1
|
Kalita P, Singh RK, Bhattacharjee A. Thermotropic liquid crystals in the detection of albumins through a microscopic, spectroscopic and computational approach. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 265:120374. [PMID: 34536891 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals (LCs) are a promising system of molecules for biosensing as a transducing agent for detecting protein human serum albumin (HSA). Herein, we investigate the detection of HSA by a liquid crystal 4'-octyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile (8CB) intending to develop an LC-based biosensor. The change in the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in the presence of protein results in the transfigurations of the director through interactions. The limit of 8CB to detect HSA is found to be at a reliable concentration in the development of biosensors. The transition in the director configurations from radial to bipolar during the crystalline to the isotropic phase of the liquid crystals are studied under polarizing optical microscopy. These transitions confirm the detection of HSA by 8CB. The docking analysis depicts the interactions by which 8CB liquid crystal molecules bind with protein HSA. The binding energy, binding active residues and their distances between the docked residues of HSA and molecules of ligand 8CB are calculated by molecular docking. Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy is used to analyse the spectral behaviour of the interactions. The residues validated by molecular docking studies correlate well with the findings of Raman spectra for the interaction between 8CB and HSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanki Kalita
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India
| | - Ranjan K Singh
- Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Ayon Bhattacharjee
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Als‐Nielsen J. 2021 Wolf Prize and Synchrotron X‐Ray Radiation – How it Started. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Als‐Nielsen
- Copenhagen University Universitetsparken 5 Copenhagen DK 2100 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Deutsch M, Magnussen OM, Haddad J, Pontoni D, Murphy BM, Ocko BM. Comment on "Bi-layering at ionic liquid surfaces: a sum - frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy - and molecular dynamics simulation-based study" by T. Iwahashi, T. Ishiyama, Y. Sakai, A. Morita, D. Kim and Y. Ouchi, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2020, 22, 12565. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5020-5027. [PMID: 33595568 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04882h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This Comment raises several questions concerning the surface structure concluded in the paper referenced in the title. Specifically, that paper ignores previous experiments and simulations which demonstrate for the same ionic liquids depth-decaying, multilayered surface-normal density profiles rather than the claimed molecular mono- or bi-layers. We demonstrate that the claimed structure does not reproduce the measured X-ray reflectivity, which probes directly the surface-normal density profile. The measured reflectivities are found, however, to be well-reproduced by a multilayered density model. These results, and previous experimental and simulation results, cast severe doubt on the validity of the surface structure claimed in the paper referenced in the title.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Deutsch
- Physics Department and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Olaf M Magnussen
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics and Ruprecht-Haensel Laboratory, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Haddad
- Physics Department and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Diego Pontoni
- Partnership for Soft Condensed Matter (PSCM), ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bridget M Murphy
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics and Ruprecht-Haensel Laboratory, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Ocko
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vapor deposition of a nonmesogen prepares highly structured organic glasses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21421-21426. [PMID: 31527259 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908445116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that glasses with aligned smectic liquid crystal-like order can be produced by physical vapor deposition of a molecule without any equilibrium liquid crystal phases. Smectic-like order in vapor-deposited films was characterized by wide-angle X-ray scattering. A surface equilibration mechanism predicts the highly smectic-like vapor-deposited structure to be a result of significant vertical anchoring at the surface of the equilibrium liquid, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy orientation analysis confirms this prediction. Understanding of the mechanism enables informed engineering of different levels of smectic order in vapor-deposited glasses to suit various applications. The preparation of a glass with orientational and translational order from a nonliquid crystal opens up an exciting paradigm for accessing extreme anisotropy in glassy solids.
Collapse
|
5
|
Delcea M, Helm CA. X-ray and Neutron Reflectometry of Thin Films at Liquid Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8519-8530. [PMID: 30901219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the 1980s, Helmuth Möhwald studied lipid monolayers at the air/water interface to understand the thermodynamically characterized phases at the molecular level. In collaboration with Jens Als-Nielsen, X-ray reflectometry was used and further developed to determine the electron density profile perpendicular to the water surface. Using a slab model, parameters such as thickness and density of the individual molecular regions, as well as the roughness of the individual interfaces, were determined. Later, X-ray and neutron reflectometry helped to understand the coverage and conformation of anchored and adsorbed polymers. Nowadays, they resolve molecular properties in emerging topics such as liquid metals and ionic liquids. Much is still to be learned about buried interfaces (e.g., liquid/liquid interfaces). In this Article, a historical and theoretical background of X-ray reflectivity is given, recent developments of X-ray and neutron reflectometry for polymers at interfaces and thin layers are highlighted, and emerging research topics involving these techniques are emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Delcea
- Institute of Biochemistry , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
- ZIK HIKE- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz , Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen , Fleischmannstraße 42 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Christiane A Helm
- Institute of Physics , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mars J, Hou B, Weiss H, Li H, Konovalov O, Festersen S, Murphy BM, Rütt U, Bier M, Mezger M. Surface induced smectic order in ionic liquids - an X-ray reflectivity study of [C 22C 1im] +[NTf 2] . Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26651-26661. [PMID: 28960006 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface induced smectic order was found for the ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-docosylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethlysulfonyl)imide by X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence scattering experiments. Near the free liquid surface, an ordered structure of alternating layers composed of polar and non-polar moieties is observed. This leads to an oscillatory interfacial profile perpendicular to the liquid surface with a periodicity of 3.7 nm. Small angle X-ray scattering and polarized light microscopy measurements suggest that the observed surface structure is related to fluctuations into a metastable liquid crystalline SmA2 phase that was found by supercooling the bulk liquid. The observed surface ordering persists up to 157 °C, i.e. more than 88 K above the bulk melting temperature of 68.1 °C. Close to the bulk melting point, we find a thickness of the ordered layer of L = 30 nm. The dependency of L(τ) = Λ ln(τ/τ1) vs. reduced temperature τ follows a logarithmic growth law. In agreement with theory, the pre-factor Λ is governed by the correlation length of the isotropic bulk phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Mars
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sadati M, Ramezani-Dakhel H, Bu W, Sevgen E, Liang Z, Erol C, Rahimi M, Taheri Qazvini N, Lin B, Abbott NL, Roux B, Schlossman ML, de Pablo JJ. Molecular Structure of Canonical Liquid Crystal Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3841-3850. [PMID: 28177227 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous applications of liquid crystals rely on control of molecular orientation at an interface. However, little is known about the precise molecular structure of such interfaces. In this work, synchrotron X-ray reflectivity measurements, accompanied by large-scale atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, are used for the first time to reconstruct the air-liquid crystal interface of a nematic material, namely, 4-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB). The results are compared to those for 4-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) which, in addition to adopting isotropic and nematic states, can also form a smectic phase. Our findings indicate that the air interface imprints a highly ordered structure into the material; such a local structure then propagates well into the bulk of the liquid crystal, particularly for nematic and smectic phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhu Liang
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Cem Erol
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Mark L. Schlossman
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adlmann FA, Pálsson GK, Bilheux JC, Ankner JF, Gutfreund P, Kawecki M, Wolff M. Överlåtaren: a fast way to transfer and orthogonalize two-dimensional off-specular reflectivity data. J Appl Crystallogr 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716014382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflectivity measurements offer unique opportunities for the study of surfaces and interfaces, and specular reflectometry has become a standard tool in materials science to resolve structures normal to the surface of a thin film. Off-specular scattering, which probes lateral structures, is more difficult to analyse, because the Fourier space being probed is highly anisotropic and the scattering pattern is truncated by the interface. As a result, scattering patterns collected with (especially time-of-flight) neutron reflectometers are difficult to transform into reciprocal space for comparison with model calculations. A program package is presented for a generic two-dimensional transformation of reflectometry data intoqspace and back. The data are represented on an orthogonal grid, allowing cuts along directions relevant for theoretical modelling. This treatment includes background subtraction as well as a full characterization of the resolution function. The method is optimized for computational performance using repeatable operations and standardized instrument settings.
Collapse
|
9
|
Purcell SM, Tesa-Serrate MA, Marshall BC, Bruce DW, D'Andrea L, Costen ML, Slattery JM, Smoll EJ, Minton TK, McKendrick KG. Reactive-Atom Scattering from Liquid Crystals at the Liquid-Vacuum Interface: [C 12mim][BF 4] and 4-Cyano-4'-Octylbiphenyl (8CB). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:9938-9949. [PMID: 27603521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two complementary approaches were used to study the liquid-vacuum interface of the liquid-crystalline ionic liquid 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C12mim][BF4]) in the smectic A (SmA) and isotropic phases. O atoms with two distinct incident translational energies were scattered from the surface of [C12mim][BF4]. Angle-dependent time-of-flight distributions and OH yields, respectively, were recorded from high- and low-energy O atoms. There were no significant changes in the measurements using either approach, nor the properties derived from them, accompanying the transition from the SmA to the isotropic phase. This indicates that the surface structure of [C12mim][BF4] remains essentially unchanged across the phase boundary, implying that the bulk order and surface structure are not strongly correlated for this material. This effect is ascribed to the strong propensity for the outer surfaces of ionic liquids to be dominated by alkyl chains, over an underlying layer rich in anions and cation head groups, whether or not the bulk material is a liquid crystal. In a comparative study, the OH yield from the surface of the liquid crystal, 8CB, was found to be affected by the bulk order, showing a surprising step increase at the SmA-nematic transition temperature, whose origin is the subject of speculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Purcell
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A Tesa-Serrate
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Brooks C Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University , Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Duncan W Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Lucía D'Andrea
- Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew L Costen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - John M Slattery
- Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Eric J Smoll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University , Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Timothy K Minton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University , Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Kenneth G McKendrick
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Murphy BM, Festersen S, Magnussen OM. The Atomic scale structure of liquid metal-electrolyte interfaces. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13859-13866. [PMID: 27301317 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical interfaces between immiscible liquids have lately received renewed interest, both for gaining fundamental insight as well as for applications in nanomaterial synthesis. In this feature article we demonstrate that the atomic scale structure of these previously inaccessible interfaces nowadays can be explored by in situ synchrotron based X-ray scattering techniques. Exemplary studies of a prototypical electrochemical system - a liquid mercury electrode in pure NaCl solution - reveal that the liquid metal is terminated by a well-defined atomic layer. This layering decays on length scales of 0.5 nm into the Hg bulk and displays a potential and temperature dependent behaviour that can be explained by electrocapillary effects and contributions of the electronic charge distribution on the electrode. In similar studies of nanomaterial growth, performed for the electrochemical deposition of PbFBr, a complex nucleation and growth behaviour is found, involving a crystalline precursor layer prior to the 3D crystal growth. Operando X-ray scattering measurements provide detailed data on the processes of nanoscale film formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Murphy
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, Leibnizstr. 19, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Collett JA, Martinez Zambrano D. Using dislocations to probe surface reconstruction in thick freely suspended liquid crystalline films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:040501. [PMID: 26565149 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface interactions can cause freely suspended thin liquid crystalline films to form phases different from the bulk material, but it is not known what happens at the surface of thick films. Edge dislocations can be used as a marker for the boundary between the bulk center and the reconstructed surface. We use noncontact mode atomic force microscopy to determine the depth of edge dislocations below the surface of freely suspended thick films of 4-n-heptyloxybenzylidene-4-n-heptylaniline (7O.7) in the crystalline B phase. Here, 3.0±0.1 nm high steps are found with a width that varies with temperature between 56 and 59°C. Using a strain model for the profile of liquid crystalline layers above an edge dislocation to estimate the depth of the dislocation, we find that the number of reconstructed surface layers increases from 4 to 50 layers as the temperature decreases from 59 to 56°C. This trend tracks the behavior of the phase boundary in the thickness dependent phase diagram of freely suspended films of 7O.7, suggesting that the surface may be reconstructed into a smectic F region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Collett
- Department of Physics, Lawrence University, 711 East Boldt Way, Appleton, Wisconsin 54911, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Srivastava S, Nykypanchuk D, Fukuto M, Halverson JD, Tkachenko AV, Yager KG, Gang O. Two-Dimensional DNA-Programmable Assembly of Nanoparticles at Liquid Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8323-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja501749b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Srivastava
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dmytro Nykypanchuk
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Masafumi Fukuto
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Halverson
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tkachenko
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Kevin G. Yager
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Oleg Gang
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Murphy BM, Greve M, Runge B, Koops CT, Elsen A, Stettner J, Seeck OH, Magnussen OM. A novel X-ray diffractometer for studies of liquid-liquid interfaces. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:45-56. [PMID: 24365915 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577513026192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of liquid-liquid interfaces with X-ray scattering methods requires special instrumental considerations. A dedicated liquid surface diffractometer employing a tilting double-crystal monochromator in Bragg geometry has been designed. This diffractometer allows reflectivity and grazing-incidence scattering measurements of an immobile mechanically completely decoupled liquid sample, providing high mechanical stability. The available energy range is from 6.4 to 29.4 keV, covering many important absorption edges. The instrument provides access in momentum space out to 2.54 Å(-1) in the surface normal and out to 14.8 Å(-1) in the in-plane direction at 29.4 keV. Owing to its modular design the diffractometer is also suitable for heavy apparatus such as vacuum chambers. The instrument performance is described and examples of X-ray reflectivity studies performed under in situ electrochemical control and on biochemical model systems are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget M Murphy
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthais Greve
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Benjamin Runge
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian T Koops
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Elsen
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochim Stettner
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oliver H Seeck
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf M Magnussen
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Venturini F, Schöder S, Kuhs WF, Honkimäki V, Melesi L, Reichert H, Schober H, Thomas F. A large-volume gas cell for high-energy X-ray reflectivity investigations of interfaces under pressure. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2011; 18:251-256. [PMID: 21335913 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049510052106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A cell for the investigation of interfaces under pressure is presented. Given the pressure and temperature specifications of the cell, P ≤ 100 bar and 253 K ≤ T ≤ 323 K, respectively, high-energy X-rays are required to penetrate the thick Al(2)O(3) windows. The CH(4)(gas)/H(2)O(liquid) interface has been chosen to test the performance of the new device. The measured dynamic range of the high-energy X-ray reflectivity data exceeds 10(-8), thereby demonstrating the validity of the entire experimental set-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Venturini
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pershan PS. X-ray studies of the thickness and roughness of thin adsorbed fluid layers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19940980317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
16
|
de las Heras D, Martínez-Ratón Y, Velasco E. Surface and smectic layering transitions in binary mixtures of parallel hard rods. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:021706. [PMID: 20365581 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.021706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The surface phase behavior of binary mixtures of colloidal hard rods in contact with a solid substrate (hard wall) is studied, with special emphasis on the region of the phase diagram that includes the smectic A phase. The colloidal rods are modeled as hard cylinders of the same diameter and different lengths, in the approximation of perfect alignment. A fundamental-measure density functional is used to obtain equilibrium density profiles and thermodynamic properties such as surface tensions and adsorption coefficients. The bulk phase diagram exhibits nematic-smectic and smectic-smectic demixing, with smectic phases having different compositions; in some cases they are microfractionated. The calculated surface phase diagram of the wall-nematic interface shows a very rich phase behavior, including layering transitions and complete wetting at high pressures, whereby an infinitely thick smectic film grows at the wall via an infinite sequence of stepwise first-order layering transitions. For lower pressures complete wetting also obtains, but here the smectic film grows in a continuous fashion. Finally, at very low pressures, the wall-nematic interface exhibits critical adsorption by the smectic phase, due to the second-order character of the bulk nematic-smectic transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel de las Heras
- Departamento de Física Teórica de Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bobrovsky A, Ryabchun A, Medvedev A, Shibaev V. Ordering phenomena and photoorientation processes in photochromic thin films of LC chiral azobenzene-containing polymer systems. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
18
|
Douarche C, Cortès R, Henry de Villeneuve C, Roser SJ, Braslau A. DNA adsorption at functionalized Si/buffer interfaces studied by x-ray reflectivity. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:225108. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2927256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
19
|
Fukuto M, Gang O, Alvine KJ, Ocko BM, Pershan PS. Wetting of liquid-crystal surfaces and induced smectic layering at a nematic-liquid interface: an x-ray reflectivity study. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 77:031607. [PMID: 18517395 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.031607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a synchrotron x-ray reflectivity study of bulk liquid-crystal surfaces that are coated by thin wetting films of an immiscible liquid. The liquid-crystal subphase consisted of the nematic or isotropic phase of 4-octyl- 4;{'} -cyanobiphenyl (8CB), and the wetting film was formed by the fluorocarbon perfluoromethylcyclohexane (PFMC), a volatile liquid. The thickness of the wetting film was controlled by the temperature difference DeltaT(micro) between the sample and a reservoir of bulk PFMC, contained within the sealed sample cell. Phase information on the interfacial electron density profiles has been extracted from the interference between the scattering from the PFMC-vapor interface and the surface-induced smectic order of the 8CB subphase. The liquid-crystal side of the nematic-liquid (8CB-PFMC) interface is characterized by a density oscillation whose period corresponds to the smectic layer spacing and whose amplitude decays exponentially toward the underlying nematic subphase. The decay length xi of the smectic amplitude is independent of the PFMC film thickness but increases as the nematic-smectic- A transition temperature T(NA) is approached, in agreement with the longitudinal correlation length xi(parallel) proportional, variant(T-T(NA))(-0.7} for the smectic fluctuations in the bulk nematic. The results indicate that the homeotropic orientation of the 8CB molecules is preferred at the 8CB-PFMC interface and that the observed temperature dependence of the smectic layer growth is consistent with the critical adsorption mechanism. The observed DeltaT(micro) dependence of the PFMC film thickness, L proportional, variant(DeltaT(micro))(-1/3) , implies that PFMC completely wets the 8CB surface and is dominated by the nonretarded dispersion interactions between hydro- and fluorocarbons. The complete wetting behavior of PFMC is nearly independent of the degree of interfacial smectic order in the subphase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Fukuto
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sloutskin E, Baumert J, Ocko BM, Kuzmenko I, Checco A, Tamam L, Ofer E, Gog T, Gang O, Deutsch M. The surface structure of concentrated aqueous salt solutions. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:054704. [PMID: 17302495 DOI: 10.1063/1.2431361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface-normal electron density profile rhos(z) of concentrated aqueous salt solutions of RbBr, CsCl, LiBr, RbCl, and SrCl2 was determined by x-ray reflectivity (XR). For all but RbBr and SrCl2 rhos(z) increases monotonically with depth z from rhos(z)=0 in the vapor (z<0) to rhos(z)=rhob of the bulk (z>0) over a width of a few angstroms. The width is commensurate with the expected interface broadening by thermally excited capillary waves. Anomalous (resonant) XR of RbBr reveals a depletion at the surface of Br- ions to a depth of approximately 10 A. For SrCl2, the observed rhos(z)>rhob may imply a similar surface depletion of Cl- ions to a depth of a few angstorms. However, as the deviations of the XRs of RbBr and SrCl2 from those of the other solutions are small, the evidence for a different ion composition in the surface and the bulk is not strongly conclusive. Overall, these results contrast earlier theoretical and simulational results and nonstructural measurements, where significant surface layering of alternate, oppositely charged, ions is concluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Sloutskin
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Song B, Springer JÜR. Surface Phenomena of Liquid Crystalline Substances: -Time Dependence of Surface Tension-. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259708042765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bihai Song
- a Institut für Technische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Fachgebiet Makromolekulare Chemie , Straβe des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 , Berlin , Federal Republic of Germany
| | - JÜRgen Springer
- a Institut für Technische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Fachgebiet Makromolekulare Chemie , Straβe des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 , Berlin , Federal Republic of Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mirantsev LV. Deformed Surface-Induced Smectic A-Structure in Nematic Liquid Crystal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259708041759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. V. Mirantsev
- a Institute for the Problems of Mechanical Engineering Academy of Sciences of Russia , St. Petersburg , 199178 , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Song B, Springer J. Surface Phenomena of Liquid Crystalline Substances: Temperature-Dependence of Surface Tension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259708047087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bihai Song
- a Institut für Technische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin , Fachgebiet Makromolekulare Chemie, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 , Berlin , Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Jurgen Springer
- a Institut für Technische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin , Fachgebiet Makromolekulare Chemie, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 , Berlin , Federal Republic of Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- B. Jerome
- a Laborstoire de Physique des Solides, Fsculté des Sciencae , Bǎt. 510, 91405 , ORSAY , France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen GH, Springer J, Thyen W, Zugenmaier P. Surface Phenomena of Liquid Crystalline Substances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259808025387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Hao Chen
- a Institut für Technische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin , Fachgebiet Makromolekulare Chemie, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 , Berlin , Germany
| | - Jürgen Springer
- a Institut für Technische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin , Fachgebiet Makromolekulare Chemie, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 , Berlin , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Thyen
- b Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Technischen Universität Clausthal , Arnold-Sommerfeld Straße 4, D-38678 , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| | - Peter Zugenmaier
- b Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Technischen Universität Clausthal , Arnold-Sommerfeld Straße 4, D-38678 , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lau YGJ, Richardson RM, Cubitt R. Smectic order induced at homeotropically aligned nematic surfaces: A neutron reflection study. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:234910. [PMID: 16821956 DOI: 10.1063/1.2203067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutron reflection was used to measure the buildup of layers at a solid surface as the smectic phase is approached from higher temperatures in a nematic liquid crystal. The liquid crystal was 4-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB), and the solid was silicon with one of five different surface treatments that induce homeotropic alignment: (i) silicon oxide; (ii) a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide coating; (iii) an octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayer; (iv) an n-n-dimethyl-n-octadecyl-3- aminopropyltrimethyloxysilyl chloride monolayer; and (v) a lecithin coating. The development of surface smectic layers in the nematic phase of 8CB was followed by measuring specular reflectivity and monitoring the pseudo-Bragg peak from the layers. The scattering data were processed to remove the scattering from short-ranged smecticlike fluctuations in the bulk nematic phase from the specular reflection. The pseudo-Bragg peak at scattering vector Q approximately 0.2 A(-1) therefore corresponded to the formation of long-range smectic layers at the surface. The amplitude of the smectic density wave decayed with increasing distance from the surface, and the characteristic thickness of this smectic region diverged as the transition temperature was approached. It was found that the characteristic thickness for some of the surface treatments was greater than the correlation length in the bulk nematic. The different surfaces gave different values of the smectic order parameter at the surface. This suggests that the interaction with the surface is significantly different from a "hard wall" which would give the same values of the smectic order parameter and penetration depths similar to the bulk correlation length. Comparison of the different surfaces also suggested that the strength and range of the surface smectic ordering may be varied independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y G J Lau
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156-38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sloutskin E, Solutskin E, Ocko BM, Tamam L, Taman L, Kuzmenko I, Gog T, Deutsch M. Surface Layering in Ionic Liquids: An X-ray Reflectivity Study. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:7796-804. [PMID: 15913369 DOI: 10.1021/ja0509679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The surface structure and thermodynamics of two ionic liquids, based on the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations, were studied by X-ray reflectivity and surface tensiometry. A molecular layer of a density approximately 18% higher than that of the bulk is found to form at the free surface of these liquids. In common with surface layering in liquid metals and surface freezing in melts of organic chain molecules, this effect is induced by the lower dimensionality of the surface. The concentrations of the oppositely charged ions within the surface layer are determined by chemical substitution of the anion. The temperature-dependent surface tension measurements reveal a normal, negative-slope temperature dependence. The different possible molecular arrangements within the enhanced-density surface layer are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Sloutskin
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Granick S, Kumar SK, Amis EJ, Antonietti M, Balazs AC, Chakraborty AK, Grest GS, Hawker C, Janmey P, Kramer EJ, Nuzzo R, Russell TP, Safinya CR. Macromolecules at surfaces: Research challenges and opportunities from tribology to biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
30
|
Madsen A, Als-Nielsen J, Grübel G. Viscosity of a liquid crystal near the nematic-smectic A phase transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:085701. [PMID: 12633441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.085701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of an x-ray scattering study where both the dynamic and the static properties of a liquid crystal (8OCB) near the nematic-smectic A phase transition were probed. The static, time-averaged data show the gradual formation of smectic layers in the nematic phase, and we find that the smectic order correlation length parallel to the molecular axis diverges with the critical exponent nu( parallel )=0.70(4) at the transition. The literature value is nu( perpendicular )=0.58 for the perpendicular direction. By x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, we find that the viscosity coefficient eta(3) shows critical, diverging behavior at the phase transition with a critical exponent x=0.95(5). This contradicts previous light scattering work (x=0.50), but is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction x=3nu( parallel )-2nu( perpendicular ) by Hossain et al.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Madsen
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38045 Grenoble, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lucht R, Marczuk P, Bahr C, Findenegg GH. X-ray reflectivity study of smectic wetting and prewetting at the free surface of isotropic liquid crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 63:041704. [PMID: 11308864 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.041704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We study the structures of free-surface-wetting layers above the isotropic to smectic-A transition of three liquid-crystal compounds that show different kinds of growth of the wetting film as the bulk transition is approached: layer-by-layer, continuous, and continuous with prewetting. The smectic-A surface phase of the layer-by-layer compound consists of well-defined layers and possesses a sharp boundary to the isotropic bulk phase, whereas in the two continuous compounds sinusoidal density oscillations with a continuously decaying amplitude are found. In the continuous case with prewetting, the wetting film below the prewetting transition does not show an essential difference to the continuous case without prewetting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lucht
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lu JR, Thomas RK, Penfold J. Surfactant layers at the air/water interface: structure and composition. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2000; 84:143-304. [PMID: 10696453 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-8686(99)00019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of neutron reflectometry to study the structure and composition of surfactant layers adsorbed at the air/water interface is reviewed. A critical assessment of the results from this new technique is made by comparing them with the information available from all other techniques capable of investigating this interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li ZX, Weller A, Thomas RK, Rennie AR, Webster JRP, Penfold J, Heenan RK, Cubitt R. Adsorption of the Lamellar Phase of Aerosol-OT at the Solid/Liquid and Air/Liquid Interfaces. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9912859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A. R. Rennie
- Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - R. Cubitt
- Institut Laue-Langevin, X-156 Centre de Tri, Grenoble 38042 Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bahr C, Booth CJ, Fliegner D, Goodby JW. Critical Adsorption at the Free Surface of a Smectic Liquid Crystal Possessing a Second-Order Phase Transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:1083-1086. [PMID: 10062986 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
35
|
Martínez-Ratón Y, Somoza AM, Mederos L, Sullivan DE. Smectic-A ordering in liquid crystal films. Faraday Discuss 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/fd9960400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
36
|
Kasten H, Strobl G. Nematic wetting at the free surface of 4‐cyano‐4′‐n‐alkyl‐biphenyls. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.470355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
37
|
Lee DD, Chen SH, Majkrzak CF, Satija SK. Bulk and surface correlations in a microemulsion. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 52:R29-R32. [PMID: 9963548 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.r29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
38
|
Magnussen OM, Ocko BM, Regan MJ, Penanen K, Pershan PS, Deutsch M. X-ray reflectivity measurements of surface layering in liquid mercury. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:4444-4447. [PMID: 10058508 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
39
|
Kellogg GJ, Pershan PS, Kawamoto EH, Foster W, Deutsch M, Ocko BM. X-ray reflectivity measurements and Landau theory of smectic wetting in liquid crystal-benzyl alcohol mixtures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 51:4709-4726. [PMID: 9963184 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.51.4709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
40
|
Cull B, Shi Y, Kumar S, Shih R, Mann J. X-ray reflectivity study of interface roughness, structure, and morphology of alignment layers and thin liquid crystal films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 51:526-535. [PMID: 9962671 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.51.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
41
|
Shi Y, Cull B, Kumar S. Morphology and ordering in thin liquid-crystal films on flat glass substrates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 71:2773-2776. [PMID: 10054772 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
42
|
Olbrich E, Marinov O, Davidov D. Ordering effects in thin smectic-C* films: An x-ray-reflectivity study. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:2713-2720. [PMID: 9960904 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
43
|
Haas H, Möhwald H. Pressure dependent arrangement of a protein in two-dimensional crystals specifically bound to a monolayer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7765(93)80045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
44
|
Entin I, Goffer R, Davidov D, Hersht I. Nematic-smectic-A phase transition in ultrathin films of polymeric liquid crystal studied by x-ray reflectivity. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:8265-8268. [PMID: 10004840 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.8265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
45
|
Cai Z, Huang K, Montano PA, Russell TP, Bai JM, Zajac GW. Experimental study of the surface structure of diblock copolymer films using microscopy and x‐ray scattering. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.464165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
46
|
Carvalho BL, Chen SH. A low-wave-vector expansion for reflectivity. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:743-746. [PMID: 9960057 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
47
|
Zhou XL, Lee LT, Chen SH, Strey R. Observation of surface-induced layering in bicontinuous microemulsions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 46:6479-6489. [PMID: 9907957 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.46.6479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
48
|
Daillant J, Bélorgey O. Surface scattering of x rays in thin films. Part I. Theoretical treatment. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.463741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
49
|
|
50
|
Flom EB, Cai Z, Acero A, Lin B, Maskil N, Liu L, Rice SA. A grazing incidence x‐ray diffraction study of the transverse structure function of the liquid–vapor interface of Ga. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.462785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|