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Guo Z, Wang J, Hu K, Shan Y. Role of Coulomb blockade in nonlinear transport of conducting polymers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:355201. [PMID: 38154133 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
NonlinearI-Vcharacteristics associated with Coulomb blockade (CB) in conducting polymers were systematically investigated. At low temperatures, a crossover from Ohmic to nonlinear behavior was observed, along with drastically enhanced noise in differential conductance right from the crossover. The fluctuation can be well explained by the Coulombic oscillation in the collective percolation system, where the charge transport is related to the Coulombic charging energy between crystalline domains. Furthermore, a distinct quantum conductance, the fingerprint of CB caused by the individual tunneling between crystalline grains, was observed in sub-100 nm devices, confirming a strong association between nonlinearI-Vcharacteristics and CB effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zean Guo
- State key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Hu
- State key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shan
- State key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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2
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Craig B, Townsend P, de Leon CP, Skylaris CK, Kramer D. An Electronic Structure Investigation of PEDOT with AlCl 4- Anions-A Promising Redox Combination for Energy Storage Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1376. [PMID: 38794569 PMCID: PMC11125351 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we use density functional theory to investigate the electronic structure of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) oligomers with co-located AlCl4- anions, a promising combination for energy storage. The 1980s bipolaron model remains the dominant interpretation of the electronic structure of PEDOT despite recent theoretical progress that has provided new definitions of bipolarons and polarons. By considering the influence of oligomer length, oxidation or anion concentration and spin state, we find no evidence for many of the assertions of the 1980s bipolaron model and so further contribute to a new understanding. No self-localisation of positive charges in PEDOT is found, as predicted by the bipolaron model at the hybrid functional level. Instead, our results show distortions that exhibit a single or a double peak in bond length alternations and charge density. Either can occur at different oxidation or anion concentrations. Rather than representing bipolarons or polaron pairs in the original model, these are electron distributions driven by a range of factors. Distortions can span an arbitrary number of nearby anions. We also contribute a novel conductivity hypothesis. Conductivity in conducting polymers has been observed to reduce at anion concentrations above 0.5. We show that at high anion concentrations, the energy of the localised, non-bonding anionic orbitals approaches that of the system HOMO due to Coulombic repulsion between anions. We hypothesize that with nucleic motion in the macropolymer, these orbitals will interfere with the hopping of charge carriers between sites of similar energy, lowering conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Craig
- School of Engineering, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (C.P.d.L.)
| | - Peter Townsend
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Carlos Ponce de Leon
- School of Engineering, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (C.P.d.L.)
| | - Chris-Kriton Skylaris
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Denis Kramer
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Helmut-Schmidt-University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Vello TP, Albano LGS, Dos Santos TC, Colletti JC, Santos Batista CV, Leme VFC, Dos Santos TC, Miguel MPDC, de Camargo DHS, Bof Bufon CC. Electrical Conductivity Boost: In Situ Polypyrrole Polymerization in Monolithically Integrated Surface-Supported Metal-Organic Framework Templates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305501. [PMID: 37752688 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in synthesizing and integrating surface-supported metal-organic frameworks (SURMOFs) has highlighted their potential in developing hybrid electronic devices with exceptional mechanical flexibility, film processability, and cost-effectiveness. However, the low electrical conductivity of SURMOFs has limited their use in devices. To address this, researchers have utilized the porosity of SURMOFs to enhance electrical conductivity by incorporating conductive materials. This study introduces a method to improve the electrical conductivity of HKUST-1 templates by in situ polymerization of conductive polypyrrole (PPy) chains within the SURMOF pores (named as PPy@HKUST-1). Nanomembrane-origami technology is employed for integration, allowing a rolled-up metallic nanomembrane to contact the HKUST-1 films without causing damage. After a 24 h loading period, the electrical conductivity at room temperature reaches approximately 5.10-6 S m-1 . The nanomembrane-based contact enables reliable electrical characterization even at low temperatures. Key parameters of PPy@HKUST-1 films, such as trap barrier height, dielectric constant, and tunneling barrier height, are determined using established conduction mechanisms. These findings represent a significant advancement in real-time control of SURMOF conductivity, opening pathways for innovative electronic-optoelectronic device development. This study demonstrates the potential of SURMOFs to revolutionize hybrid electronic devices by enhancing electrical conductivity through intelligent integration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Parra Vello
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Simão Albano
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Thamiris Cescon Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Julia Cantovitz Colletti
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vinícius Santos Batista
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Vitória Fernandes Cintra Leme
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Thamiris Costa Dos Santos
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Dias Carneiro Miguel
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Davi Henrique Starnini de Camargo
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos César Bof Bufon
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
- Mackenzie Evangelical Faculty of Paraná (FEMPAR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80730-000, Brazil
- Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute (IPM), São Paulo, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
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4
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Liang Z, Choi HH, Luo X, Liu T, Abtahi A, Ramasamy US, Hitron JA, Baustert KN, Hempel JL, Boehm AM, Ansary A, Strachan DR, Mei J, Risko C, Podzorov V, Graham KR. n-type charge transport in heavily p-doped polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:518-524. [PMID: 33398117 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that charge-carrier transport in doped π-conjugated polymers is dominated by one type of charge carrier, either holes or electrons, as determined by the chemistry of the dopant. Here, through Seebeck coefficient and Hall effect measurements, we show that mobile electrons contribute substantially to charge-carrier transport in π-conjugated polymers that are heavily p-doped with strong electron acceptors. Specifically, the Seebeck coefficient of several p-doped polymers changes sign from positive to negative as the concentration of the oxidizing agents FeCl3 or NOBF4 increase, and Hall effect measurements for the same p-doped polymers reveal that electrons become the dominant delocalized charge carriers. Ultraviolet and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that doping with oxidizing agents results in elimination of the transport gap at high doping concentrations. This approach of heavy p-type doping is demonstrated to provide a promising route to high-performance n-type organic thermoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hyun Ho Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xuyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Tuo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ashkan Abtahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Uma Shantini Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Kyle N Baustert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jacob L Hempel
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alex M Boehm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Armin Ansary
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Douglas R Strachan
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Vitaly Podzorov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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5
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Assessing the Influence of the Sourcing Voltage on Polyaniline Composites for Stress Sensing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051164. [PMID: 32438664 PMCID: PMC7284798 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) has recently gained great attention due to its outstanding electrical properties and ease of processability; these characteristics make it ideal for the manufacturing of polymer blends. In this study, the processing and piezoresistive characterization of polymer composites resulting from the blend of PANI with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in different weight percentages (wt %) is reported. The PANI/UHMWPE composites were uniformly homogenized by mechanical mixing and the pellets were manufactured by compression molding. A total of four pellets were manufactured, with PANI percentages of 20, 25, 30 and 35 wt %. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to confirm the effective distribution of PANI and UHMWPE particles in the pellets. A piezoresistive characterization was performed on the basis of compressive forces at different voltages; it was found that the error metrics of hysteresis and drift were influenced by the operating voltage. In general, larger voltages lowered the error metrics, but a reduction in sensor sensitivity came along with voltage increments. In an attempt to explain such a phenomenon, the authors developed a microscopic model for the piezoresistive response of PANI composites, aiming towards a broader usage of PANI composites in strain/stress sensing applications as an alternative to carbonaceous materials.
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6
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Solution-processed WO3 and water-free PEDOT:PSS composite for hole transport layer in conventional perovskite solar cell. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Bláha M, Marek F, Morávková Z, Svoboda J, Brus J, Dybal J, Prokeš J, Varga M, Stejskal J. Role of p-Benzoquinone in the Synthesis of a Conducting Polymer, Polyaniline. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7128-7139. [PMID: 31459822 PMCID: PMC6648476 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) and 2,5-dianilino-p-benzoquinone both are formed by oxidation of aniline in an acidic aqueous environment. The aim of this study is to understand the impact of addition of p-benzoquinone on the structure of PANI prepared by the oxidation of aniline hydrochloride with ammonium peroxydisulfate and to elucidate the formation of low-molecular-weight byproducts. An increasing yield and size-exclusion chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the products show that p-benzoquinone does not act as a terminating agent in the synthesis of PANI and the content of 2,5-dianilino-p-benzoquinone increases with the increasing molar concentration of p-benzoquinone in the reaction mixture, [BzQ]. Regarding the structure of PANI, Raman and UV-visible spectra show that the doping level and the charge delocalization both decrease with the increase of [BzQ], and the FTIR spectra of the PANI bases indicate an increased concentration of benzenoid units at higher [BzQ]. We explain these observations by an increasing concentration of structural defects in PANI chains and propose a 2,5-dianilino-p-benzoquinone-like structure of these defects present as pendant groups. The bands typical of 2,5-dianilino-p-benzoquinone-like moiety are observed even in the vibrational spectra of the sample prepared without addition of p-benzoquinone. This confirms in situ oxidation of aniline to p-benzoquinone within the course of the oxidation of aniline hydrochloride to PANI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bláha
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Marek
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Morávková
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Svoboda
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brus
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Dybal
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prokeš
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Varga
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Stejskal
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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8
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De Keersmaecker M, Lang AW, Österholm AM, Reynolds JR. All Polymer Solution Processed Electrochromic Devices: A Future without Indium Tin Oxide? ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31568-31579. [PMID: 30199228 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing range of applications for optoelectronic and electrochromic devices (ECDs) encourages the search for materials combining high electrical conductivity with optical transparency. Next generation transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are required to be inexpensive, lightweight, scalable, and compatible with flexible substrates to trigger innovations towards supporting sustainable living and reducing energy consumption. Here we show that PEDOT:PSS can be solution processed using blade coating and subsequently post-treated with nitric and acetic acid to raise its conductivity above 2000 S cm-1 with a film transparency of ∼95%. A combined grazing-incidence wide angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, and thickness analysis of the film indicates that the removal of excess insulating PSS- inducing reordering is the critical parameter for the claimed conductivity increase. We then investigate the impact of replacing indium tin oxide electrodes with PEDOT:PSS in ECDs. While electrochromic contrast and optical memory are comparable for devices constructed with both electrode materials, differences in switching kinetics are explored by comparing internal resistances, ion diffusion, and charging effects in the polymer films extracted by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. While all these ideas are described based on a battery-type ECD configuration, these concepts are easily transferable to other types of redox-active devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel De Keersmaecker
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Augustus W Lang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Anna M Österholm
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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9
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10
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Ortuño M, Escasain E, Lopez-Elvira E, Somoza AM, Colchero J, Palacios-Lidon E. Conducting polymers as electron glasses: surface charge domains and slow relaxation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21647. [PMID: 26911652 PMCID: PMC4766496 DOI: 10.1038/srep21647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface potential of conducting polymers has been studied with scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. The results show that this technique can become an excellent tool to really 'see' interesting surface charge interaction effects at the nanoscale. The electron glass model, which assumes that charges are localized by the disorder and that interactions between them are relevant, is employed to understand the complex behavior of conducting polymers. At equilibrium, we find surface potential domains with a typical lateral size of 50 nm, basically uncorrelated with the topography and strongly fluctuating in time. These fluctuations are about three times larger than thermal energy. The charge dynamics is characterized by an exponentially broad time distribution. When the conducting polymers are excited with light the surface potential relaxes logarithmically with time, as usually observed in electron glasses. In addition, the relaxation for different illumination times can be scaled within the full aging model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ortuño
- Dep. de Física - CIOyN, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elisa Escasain
- Dep. de Física - CIOyN, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Lopez-Elvira
- Dep. Surfaces and Coatings, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid - CSIC (Campus Cantoblanco), E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres M. Somoza
- Dep. de Física - CIOyN, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jaime Colchero
- Dep. de Física - CIOyN, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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11
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Wei Q, Mukaida M, Kirihara K, Naitoh Y, Ishida T. Photoinduced Dedoping of Conducting Polymers: An Approach to Precise Control of the Carrier Concentration and Understanding Transport Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:2054-2060. [PMID: 26734776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the various applications of conjugated polymers requires systematic studies of their physical properties as a function of the doping density, which, consequently, calls for precise control of their doping density. In this study, we report a novel solid-state photoinduced charge-transfer reaction that dedopes highly conductive polyelectrolyte complexes such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate). Varying the UV-irradiation time of this material allows the carrier density inside the film to be precisely controlled over more than 3 orders of magnitude. We extract the carrier density, carrier mobility, and Seebeck coefficient at different doping levels to obtain a clear image of carrier-transport mechanisms. This approach not only leads to a better understanding of the physical properties of the conducting polymer but also is useful for developing applications requiring patterned, large-area conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshuo Wei
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Masakazu Mukaida
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kirihara
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Naitoh
- Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Department of Electronics and Manufacturing, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Takao Ishida
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
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12
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Chutia P, Kumar A. Electrical transport and morphological studies of polyaniline nanostructures. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Chutia
- Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics; Tezpur University; Tezpur 784028 Assam India
| | - A. Kumar
- Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics; Tezpur University; Tezpur 784028 Assam India
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13
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Bláha M, Varga M, Prokeš J, Zhigunov A, Vohlídal J. Effects of the polymerization temperature on the structure, morphology and conductivity of polyaniline prepared with ammonium peroxodisulfate. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Hexavalent chromium synthesized polyaniline nanostructures: Magnetoresistance and electrochemical energy storage behaviors. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Wang S, Ha M, Manno M, Daniel Frisbie C, Leighton C. Hopping transport and the Hall effect near the insulator–metal transition in electrochemically gated poly(3-hexylthiophene) transistors. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1210. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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16
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Kim N, Lee BH, Choi D, Kim G, Kim H, Kim JR, Lee J, Kahng YH, Lee K. Role of interchain coupling in the metallic state of conducting polymers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:106405. [PMID: 23005311 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.106405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the charge dynamics of the conductivity enhancement from 2 to 1000 S/cm in poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) as induced by structural changes through the addition of a polar solvent and the following solvent bath treatment. Our results indicate that the addition of a polar solvent selectively enhanced the π-π coupling of the polymer chains, resulting in the reduction of disorder and tremendously increasing the charge carrier mobility, which yielded an insulator-to-metal transition. In contrast, the following solvent bath treatment selectively enhanced the intergrain coupling, which did not affect the disorder or the mobility but increased the charge carrier density. Therefore, we demonstrate that the conduction-character defining disorder in this conducting polymer system is determined by the extent of interchain coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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17
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Kemp NT, Newbury R, Cochrane JW, Dujardin E. Electronic transport in conducting polymer nanowire array devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:105202. [PMID: 21289409 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/10/105202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on the temperature dependent conductivity and current-voltage (I-V) properties of novel polyaniline nanowire array devices. Below 60 K, I-V measurements show a transition to non-linear behaviour, leading to the onset at 30 K of a threshold voltage, for potentials below which little current flows. By considering an intrinsic morphology of small conducting regions separated by tunnel junctions, we show that charging of the conducting regions leads to Coulomb blockade effects that can account for this behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Kemp
- Department of Physics, The University of Hull, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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Lin YF, Chen CH, Xie WJ, Yang SH, Hsu CS, Lin MT, Jian WB. Nano approach investigation of the conduction mechanism in polyaniline nanofibers. ACS NANO 2011; 5:1541-1548. [PMID: 21280617 DOI: 10.1021/nn103525b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A nanotechnological approach is applied to measurements of the electric field dependence of resistance under a high electric field while in low voltage. With this technique, the conduction mechanism on a mesoscopic scale is explored in a single, nonagglomerated nanofiber. Polyaniline nanofibers are prepared by vigorous mixing of aniline and oxidation agent ammonium persulfate in acid solution. They exhibit a uniform nanoscale morphology rather than agglomeration as that produced via conventional chemical oxidation. The as-synthesized polyaniline nanofibers are doped (dedoped) with a HCl acid (NH(3) base), and their temperature behaviors of resistances follow an exponential function with an exponent of T(-1/2). To measure the conduction mechanism in a single nanofiber, the dielectrophoresis technique is implemented to position nanofibers on top of two electrodes with a nanogap of 100-600 nm, patterned by electron-beam lithography. After the devices are irradiated by electron beam to reduce contact resistances, their temperature behaviors and electric field dependences are unveiled. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical model of charging energy limited tunneling. Other theoretical models such as Efros-Shklovskii and Mott's one-dimensional hopping conduction are excluded after comparisons and arguments. Through fitting, the size of the conductive grain, separation distance between two grains, and charging energy per grain in a single polyaniline nanofiber are estimated to be about 4.9 nm, 2.8 nm, and 78 meV, respectively. The nanotechnological approach, where the nanogap and the dielectrophoresis technique are used for single nanofiber device fabrication, is applied for determination of mesoscopic charge transport in a polyaniline conducting polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Fu Lin
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Lakshmi GBVS, Siddiqui AM, Zulfequar M. Effects of Si5+Ion Irradiation on Poly(3-methyl thiophene) Films. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2010.504142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Hangarter CM, Bangar M, Mulchandani A, Myung NV. Conducting polymer nanowires for chemiresistive and FET-based bio/chemical sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b915717d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Suchand Sangeeth CS, Jaiswal M, Menon R. Correlation of morphology and charge transport in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonic acid (PEDOT-PSS) films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:072101. [PMID: 21817315 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/7/072101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A wide variation in the charge transport properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) films is attributed to the degree of phase segregation of the excess insulating polyanion. The results indicate that the charge transport in PEDOT-PSS can vary from hopping to the critical regime of the metal-insulator transition, depending on the subtle details of morphology. The extent of electrical connectivity in the films, directly obtained from a temperature-dependent high-frequency transport study, indicates various limiting factors to the transport, which are correlated with the phase separation process. The low temperature magnetotransport further supports this morphology-dependent transport scenario.
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Cao Y, Kovalev AE, Xiao R, Kim J, Mayer TS, Mallouk TE. Electrical transport and chemical sensing properties of individual conducting polymer nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:4653-4658. [PMID: 19368007 DOI: 10.1021/nl800940e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The electrical transport and chemical sensing properties of individual multisegmented Au-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT)-Au nanowires have been investigated. Temperature dependent conductivity measurements show that different charge transport mechanisms influence these properties in two types of PEDOT nanowires. Charge transport in PEDOT/poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) nanowires is in the insulating regime of the metal-insulator transition and dominated by hopping, while PEDOT/perchlorate (CIO4) nanowires are slightly on the metallic side of the critical regime. The vapor sensing properties of individual nanowires to water and methanol reflect the fact that the two kinds of PEDOT nanowires operate in different transport regimes. Nanowires in the metallic transport regime show much greater sensitivity to vapor-phase analytes than those in which transport is dominated by hopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Basavaraja C, Veeranagouda Y, Lee K, Pierson R, Huh DS. Surface characterization and electrical behavior of polyaniline-polymannuronate nanocomposites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nowaczyk J, Olszowy P, Cysewski P, Nowaczyk A, Czerwiński W. Ozonization of electronic conducting polymers, Part III: The action of ozone on poly[3-pentylthiophene] film. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Zhang C, Wang K, Hu L, Kong F, Guo L. Improved performance of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with p/p-type nanocomposite electrolyte. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lavina S, Negro E, Gliubizzi R, Depaoli G, Pace G, Di Noto V. New hybrid inorganic–organic complexes based on poly(3-butylthiophene) and titanium tetrachloride: Synthesis, structure and conductivity. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fraysse J, Planès J, Dufresne A. Transport and Mechanical Properties of Polyaniline—Poly(methyl methacrylate) Blends Exhibiting Low Percolation Threshold. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587250008023645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Fraysse
- a Laboratoire de Physique des Métaux Synthétiques , UMR 5819 (CEA-CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier) , SI3M/DRFMC/CEA-Grenoble, F-38054, Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Jérôme Planès
- a Laboratoire de Physique des Métaux Synthétiques , UMR 5819 (CEA-CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier) , SI3M/DRFMC/CEA-Grenoble, F-38054, Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Alain Dufresne
- b Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolecules Végétales, Université Joseph Fourier , BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
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Singh R, Narula AK, Tandon RP, Mansingh A, Chandra S. Polaronic hopping conduction in poly(N-methyl pyrrole-pyrrole) copolymer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13642819708202328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramadhar Singh
- a National Physical Laboratory , Dr K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi , 110 012 , India
| | - Amarjeet K. Narula
- a National Physical Laboratory , Dr K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi , 110 012 , India
| | - R. P. Tandon
- a National Physical Laboratory , Dr K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi , 110 012 , India
| | - A. Mansingh
- b Department of Physics and Astrophysics , University of Delhi , Delhi , 110 007 , India
| | - Subhas Chandra
- a National Physical Laboratory , Dr K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi , 110 012 , India
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Malkaj P, Dalas E, Vitoratos E, Sakkopoulos S. pH electrodes constructed from polyaniline/zeolite and polypyrrole/zeolite conductive blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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John H, Bauer R, Espindola P, Sonar P, Heinze J, Müllen K. 3D-Hybrid Networks with Controllable Electrical Conductivity from the Electrochemical Deposition of Terthiophene-Functionalized Polyphenylene Dendrimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:2447-51. [PMID: 15761898 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann John
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Germany
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John H, Bauer R, Espindola P, Sonar P, Heinze J, Müllen K. 3D-Hybridnetzwerke aus terthiophenfunktionalisierten Polyphenylendendrimeren mit einstellbarer elektrischer Leitfähigkeit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Trchová M, Šeděnková I, Tobolková E, Stejskal J. FTIR spectroscopic and conductivity study of the thermal degradation of polyaniline films. Polym Degrad Stab 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Electrochemical preparation and redox/ion exchange properties of polypyrrole in aqueous sodium hexafluoroaluminate. Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Crispin A, Crispin X, Fahlman M, dos Santos DA, Cornil J, Johansson N, Bauer J, Weissörtel F, Salbeck J, Brédas JL, Salaneck WR. Influence of dopant on the electronic structure of spiro-oligophenyl-based disordered organic semiconductors. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1465408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Jousseaume V, Morsli M, Bonnet A. Thermal behavior of polyaniline films and polyaniline-polystyrene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mohamed ABH, Miane J, Zangar H. Radiofrequency and microwave (10 kHz-8 GHz) electrical properties of polypyrrole and polypyrrole-poly(methyl methacrylate) composites. POLYM INT 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Joo J, Lee JK, Hong JK, Baeck JS, Lee WP, Epstein AJ, Jang KS, Suh JS, Oh EJ. Charge Transport and Spin Dynamics of Chemically Synthesized Polypyrrole Soluble in Organic Solvents. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma970508v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - W. P. Lee
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - A. J. Epstein
- Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1106
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Ouyang J, Li Y. Great improvement of polypyrrole films prepared electrochemically from aqueous solutions by adding nonaphenol polyethyleneoxy (10) ether. POLYMER 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Sixou B, Pépin-Donat B, Nechtschein M. The routes towards three-dimensional conducting polymers: 2. Transport properties of fully conjugated gels of poly(3-n-octylthiophene). POLYMER 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(96)00679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Bussac MN, Zuppiroli L. High-field mobility in an assembly of conjugated polymer segments. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:4674-4679. [PMID: 9986426 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.4674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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48
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Sixou B, Mermilliod N, Travers JP. Aging effects on the transport properties in conducting polymer polypyrrole. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:4509-4521. [PMID: 9984006 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.4509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Chauvet O, Sienkiewicz A, Forro L, Zuppiroli L. High-pressure electron-spin dynamics in disordered conducting polymers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:13118-13121. [PMID: 9980493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.r13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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