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Sun Y, Stone J, Lu X, Zhou F, Song J, Shi Z, Srinivasan K. Advancing on-chip Kerr optical parametric oscillation towards coherent applications covering the green gap. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:201. [PMID: 39168970 PMCID: PMC11339420 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Optical parametric oscillation (OPO) in Kerr microresonators can efficiently transfer near-infrared laser light into the visible spectrum. To date, however, chromatic dispersion has mostly limited output wavelengths to >560 nm, and robust access to the whole green light spectrum has not been demonstrated. In fact, wavelengths between 532 nm and 633 nm, commonly referred to as the "green gap", are especially challenging to produce with conventional laser gain. Hence, there is motivation to extend the Kerr OPO wavelength range and develop reliable device designs. Here, we experimentally show how to robustly access the entire green gap with Kerr OPO in silicon nitride microrings pumped near 780 nm. Our microring geometries are optimized for green-gap emission; in particular, we introduce a dispersion engineering technique, based on partially undercutting the microring, which not only expands wavelength access but also proves robust to variations in resonator dimensions. Using just four devices, we generate >150 wavelengths evenly distributed throughout the green gap, as predicted by our dispersion simulations. Moreover, we establish the usefulness of Kerr OPO to coherent applications by demonstrating continuous frequency tuning (>50 GHz) and narrow optical linewidths (<1 MHz). Our work represents an important step in the quest to bring nonlinear nanophotonics and its advantages to the visible spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jordan Stone
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Feng Zhou
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Junyeob Song
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Zhimin Shi
- Reality Labs Research, Meta, Redmond, WA, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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2
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Stone J, Westly D, Moille G, Srinivasan K. On-chip Kerr parametric oscillation with integrated heating for enhanced frequency tuning and control. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3118-3121. [PMID: 38824342 DOI: 10.1364/ol.523704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Nonlinear microresonators can convert light from chip-integrated sources into new wavelengths within the visible and near-infrared spectrum. For most applications, such as the interrogation of quantum systems with specific transition wavelengths, tuning the frequency of converted light is critical. Nonetheless, demonstrations of wavelength conversion have mostly overlooked this metric. Here, we apply efficient integrated heaters to tune the idler frequency produced by the Kerr optical parametric oscillation in a silicon nitride microring across a continuous 1.5 terahertz range. Finally, we suppress idler frequency noise between DC and 5 kHz by several orders of magnitude using feedback to the heater drive.
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3
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Kazakov D, Letsou TP, Beiser M, Zhi Y, Opačak N, Piccardo M, Schwarz B, Capasso F. Active mid-infrared ring resonators. Nat Commun 2024; 15:607. [PMID: 38242868 PMCID: PMC10799048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
High-quality optical ring resonators can confine light in a small volume and store it for millions of roundtrips. They have enabled the dramatic size reduction from laboratory scale to chip level of optical filters, modulators, frequency converters, and frequency comb generators in the visible and the near-infrared. The mid-infrared spectral region (3-12 μm), as important as it is for molecular gas sensing and spectroscopy, lags behind in development of integrated photonic components. Here we demonstrate the integration of mid-infrared ring resonators and directional couplers, incorporating a quantum cascade active region in the waveguide core. It enables electrical control of the resonant frequency, its quality factor, the coupling regime and the coupling coefficient. We show that one device, depending on its operating point, can act as a tunable filter, a nonlinear frequency converter, or a frequency comb generator. These concepts extend to the integration of multiple active resonators and waveguides in arbitrary configurations, thus allowing the implementation of purpose-specific mid-infrared active photonic integrated circuits for spectroscopy, communication, and microwave generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kazakov
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Theodore P Letsou
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Maximilian Beiser
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yiyang Zhi
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nikola Opačak
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Piccardo
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), 1000-029, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Benedikt Schwarz
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Liu H, Brodnik GM, Zang J, Carlson DR, Black JA, Papp SB. Threshold and Laser Conversion in Nanostructured-Resonator Parametric Oscillators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:023801. [PMID: 38277595 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.023801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
We explore optical parametric oscillation (OPO) in nanophotonic resonators, enabling arbitrary, nonlinear phase matching and nearly lossless control of energy conversion. Such pristine OPO laser converters are determined by nonlinear light-matter interactions, making them both technologically flexible and broadly reconfigurable. We utilize a nanostructured inner-wall modulation in the resonator to achieve universal phase matching for OPO-laser conversion, but coherent backscattering also induces a counterpropagating pump laser. This depletes the intraresonator optical power in either direction, increasing the OPO threshold power and limiting laser-conversion efficiency, the ratio of optical power in target signal and idler frequencies to the pump. We develop an analytical model of this system that emphasizes an understanding of optimal laser-conversion and threshold behaviors, and we use the model to guide experiments with nanostructured-resonator OPO laser-conversion circuits, fully integrated on chip and unlimited by group-velocity dispersion. Our Letter demonstrates the fundamental connection between OPO laser-conversion efficiency and the resonator coupling rate, subject to the relative phase and power of counterpropagating pump fields. We achieve (40±4) mW of on-chip power, corresponding to (41±4)% conversion efficiency, and discover a path toward near-unity OPO laser-conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Liu
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Grant M Brodnik
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jizhao Zang
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - David R Carlson
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Octave Photonics, Louisville, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer A Black
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Scott B Papp
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Lei F, Ye Z, Twayana K, Gao Y, Girardi M, Helgason ÓB, Zhao P, Torres-Company V. Hyperparametric Oscillation via Bound States in the Continuum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:093801. [PMID: 36930933 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.093801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical hyperparametric oscillation based on the third-order nonlinearity is one of the most significant mechanisms to generate coherent electromagnetic radiation and produce quantum states of light. Advances in dispersion-engineered high-Q microresonators allow for generating signal waves far from the pump and decrease the oscillation power threshold to submilliwatt levels. However, the pump-to-signal conversion efficiency and absolute signal power are low, fundamentally limited by parasitic mode competition and attainable cavity intrinsic Q to coupling Q ratio, i.e., Q_{i}/Q_{c}. Here, we use Friedrich-Wintgen bound states in the continuum (BICs) to overcome the physical challenges in an integrated microresonator-waveguide system. As a result, on-chip coherent hyperparametric oscillation is generated in BICs with unprecedented conversion efficiency and absolute signal power. This work not only opens a path to generate high-power and efficient continuous-wave electromagnetic radiation in Kerr nonlinear media but also enhances the understanding of a microresonator-waveguide system-an elementary unit of modern photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchuan Lei
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhichao Ye
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Krishna Twayana
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcello Girardi
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Óskar B Helgason
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victor Torres-Company
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lin JH, Lou JR, Ye LK, Hu BL, Zhuge PC, Fu DW, Su CY, Zhang Y. Halogen Engineering To Realize Regulable Multipolar Axes, Nonlinear Optical Response, and Piezoelectricity in Plastic Ferroelectrics. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2870-2876. [PMID: 36706461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Compared with uniaxial molecular ferroelectrics, multiaxial ferroelectrics have better application prospects because they are no longer subject to the single-crystal form and have been pursued in recent years. Halogen engineering refers to the adjustment of halogens in materials at the atomic level, which can not only explore multiaxial ferroelectrics but also help to improve piezoelectrics, recently. In this work, we successfully synthesized and characterized three multiaxial plastic ferroelectrics through the precise molecular design from I to Cl, confirming the increase of the number of polar axes of ferroelectrics from 3 to 6, the increase of second-harmonic generation density from 2.1 times to nearly 6 times of monopotassium phosphate, and the increase of piezoelectric coefficient by 140%. This systematic work has proved that halogen engineering can not only enrich the family of multiaxial plastic ferroelectrics but also promote the further development of nonlinear optical and piezoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-He Lin
- Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Rui Lou
- Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lou-Kai Ye
- Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Lan Hu
- Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Cheng Zhuge
- Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Wei Fu
- Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yuan Su
- Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People's Republic of China.,Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People's Republic of China.,Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
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7
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Roberts D, Clerk AA. Competition between Two-Photon Driving, Dissipation, and Interactions in Bosonic Lattice Models: An Exact Solution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:063601. [PMID: 36827562 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.063601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present an exact solution in arbitrary dimensions for the steady states of a class of quantum driven-dissipative bosonic models, where a set of modes is subject to arbitrary two-photon driving, single-photon loss, and a global Hubbard (or Kerr)-like interaction. Our solutions reveal a wealth of striking phenomena, including the emergence of dissipative phase transitions, nontrivial mode competition physics and symmetry breaking, and the stabilization of many-body SU(1,1) pair-coherent states. Our exact solutions enable the description of spatial correlations, and are fully valid in regimes where traditional mean-field and semiclassical approaches break down.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Roberts
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 Illinois, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 Illinois, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 Illinois, USA
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8
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High-performance Kerr microresonator optical parametric oscillator on a silicon chip. Nat Commun 2023; 14:242. [PMID: 36646688 PMCID: PMC9842726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical parametric oscillation (OPO) is distinguished by its wavelength access, that is, the ability to flexibly generate coherent light at wavelengths that are dramatically different from the pump laser, and in principle bounded solely by energy conservation between the input pump field and the output signal/idler fields. As society adopts advanced tools in quantum information science, metrology, and sensing, microchip OPO may provide an important path for accessing relevant wavelengths. However, a practical source of coherent light should additionally have high conversion efficiency and high output power. Here, we demonstrate a silicon photonics OPO device with unprecedented performance. Our OPO device, based on the third-order (χ(3)) nonlinearity in a silicon nitride microresonator, produces output signal and idler fields widely separated from each other in frequency ( > 150 THz), and exhibits a pump-to-idler conversion efficiency up to 29 % with a corresponding output idler power of > 18 mW on-chip. This performance is achieved by suppressing competitive processes and by strongly overcoupling the output light. This methodology can be readily applied to existing silicon photonics platforms with heterogeneously-integrated pump lasers, enabling flexible coherent light generation across a broad range of wavelengths with high output power and efficiency.
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9
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LU XIYUAN, CHANANA ASHISH, ZHOU FENG, DAVANCO MARCELO, SRINIVASAN KARTIK. Kerr optical parametric oscillation in a photonic crystal microring for accessing the infrared. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3331-3334. [PMID: 35776618 PMCID: PMC9891108 DOI: 10.1364/ol.462494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Continuous wave optical parametric oscillation (OPO) provides a flexible approach for accessing mid-infrared wavelengths between 2 µm and 5 µm, but operation at these wavelengths has not yet been integrated into silicon nanophotonics. Typically, a Kerr OPO uses a single transverse mode family for pump, signal, and idler modes, and relies on a delicate balance to achieve normal (but close-to-zero) dispersion near the pump and the requisite higher-order dispersion needed for phase- and frequency-matching. Within integrated photonics platforms, this approach results in two major problems. First, the dispersion is very sensitive to geometry, so that small fabrication errors can have a large impact. Second, the device is susceptible to competing nonlinear processes near the pump. In this Letter, we propose a flexible solution to infrared OPO that addresses these two problems by using a silicon nitride photonic crystal microring (PhCR). The frequency shifts created by the PhCR bandgap enable OPO that would otherwise be forbidden. We report an intrinsic optical quality factor up to (1.2 ± 0.1)×106 in the 2-µm band, and use a PhC ring to demonstrated an OPO with a threshold dropped power in the cavity of (90 ± 20) mW, with the pump wavelength at 1998 nm, and the signal and idler wavelengths at 1937 nm and 2063 nm, respectively. We further discuss how to extend the OPO spectral coverage in the mid-infrared. These results establish the PhCR OPO as a promising route for integrated laser sources in the infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- XIYUAN LU
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - ASHISH CHANANA
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - FENG ZHOU
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - MARCELO DAVANCO
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - KARTIK SRINIVASAN
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Stone JR, Lu X, Moille G, Srinivasan K. Efficient chip-based optical parametric oscillators from 590 nm to 1150 nm. OPTICA 2022; 7:10.1063/5.0117691. [PMID: 36733410 PMCID: PMC9890400 DOI: 10.1063/5.0117691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical parametric oscillators are widely used to generate coherent light at frequencies not accessible by conventional laser gain. However, chip-based parametric oscillators operating in the visible spectrum have suffered from pump-to-signal conversion efficiencies typically less than 0.1 %. Here, we demonstrate efficient optical parametric oscillators based on silicon nitride photonics that address frequencies between 260 THz (1150 nm) and 510 THz (590 nm). Pumping silicon nitride microrings near 385 THz (780 nm) yields monochromatic signal and idler waves with unprecedented output powers in this wavelength range. We estimate on-chip output powers (separately for the signal and idler) between 1 mW and 5 mW and conversion efficiencies reaching ≈15 %. Underlying this improved performance is our development of pulley waveguides for broadband near-critical coupling, which exploits a fundamental connection between the waveguide-resonator coupling rate and conversion efficiency. Finally, we find that mode competition reduces conversion efficiency at high pump powers, thereby constraining the maximum realizable output power. Our work proves that optical parametric oscillators built with integrated photonics can produce useful amounts of visible laser light with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Stone
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Gregory Moille
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
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