Tunnel creation of kink-antikink pairs from an inhomogeneous vacuum by an external field

Quantum dissociation of a vortex-antivortex pair in a long josephson junction

The thermal and the quantum dissociation of a single vortex-antivortex (VAV) pair in an annular Josephson junction is experimentally observed and theoretically analyzed. In our experiments, the VAV pair is confined in a pinning potential controlled by external magnetic field and bias current. The dissociation of the pinned VAV pair manifests itself in a switching of the Josephson junction from the superconducting to the resistive state. The observed temperature and field dependence of the switching current distribution is in agreement with the analysis. The crossover from the thermal to the macroscopic quantum tunneling mechanism of dissociation occurs at a temperature of about 100 mK. We also predict the specific magnetic field dependence of the oscillatory energy levels of the pinned VAV state.