at the lowest effective dose is generally recommended for the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA), but not all women are candidates. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) aim to elicit specific positive effects on targeted tissues with neutral or minimal negative effects on other tissues. This review compares the vaginal effects of currently available and investigational SERMs. METHODS Relevant English-language articles published between 1980 and 2012 were identified through the PubMed database (search string "[Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator OR SERM] AND [Vulvar OR Vaginal] AND Atrophy"), article reference lists, and EMBASE searches for individual SERMs. Both authors reviewed all articles, which formed the basis of this narrative literature review. RESULTS Activity profiles of SERMs in various tissues are distinct. Tamoxifen and arzoxifene have no specific positive vaginal effects but have reported variable or adverse gynecologic effects. Raloxifene does not improve VVA but can be used safely in combination with vaginal estrogen. Bazedoxifene has no demonstrated efficacy for VVA but, in combination with oral conjugated equine estrogens, improves the signs and symptoms of VVA. SERMs with positive vaginal effects (such as improvement in the vaginal maturation index, reduced vaginal pH, and improvement in the signs and symptoms of VVA) on postmenopausal symptomatic women include lasofoxifene (clinical development on hold) and ospemifene, which was recently approved for the treatment of VVA-related dyspareunia, with a class effect warning of potential venous thrombosis risk. CONCLUSIONS SERMs that specifically target the pathophysiology underlying VVA may provide an alternative to vaginal or systemic estrogen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joann V Pinkerton
- From the 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UVA Midlife Health Center, Charlottesville, VA; and 2Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA
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Marjon NA, Hu C, Hathaway HJ, Prossnitz ER. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor regulates mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1644-1654. [PMID: 25030371 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0128-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of 17β-estradiol (E2) in breast cancer development and tumor growth has traditionally been attributed exclusively to the activation of estrogen receptor-α (ERα). Although targeted inhibition of ERα is a successful approach for patients with ERα(+) breast cancer, many patients fail to respond or become resistant to anti-estrogen therapy. The discovery of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) suggested an additional mechanism through which E2 could exert its effects in breast cancer. Studies have demonstrated clinical correlations between GPER expression in human breast tumor specimens and increased tumor size, distant metastasis, and recurrence, as well as established a proliferative role for GPER in vitro; however, direct in vivo evidence has been lacking. To this end, a GPER-null mutation [GPER knockout (KO)] was introduced, through interbreeding, into a widely used transgenic mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis [MMTV-PyMT (PyMT)]. Early tumor development, assessed by the extent of hyperplasia and proliferation, was not different between GPER wild-type/PyMT (WT/PyMT) and those mice harboring the GPER-null mutation (KO/PyMT). However, by 12 to 13 weeks of age, tumors from KO/PyMT mice were smaller with decreased proliferation compared with those from WT/PyMT mice. Furthermore, tumors from the KO/PyMT mice were of histologically lower grade compared with tumors from their WT counterparts, suggesting less aggressive tumors in the KO/PyMT mice. Finally, KO/PyMT mice displayed dramatically fewer lung metastases compared with WT/PyMT mice. Combined, these data provide the first in vivo evidence that GPER plays a critical role in breast tumor growth and distant metastasis. IMPLICATIONS This is the first description of a role for the novel estrogen receptor GPER in breast tumorigenesis and metastasis, demonstrating that it represents a new target in breast cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Marjon
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, and UNM Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Chelin Hu
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, and UNM Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Helen J Hathaway
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, and UNM Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, and UNM Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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Sudderuddin S, Helbren E, Telesca M, Williamson R, Rockall A. MRI appearances of benign uterine disease. Clin Radiol 2014; 69:1095-104. [PMID: 25017452 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2014.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Benign uterine disease is a common entity affecting women of all ages. Ultrasound has historically been the predominant imaging method used in the evaluation of benign gynaecological disease, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) being reserved for use in the staging of malignant uterine and cervical disease. MRI is now increasingly used in the diagnosis of benign uterine disease as well as a tool for problem-solving in cases of diagnostic dilemma. It allows detailed assessment of benign conditions, such as endometrial lesions, leiomyomas, and adenomyosis, and can be helpful in the stratification of patients to different treatment modalities, including surgical resection, uterine artery embolization, and medical therapies. In this article, we review the MRI findings in the common benign uterine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sudderuddin
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK.
| | - E Helbren
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - M Telesca
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - R Williamson
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - A Rockall
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
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Cooley C, Nishino M, Jagannathan J, Ramaiya N, Di Salvo D, Krajewski KM. Clinical problem solving: utility of sonography in oncologic patients. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2014; 33:9-22. [PMID: 24371094 PMCID: PMC3970328 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.33.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review demonstrates the unique advantages of sonography in the oncologic setting. Although computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography-computed tomography are primary imaging modalities for evaluation of the oncologic patient, sonography is useful for evaluation of various conditions and clinical scenarios associated with cancer. The following article will illustrate the utility of sonography at a tertiary cancer center for diagnosis and problem solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cooley
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
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Goldstein SR, Bachmann GA, Koninckx PR, Lin VH, Portman DJ, Ylikorkala O. Ospemifene 12-month safety and efficacy in postmenopausal women with vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Climacteric 2013; 17:173-82. [PMID: 23984673 PMCID: PMC3971738 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2013.834493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Assessment of 12-month safety of ospemifene 60 mg/day for treatment of postmenopausal women with vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA). Methods In this 52-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, women 40–80 years with VVA and an intact uterus were randomized 6 : 1 to ospemifene 60 mg/day or placebo. The primary objective was 12-month safety, particularly endometrial; 12-week efficacy was assessed. Safety assessments included endometrial histology and thickness, and breast and gynecological examinations. Efficacy evaluations included changes from baseline to week 12 in percentage of superficial and parabasal cells and vaginal pH. Results Of 426 randomized subjects, 81.9% (n = 349) completed the study with adverse events the most common reason for discontinuation (ospemifene 9.5%; placebo 3.9%). Most (88%) treatment-emergent adverse events with ospemifene were considered mild or moderate. Three cases (1.0%) of active proliferation were observed in the ospemifene group. For one, active proliferation was seen at end of study week 52, and diagnosed as simple hyperplasia without atypia on follow-up biopsy 3 months after the last dose. This subsequently resolved with progestogen treatment and dilatation and curettage. In six subjects (five ospemifene (1.4%), one placebo (1.6%)) endometrial polyps were found (histopathology); however, only one (ospemifene) was confirmed as a true polyp during additional expert review. Endometrial histology showed no evidence of carcinoma. Statistically significant improvements were seen for all primary and secondary efficacy measures and were sustained through week 52 with ospemifene vs. placebo. Conclusions The findings of this 52-week study confirm the tolerance and efficacy of oral ospemifene previously reported in short- and long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Goldstein
- * New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
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Saccardi C, Gizzo S, Patrelli TS, Ancona E, Anis O, Di Gangi S, Vacilotto A, D'Antona D, Nardelli GB. Endometrial surveillance in tamoxifen users: role, timing and accuracy of hysteroscopic investigation: observational longitudinal cohort study. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:455-62. [PMID: 23629476 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine the role, timing and indications for endometrial hysteroscopic investigation in relation to the clinical, ultrasound and histological features of the endometrium during tamoxifen (TAM) use. We performed an observational longitudinal cohort study (years 2007-2012) that investigated the endometria of 151 TAM users with hysteroscopy and histology. For all patients, gynaecological history, years of adjuvant treatment, ultrasound endometrial thickness measurement and indications for hysteroscopy were recorded. Hysteroscopic findings showed that 100% of patients referred for simple follow-up had no evidence of endometrial disease. We found a strong correlation between previous history of abnormal uterine bleeding (with or without endometrial thickening) and hysteroscopic suspicion of endometrial atypia that was confirmed by histology. Hysteroscopy had 83.3% sensitivity, 99% specificity, 83.3% positive predictive value (PPV) and 99% negative predictive value (NPV) in detecting endometrial atypia. No significant correlation was found between endometrial thickening to >5 mm without bleeding and histological atypia. Similarly, the duration of treatment was not related to endometrial thickening and histological atypia. Endometrial stromal hyperplasia was detected by histology in 70.5% of patients with endometrial thickness measurements ranging from 5 to 10 mm. In contrast, no atypia was detected when endometrial thickness was <5 mm. Ultrasound performed using a 5-mm cut-off threshold for endometrial thickness resulted in 100% sensitivity, 15% specificity, 4% PPV and 100% NPV in detecting endometrial atypia, while a 10-mm cut-off threshold resulted in 84% sensitivity, 69% specificity, 10% PPV and 99% NPV. Low-risk TAM users do not require different endometrial surveillance than the general population. Hysteroscopy could play a fundamental role in determining the endometrial status of patients before the initiation of TAM treatment and in assessing the endometrial status of patients when bleeding occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Saccardi
- Department of Woman and Child Health, U.O.C. di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, Padua, Italy
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Juhan V, Siles P, Barthellemy M, Bartoli JM. Hormones et imagerie : quel impact sur l’utérus et les ovaires ? IMAGERIE DE LA FEMME 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.femme.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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García Pineda V, Martínez Gómez E, Arnanz Velasco F, Ramos Guillen P, Couso González A, Zapico Goñi Á. Tamoxifeno y tumoraciones anexiales complejas en paciente trasplantada renal con carcinoma in situ de mama. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN GINECOLOGIA Y OBSTETRICIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gine.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Steiner E, Juhasz-Bösz I, Emons G, Kölbl H, Kimmig R, Mallmann P. Transvaginal Ultrasound for Endometrial Carcinoma Screening - Current Evidence-based Data. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2012; 72:1088-1091. [PMID: 25278620 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1328070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The value of transvaginal ultrasound in gynaecological examinations is beyond dispute. But it is of particular forensic importance that the validity of this type of imaging with regard to the reliable detection of early-stage malignancy is properly understood. Vaginal ultrasound screening in asymptomatic patients for the early detection of endometrial carcinoma is not useful from a medical point of view, nor is it cost-efficient. However, even though the validity of transvaginal ultrasound for screening has currently not been proven, the method should still be an integral part of gynaecological examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Steiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GPR Clinical Centre Ruesselsheim
| | - I Juhasz-Bösz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Saarland
| | - G Emons
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Georg-August-University of Goettingen
| | - H Kölbl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna
| | - R Kimmig
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Duisburg-Essen
| | - P Mallmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cologne University
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Local estrogen therapy and risk of breast cancer recurrence among hormone-treated patients: a nested case–control study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 135:603-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Kwast ABG, Liu L, Roukema JA, Voogd AC, Jobsen JJ, Coebergh JW, Soerjomataram I, Siesling S. Increased risks of third primary cancers of non-breast origin among women with bilateral breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:549-55. [PMID: 22713658 PMCID: PMC3405211 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the risk of third cancer of non-breast origin (TNBC) among women with bilateral breast cancer (BBC; either synchronous or metachronous), focussing on the relation with breast cancer treatment. METHODS Risk was assessed, among 8752 Dutch women diagnosed with BBC between 1989 and 2008, using standardised incidence ratios (SIR) and Cox regression analyses to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of TNBC for different treatment modalities. RESULTS Significant increased SIRs were observed for all TNBCs combined, haematological malignancies, stomach, colorectal, non-melanoma skin, lung, head and neck, endometrial, and ovarian cancer. A 10-fold increased risk was found for ovarian cancer among women younger than 50 years (SIR=10.0, 95% confidence interval (CI)=5.3-17.4). Radiotherapy was associated with increased risks of all TNBCs combined (HR=1.3; 95%CI=1.1-1.6, respectively). Endocrine therapy was associated with increased risks of all TNBCs combined (HR=1.2; 95%CI=1.0-1.5), haematological malignancies (HR=2.0; 95%CI=1.1-3.9), and head and neck cancer (HR=3.3; 95%CI=1.1-10.4). After chemotherapy decreased risks were found for all TNBCs combined (HR=0.63; 95%CI=0.5-0.87). CONCLUSION Increased risk of TNBC could be influenced by genetic factors (ovarian cancer) or an effect of treatment (radiotherapy and endocrine therapy). More insight in the TNBC risk should further optimise and individualise treatment and surveillance protocols in (young) women with BBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B G Kwast
- Department of Research and Registration, Comprehensive Cancer Centre The Netherlands, PO Box 19079, 3501 DB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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