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Melicherová D, Martoňák R. Study of polymerization of high-pressure nitrogen by ab initio molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:244503. [PMID: 37377155 DOI: 10.1063/5.0156014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We study properties of nitrogen at high pressure and temperature (100-120 GPa, 2000-3000 K) where molecular and polymeric phases compete both in solid and liquid phase. We employ ab initio MD simulations with the SCAN functional and study the pressure-induced polymerization in liquid nitrogen for system sizes up to 288 atoms in order to reduce finite-size effects. The transition is studied upon both compression and decompression, and at 3000 K, it is found to take place between 110 and 115 GPa, coming close to experimental data. We also simulate the molecular crystalline phase close to the melting line and analyze its structure. We show that the molecular crystal in this regime is highly disordered, in particular, due to pronounced orientational and also translational disorder of the molecules. Its short-range order and vibrational density of states are very close to those of the molecular liquid revealing that the system likely represents a plastic crystal with high entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Melicherová
- Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Martoňák
- Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Liu S, Xu D, Liu R, Yao Z, Wang P. Novel high-pressure phases of nitrogen-rich Y-N compounds. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1000-1008. [PMID: 36601899 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Five new high-pressure phases (I4̄3d-Y4N3, R3c-Y2N3, P1̄-II-YN4, P1̄-YN6, and P31c-YN8) are proposed by the crystal structure prediction. A series of polynitrogen forms were achieved in the nitrogen-rich Y-N compounds, including diatomic N2, an isolated N8 chain, an infinite N chain with an N6 unit, and an infinite N layer with bent N18 rings. The high energy densities of P1̄-II-YN4 (1.98 kJ g-1), P1̄-YN6 (2.35 kJ g-1), and P31c-YN8 (3.77 kJ g-1) make them potential high energy density materials. More importantly, P1̄-II-YN4, P1̄-YN6, and P31c-YN8 exhibit excellent explosive performance, with detonation pressures 4-8 times that of TNT (19 GPa) and detonation velocities 1-2 times that of TNT (6.90 km s-1). The electronic structure and bonding properties show that the high stability of Y-N compounds originates from the strong N-N covalent bond and the weak Y-N ionic bond interaction. The increase in the transferred charge quantity as the pressure decreased is more conducive to stabilizing the polymeric nitrogen structure, which leads to the metastable properties of P1̄-II-YN4 and P1̄-YN6 under ambient conditions. Finally, the infrared (IR) spectra of P1̄-II-YN4, P1̄-YN6, and P31c-YN8 are calculated to provide a reference in experimental synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
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Zhao L, Liu S, Chen Y, Yi W, Khodagholian D, Gu F, Kelson E, Zheng Y, Liu B, Miao MS. A novel all-nitrogen molecular crystal N16 as a promising high-energy density material. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9369-9376. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00820c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All-nitrogen solids, if successfully synthesized, are ideal high energy density materials because they store a great amount of energy and produce only harmless N2 gas upon decomposition. Currently, the only...
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Laniel D, Winkler B, Fedotenko T, Pakhomova A, Chariton S, Milman V, Prakapenka V, Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N. High-Pressure Polymeric Nitrogen Allotrope with the Black Phosphorus Structure. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:216001. [PMID: 32530671 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.216001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies of polynitrogen phases are of great interest for fundamental science and for the design of novel high energy density materials. Laser heating of pure nitrogen at 140 GPa in a diamond anvil cell led to the synthesis of a polymeric nitrogen allotrope with the black phosphorus structure, bp-N. The structure was identified in situ using synchrotron single-crystal x-ray diffraction and further studied by Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The discovery of bp-N brings nitrogen in line with heavier pnictogen elements, resolves incongruities regarding polymeric nitrogen phases and provides insights into polynitrogen arrangements at extreme densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Laniel
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bjoern Winkler
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Abteilung Kristallographie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timofey Fedotenko
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Pakhomova
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Victor Milman
- Dassault Systèmes BIOVIA, CB4 0WN Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vitali Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Liu S, Zhao L, Yao M, Miao M, Liu B. Novel All-Nitrogen Molecular Crystals of Aromatic N 10. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902320. [PMID: 32440468 PMCID: PMC7237857 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen has unique bonding ability to form single, double, and triple bonds, similar to that of carbon. However, a molecular crystal formed by an aromatic polynitrogen similar to a carbon system has not been found yet. Herein, a new form of stable all-nitrogen molecular crystals consisting of only bispentazole N10 molecules with exceedingly high energy density is predicted. The crystal structures and the conformation of N10 molecules are strongly correlated, both depending on the applied external pressure. These molecular crystals can be recovered upon the release of the pressure. The first-principles molecular dynamics simulations reveal that these all-nitrogen materials decompose at temperatures much higher than room temperature. The decompositions always start from breaking off N2 molecules from the nitrogen ring and can release a large amount of energy. These new polynitrogens are aromatic and are more stable than all the other polynitrogen crystals reported previously, providing a new green strategy to get all-nitrogen, nonpolluting high energy density materials without introducing any metal or other guest stabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
- School of Physics and Engineeringand Henan Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Energy Storage Materials and ApplicationsHenan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyang471003China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)Chengdu610054P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryCalifornia State University‐NorthridgeNorthridgeCalifornia91330USA
| | - Mingguang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Maosheng Miao
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryCalifornia State University‐NorthridgeNorthridgeCalifornia91330USA
- Beijing Computational Science Research CenterBeijing10084China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
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6
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Shi X, Liu B, Liu S, Niu S, Liu S, Liu R, Liu B. Polymeric Nitrogen A7 Layers Stabilized in the Confinement of a Multilayer BN Matrix at Ambient Conditions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13758. [PMID: 30213961 PMCID: PMC6137046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric nitrogen, as a potential high-energy-density material (HEDM), has attracted many theoretical calculations and predictions for its potential applications, such as energy storage, propellants and explosives. Searching for an effective method to stabilize polymeric nitrogen in ambient conditions of temperature and pressure has become a hot topic. Herein, we propose a new hybrid material where polymeric nitrogen layers are intercalated in a multilayer BN matrix forming a three-dimensional structure, by means of ab initio density functional theory. It is demonstrated polymeric nitrogen layers can be stable at ambient conditions and can release tremendous energy just above 500 K, more gentle and controllable. Further calculations reveal the new hybrid material exhibits a much smaller charge transfer than that of previous reports, which not only stabilizes polymeric nitrogen layer at ambient conditions, but also favours energy releasing at milder conditions. It is also very exciting that, the weight ratio of polymeric nitrogen in new material is up to 53.84%, approximately three times higher than previous one-dimensional hybrid materials. The energy density (5.4 KJ/g) also indicates it is a promising HEDMs candidate. Our findings provide a new insight into nitrogen-based HEDMs capture and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
- School of Physics and Engineering, and Henan Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Energy Storage Materials and Applications, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Shifeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China.
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Santoro M, Gorelli FA, Bini R, Haines J. Intermolecular Interactions in Highly Disordered, Confined Dense N 2. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:2406-2411. [PMID: 28498676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Molecular nitrogen is a benchmark system for condensed matter and, in particular, for looking at universal properties of strongly confined dense systems. We conducted Raman and X-ray diffraction measurements on a dense and disordered form of molecular nitrogen subnanoconfined in a noncatalytic pure SiO2 zeolite under pressure, up to 50 GPa. In this form, N2-N2 interactions and, consequently, distances are found to be very close to those of bulk N2 and intramolecular interactions progressively weaken upon increasing pressure. Surprisingly, the filled zeolite is still crystalline at 50 GPa with silicon in tetrahedral coordination by oxygen, which is a record pressure for this type of coordination among all the known forms of silica. We have thus found a rationale for the polymerization of a number molecules occurring in the microchannels of noncatalytic zeolites under pressure, where the pressure threshold is found to be very similar to that observed in bulk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Santoro
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica , CNR-INO, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Federico A Gorelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica , CNR-INO, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Roberto Bini
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Julien Haines
- ICGM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Borstad GM, Batyrev IG, Ciezak-Jenkins JA. Cyanoacetohydrazide under Pressure: Chemical Changes in a Hydrogen-Bonded Material. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2712-9. [PMID: 27104289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyanoacetohydrazide (CAH, C3H5N3O) has been studied under pressure using diamond anvil cell techniques. CAH was characterized using Raman spectroscopy to 30 GPa and synchrotron X-ray diffraction to 45 GPa. The Raman spectra of CAH show reasonable qualitative agreement with first-principle calculations. The X-ray data reveal that CAH maintains its monoclinic structure to approximately 22 GPa with a density change of 12% over this range. Near 22 GPa, the Raman modes and most of the X-ray diffraction peaks disappear. These pressure-induced changes are irreversible upon the release of pressure, and the transformed sample can be recovered to ambient pressure. The recovered sample is photosensitive and shows reaction even at low laser powers of 10 mW at 532 nm. The paper concludes with observations of the roles of hydrogen bonding, molecular configurations, and the behavior of the cyano group in the pressure-induced changes in CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav M Borstad
- RDRL-WML-B, U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Iskander G Batyrev
- RDRL-WML-B, U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 21005, United States
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9
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Insertion of N2 into the Channels of AFI Zeolite under High Pressure. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13234. [PMID: 26282881 PMCID: PMC4539611 DOI: 10.1038/srep13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an experimental study of a new hybrid material where nitrogen is encapsulated in the channels of porous zeolite AlPO4-5 (AFI) single crystals by a high-pressure method. The high-pressure behavior of nitrogen confined inside the AFI nano-channels is then investigated by Raman spectroscopy up to 44 GPa. Under pressure, the Raman modes of confined nitrogen show behaviors different from those of the bulk nitrogen. After the return to atmospheric pressure, it is demonstrated that non-gaseous nitrogen can be effectively stabilized by being confined inside the intact AFI sample. This result provides new insight into nitrogen capture and storage technologies.
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10
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Tomasino D, Kim M, Smith J, Yoo CS. Pressure-induced symmetry-lowering transition in dense nitrogen to layered polymeric nitrogen (LP-N) with colossal Raman intensity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:205502. [PMID: 25432047 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.205502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the discovery of a novel nitrogen phase synthesized using laser-heated diamond anvil cells at pressures between 120-180 GPa well above the stability field of cubic gauche (cg)-N. This new phase is characterized by its singly bonded, layered polymeric (LP) structure similar to the predicted Pba2 and two colossal Raman bands (at ∼1000 and 1300 cm^{-1} at 150 GPa), arising from two groups of highly polarized nitrogen atoms in the bulk and surface of the layer, respectively. The present result also provides a new constraint for the nitrogen phase diagram, highlighting an unusual symmetry-lowering 3D cg-N to 2D LP-N transition and thereby the enhanced electrostatic contribution to the stabilization of this densely packed LP-N (ρ=4.85 g/cm^{3} at 120 GPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Tomasino
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Minseob Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Jesse Smith
- High Pressure Collaborating Access Team at Advanced Photon Source, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Choong-Shik Yoo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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Sun J, Martinez-Canales M, Klug DD, Pickard CJ, Needs RJ. Stable all-nitrogen metallic salt at terapascal pressures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:175502. [PMID: 24206503 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.175502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The phase diagram and equation of state of dense nitrogen are of interest in understanding the fundamental physics and chemistry under extreme conditions, including planetary processes, and in discovering new materials. We predict several stable phases of nitrogen at multi-TPa pressures, including a P4/nbm structure consisting of partially charged N(2)(δ+) pairs and N(5)(δ-) tetrahedra, which is stable in the range 2.5-6.8 TPa. This is followed by a modulated layered structure between 6.8 and 12.6 TPa, which also exhibits a significant charge transfer. The P4/nbm metallic nitrogen salt and the modulated structure are stable at high pressures and temperatures, and they exhibit strongly ionic features and charge density distortions, which is unexpected in an element under such extreme conditions and could represent a new class of nitrogen materials. The P-T phase diagram of nitrogen at TPa pressures is investigated using quasiharmonic phonon calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China and Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany and Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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12
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Beaudet TD, Mattson WD, Rice BM. New form of polymeric nitrogen from dynamic shock simulation. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:054503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4789307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Wang X, Wang Y, Miao M, Zhong X, Lv J, Cui T, Li J, Chen L, Pickard CJ, Ma Y. Cagelike diamondoid nitrogen at high pressures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:175502. [PMID: 23215200 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.175502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Under high pressure, triply bonded molecular nitrogen dissociates into singly bonded polymeric nitrogen, a potential high-energy-density material. The discovery of stable high-pressure forms of polymeric nitrogen is of great interest. We report the striking stabilization of cagelike diamondoid nitrogen at high pressures predicted by first-principles structural searches. The diamondoid structure of polymeric nitrogen has not been seen in any other elements, and it adopts a highly symmetric body-centered cubic structure with lattice sites occupied by diamondoids, each of which consists of ten nitrogen atoms, forming a N(10) tetracyclic cage. Diamondoid nitrogen possesses a wide energy gap and is energetically most stable among all known polymeric structures above 263 GPa, a pressure that is accessible to a high-pressure experiment. Our findings represent a significant step toward the understanding of the behavior of solid nitrogen at extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, People's Republic of China
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14
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Chen G, Jiang X, Cheng X, Zhang H. Phase transition and chemical decomposition of shocked CO–N2 mixture. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:054504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4734867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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15
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Pickard CJ, Needs RJ. Ab initio random structure searching. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:053201. [PMID: 21406903 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/5/053201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to know the arrangement of the atoms in a material in order to compute and understand its properties. Searching for stable structures of materials using first-principles electronic structure methods, such as density-functional-theory (DFT), is a rapidly growing field. Here we describe our simple, elegant and powerful approach to searching for structures with DFT, which we call ab initio random structure searching (AIRSS). Applications to discovering the structures of solids, point defects, surfaces, and clusters are reviewed. New results for iron clusters on graphene, silicon clusters, polymeric nitrogen, hydrogen-rich lithium hydrides, and boron are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Pickard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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16
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Hu A, Zhang F. A hydronitrogen solid: high pressure ab initio evolutionary structure searches. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:022203. [PMID: 21406836 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/2/022203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High pressure ab initio evolutionary structure searches resulted in a hydronitrogen solid with a composition of (NH)(4). The structure searches also provided two molecular isomers, ammonium azide (AA) and trans-tetrazene (TTZ) which were previously discovered experimentally and can be taken as molecular precursors for high pressure synthesis of the hydronitrogen solid. The computed pressure versus enthalpy diagram showed that the transformation pressure to the hydronitrogen solid is 36 GPa from AA and 75 GPa from TTZ. Its metastability was analyzed by the phonon dispersion spectrum and room-temperature vibrational density of state together with the transformation energy barrier back to molecular phases at 298 K. The predicted energy barrier of 0.21 eV/atom means that the proposed hydronitrogen solid should be very stable at ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anguang Hu
- Defence Research and Development Canada-Suffield, PO Box 4000 Stn Main, Medicine Hat, AB, T1A 8K6, Canada.
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18
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Wang X, Tian F, Wang L, Cui T, Liu B, Zou G. Structural stability of polymeric nitrogen: A first-principles investigation. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:024502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3290954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Pickard CJ, Needs RJ. High-pressure phases of nitrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:125702. [PMID: 19392297 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.125702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Density-functional-theory calculations and a structure-searching method are used to identify candidate high-pressure phases of nitrogen. We find six structures which are calculated to be more stable than previously studied structures at some pressures. Our four new molecular structures give insight into the most efficient packings of nitrogen molecules at high pressures, and we predict two new nonmolecular structures to be stable at very high pressures.
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Ma Y, Oganov AR, Li Z, Xie Y, Kotakoski J. Novel high pressure structures of polymeric nitrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:065501. [PMID: 19257600 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.065501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The search for the stable monatomic forms of solid nitrogen is of great importance in view of its potential application as a high-energy-density material. Based on the results of evolutionary structure searches, we proposed two high-pressure polymeric structures to be stable beyond the stability field of the synthesized cubic gauche structure--the layered Pba2 or Iba2 (188-320 GPa) and the helical tunnel P2_{1}2_{1}2_{1} structure (>320 GPa). We rule out the low-temperature stability of the earlier proposed black phosphorus structure. Stability fields of the newly predicted polymorphs are within the reach of current experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Ma
- National Lab of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Boates B, Bonev SA. First-order liquid-liquid phase transition in compressed nitrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:015701. [PMID: 19257211 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.015701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report results of first-principles molecular dynamics simulations, which predict a first-order phase transition from molecular to polymeric liquid nitrogen. The liquid-liquid phase boundary is near 88 GPa along the 2000 K isotherm and has a critical point between 4000 and 5000 K and 50 to 75 GPa. At higher temperatures, molecular nitrogen undergoes temperature-driven dissociation to an atomic liquid. The nature of the liquid-liquid transition and the structure of the new polymeric phase are characterized, and ways to experimentally confirm our findings are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Boates
- Department of Physics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3J5, Canada
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Caracas R. Raman spectra and lattice dynamics of cubic gauche nitrogen. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:144510. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2780844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Strak P, Krukowski S. Molecular nitrogen-N2 properties: The intermolecular potential and the equation of state. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:194501. [PMID: 17523816 DOI: 10.1063/1.2733651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum mechanical (QM) high precision calculations were used to determine N(2)-N(2) intermolecular interaction potential. Using QM numerical data the anisotropic potential energy surface was obtained for all orientations of the pair of the nitrogen molecules in the rotation invariant form. The new N(2)-N(2) potential is in reasonably good agreement with the scaled potential obtained by van der Avoird et al. using the results of Hartree-Fock calculations [J. Chem. Phys. 84, 1629 (1986)]. The molecular dynamics (MD) of the N(2) molecules has been used to determine nitrogen equation of state. The classical motion of N(2) molecules was integrated in rigid rotor approximation, i.e., it accounted only translational and rotational degrees of freedom. Fincham [Mol. Simul. 11, 79 (1993)] algorithm was shown to be superior in terms of precision and energy stability to other algorithms, including Singer [Mol. Phys. 33, 1757 (1977)], fifth order predictor-corrector, or Runge-Kutta, and was therefore used in the MD modeling of the nitrogen pressure [S. Krukowski and P. Strak, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 134501 (2006)]. Nitrogen equation of state at pressures up to 30 GPa (300 kbars) and temperatures from the room temperature to 2000 K was obtained using MD simulation results. Results of MD simulations are in very good agreement (the error below 1%) with the experimental data on nitrogen equation of state at pressures below 1 GPa (10 kbars) for temperatures below 1800 K [R. T. Jacobsen et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, 735 (1986)]. For higher temperatures, the deviation is slightly larger, about 2.5% which still is a very good agreement. The slightly larger difference may be attributed to the vibrational motion not accounted explicitly by rigid rotor approximation, which may be especially important at high temperatures. These results allow to obtain reliable equation of state of nitrogen for pressures up to 30 GPa (300 kbars), i.e., close to molecular nitrogen stability limit, determined by Nellis et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1661 (1984)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Strak
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-672 Warsaw, Koszykowa 75, Poland.
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Gregoryanz E, Goncharov AF, Sanloup C, Somayazulu M, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. High P-T transformations of nitrogen to 170GPa. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:184505. [PMID: 17508809 DOI: 10.1063/1.2723069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray diffraction and optical spectroscopy techniques are used to characterize stable and metastable transformations of nitrogen compressed up to 170 GPa and heated above 2500 K. X-ray diffraction data show that varepsilon-N2 undergoes two successive structural changes to complex molecular phases zeta at 62 GPa and a newly discovered kappa at 110 GPa. The latter becomes an amorphous narrow gap semiconductor on further compression and if subjected to very high temperatures (approximately 2000 K) crystallizes to the crystalline cubic-gauche-N structure (cg-N) above 150 GPa. The diffraction data show that the transition to cg-N is accompanied by 15% volume reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Gregoryanz
- School of Physics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
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26
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Krukowski S, Strak P. Equation of state of nitrogen (N2) at high pressures and high temperatures: Molecular dynamics simulation. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:134501. [PMID: 16613455 DOI: 10.1063/1.2185096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen equation of state at pressures up to 30 GPa (300 kbars) and temperatures above 800 K was studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The dynamics of the N(2) molecules is treated in hard rotor approximation, i.e., it accounts both translational and rotational degrees of freedom. The rotational motion of the N(2) molecule is treated assuming constant moment of inertia of the nitrogen molecule. The new MD program fully accounts anisotropic molecular nitrogen interaction. The N(2)-N(2) interaction potential has been derived by van der Avoird et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 84, 1629 (1986)] using the results of high precision Hartree-Fock ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The potential, fully accounts rotational symmetry of the N(2)-N(2) system, by employing 6-j Wigner symbols, i.e., preserving full rotational symmetry of the system. Various numerical algorithms were tested, in order to achieve the energy preservation during the simulation. It has been demonstrated that the standard Verlet algorithm was not preserving the energy for the standard MD time step, equal to 5x10(-16) s. Runge-Kutta fourth order method was able to preserve the energy within 10(-4) relative error, but it requires calculation of the force four times for each time step and therefore it is highly inefficient. A predictor-corrector method of the fifth order (PC5) was found to be efficient and precise and was therefore adopted for the simulation of the molecular nitrogen properties at high pressure. Singer and Fincham algorithms were tested and were found to be as precise as PC5 algorithm and they were also used in the simulation of the equation of state. Results of MD simulations are in very good agreement with the experimental data on nitrogen equation of state at pressures below 1 GPa (10 kbars). For higher pressures, up to 30 GPa (300 kbars), i.e., close to molecular nitrogen stability limit, determined by Nellis et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1262 (1984)], the obtained numerical results provide new data of the experimentally unexplored region. These data were formulated in the analytical form of pressure-density-temperature equation of state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Krukowski
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-142 Warsaw, Sokołowska 29/37, Poland.
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Yu H, Yang G, Xiao Y, Mao Y. Band structure and optical properties of single-bonded cubic nitrogen: A first-principle study. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Yu H, Yang G, Xiao Y, Yan X, Mao Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Lattice dynamics of single-bonded cubic nitrogen. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mattson WD, Sanchez-Portal D, Chiesa S, Martin RM. Prediction of new phases of nitrogen at high pressure from first-principles simulations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:125501. [PMID: 15447274 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.125501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A rich variety of competing phases is predicted for nitrogen at accessible pressures, including a new metallic chainlike phase very close in energy to the previously predicted cubic gauche phase, and other phases at slightly higher energies, e.g., one with N2 and N6 units. Large energy barriers between structures can account for recent observations of metastability, and we identify a low barrier transition path from the known epsilon phase to the chainlike metallic phase. In analogy to MgB2, the metal is anisotropic with multiple Fermi surfaces formed from pi and sigma states.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Mattson
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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31
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Eremets MI, Gavriliuk AG, Trojan IA, Dzivenko DA, Boehler R. Single-bonded cubic form of nitrogen. NATURE MATERIALS 2004; 3:558-63. [PMID: 15235595 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen usually consists of molecules where two atoms are strongly triple-bonded. Here, we report on an allotropic form of nitrogen where all atoms are connected with single covalent bonds, similar to carbon atoms in diamond. The compound was synthesized directly from molecular nitrogen at temperatures above 2,000 K and pressures above 110 GPa using a laser-heated diamond cell. From X-ray and Raman scattering we have identified this as the long-sought-after polymeric nitrogen with the theoretically predicted cubic gauche structure (cg-N). This cubic phase has not been observed previously in any element. The phase is a stiff substance with bulk modulus >or=300 GPa, characteristic of strong covalent solids. The polymeric nitrogen is metastable, and contrasts with previously reported amorphous non-molecular nitrogen, which is most likely a mixture of small clusters of non-molecular phases. The cg-N represents a new class of single-bonded nitrogen materials with unique properties such as energy capacity: more than five times that of the most powerfully energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail I Eremets
- Max Planck Institute für Chemie, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany.
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Eremets MI, Gavriliuk AG, Serebryanaya NR, Trojan IA, Dzivenko DA, Boehler R, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. Structural transformation of molecular nitrogen to a single-bonded atomic state at high pressures. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:11296-300. [PMID: 15634085 DOI: 10.1063/1.1814074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transformation of molecular nitrogen to a single-bonded atomic nitrogen is of significant interest from a fundamental stand point and because it is the most energetic non-nuclear material predicted. We performed an x-ray diffraction of nitrogen at pressures up to 170 GPa. At 60 GPa, we found a transition from the rhombohedral (R3c) epsilon-N(2) phase to the zeta-N(2) phase, which we identified as orthorhombic with space group P222(1) and with four molecules per unit cell. This transition is accompanied by increasing intramolecular and decreasing intermolecular distances. The major transformation of this diatomic phase into the single-bonded (polymeric) phase, recently determined to have the cubic gauche structure (cg-N), proceeds as a first-order transition with a volume change of 22%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Eremets
- Max Planck Institute für Chemie, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
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Brennan JK, Rice BM. Molecular simulation of shocked materials using the reactive Monte Carlo method. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:021105. [PMID: 12241148 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.021105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the applicability of the reactive Monte Carlo (RxMC) simulation method [J. K. Johnson, A. Z. Panagiotopoulos, and K. E. Gubbins, Mol. Phys. 81, 717 (1994); W. R. Smith and B. Tríska, J. Chem. Phys. 100, 3019 (1994)] for calculating the shock Hugoniot properties of a material. The method does not require interaction potentials that simulate bond breaking or bond formation; it requires only the intermolecular potentials and the ideal-gas partition functions for the reactive species that are present. By performing Monte Carlo sampling of forward and reverse reaction steps, the RxMC method provides information on the chemical equilibria states of the shocked material, including the density of the reactive mixture and the mole fractions of the reactive species. We illustrate the methodology for two simple systems (shocked liquid NO and shocked liquid N2), where we find excellent agreement with experimental measurements. The results show that the RxMC methodology provides an important simulation tool capable of testing models used in current detonation theory predictions. Further applications and extensions of the reactive Monte Carlo method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Brennan
- Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005-5066, USA
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34
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McCluskey MD, Zhuravlev KK. N2 and CO2 vibrational modes in solid nitrogen under pressure. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1429644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Eremets MI, Hemley RJ, Gregoryanz E. Semiconducting non-molecular nitrogen up to 240 GPa and its low-pressure stability. Nature 2001; 411:170-4. [PMID: 11346788 DOI: 10.1038/35075531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The triple bond of diatomic nitrogen has among the greatest binding energies of any molecule. At low temperatures and pressures, nitrogen forms a molecular crystal in which these strong bonds co-exist with weak van der Waals interactions between molecules, producing an insulator with a large band gap. As the pressure is raised on molecular crystals, intermolecular interactions increase and the molecules eventually dissociate to form monoatomic metallic solids, as was first predicted for hydrogen. Theory predicts that, in a pressure range between 50 and 94 GPa, diatomic nitrogen can be transformed into a non-molecular framework or polymeric structure with potential use as a high-energy-density material. Here we show that the non-molecular phase of nitrogen is semiconducting up to at least 240 GPa, at which pressure the energy gap has decreased to 0.4 eV. At 300 K, this transition from insulating to semiconducting behaviour starts at a pressure of approximately 140 GPa, but shifts to much higher pressure with decreasing temperature. The transition also exhibits remarkably large hysteresis with an equilibrium transition estimated to be near 100 GPa. Moreover, we have succeeded in recovering the non-molecular phase of nitrogen at ambient pressure (at temperatures below 100 K), which could be of importance for practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Eremets
- Geophysical Laboratory and Center for High Pressure Research, Carnegie Institution of Washington, DC 20015, USA
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Abstract
Recent high-pressure studies reveal a wealth of new information about the behavior of molecular materials subjected to pressures well into the multimegabar range (several hundred gigapascal), corresponding to compressions in excess of an order of magnitude. Under such conditions, bonding patterns established for molecular systems near ambient conditions change dramatically, causing profound effects on numerous physical and chemical properties and leading to the formation of new classes of materials. Representative systems are examined to illustrate key phenomena, including the evolution of structure and bonding with compression; pressure-induced phase transitions and chemical reactions; pressure-tuning of vibrational dynamics, quantum effects, and excited electronic states; and novel states of electronic and magnetic order. Examples are taken from simple elemental molecules (e.g. homonuclear diatomics), simple heteronuclear species, hydrogen-bonded systems (including H2O), simple molecular mixtures, and selected larger, more complex molecules. There are many implications that span the sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hemley
- Geophysical Laboratory and Center for High Pressure Research, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA.
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Goncharov AF, Gregoryanz E, Mao H, Liu Z, Hemley RJ. Optical evidence for a nonmolecular phase of nitrogen above 150 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:1262-1265. [PMID: 10991527 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopy techniques, including visible and near infrared (IR) Raman and synchrotron IR methods have been applied to study solid nitrogen at megabar pressures. We find that nitrogen becomes totally opaque above 150 GPa, accompanied by the disappearance of Raman and IR vibrational excitations, while new broad IR and Raman bands become visible. Optical absorption measurements reveal that the semiconducting absorption edge responsible for the change of color is characterized by the presence of a wide Urbach-like tail and a high-energy (Tauc) region. These data are consistent with the dissociation of molecular nitrogen into a nonmolecular (possibly amorphous) phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- AF Goncharov
- Geophysical Laboratory and Center for High Pressure Research, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, USA
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Liu AY, Wentzcovitch RM. Stability of carbon nitride solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:10362-10365. [PMID: 9975128 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.10362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Barbee TW. Metastability of atomic phases of nitrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:9327-9330. [PMID: 10007168 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.9327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Mailhiot C, Yang LH, McMahan AK. Polymeric nitrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:14419-14435. [PMID: 10003540 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Lewis SP, Cohen ML. High-pressure atomic phases of solid nitrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:11117-11120. [PMID: 10002977 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.11117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Schneider H, Häfner W, Wokaun A, Olijnyk H. Room temperature Raman scattering studies of external and internal modes of solid nitrogen at pressures 8≤P≤54 GPa. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.462356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Vanderborgh CA, Schiferl D. Raman studies of black phosphorus from 0.25 to 7.7 GPa at 15 K. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 40:9595-9599. [PMID: 9991478 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.40.9595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Hamilton DC, Ree FH. Chemical equilibrium calculations on the molecular‐to‐nonmolecular transition of shock compressed liquid nitrogen. J Chem Phys 1989. [DOI: 10.1063/1.456566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Springborg M, Andersen OK. Method for calculating the electronic structures of large molecules; helical polymers. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.453357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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